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M.H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
8, Saboo Siddik Polytechnic Road, Byculla, Mumbai - 400 008.
(Department Of Civil Engineering)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of Fourth Year of Four
Year Degree Course in Civil Engineering have successfully completed
their partial (part A) of project ON AESTHETIC AND ARCHITECTURAL
PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING USING GREEN
CONCEPT (EMERALD CITY) in VII Semester (Aug 2009 to Nov 2009) in
a satisfactory manner as per the curriculum laid down by the
University of Mumbai.
FARMAN MANSUR SATARKAR
AQUEEL KHALIL SHAIKH
MOHD REHAN KAPADIA
SAALIM KHAN
ALI M RAZA

Khan

_______________________
Dr. Moinuddin Ahmed
(PRINCIPAL)
__________________________
Prof. ASIF MAZHAR ANSARI

_______________________
Prof. Zaheer
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
_______________________

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(PROJECT GUIDE)
(EXAMINER)

INDEX
SR NO

TOPIC

PAGE NOS.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Introduction and Site Selection.

Principle of Planning and Building Byelaws.
Green concept and implementation in the bldg.
Architectural Drawings.
Structural Design and Drawings.
Rainwater harvesting system and its implementation.
Solar Panel system.
The Green Building Rating System.
Bamboo Restaurant.
Conclusion

2
5
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
AND
SITE SELECTION

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The project is a G+2 storey mall cum office building comprising of a terrace
on each floor to enhance the aesthetic view of the structure. The main idea behind
this project is to learn the GREEN CONCEPT of design and architecture which
is the most upcoming field in developing countries like INDIA.
The exceptional plan of the structure and the unique elevation enhances the
aesthetic view of the building an even proves to be distinct amongst the adjacent
structures by displaying exceptional elegance and comfort.
The lifts situated are provided to serve the desired purpose of vertical circulation
inside the building premises. The planning of a complex is done very carefully by
keeping the eco-friendly concept in mind. It is planned in such a way

that
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maximum benefit

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from environment is gained for e.g. The position of door

and window is planned in such a direction were the wind velocity is more so that
good ventilation is used and we can save the electricity.
According to the green concept, there should be Maximum use of natural light
during day time by providing sufficient windows & ventilators.

SITE SELECTION
The site has been selected by considering the following factors:
The primary need for the commercial complex is to serve the recent growth
of residents in that locality.
Also there is an airport proposed to be constructed at a 2 kilometer distance
from the site.
Because of the airport the mall will prove to be very useful as a recreation
centre to passengers.
Since there are various industries nearby the aesthetic view of the mall will
surely add to the beauty of the site.

ADDRESS OF SITE
At Post Dahisar,
Dist-Thane,
Mumbra Panvel Road,
Near Ekta Developers,
Thane 400612

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CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING
AND
BUILDING BYELAWS

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CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING AND BUILDING BYELAWS

Design Criteria:
Design criteria are of paramount importance and they should be carefully
considered and checked before finalization of the plan. The following principles
are given due consideration.
Grouping:
(a) Service area: Areas of Shop, Super market, Office at 1 st and 2nd floor, bath
room and toilet. Service area that we have provided is 535.8 Sqm per floor. This is
55.23% of the total plan area.
(b) Circulation area: Areas for passage, lobby, corridor etc., has minimum but
well ventilated & lighted.
Circulation area provided is 280 Sqm per floor. This is 29.7% of the total plan area
of ground floor
Circulation area provided is 120 Sqm per floor. This is 12.47% of the total plan
area of 1st and 2nd.
Roominess: Roominess is the accomplishment of economy of space. Enough space is
provided in every department such that there is a feeling of comfort for everyone
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Circulation:A certain amount of space is required for movement and access to different
rooms, kitchen, etc, known as circulation area. According to our plan circulation is
provide horizontally as well as vertically and is so designed that it will preserve the
privacy of every shop as well as office. Horizontal circulation is provided in forms
of passages and lobbies and vertical circulation is provided in form of lifts and
staircase.
Horizontal circulation:Lobby area: - 55.6 Sqm per floor
Vertical circulation:
Escalator:-14.4 Sqm per floor
Lift area:-12.5 Sqm per floor
Privacy:External privacy has been provided in terms of providing compound wall
trees, lawn and landscaping.
Internal privacy has been provided by properly aligning the various compartments
according to its use.

