3

A
Report
On
WIRELESS BASED CONTROL & SECURED APPLIANCE
SYSTEM
A Project Report In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
From
Rajasthan Technical Uniersity
!ota "Rajasthan#
$u%mitte& By : $u%mitte& To '
(U$)(E*+RA ,R$- RE!)A $)AR,A
(RI.A*!A ,EE*A "A$$-(RO/- O/ ECE#
!A(I0 1U(TA
0A2,I *ARA.A*
RA34EER



+epartment of Electronics & Communication Engineering
,o&ern Institute of Technology& Research Centre5 Al6ar "Raj-#
$E$$IO* ' 789:
3
CERTI/ICATE
This is to certify that a Project Report on !IR"#"$$ %A$"D &'(TR'#" )
$"&*R"D APP#IA(&"$ $+$T",- is su.mitted .y (U$)(E*+RA5(RI.A*!A
,EE*A5!A(I0 1U(TA50A2,I *ARA.A*5RA34EER students of final year /0132
/013 in Partial fulfillment for the award of Degree %achelor of Technology in "lectronics
) &ommunication "ngineering4 to ,O+ER* I*T$TITUTE O/
TEC)*O0O1. & RE$EARC) CE*TRE A0;AR is a record of the
students own wor5 carried out under my super6ision7
8uide:
,R7 D""PA9 $:AR,A ,R7 $*D:A($:* AR+A
#ecture :'D
Dept7 'f "&" Dept7 'f "&"
3
Ac<no6le&gment
This satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any tas5
would .e incompl ete without the mention of people whose ceaseless co2
operation made the tas5 possi.le7 Their constant guidance and
encouragement place a much important role in successful completion of that
wor57
I e;press my gratitude to all those who helped in 6arious stages of this
study7 ,ost import antl y I would li5e to than5 ,R7 D""PA9 $:AR,A for
imparting his 6alua.le 5nowledge and e;periences regarding the su.j ect7
At last .ut not the least than5ful to all the staff mem.er of
,'D"R(
I(T$TIT*T" 'F T"&:('#'8+ ) R"$"AR&: &"(TR"4 A#!AR
4
Depart ment of "lectronics and &ommunication "ngineering7

(U$)(E*+RA
(RI.A*!A
,EE*A
!A(I0 1U(TA
0A2,I *ARA.A*
RA34EER
3
3
A%stract
$ecurity is a prime concern in our day2today life7 "6eryone wants to .e as much secure as
possi.le7 !ireless $ecured #oc5 $ystem is an em.edded project used to operate any
solenoidal loc5 or any other appliances whether //06olts or <6olts7
7 The microcontroller .ased project is an access control system that allows only
authori=ed persons to access appliances 6ia code7 The system is fully controlled .y the > .it
microcontroller AT>?$</ which has a >9.ytes of R', for the program memory7 The
password is set .y the user at the system startup
The system has a 32switches 5eypad .y which the password can .e entered through
it7 !hen the entered password equals with the password stored then the relay gets on and
so that the appliance is on7 If we entered a wrong password then system doesn@t responses7
3
TAB0E O/ CO*TE*T$
17 Ac5nowledgmentAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77
3
/7 A.stractAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
3
9- Intro&uction AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7AA77A
?
7- (roject +escriptionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
10
/71 %loc5
diagramAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77710
/7/ %loc5 diagram
";planationAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7710
/7/71 Atmel@s AT>?$</ ,icrocontrollerAAAAAAAAAAAA77A
10
17 &P*AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7771
/
/7 TimersB&ountersAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
13
37 DescriptionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
13
37 Pin
DescriptionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77713
<7 $tatus of ";ternal
PinsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7771C
/7/7/ 9eypadAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
1>
17 DescriptionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
1?
3
/7/73 *#( /003 I& DRelay Dri6er I&E
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA71?
17 DescriptionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
1?
/7 Pin
DiagramAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA777/0
37 A.solute ,a;imum
RatingsAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/0
/7/73 Display $ection F 1C;/
#&DAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA777/0
17 8eneral
$pecificationAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7/1
/7 FeaturesAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77
//
37 Pin
DiagramAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA777//
37 Pin
DescriptionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/3
<7 A.solute ,a;imum
RatingsAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/3
/7/7< RelayAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
/3
17 !or5ingAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
/3
/7 Types of
RelaysAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/<
/7/7C Power
$upplyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA777/C
17 Regulator I& DG>0<E
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA777777/C
=- )ar&6are & $oft6are
Re>uirementsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/G
3
371 :ardware
RequirementsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7/G
37/ $oftware
RequirementsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/G
37/71 Introduction To 9eilAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
/>
373
ProgrammerAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7777/?
:- Circuit +iagram
+escriptionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA777730
371 &ircuit
DiagramAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77777777730
37/ &ircuit Diagram
";planationAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7777777773/
? /lo6
ChartAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA773C
<71
FlowchartAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7773C
@- $ource
Co&eAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7773G
A-$ol&eringAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77
A77730
G71
ProcedureAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A77730
B-
TestingAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA731
>71 Test Plans AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
A731
>7/ Types 'f TestingAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
31
3
C- Conclusion An& /uture Tren&sAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA777
A73/
?71
ApplicationsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7773/
?7/ Future
"nhancementsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7777777773/
Bi%liographyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA777
33
3
0ist of /iguresD
Figure 1: %loc5
DiagramAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA710
Figure /: AT>?$</ 30 PI(
,icrocontrollerAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77711
Figure 3: Pin
DiagramAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA713
Figure 3: %loc5 Diagram of >0<1
,icroconrollerAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7771<
Figure <: 'scillator
&onnectionsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA71C
Figure C: 9eypadAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7A
1?
