CW Test: Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

Huawei Confidential.
All Rights Reserved

CW Test
1.0
Internal Use
Introduction
CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an important step
of Propagation Model Tuning. With the CW test
data and Digital maps, the accurate Propagation
Model could be gotten through model tuning.

Internal Use
Table of Contents
Training.huawei.com
Chapter 1 Principles and Purpose of CW
Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Workflow
Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data
Internal Use
Principles and Purpose of CW test
Section 1 Propagation Models
Section 2 Principles of
Propagation Model Tuning
Section 3 Purpose of CW Test
Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

Test
Internal Use
Propagation Models
) (dB log 20 log 20 45 32 ) (f ) (d . L
MHz km fs

Free space propagation model
Statistical propagation model
Internal Use
Principle and Purpose of CW Test

Test
Internal Use
Radio Propagation Model
Propagation model is used to predict the effect of terrain,
obstacle and artificial environment on the path loss.

WCDMA common propagation models
Internal Use
Okumura/Hata model
For: 900M2000MHz
COST231-Hata model
For: 1500-2000MHz
COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model
For: 800M-2000MHz
Keenan-Motley model
For indoor propagation
Propagation model in UNET
For macro cell on 300M2000M
Common propagation models
Internal Use
L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(HTxeff) + K4Diffraction
+ K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)
K1: constant (dB)
K2: multiplier factor of log(d)
d: distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna (m)
K3: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)
HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m)
K4: multiplier factor of diffraction loss, which must be a positive value
Diffraction loss: diffraction loss through the path with barriers (dB)
K5: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)log(d)
K6: multiplier factor of HRxeff
HRxeff : effective height of Rx antenna (m)
Kclutter: multiplier factor of for f(clutter)
f(clutter): average weighted loss caused by clutter
Model in UNET:
Internal Use
Principle and Purpose of CW Test

Test
Internal Use
Purpose of CW Test
Compare CW test data

with prediction results,
and then tune the
propagation parameters
to improve the accuracy
of coverage prediction.

GPS
Internal Use
Theory and Purpose of CW Test

Test
Internal Use
Basic Principle of CW Test
Typification
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic wave in this area.

Balance
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different
clutters in this area.

Internal Use
Table of Contents
Training.huawei.com
Chapter 1 Theory and Purpose of CW Test
Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data
Internal Use
CW Test Workflow
Section 1 Site Selection
Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking
Section 3 Drive Test

Internal Use
Site Selection
Principles of site selection
Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should

be tested in large and dense city, but one site is enough in the city,
which mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter

(from the digital map) in the coverage zone.
Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the

test environment requires multiple models to describe its propagation
characteristics.
Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as

much as possible. But reasonable inter-site distance should be ensured.
Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if

obvious obstacle exists.

Internal Use
Site Selection
Standards of site selection

a. Antenna height should be greater than 20m.
b. The antenna should be 5m higher than the nearest obstacle.
c. The obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the roof
where the antenna is installed. The building where the site is
located should be higher than average height of surrounding
buildings.

5
m
Internal Use
CW Test Workflow


Internal Use
Building Test Platform in Networking
Tx subsystem: Tx antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source and

antenna holder
Rx subsystem: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop

High frequency signal
source
Signal source
TMA
Power supply
Tx antenna
Rx antenna
Drive test
instrument
Build-in GPS
Laptop
RF cable 1 RF cable 2
Internal Use
Building Test Platform in Networking
Record the gain of the following parts on signals during

networking:
Tx power of signal source
Loss of RF cable
Gain of Tx antenna
Gain of Rx antenna

Internal Use
CW Test Workflow


Internal Use
Drive Test
Keep to the following standards to select a test path
Landform: The test route must cover all main landforms in the area.
Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in
this area if the landforms are up-and-down.
Distance: The test route must cover different positions from the
site in the area.
Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and

vertical route.
LengthThe total distance of one CW test should be longer than

60km.
Number of test points: The more, the better.
Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as

possible to improve the reliability of models.
Obstacle: Shadow areas behind this wall should be avoided when

antenna signals are obstructed by the wall at a side.
Internal Use
Drive Test
Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40
The maximum vehicle speed: V

max
=0.8/Tsample
Delete test results from the sampled data under abnormal conditions:
Fading over 15~30db without reasonable causes
In tunnels
Under the viaducts

Select test routes from the main lobe coverage area if directional
antennas are adopted for a CW test.