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BUILDING BYELAWS CONSIDERED IN THE PLANNING OF

STRUCTURE
OPEN SPACES
In commercial plot ad measuring 1000 sqm or more in area, 10% of the total
area shall be provided as an amenities open space subjected to maximum of 2500
sqm.
FRONT MARGIN: Minimum space 12m from the road or 37m from the national
highway
SIDE AND REAR OPEN SPACE: Side and rear marginal distances to be left open
shall not be less then 6m wide
LIGHTING AND VENTILATION
According to the adequacy and manner of provision all parts of any room
shall be adequately lighted and ventilated for this purpose every room shall have
one or more apertures excluding doors with area not less than 1/6 th of the floor area
of the room, with no part of any habitable room being more then 7.5m away from
the source of light and ventilation however, staircase shall be deemed to be
adequately lighted and ventilated, if it has one or more openings there area taken
together measuring not less than 1 sqm per landing on the external wall.
In commercial building all the walls, containing the opening for the light and
ventilation fully exposed to an exterior open space either directly should not
exceed 12m.
FIRE PROTECTION
The planning , design and construction of any building shall be such as to
ensure safety from fire, for this purpose, the approach to the building open spaces
on all side upto 6m width and there layout shall confirmed to the requirement of
the chief fire officer. They shall be capable of taking the weight of a fire engine
weighing upto 18 tonnes these open spaces shall be free of any obstruction and
shall be motarable.
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LIFT
The planning and designing of the lift including their number, type and
capacity depending on the occupancy of the building, the population of each floor
based the occupant load and the building height shall be in accordance with section
5-installation of lift and escalator, National Building Code of INDIA
FLOOR SPACE INDEX (F.S.I)
According to the DEVELOPMENTCONTROL REGULATION FOR
GREATER BOMBAY, 1991, the FSI for the suburb area of Mumbai is 1

IMPLEMENTATION OF BYE LAWS IN THE PROJECT

1. The total open space of 500 sqm Approx is provided in planning of the
building with front, rear and side margin of 10m.
2. The total ventilation and lighting area of 248.5 sqm is provided in the
project.
3. The total front, rear and side margin of 10m is provided which is sufficient
for the movement of fire brigade vehicle.
4. The planning and designing of lift is done on the basis of population on each
floor, which will be sufficient for imparting its use.
5. The F.S.I of the suburb region according to the rules and regulation of
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATION OF MUMBAI SUBURBS is
taken as 1.

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CHAPTER 3

GREEN CONCEPT
AND
IMPLEMENTATION
IN THE BLDG

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CHAPTER 3
GREEN CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE BLDG

Green Building, also known as green construction or sustainable building, is

the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle
To begin with the green concept the first and foremost thing to know is that the
design and the architecture should be such that maximum of the gift of nature is
utilized and minimum energy consumption and maintenance is required which is
the basic requirement of a particular structure to be economical.
For every one million sq.ft of constructed green building footprint, the CO 2
reductions around 12,000 tonnes per annum
NECESSICITY FOR THE GREEN CONCEPT:Buildings account for:
72% of electricity consumption,
39% of energy use,
38% of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,
40% of raw materials use,
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30% of waste output (136 million tons annually), and

14% of potable water consumption.

Hence, because of the above consequences the green building concept has to be
used for our future generations to breathe in fresh air and be out of the danger of
environmental impacts.
Benefits of Green Building
Environmental benefits:

Enhance and protect ecosystems and biodiversity

Improve air and water quality

Reduce solid waste

Conserve natural resources

Economic benefits:

Reduce operating costs

Enhance asset value and profits

Improve employee
satisfaction

productivity

Optimize life-cycle economic

performance

and

Health and community benefits:

Improve air, thermal, and acoustic environments

Enhance occupant comfort and health

Minimize strain on local infrastructure

Contribute to overall quality of life

GOALS OF A GREEN BUILDING

Siting and structure design efficiency:13

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The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and

design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life
cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing
environmentally optimal buildings, the objective function aims at minimizing the
total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building
project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial
process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically.
In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a various
materials and components each constituting various designs variables to be decided
at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment
during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.
Energy efficiency
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the
efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and
unconditioned space), they may use high-efficiency windows and insulation in
walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often
implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place
awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while
maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day
lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting
during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy loads.
Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro
power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the
building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a
building.
Water efficiency
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives
in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many
areas of the country, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to
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replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their
dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The
protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be
accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing.
Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as
ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of
toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water
on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and
energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of
non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize
demands on the local aquifer.
Materials efficiency
Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly
renewable plant materials like bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw,
lumber from forests certified to be sustainably managed, ecology blocks,
dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are nontoxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool,
panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth,
rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay
grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra
high performance, roman self-healing concrete) The EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal
combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects
Polyurethane heavily reduces carbon emissions as well. Polyurethane blocks are
being used instead of CMTs by companies like American Insulock. Polyurethane
blocks provide more speed, less cost, and they are environmentally friendly.
Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building
site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible,
building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to
maximize benefits of off-site manufacture including minimizing waste,
maximizing recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality
elements, less noise and dust.
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Indoor environmental quality enhancement:Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOC's,
and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a
properly designed HVAC system to provide adequate ventilation and air filtration
as well as isolate operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies.
During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and
interior finish products with zero or low emissions will improve IAQ. Many
building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as
VOC's and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants'
health and productivity as well. Avoiding these products will increase a building's
IEQ.
Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a
properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal
quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the careful
integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on the lighting
quality of a structure.
Operations and maintenance optimization:
No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and
construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained
properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel are part of the
project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria
designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated
into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies
also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied
during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it
is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality
enhancement take place.
Waste reduction:

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Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials
used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's
waste comes from commercial buildings during the construction phase, one goal
should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed
buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well,
by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to
landfills.
To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist.
"Greywater", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines,
can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g.,
to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.
Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An
alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which
avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the
source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological
waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a
settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil
with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is
also more costly in energy than this process
Cost:
The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly
buildings is the price. Photo-voltaic, new appliances and modern technologies tend
to cost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10
times as much over the entire life of the building. The stigma is between the
knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle cost. The savings in money come from
more efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy bills. Also, higher
worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost deductions.
Studies have shown over a 20 year life period, some green buildings have yielded

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$53 to $71 per square foot back on investment It is projected that different sectors
could save $130 Billion on energy bills
REQUIREMENTS OF A STRUCTURE USING THE GREEN CONCEPT
1. BIOMETHANATION PLANT
2. RAINWATER HARVESTING
3. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

CHAPTER 5

STRUCTURAL PLANNING
AND
DESIGNING
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CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGNING

POSITIONING OF COLUMNS
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PARTICULARS
EXTERNAL

SPECIFICATION
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C11,

COLUMNS

C16, C17, C18, C19, C20, C21,

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TOTAL NUMBER
38

C24, C27, C34, C35, C36, C37,

C38, C39, C40, C61, C62, C63,
C64, C65, C66, C67, C68, C69,
C74, C79, C80, C81, C82, C83,
C84.
INTERNAL

C7, C8, C9, C10, C12, C13,

COLUMNS

C14, C15, C22, C23, C25, C26,

46

C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33,

C41, C42, C43, C44, C45, C46,
C47, C48, C49, C50, C51, C52,
C53, C54, C55, C56, C57, C58,
C59, C60, C70, C71, C72, C73,
C75, C76, C77, C78.