Figure G: *#( /003A I&DDIP Pac5ageE
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7777/0
Figure >: Pin Diagram 'f *#( 003 I&AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
A7/0
Figure ?: A 1C;/ #&DAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
A777/1
Figure 10:#&D Pin DiagramAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77AA
//
Figure 11: Relay@s !or5ingAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7
A77/3
Figure 1/: 8eneral Purpose
RelayAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77777/<
Figure 13: Power
RelayAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/<
Figure 13: $olid $tate
RelayAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/<
Figure 1<: G>0<
I&AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7/C
Figure 1C: &ircuit DiagramAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
/G
3
Figure 1G: Flow &hartAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
/>
Figure 1>: "ncoder :T1/"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
/?
Figure 1?: RF Transmitter ,odule
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77733
Figure /0: RF Recei6er ,odule
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77733
Figure /1: Decoder
:T1/DAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7773<
3
0ist of Ta%lesD
Ta.le 1: Port 3 Pin Ta.le 1: Port 3 Pin
FunctionsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7771C FunctionsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7771C
Ta.le /: $tatus of ";ternal
PinsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7771>
Ta.le 3:,a; Rating 'f
AT>?&<1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7771>
Ta.le 3: Types of *#(
I&AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7771?
Ta.le <: A.solute ,a;imum
RatingsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA77/0
Ta.le C: Pin
DescriptionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7/3
Ta.le G: A.solute ,a;imum
RatingsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA7/3
3
9- Intro&uction
!ireless: This project is using Radio Frequency of 333 ,:= in Transmission and
Reception 6ia Transmitter4 Recei6er and Antennas7
$ecured: It is secured as it will .e ha6ing 'utput only if the code entered satisfies the &ode
written in the ,icrocontroller7 &odes are entered through the com.ination of the switches
on the remote7 Also the code entered is 6isi.le to us .y the glowing #"Ds7
"m.edded Technology: An em.edded system is a special2purpose system in which the
computer is completely encapsulated .y the de6ice it controls7 *nli5e a general2purpose
computer4 such as a personal computer4 an em.edded system performs pre2defined tas5s4
usually with 6ery specific requirements7 $ince the system is dedicated to a specific tas54
design engineers can optimi=e it4 reducing the si=e and cost of the product7 "m.edded
systems are often mass2produced4 so the cost sa6ings may .e multiplied .y millions of
items7
The system comprises a 5eypad and the 5eypads are connected to the 3 .it encoder7
At recei6er section Decoder is connected to microcontroller AT>?$</7 This is one of the
popular ,icrocontroller7 It has 30 pins and there are 3/ inputBoutput lines7 The
microcontroller has a program memory of 39ilo.ytes7 The microcontroller continuously
monitor the code and if some.ody enters the password it will chec5 the entered password
with the password which was stored in the memory and if it they are same then the
microcontroller will switch on the corresponding appliance@s relay7
3
2. Project Description
7-9 Bloc< +iagram
Figure 1: %loc5 Diagram
7-7 Bloc< +iagram EEplanation
7-7-9 AtmelFs ATBC$?7 ,icrocontroller

B8?9Fs Architencture
Atmel offers a .road range of microcontrollers .ased on the >0<1 architecture ranging in
code density from /9 .ytes to 1/>9 .ytes7 The product line includes >2.it microcontrollers
.ased on the powerful4 low2power $ingle2&ycle AT>?#P core as well as ,&$2<1H
industry standard soc5et drop2in de6ices and small footprint 13B1CB/0B/>2pin deri6ati6es4
all manufactured in ad6anced Flash technologies7 ,ost mem.ers in this product line
include I$P DIn2$ystem ProgrammingE capa.ility4 while some also support the high
32%it 9eyPad "ncoder ) Transmitter
Power
Supply
Output
Receiver
&
Decoder
Micro
controller
AT89s52
Display
section
(!"2
#$D%
&#' 2(()
(Relay
Driver% Relay
3
speed DI/E mode which dou.les the internal cloc5 frequency for &P* and peripherals upon
user selection7There are also Application $pecific >0<1 Products with speciali=ed functions
to ser6e dedicated mar5ets:
&A( (etwor5ing
*$% Applications
AtmelJs single2cycle AT>?#P de6ices can .e used in e;isting >0&<12.ased applications
with .inary2le6el code compati.ility while su.stantially increasing performance .y a factor
of C to1/ times4 up to 30,IP$7 This e;citing family .rings modern features and peripherals
to the user while minimi=ing power consumption for low26oltage and .attery2powered
applications7
Figure /: AT>?&<1 30 PI( ,icrocontroller
The following list gi6es the features of the >0<1 architecture:
K &ompati.le with ,&$2<1L Products
K >9 %ytes of In2$ystem Reprogramma.le Flash ,emory
F "ndurance: 14000 !riteB"rase &ycles
K Fully $tatic 'peration: 0 := to /3 ,:=
K Three2le6el Program ,emory #oc5
K 1/> ; >2.it Internal RA,
K 3/ Programma.le IB' #ines
3
K Two 1C2.it TimerB&ounters
K $i; Interrupt $ources
K Programma.le $erial &hannel
K #ow2power Idle and Power2down ,odes
Central (rocessing Unit