Internal Use
Table of Contents
Training.huawei.com
Chapter 1 Theory and Purpose of CW Test
Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data
Internal Use
Analysis of Test Data
Section 1 Data Filtering
Section 2 Data Dispersion
Section 3 Data Binning
Section 4 Format
Conversion

Internal Use
Data Filtering
Data to be filtered is as follows:

1.
Data tested in the places where
GPS is unable to locate
accurately (such as under the
overhead rack, in the tunnel).
2.
Data obtained when the
distance to antenna is too near
or far.
3. Data obtained with too weak
signals.
4.
Error data caused by inexact AP
(antenna pattern).
5.
Other data inconsistent with the
requirements during the route
design of CW test.
Internal Use
Section 4 Format
Conversion
Internal Use
Data Dispersion
Propagation in mobile communications can be indicated as

follows:
r(x) = m(x)r
0
(x)
X: distance
r(x): received signals
r
0
(x): Raileigh Fading
m(x): local mean value, the combination of long-term fading
and space propagation loss
2L: average length between sampling areas, also called
intrinsic length

L x
L x
dy y r
L
x m ) (
2
1
) (
Internal Use
Data Dispersion
The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography

location in some areas as far as possible, i.e. the difference of r(x) and
m(x) should be the minimum value. In this sense, effect of Raileigh
Fading should be excluded.
When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of

sampling points is 50, the difference of test data and actual local mean
value can be less than 1dB according to Lee criteria.
Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long,

namely, 40 wavelength)

Since the locating speed of GPS is far lower than the receiving speed
of the receiver, the dispersion processing is required before the
binning.

Internal Use
Data Dispersion
The principle of dispersion processing is as follows:
Conditions:
There are many test records arranged under each

locating point in time sequence because the receiving
speed of the receiver is far higher than the locating
speed of GPS.
The vehicle speed between two locating points is

uniform.
The time interval between every two measurement

records is the same.
Processing:
Equally distribute these records to the route section

between two points in time sequence so that there will
be sufficient points in every 6m range on test route.
Internal Use
Section 1 Data filtering
Section 4 Format
Conversion
Internal Use
Data Binning
Objectives:
Reserve the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast fading
Methods:
Method 1: make grids for the whole area with 6m side, perform
the arithmetic average for the data located in each grid, and
then take the grid center as the new location.
Method 2: divide the path into sections in equal interval with 6m

for each, and perform the arithmetic binning for the data in each
section to select some point for the location of mean value.
Tool: CW Data Editor

Internal Use
Section 4 Format
Conversion
Internal Use
Format Conversion
The data format exported by Agilent E74xx Series is

Data format imported to UNET is

Format conversion can be implemented manually (saved

as .dat file)

X Y CW_Power_List__
Freq__Hz
CW_Power_List__A
mpl__dBm
Time Date
X Y CW_Power_List__Ampl__dBm
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Section 1 Propagation Models

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

Section 1 Propagation Models

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

Section 1 Propagation Models

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

Compare CW test data

Section 1 Propagation Models

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test

Section 3 Drive Test

Principles of site selection

Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should

Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter

Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the

Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as

Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if

Standards of site selection

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test

Section 3 Drive Test

Tx subsystem: Tx antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source and

Rx subsystem: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop

Record the gain of the following parts on signals during

Tx power of signal source

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test

Section 3 Drive Test

Keep to the following standards to select a test path

Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and

LengthThe total distance of one CW test should be longer than

Number of test points: The more, the better.

Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as

Obstacle: Shadow areas behind this wall should be avoided when

Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40

The maximum vehicle speed: V

Fading over 15~30db without reasonable causes

Under the viaducts

Section 1 Data Filtering

Section 2 Data Dispersion

Section 3 Data Binning

Data to be filtered is as follows:

Section 1 Data Filtering

Section 2 Data Dispersion

Section 3 Data Binning

Propagation in mobile communications can be indicated as

The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography

When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of

Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long,