Power System Operation

Computer control of Power Systems
ENERGY CONTROL CENTERS

Todays power systems are very huge in terms of Installed capacity, Energy
generated, Transmission and Distribution system, Number of customers and
Total investment. Installed capacity in India exceeds 162 GW with annual energy
generated energy exceeding 800 Billion KWh (800 x 1012 KWh). The power system
feeds a very large number of domestic, commercial, industrial, agriculture and
other customers. Operation and control of such a big interconnected power
system is really challenging task and it cannot be done manually. Therefore
power systems are controlled by using powerful computers installed at Energy
Control Centers.
The various functions of an energy control center can be enumerated as under:
1.
Load forecasting
6.
Automatic generation control
2.
Planning studies
7.
Reactive power management
3.
System monitoring
8.
Security control
4.
State estimation
9.
System maintenance
5.
Unit commitment and economic dispatch
LEVELS OF POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

The total power system in India is not being operated in totally integrated
manner. However, attempts are being made to achieve full integration.
National Load Dispatching Center, having headquarters at New Delhi, is the
coordinating agency.
There are FIVE Regional Loading Dispatching Centers as described below.
1.
Northern region load dispatching center at New Delhi covering states of
HP, J and K, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, UP, Delhi, Uttaranchal and Chandigarh.
2.
Western region load dispatching center at Mumbai covering Gujarat, MP,
Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Daman Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

3.
Southern region load dispatching center at Bangalore covering AP,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry and Lakshadweep.
4.
Eastern region load dispatching center at Kolkata covering WB, Bihar,
Orissa, Sikkim and Jharkhand.

5.
North eastern load dispatching center at Shillong covering Assam,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.

The third level of consists of state load dispatching stations in each state capital.
Installed capacity in different regions are as follows:
Northern
43 GW
Western
51 GW
Southern
44 GW
Eastern
22 GW
North eastern
2 GW
SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (SCADA)

Proper and efficient energy management system requires lot of data about the
operating conditions. Further, many control actions are to be carried out at far off
places. Executing such control actions manually will cause time delays resulting
long outage duration and poor reliability. SCADA systems have been developed
to overcome such problems. The following are the some of the main functions of
SCADA.
i) Data Acquisition: To provide data, measurements and status information to
the operator.
ii) Automatic generation control: To control the generations at the power plants.
iii) Load Shedding: To make automatic load shedding in emergent conditions to
avoid system collapsing.
iv) Load Restoration: To restore the loads in steps to bring the system to normal
state.
v) Supervisory Control: To operate the circuit breaker remotely.
vi) Logging: To log all data and information in a systematic manner.

vii) Alarms: To send alarm signals in case of undesirable operating conditions
To fulfill these operations SCADA has the following components.
Sensors: Analog and digital sensors along with control relays which can interface
with the system.
Remote Terminal Units (RTU): RTUs are microprocessor controlled electronic
devices deployed in field at specific sites and locations. They collect necessary
data and transmit them to SCADA for processing.
Master Unit: Large computer system which serves as a central processor.
Communication Links Fiber optic / satellite / microwave communications are
employed to link RTUs with SCADA.
Necessary Softwares: To execute different operational problems
Figure 1 shows the layout of a typical SCADA system.
Operators
console
Printer
Graphic
Instrument
Board
MASTER
COMPUTER
UNIT(with
required
softwares)
CRT
System
diagram
Modem
Modem
Modem
Modem
RTU
RTU
RTU
Fig. 1 Layout of SCADA
OPERATING STATES OF POWER SYSTEM

For purpose of analyzing power system security and designing appropriate
control systems, it is helpful to conceptually classify the system operating
conditions into the following five states.
Normal, Alert, Emergency, In extremis (or extreme emergency) and Restorative.
Figure 2 depicts these operating states and the ways in which transition can take
place from one state to another.
Normal
Alert
Restorative
In extremis
Emergency
Fig. 2 Power system operating states
NORMAL STATE:
In the normal state, all system variables are within the normal range and no
component is being overloaded. The system operates in a secure manner and is
able to withstand a contingency without violating any of the constraints.
ALERT STATE:
The system enters the alert state if the security level falls below a certain limit of
adequacy, or if the possibility of disturbance increases because of adverse
weather conditions such as the approach of severe storms. In this state, all the
system variables are still within the acceptable range and all the constraints are
satisfied. However, the system has been weakened to a level where a contingency
may cause an overloading of a component that places the system in an
emergency state. If the disturbance is very severe, the in extremis state may
result directly from the alert state.
RESTORATIVE STATE:
Preventive action, such as generation shifting or increased reserve, can be taken
to restore the system to the normal state. If the restorative steps do not succeed,
the system will remain in the alert state.
EMERGENCY STATE:
The system enters the emergency state, if a sufficiently severe disturbance
occurs when the system is in the alert state. In this state, voltages at many buses
are low and / or component loadings exceed the short-term emergency ratings.
The system is still intact and may be restored to the alert state by initiating
emergency control actions such as fault clearing, excitation control, fast-valving
and load curtailment. If the above measures are not applied or are ineffective, the
system will move to in extremis state.
IN EXTREMIS STATE:
If the control action taken during the emergency state is insufficient, then the
system enters into in extremis state. The result is cascading outages and
possibly a shut-down of major portion of the system. Control actions, such as
load shedding and controlled system separation, are aimed at saving as much
system as possible from a widespread blackout.
In case the control action taken are effective, the system moves to restorative
state in which further action is being taken to reconnect all the facilities and to
restore the system load. The system transits from the restorative state to either
alert state or normal state, depending on the system conditions.
CONTROL STRATEGIES
The control strategies which are to be adopted when the system is not in normal
state can be summarized as under.
Alert State:
Preventive control to restore adequate spinning reserve,

generation shifting, tie-line rescheduling and voltage
reduction (if extremely needed)
Emergency State: Immediate control to clear component overload, fast-valving,

exciter control, load control, capacitor switching and all
controls mentioned in alert state.
In extremis State: Heroic action to control disruption of entire system, load
shedding, controlled islanding and all controls mentioned in
emergency state.
Restorative State: Corrective control to re-establish viable system, generator
units restarting and synchronization, load restoration, resynchronization of different islands and areas

Power System Operation

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Power System Operation

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Computer control of Power Systems

ENERGY CONTROL CENTERS

Automatic generation control

Reactive power management

Unit commitment and economic dispatch

LEVELS OF POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

Northern region load dispatching center at New Delhi covering states of

Western region load dispatching center at Mumbai covering Gujarat, MP,

Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Daman Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Southern region load dispatching center at Bangalore covering AP,

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry and Lakshadweep.

Eastern region load dispatching center at Kolkata covering WB, Bihar,

Orissa, Sikkim and Jharkhand.

North eastern load dispatching center at Shillong covering Assam,

Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.

SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (SCADA)

vi) Logging: To log all data and information in a systematic manner.

Figure 1 shows the layout of a typical SCADA system.

Fig. 1 Layout of SCADA

OPERATING STATES OF POWER SYSTEM

Fig. 2 Power system operating states

Preventive control to restore adequate spinning reserve,

Emergency State: Immediate control to clear component overload, fast-valving,

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