The &P* is the .rain of the microcontrollers reading userJs programs
and e;ecuting the e;pected tas5 as per instructions stored there in7 Its primary elements are
an > .it Arithmetic #ogic *nit DA#*E4 Accumulator DAccE4 few more > .it registers4 %
register4 $tac5 Pointer D$PE4 Program $tatus !ord DP$!E and 1C .it registers4 Program
&ounter DP&E and Data Pointer Register DDPTRE7 The A#* DAccE performs arithmetic and
logic functions on > .it input 6aria.les7 Arithmetic operations include .asic addition4
su.traction4 multiplication and di6ision7 #ogical operations are A(D4 'R4 ";clusi6e 'R as
well as rotate4 clear4 complement and etc7 Apart from all the a.o6e4 A#* is responsi.le in
conditional .ranching decisions4 and pro6ides a temporary place in data transfer operations
within the de6ice7 % register is mainly used in multiply and di6ide operations7 During
e;ecution4 % register either 5eeps one of the two inputs and then retains a portion of the
result7 For other instructions4 it can .e used as another general purpose register7
TimersGCounters
>0<1 has two 1C .it TimersB&ounters capa.le of wor5ing in different modes7
"ach consists of a M:ighJ .yte and a M#owJ .yte which can .e accessed under software7
There is a mode control register and a control register to configure these timersBcounters in
num.er of ways7These timers can .e used to measure time inter6als4 determine pulse
widths or initiate e6ents with one microsecond resolution upto a ma;imum of C<
millisecond Dcorresponding to C<4 <3C countsE7 *se software to get longer delays7 !or5ing
as counter4 they can accumulate occurrences of e;ternal e6ents Dfrom D& to <009:=E with
1C .it precision7
In our project we are using > .it microcontroller AT>?&/0<14 it is the ad6anced >
.it microcontroller from AT,"#4 which incorporates Flash Rom4 and Timer etc7
/eatures of ATBC$?7
K &ompati.le with ,&$2<1L Products
3
K >9 %ytes of In2$ystem Reprogramma.le Flash ,emory
F "ndurance: 14000 !riteB"rase &ycles
K Fully $tatic 'peration: 0 := to /3 ,:=
K Three2le6el Program ,emory #oc5
K 1/> ; >2.it Internal RA,
K 3/ Programma.le IB' #ines
K Two 1C2.it TimerB&ounters
K $i; Interrupt $ources
K Programma.le $erial &hannel
K #ow2power Idle and Power2down ,odes
+escription
The AT>?$</ is a low26oltage4 high2performance &,'$ >2.it microcomputer with
> 9.ytes of Flash Programma.le and erasa.le read only memory DP"R',E7 The de6ice
is manufactured using Atmel@s high density non6olatile memory technology and is
compati.le with theindustry $tandard ,&$2<1N instruction set and pinout7 %y com.ining a
6ersatile >2.it &P* with Flash on a monolithic chip4 the Atmel AT>?$</ is a powerful
microcomputer which pro6ides a highly fle;i.le and cost effecti6e solution to many
em.edded control applications7
(I* Configurations
3
Figure 3: Pin Diagram
Bloc< +iagram
Figure 3: %loc5 Diagram of >0<1 ,icroconroller
3
(in +escription Of ATBC$?7
17 4CC' $upply 6oltage7
/7 1*+' 8round7
37 (ort 8' Port 0 is an >2.it open2drain .i2directional IB' port7 As an output port4 each pin can
sin5 eight TT# inputs7 !hen 1s are written to port 0 pins4 the pins can .e used as
highimpedance inputs7 Port 0 may also .e configured to .e the multiple;ed loworder
addressBdata .us during accesses to e;ternal program and data memory7 In this mode P0
has internal pullups7 Port 0 also recei6es the code .ytes during Flash programming4 and
outputs the code .ytes during program 6erification7 ";ternal pullups are required during
program 6erification7
37 (ort 9'Port 1 is an >2.it .i2directional IB' port with internal pullups7 The Port 1 output
.uffers can sin5Bsource four TT# inputs7 !hen 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled
high .y the internal pullups and can .e used as inputs7 As inputs4 Port 1 pins that are
e;ternally .eing pulled low will source current DII#E .ecause of the internal pullups7 Port 1
also recei6es the low2order address .ytes during Flash programming and 6erification7
<7 (ort 7' Port / is an >2.it .i2directional IB' port with internal pullups7 The Port / output
.uffers can sin5Bsource four TT# inputs7 !hen 1s are written to Port / pins they are pulled
high .y the internal pullups and can .e used as inputs7
As inputs4 Port / pins that are e;ternally .eing pulled low will source current DII#E .ecause
of the internal pullups7 Port / emits the high2order address .yte during fetches from
e;ternal
program memory and during accesses to e;ternal data memory that use 1C2.it addresses
D,'OI P DPTRE7 In this application4 it uses strong internal pull2ups when emitting 1s7
During accesses to e;ternal data memory that use >2.it addresses D,'OI P RIE4 Port /
emits the contents of the P/ $pecial Function Register7 Port / also recei6es the high2order
address .its and some control signals during Flash programming and 6erification7
C7 (ort =' Port 3 is an >2.it .i2directional IB' port with internal pullups7 The Port 3 output
.uffers can sin5Bsource four TT# inputs7 !hen 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled
high .y the internal pullups and can .e used as inputs7 As inputs4 Port 3 pins that are
e;ternally .eing pulled low will source current DII#E .ecause of the pullups7 Port 3 also
ser6es the functions of 6arious special features of the AT>?&<1 as listed .elow:
3
Ta.le 1: Port 3 Pin Functions Ta.le 1: Port 3 Pin Functions
Port 3 also recei6es some control signals for Flash programming and 6erification7
G7 R$T' Reset input7 A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the de6ice7