POSITIONING OF BEAMS
PARTICULARS

BEAMS

NOS

B1

GRADE OF
CONCRETE
M25

EXTERNAL
BEAMS

B3

M25

B5

M25

B6

M25

B7

M25

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INTERNAL
BEAMS

INTERNAL
BEAMS

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B9

M25

B14

M25

B40

M25

B41

M25

B42

M25

B43

M25

B2

M25

16

B4

M25

12

B8

M25

B10

M25

B11

M25

B12

M25

B13

M25

B15

M25

B16

M25

B17

M25

B18

M25

B19

M25

B20

M25

B21

M25

B22

M25

B23

M25

B24

M25

2
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B25

M25

B26

M25

B27

M25

B28

M25

B29

M25

B30

M25

B31

M25

B32

M25

B33

M25

B34

M25

B35

M25

B36

M25

B37

M25

B38

M25

B39

M25

SPANNING OF SLABS
This is decided by the positions of the supporting beams or walls. When the
supports are only on opposite sides or only in one direction the slab acts as a one
way supported slab. When this slab is supported in two perpendicular directions it
acts as a two way supported slab. However the two way slab does not only depend
on the manner in which is supported but also on the aspect ratio of the long span
Ly/Lx, the ratio of the reinforcement in the two directions and the boundary
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conditions. Therefore the designer is free to decide as to whether the slab he is to

be designed as a one way or as the two ways.
This decision may be taken considering following points:
1.

A slab acts as a two way slab when the aspect raito Ly/Lx <2. A slab with
Ly/Lx >2 is designed as a one way slab.

2.

A two way slab is generally economical compared to one way slab

because the steel along both the spans acts as main steel transfers the load
to all the four supports. While in one way main steel reinforcement is
provided along the shorts span and the load is transferred to two opposite
supports only the steel along the long span just acts as distribution steel
and he is not designed transferring for the loads.

According to our plan following are the details regarding slabs:

SLABS

Nos.

GRADEOFCONCRETE

LY/LX
RATIO

REMARK

S1

16

M25

1.25

TWO WAY

S2

M25

3.77

ONE WAY

S3

M25

1.12

TWO WAY

S4

M25

1.53

TWO WAY

S5

M25

1.39

TWO WAY

S6

M25

1.04

TWO WAY

S7

M25

1.19

TWO WAY

S8

M25

1.31

TWO WAY

S9

M25

TRAPEZOIDAL

S10

M25

TRAPEZOIDAL
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S11

M25

4.09

ONE WAY

S12

M25

3.43

ONE WAY

S13

M25

TRAPEZOIDAL

S14

M25

TRAPEZOIDAL

S15

M25

TRAPEZOIDAL

S16

M25

1.48

TWO WAY

S17

M25

TRAPEZOIDAL

S18

M25

TRIANGULAR

S19

M25

TRIANGULAR

There Are Total 8 Two Way Slabs, 3 One Way Slabs, 6 Trapezoidal Slabs and 2
Triangular Slabs on each Floor.

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DESIGN OF SLAB

Ly/lx=1

hence two way slab

CALCULATION FOR DEPTH:

d =leffective/26*m.f
assuming m.f=1.3
d=4200/26*1.3
=124.26mm
Using clear cover 15mm and dia of bar 10mm,
D=124.26+15+5
=144.26mm

say 150mm

dx=150-15-5=130mm,
dy=150-15-10-5=120mm,
LOAD CALCULATION:
A)
B)
C)

Dead load=0.15*25=3.75 KN/m2

Floor finish=1 KN/m2
Live load =3 KN/m2
Total load=7.75 KN/m2
For 1m width factored load=11.625 KN/m2

BENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS:

Along shorter span
Along longer span
at mid span
at support

0.028
0.037

0.028
0.037
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BENDING MOMENT
B.Ms=kx*wu*lx2

&

B.Ml=ky*wu*lx2

Along shorter
span
`
At mid span
At support

5.74 KNm
7.587 KNm

Along longer span

5.74 KNm
7.587 KNm

MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Astreq=0.5fckbd(1-(1-(4.6*Mu/fckbd2))0.5
Along shorter span
At mid span
At support

124.84 mm2
180.857 mm2

Along longer span

124.84 mm2
180.857 mm2

Astmin=0.12% of bD
Astmin=180 mm2
SPACING
Spacing reqd=0.25*r2*1000/Astreqd
Along shorter span
At mid span
At support

436.33 mm
434.26 mm

Along longer span

436.33 mm
434.26 mm

Maximum spacing=3d or 300mm (whichever less)

=300 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @300 mm in both direction i.e, along shorter and longer
direction.
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Astprovided=261.8 mm2 ,