>7 A0EG(RO1' Address #atch "na.le output pulse for latching the low .yte of the address
during accesses to e;ternal memory7 This pin is also the program pulse input DPR'8E
during Flash programming7 In normal operation A#" is emitted at a constant rate of 1BC the
oscillator frequency4 and may .e used for e;ternal timing or cloc5ing purposes7 (ote4
howe6er4 that one A#" pulse is s5ipped during each access to e;ternal Data ,emory7 If
desired4 A#" operation can .e disa.led .y setting .it 0 of $FR location >":7 !ith the .it
set4 A#" is acti6e only during a ,'OI or ,'O& instruction7 'therwise4 the pin is
wea5ly pulled high7 $etting the A#"2disa.le .it has no effect if the microcontroller is in
e;ternal e;ecution mode7
?7 ($E*' Program $tore "na.le is the read stro.e to e;ternal program memory7 !hen the
AT>?&<1 is e;ecuting code from e;ternal program memory4 P$"( is acti6ated twice each
machine cycle4 e;cept that two P$"( acti6ations are s5ipped during each access to e;ternal
data memory7
3
107 EAG4((' ";ternal Access "na.le7 "A must .e strapped to 8(D in order to ena.le the
de6ice to fetch code from e;ternal program memory locations starting at 0000: up to
FFFF:7 (ote4 howe6er4 that if loc5 .it 1 is programmed4 "A will .e internally latched on
reset7 "A should .e strapped to O&& for internal program e;ecutions7 This pin also
recei6es the 1/26olt programming ena.le 6oltage DOPPE during Flash programming4 for
parts that require 1/26olt OPP7
117 2TA09' Input to the in6erting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal cloc5 operating
circuit7
1/7 2TA07' 'utput from the in6erting oscillator amplifier7
Oscillator Characteristics
ITA#1 and ITA#/ are the input and output4 respecti6ely4 of an in6erting amplifier which
can .e configured for use as an on2chip oscillator7
I&le ,o&e
In idle mode4 the &P* puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain acti6e7
The mode is in6o5ed .y software7 The content of the on2chip RA, and all the special
functions registers remain unchanged during this mode7 The idle mode can .e terminated
.y any ena.led
Figure <: 'scillator &onnections
3
$tatus of EEternal (ins +uring I&le an& (o6erD&o6n ,o&es
Ta.le /: $tatus of ";ternal Pins
A%solute maEimum Ratings of ATBC$?7 ,icrocontroller
Operating Temperature -55C to +125C
Storage Temperature -65C to +150C
Voltage on Any Pin
with e!pe"t to #roun$
-1%0V to +&%0V
'a(imum Operating Voltage 6%6V
)C Output Current 15%0 mA
Ta.le 3:,a; Rating 'f AT>?$</
7-7-7 !eypa&'
9eypad is a widely used input de6ice with lots of application in our e6eryday life7 From a
simple telephone to 5ey.oard of a computer4 AT,4 electronic loc54 etc74 5eypad is used to
ta5e input from the user for further processing7 In this article we are interfacing 5eypad
with the ,&* AT>?&<1 and displaying the corresponding num.er on #&D7 This module
can .e further used in a num.er of systems to interfaced 5eypad with microcontroller and
other processors to get desired output7 The program to interface 5eypad with controller is
written in & language which is 6ery easy to understand7
3
Figure C: 5eypad
7-7-= U0* 788= IC "Relay +rier IC#
+escription '
Figure G: *#( /003A I&DDIP Pac5ageE
The *#(/003 is high 6oltage4 high current darlington arrays containing se6en open
collector darlington pairs with common emitters7 "ach channel rated at <00mA and can
withstand pea5 currents of C00mA7 $uppression diodes are included for inducti6e load
dri6ing and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify .oard layout7 The four
6ersions *#(/001A4 *#(/00/A4 *#(/003 and *#(/003A interface to all common
logic families:
These 6ersatile de6ices are useful for dri6ing a wide range of loads including solenoids4
relays D& motors4 #"D displays filament lamps4 thermal printheads and high power
.uffers7 The *#(/001AB/00/AB/003A and /003A are supplied in 1C pin plastic DIP
pac5ages with a copper leadframe to reduce thermal resistance7 They are a6aila.le also in
small outline pac5age D$'21CE as *#(/001DB/00/DB/003DB/003D7
/eatures of U0* 788= IC
$e6en darlingtons per pac5age
3
'utput current <00ma per dri6er DC00ma pea5E
'utput 6oltage <06
Integrated suppression diodes for inducti6e loads
'utputs can .e paralleled for higher current
TT#B&,'$BP,'$BDT# compati.le inputs
Inputs pinned opposite outputs tosimplify layout
(in +iagram '
Figure >: Pin Diagram 'f *#( 003 I&
A%solute ,aEimum Ratings
Ta.le <: A.solute ,a;imum Ratings
7-7-: +isplay $ection H 9@E7 0C+
3
#&D D#iquid &rystal DisplayE screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range
of applications7 A 1C;/ #&D display is 6ery .asic module and is 6ery commonly used in
6arious de6ices and circuits7 These modules are preferred o6er se6en segments and other
multi segment #"Ds7 The reasons .eing: #&Ds are economicalQ easily programma.leQ ha6e
no limitation of displaying special ) e6en custom characters Dunli5e in se6en segmentsE4
animations and so on7
In our project we ha6e used a R:D1C/A 1C;/ #&D7 R:D means R"!"# :I## and D is for
6iewing angle of C:00 7
A 1C;/ #&D means it can display 1C characters per line and there are / such lines7 In this
#&D each character is displayed in <;G pi;el matri;7 This #&D has two registers4 namely4
&ommand and Data7 The command register stores the command instructions gi6en to the
#&D7 A command is an instruction gi6en to #&D to do a predefined tas5 li5e initiali=ing it4
clearing its screen4 setting the cursor position4 controlling display etc7 The data register
stores the data to .e displayed on the #&D7 The data is the A$&II 6alue of the character to
.e displayed on the #&D7
Figure ?: A 1C;/ #&D
1eneral $pecifications'
Display Fonts: 1C I /
Display Type: $tn
Display &olor: +ellow28reen
Polari=ermode: Transflecti6e
3
Oiew Angle: C '@cloc5
Dri6ing ,ethod: 1B1C Duty 4 1B< %ias
%ac5light: #ed
Data Transfer: > B 3 %it Parallel
/eatures
K < ; > dots with cursor
K %uilt2in controller D9$ 00CC or "qui6alentE
K S <O power supply DAlso a6aila.le for S 3OE
K 1B1C duty cycle
K %B# to .e dri6en .y pin 14 pin / or pin 1<4 pin 1C or A79 D#"DE
K (7O7 optional for S 3O power supply
(in +iagram'
Figure 10: #&D Pin Diagram
3
(in +escription'
(in
*o
/unction *ame
1 8round D0OE 8round
/ $upply OoltageQ <O D37GO F <73OE Occ
3 &ontrast AdjustmentQ Through A Oaria.le O
""
3 $elects &ommand Register !hen #owQ And Data Register
!hen :igh
Register $elect
< #ow To !rite To The RegisterQ :igh To Read From The
Register
ReadBwrite
C $ends Data To Data Pins !hen A :igh To #ow Pulse Is 8i6en "na.le
G
>2%it Data Pins
D%0
> D%1
? D%/
10 D%3
11 D%3
1/ D%<
13 D%C
13 D%G
1< %ac5light O
&&
D<OE #edS
1C %ac5light 8round D0OE #ed2
Ta.le C: Pin Description
A%solute ,aEimum Ratings'
Item $ym%ol
,in- ,aE- Unit
Remar<
Power $upply Ooltage
ODD2O$$
2073 G70
O
#&D Dri6ing Ooltage
O#&D
2073 1370
O
'perating Temperature
Range
T'P
20
S0

(o &ondensation
$torage Temperature Range T$T
2/0
SG0

(o &ondensation
Ta.le G: A.solute ,a;imum Ratings
3
7-7-? Relay
A relay is usually an electromechanical de6ice that is actuated .y an electrical current7 The
current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit7 Relays are
li5e remote control switches and are used in many applications .ecause of their relati6e
simplicity4 long life4 and pro6en high relia.ility7 They are used in a wide 6ariety of
applications throughout industry4 such as in telephone e;changes4 digital computers and
automation systems7
All relays contain a sensing unit4 the electric coil4 which is powered .y A& or D& current7
!hen the applied current or 6oltage e;ceeds a threshold 6alue4 the coil acti6ates the
armature4 which operates either to close the open contacts or to open the closed contacts7
!hen a power is supplied to the coil4 it generates a magnetic force that actuates the switch
mechanism7 The magnetic force is4 in effect4 relaying the action from one circuit to another7
The first circuit is called the control circuitQ the second is called the load circuit7 A relay is
usually an electromechanical de6ice that is actuated .y an electrical current7
The current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit7
Figure 11: Relay@s !or5ing
Types of Relays
There are two .asic classifications of relays:
A7 "lectromechanical Relay
%7 $olid $tate Relay7
3
"lectromechanical relays ha6e mo6ing parts4 whereas solid state relays ha6e no mo6ing
parts7 Ad6antages of "lectromechanical relays include lower cost4 no heat sin5 is required4
multiple poles are a6aila.le4 and they can switch A& or D& with equal ease7
A- Electromechanical Relays
a- 1eneral (urpose Relay: The general2purpose relay is rated .y the amount of
current its switch contacts can handle7 ,ost 6ersions of the general2purpose relay
ha6e one to eight poles and can .e single or dou.le throw7 These are found in
computers4 copy machines4 and other consumer electronic equipment and
appliances7
Figure 1/: 8eneral Purpose Relay
%- (o6er Relay' The power relay is capa.le of handling larger power loads F 102<0
amperes or more7
They are usually single2pole or dou.le2pole units7
Figure 13: Power Relay
c- Contactor: A special type of high power relay4 it@s used mainly to control high
6oltages and currents in industrial electrical applications7 %ecause of these high
power requirements4 contactors always ha6e dou.le2ma5e contacts7
&- TimeD+elay Relay: The contacts might not open or close until some time inter6al
after the coil has .een energi=ed7 This is called delay2on2operate7 Delay2on2release
3
means that the contacts will remain in their actuated position until some inter6al
after the power has .een remo6ed from the coil7
A third delay is called inter6al timing7 &ontacts re6ert to their alternate position at a
specific inter6al of time after the coil has .een energi=ed7
The timing of these actions may .e a fi;ed parameter of the relay4 or adjusted .y a
5no. on the relay itself4 or remotely adjusted through an e;ternal circuit7
B-$oli& $tate Relays
Figure 13: $olid $tate Relay
These acti6e semiconductor de6ices use light instead of magnetism to actuate a switch7 The
light comes from an #"D4 or light emitting diode7 !hen control power is applied to the
de6ice@s output4 the light is turned on and shines across an open space7 'n the load side of
this space4 a part of the de6ice senses the presence of the light4 and triggers a solid state
switch that either opens or closes the circuit under control7
7-7-@ (o6er $upply
9- Regulator IC "AB8?#
The #,G>0< monolithic 32terminal positi6e 6oltage regulators employ internal
current2limiting4 thermal shutdown and safe2area compensation4 ma5ing them essentially
indestructi.le7 If adequate heat sin5ing is pro6ided4 they can deli6er o6er 170A output
current7 They are intended as fi;ed 6oltage regulators in a wide range of applications
including local Don2cardE regulation for elimination of noise and distri.ution pro.lems
3
associated with single2point regulation7 In addition to use as fi;ed 6oltage regulators4 these
de6ices can .e used with e;ternal components to o.tain adjusta.le output 6oltages and
currents7 &onsidera.le effort was e;pended to ma5e the entire series of regulators easy to
use and minimi=e the num.er of e;ternal components7 It is not necessary to .ypass the
output4 although this does impro6e transient response7 Input .ypassing is needed only if the
regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply7
/eatures'
&omplete specifications at 1A load
'utput 6oltage tolerances of T/U at Tj V /<W
#ine regulation of 0701U of OoutBO of Oin at 1A load
#oad regulation of 073U of OoutBA
Internal thermal o6erload protection
Internal short2circuit current limit
'utput transistor safe area protection
Figure 1<:G>0< I&
3
=- )ar&6are & $oft6are Re>uirements
=-9 )ar&6are Re>uirements
This system descri.es the 6arious hardware@s that are included in the Automatic
Plant Irrigator are as follows:
Components 0ist
IC ATBC$?7 ' It is a 302pin4 ,icrocontroller chip produced .y Atmel
IC AB8? ' It is a 3 terminal4 <O positi6e 6oltage regulator7
U0*788= ' It is a %uffer I& used to dri6e the relay
Relay ' 1/O4 1A relay7 It is an electro2mechanical switch7
+io&es ' 1(30014 required for protection of relay
Crystal ' 1/ ,:=4 for cloc5 signal generation7
Resistors ' Oarious ranges of car.on resistors are required
Capacitors ' Oarious ranges of capacitors are required
0C+ ' For Display purpose7
(CB ' The system uses a single sided P&% to which all components are
soldered7
=-7 $oft6are Re>uirements
=-7-9 Intro&uction To !eil
9eil ,icroOision is an integrated de6elopment en6ironment used to create software
to .e run on em.edded systems Dli5e a microcontrollerE7 It allows for such software to .e
written either in assem.ly or & programming languages and for that software to .e
simulated on a computer .efore .eing loaded onto the microcontroller7
XOision3 is an ID" DIntegrated De6elopment "n6ironmentE that helps write4
compile4 and de.ug em.edded programs7 It encapsulates the following components:
A project manager7
A ma5e facility7
Tool configuration7
"ditor7
A powerful de.ugger7
To create a new project in uOision3:
3
17 $elect Project 2 (ew Project7
/7 $elect a directory and enter the name of the project file7
37 $elect Project F$elect De6ice and select a de6ice from De6ice Data.ase7
37 &reate source files to add to the project
<7 $elect Project 2 Targets4 8roups4 and Files7 AddBFiles4 select $ource 8roup14 and
add the source files to the project7
C7 $elect Project 2 'ptions and set the tool options7 (ote that when the target de6ice is
selected from the De6ice Data.ase all2special options are set automatically7 Default
memory model settings are optimal for most applications7
G7 $elect Project 2 Re.uild all target files or %uild target7
=-= (rogrammer
The programmer used is a powerful programmer for the Atmel >? series of
microcontrollers that includes >?&<1B</B<<4 >?$<1B</B<< and many more7
It is simple to use ) low cost4 yet powerful flash microcontroller programmer for
the Atmel >? series7 It will Program4 Read and Oerify &ode Data4 !rite #oc5 %its4 "rase
and %lan5 &hec57 All fuse and loc5 .its are programma.le7 This programmer has
intelligent on.oard firmware and connects to the serial port7 It can .e used with any type of
computer and requires no special hardware7 All that is needed is a *$% port which all
computers ha6e7
All de6ices also ha6e a num.er of loc5 .its to pro6ide 6arious le6els of software
and programming protection7 These loc5 .its are fully programma.le using this
programmer7 #oc5 .its are useful to protect the program to .e read .ac5 from
microcontroller only allowing erase to reprogram the microcontroller7
,ajor parts of this programmer are *$% Port4 Power $upply and Firmware
microcontroller7 Data is sent and recei6ed from *$% connector7 A ,ale *$% port ca.le4 is
connected to the *$% port of computer7 All the programming Yintelligence@ is .uilt into the
programmer so you do not need any special hardware to run it7 Programmer comes with
window .ased software for easy programming of the de6ices7
3
:- Circuit +iagram +escription
:-9 Circuit +iagram
Z
(o6er $upply
$U((0.
R/ T2 $ECTIO* R/ R2 $ECTIO*
97 olt
? olt
3
CO*TRO00ER $ECTIO*
3
:-7- Circuit +iagram EEplanation
32.it 9eypad can .e 5ept at a distance of 100 meters Dstandard conditionE from the
Recei6er7 It wor5s with the supply of ? 6olts7*sed for ta5ing in the &ode .y *ser and
transmitting the code to the Recei6er %oard7It &omprises of $witches4 Resistor4 #"Ds4
"ncoder and Transmitter7 The &ode pattern is entered through the switche@s 'n2'ff
sequence7
The code is "ncoded and Transmitted 6ia RF Transmitter7
"(&'D"R :T1/":
The encoders are a series of &,'$ #$Is for remote control system applications7 They are
capa.le of encoding information which consists of ( address .its and 1/2( data .its7 "ach
addressB
data input can .e set to one of the two logic states7 The programmed addressesBdata are
transmitted together with the header .its 6ia an RF or an infrared transmission medium
upon receipt of a trigger signal7
Features
[ 'perating 6oltage
[ /73O\<O for the :T1/A
[ #ow power and high noise immunity
&,'$ technology
[ #ow stand.y current: 071[A Dtyp7E at ODDV<O
[ ,inimum transmission word Figure 1>: "ncoder :T1/"
[ Four words for the :T1/"
[ %uilt2in oscillator needs only <U resistor
[ Data code has positi6e polarity
[ ,inimal e;ternal components
RF TRA($,ITT"R ,'D*#":
These modules are now widely and
cheaply a6aila.le with the operating
frequency of 333 ,:=7
The transmitter module accepts serial
3
data7 The encoder I& ta5es in parallel data at the TI side pac5ages it into serial format and
then transmits it with the help of a RF transmitter module7
Features
Range in open space D$tandard &onditionsE: 100 ,eters
#ow Power &onsumption
"asy For Application
TI Frequency Range: 3337?/ ,:=
TI $upply Ooltage: 3O \ CO
333 ,:= Transmitter:
The TI333 wireless RF transmitter uses onBoff 5eying to transmit data to the matching
recei6er4 RI3337 The data input 5eys- the saw resonator in the transmitter when the input
is S3 6olts or greater4 A, modulating the data onto the 333 ,:= carrier7 The data is then
demodulated .y the recei6er4 which accurately reproduces the original data7 The data input
is &,'$ le6el &ompati.le when the unit is run on S< 6olts7
!hen dri6ing with a &,'$ input4 there must .e enough le6el to achie6e at least 3O on the
data input4 <O is prefera.le7 This is due to the start2up time of the oscillator needing to .e
fast to accurately reproduce your data7 If the 6oltage is too low4 the oscillator will not start
fast enough to accurately reproduces your data4 especially at higher data rates7 #uc5ily not
much dri6e is needed4 so this should .e easy since it is //9 ohms of load7 Almost any
&,'$ output will dri6e this without any pro.lems7 There are some &,'$ outputs which
ha6e 6ery little dri6e capa.ility which may not wor54 so testing the 6oltage at the data input
may .e a wise choice if you are ha6ing pro.lems7
A(T"((A &'($ID"RATI'($:
The simplest antenna consists of a piece of wire appro;imately C to G inches long7 If you
desire more range you can try a ground plane antenna or a +agi such as the Ramsey 30023
model7 The antenna should .e tuned for the 333 ,:= .and for .est operation7
:a6ing two +agi antennas4 one for the transmitter and one for the recei6er will allow you
to e;tend the range considera.ly4 .ut since they are directional4 this would .e .est for if
your recei6er and transmitter are in fi;ed positions7
3
Recei6er %oard:
Recei6er %oard recei6es the transmitted serial code .y the transmitter@s antenna7 It ha6e a
Recei6er Antenna7 The &ode recei6ed is applied to the Decoder I&7 It con6erts the serial
data to the parallel dataDcodeE7 The recei6ed code pattern is seen on the #"D pattern7 The
same code is applied to the ,icrocontroller@s Port 1 DPin < to Pin >E7
The ,icro2controller compares the code with the security code and gi6es output to the Port
/ D Pin /1E7
The output of at Pin /1 is small and not enough for the wor5ing of the Relay7 For
amplifying *#(/003 I& is used7 The .oosted output is then apllied to the Relay7
Recei6er %oard Parts Description:
RF R"&"IO"R ,'D*#":
These modules are now widely and cheaply a6aila.le with the operating frequency of 333
,:=7 At the RI end4 the decoder I& recei6es the signal 6ia the RF recei6er module4
decodes the serial data and reproduces the original data in the parallel format7
Features
Range in open space:
D$tandard &onditionsE 100 ,eters
RI Recei6er Frequency: 333 ,:=
#ow Power &onsumption
"asy For Application
RI 'perating Ooltage: <O
333 ,:= RF Recei6er Figure /0: RF Recei6er
,odule
The recei6er shown in Figure also contains just one transistor7 It is .iased to act as a
regenerati6e oscillator4 in which the recei6ed antenna signal causes the transistor to switch
to high amplification4 there.y automatically arranging the signal detection7 (e;t4 the Yraw@
demodulated signal is amplified and shaped2up .y op2amps7 The result is a fairly clean
3
digital signal at the output of the recei6er7 The logic high le6el is at a.out /B3 of the supply
6oltage4 i7e74 .etween 3 O and 37< O7
The range of the simple system shown in Figures is much smaller than that of more
e;pensi6e units4 mainly .ecause of the low transmit power Dappro;7 1 m!E and the relati6e
insensiti6ity and wide2.and nature of the recei6er7 ,oreo6er4 amplitude2modulated noise is
not suppressed in any way7
D"&'D"R :T1/D:
The decoders are a series of &,'$ #$Is for remote control system applications7 They are
paired7 For proper operation4 a pair of
"ncoderB decoder with the same num.er of addresses and data format should .e chosen7
The decoders recei6e serial addresses and data from programmed encoders that are
transmitted .y a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium7 They compare the
serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses7 If no error or
unmatched codes are found4 the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the
output pins7 The OT pin also goes high to indicate a 6alid transmission7 The decoders are
capa.le of decoding information that consists of ( .its of address and 1/2( .its of data7
The :T1/D is arranged to pro6ide > address .its and 3 data .its7
Features:
[ 'perating 6oltage: /73O\1/O
[ #ow power and high noise
immunity &,'$ technology
[ #ow stand.y current
[ &apa.le of decoding 1/ .its of
information
[ %inary address setting
[ Recei6ed codes are chec5ed 3 times
[ AddressBData num.er com.ination
[ :T1/D: > address .its and 3 data .its
[ %uilt2in oscillator needs only <U resistor Figure /1: Decoder :T1/D
[ Oalid transmission indicator
[ "asy interface with an RF or an infrared
3
transmission medium
3
? /lo6 Chart
?-9 /lo6chart
&'RR"&T

!R'(8

PA$$!'RD ATT",PT

Figure //: Flow &hart
(o
Acces
s
R"AD
9"+PAD
$TAR
T
'*TP*T
:I8:
&:"&9 IF
!R'(8
PA$$!'RD
"(T"R"D
&:"&9
T:"
PA$$!'RD
3
@- $ource Co&e
]include^reg</7h_
s.it aVP/`0Q
s.it .VP/`1Q
s.it cVP/`/Q
s.it dVP/`3Q
s.it a1VP0`0Q
s.it .1VP0`1Q
s.it c1VP0`/Q
s.it d1VP0`3Q
6oid mainDE
a P0VP/V0;00Q
whileD1E
aifDaVV1 )) .VV0 )) cVV1 )) dVV0E BB1010
aa1V1Q.1V0Qc1V0Qd1V0Qb
else ifDaVV1 )) .VV0 )) cVV0 )) dVV1E BB1001
aa1V0Q.1V1Qc1V0Qd1V0Qb
else ifDaVV1 )) .VV0 )) cVV1 )) dVV1E BB1011
aa1V0Q.1V0Qc1V1Qd1V0Qb
else ifDaVV1 )) .VV1 )) cVV0 )) dVV0E BB1100
aa1V0Q.1V0Qc1V0Qd1V1Qb
else
aa1V0Q.1V0Qc1V0Qd1V0Qb
b
b
3
A- $ol&ering
$oldering is the process of joining metals .y using lower melting point metal to wet
or alloy with the joined surfaces7 $older is the joining material7 It melts .elow 3/G@&7
$oldered joints in electronic circuits will esta.lish strong electrical connections .etween
component leads7 The popularly used solders are alloys of tin and lead that melt .elow the
melting point of tin7
In order to ma5e the surfaces accept the solder readily4 the component terminals
should .e cleaned chemically or .y a.rasion using .lades or 5ni6es7 $mall amount of lead
coating can .e done on the cleaned portion of the leads using soldering iron7 This process is
called tinning7 cinc chloride or ammonium chloride separately or in com.ination are the
most commonly used flu;es7 These are a6aila.le in petroleum jelly as paste flu;7 A solder
joint can at first glance to .e o5ay4 .ut under close e;amination it could .e a YDry Roint@7 A
dry joint is when either the circuit .oard or the leg of the component has not .een properly
heated to allow the solder to flow .etween the surfaces freely7 This creates an intermittent
or no electrical connection7 This can also .e caused .y a lac5 of flu; or if you reuse old
solder7
duite often4 reheating a .ad join will cure the pro.lem .ut in a lot of cases4 the old
solder will need to .e remo6ed and some new solder applied7 The residues4 which remain
after the soldering4 may .e washed out with more water4 accompanied .y .rushing7
$oldering iron is the tool used to melt the solder and apply at the joints in the
circuit7 It operates in /30O mains supply7 The iron .it at the tip of it gets heated up within a
few minutes7 <0! and /<! soldering irons are commonly used for soldering purposes7
A-9 (roce&ure
17 ,a5e a layout of the circuit7
/7 $traighten and clean the component leads using .lade or 5nife7 Apply a little flu; on
the leads7 Ta5e a little solder on soldering iron and apply the molten solder on the
leads7
37 ,ount the components on the P&% .y .ending the leads of the components using
nose2pliers7
37 Apply flu; on the joints and solder the joints7 $oldering must .e done in minimum
time to a6oid dry soldering and heating up of components7
3
B- Testing
Testing goes side .y side with implementation that is aimed at ensuring that system
wor5s accurately and effecti6ely .efore the li6e operation is performed7 The common 6iew
of testing held .y the user is to ensure that there are no errors in a program with e;plicit
intention of handling errors7
B-9 Test (lans
The project is made up of se6eral interrelated modules7 *nit testing was performed
at the initial stage of de6elopment in the order to fi; the .ugs at initial stages followed .y
system testing 7:ere each testing was conducted on particular set of test data7 At the end
acceptance testing is done to satisfy the user7
B-7 Types Of Testing
$ome important types of testing are as follows7
*(IT T"$TI(8
I(T"R8AT"D T"$TI(8
$+$T", T"$TI(8
A&&"PTA(&" T"$TI(8
In testing application we tested the system7 The whole application is made of
different modules and each module is made of se6eral su. modules7 *nit testing focuses on
each su. module independent of one another4 to locate errors7 This ena.les us to detect
errors that e;ist within that module alone7
B-=- Relationship Of 0eels Of Testing
The .asic le6els of testing such as *nit testing4 $ystem testing4 Acceptance testing had
.een completed and 6arious faults4 at 6arious steps were remo6ed7
3
C-Conclusion An& /uture Tren&s
C-9 Applications
'ur electronic door loc5 performed as e;pected7 !e were a.le to implement all
of the functions specified in our proposal7 The .iggest hurdle we had to o6ercome with
this project was interfacing the micro controller with the hardware components7 !e
feel that this electronic door loc5 is 6ery mar5eta.le .ecause it is easy to use4
comparati6ely ine;pensi6e due to low power consumption4 and highly relia.le7 This
door loc5 is therefore particularly useful in applications such as hotel room door loc5s4
residential housing4 and e6en office .uildings7
Few applications are :
%asically this project is use as a security purpose7 !e are using here this project for
pro6iding the security to our home4 similarly we can use this project to protect any
restricted area li5e power plant security4 %order security etc7
Project can .e used to operate any de6ice automatically4 in this application entering
the correct passwoed is used to operate the de6ice7
It can .e used for military purpose7
C-7 /uture Enhancements
"lectrical de6ices such us #ights4 &omputer etc can .e controlled .y using
separate passwords7
The system can .e easily connected to the personal computer for further control7
3
Bi%liography
T:" >0<1 ,I&R'&'(TR'##"R A(D ",%"DD"D $+$T",$
2,*:A,,AD A#I ,AcIDI
#I("AR I(T"8RAT"D &IR&*IT$
2R7 8A+9!AD
17 The >0<1,icrocontroller .y 9enneth R7 Ayala
/7 The >0<1 ,icrocontroller and "m.edded $ystems .y ,uhammad Ali ,a=idi7
37 www7>0<1projects7net
37 www7>0<1projects7info
<7 www7eda.oard7com
C7 www7atmel7com
G7 www7alldatasheets7com
>7 www7electrotech7com
?7 www7de6elopershome7com
107 www7scri.d7com
117 www7wi5ipedia7com
1/7 www7atmel7com