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pt=0.201%

CHECKS
a) Shear:
vu=0.6wuleff
=29.295 KN
tu=vu/bd
=0.225 N/mm2
For M20

&

pt=0.201%

tc=0.32 N/mm2
tuc=ktc ,

k=1.3,

tuc=0.417 N/mm2

tu

safe in shear

dprovided

Safe

b) Flexure (depth):
dreqd=
=52.43 mm
c) Deflection:
dmin=leff/26*m.f
fs=0.58fy*(Astreq/Astprovid)
fs 120 MPa &

Pt=0.2%
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Therefore

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m.f=2

dmin=80.769 mm

dprovided safe

d) Development length:
Ld=0.87fy /4tbd
=470 mm
1.3

+ l o Ld

Xu=6.564mm
Mu1=6.01 KN-m
Vu=0.4wdle + 0.45wile
Vu=20.475 KN
1.3

+ l o =381.58+100 = 481.58 mm

Ld (safe)

e) Edge Reinforcement:
Provide 2 bars of 8 mm dia Nominal
f) Torsional reinforcement:
Provide 3 bars of 8mm dia Nominal

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Layout of Escalator
The type of Escalator and its layout is governed essentially by the available size of
room and position of beams and columns along its boundary.
According to our plan following are guidelines regarding staircase:
PARTICULARS
TYPE
SPAN
PLANNING
1)STAIRCASE HALL
2)FLOOR TO FLOOR
HT
3)RISER
4)TREAD
5)NOS OF RISER
6)NOS OF TREAD

SPECIFICATION
Escalator
Simply supported span of 7.2m
7.2m * 4.4m
4.8 m
0.20 m
0.30 m
24
24

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CHAPTER 6

RAINWATER HARVESTING
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENT IN BLDG AND
DESIGNING

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CHAPTER 6

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

Rain
water harvesting
means
the
optimum use of rain water or the activity of direct
collection of rain water which can be recharged
into the ground-water to prevent fall of groundwater level or storing in surface or underground
water tank..
BENEFITS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING
1. Rain water harvesting replenishes the ground water table and enables the
dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained manner.
2. If ground water is brackish, harvesting will reduce the salinity of water.
3. Due to presence of iron salts, water becomes yellow and rain water
harvesting leach out these salts; leaching to clean the water availability in
the long run.

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4. Flooding of low lying areas and roads can be avoided to a large extent, since
rain water that is not harvested both within house as well as outside is
responsible for flooding.
5. Rain water can be used for conservation and harvesting for irrigation
purpose.
6. It promotes conjunctive use of river, rain ground, and sea and sewage water.
7. It prevents unsustainable exploitation of the aquifer.
8. It ensures efficiency, economy and equity in the water use through cooperative management of water sheds and command area.
9. It regulates the expansion of water market.
UTILITY OF RAIN WATER:
The advantages of utilizing rain water to supply house-hold needs and Quality can
easily be maintained; the system is simple to construct; there is no negative
environmental impacts; it helps reduce problems such as soil erosion and flood
hazards; and reduce reliance on ground water allows replenishment of ground
water tables.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING:
1. Roof Top Water Harvesting.
2. Surface Water Harvesting.
Our project aims at the first type:
Roof Top RainWater Harvesting
ROOF TOP WATER HARVESTING
Roof top water harvesting can be constructed where ever there are permanent
settlements experiencing difficult water supply conditions usually they require roof
areas of more than 30 sq. m. , but even in smaller areas can provide partial supply
to relieve some of the burden of fetching water. Roof top harvesting is comprised
of the roof top as the catchment areas, connected by gutters and pipes to a storage
container. The most suitable roof top surfaces are corrugated iron sheet.
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RAIN WATER
HARVESTING

SYSTEM

Fig. 4 (a)
The Potential
The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall over an area is
called the rainwater endowment of that area. Out of this, the amount that can be
effectively harvested is called the water harvesting potential. Refer Fig. 4 (a)
INFLUENCING FACTORS
Among the several factors that influence the rainwater harvesting potential
of a site, eco-climatic conditions and the catchment characteristics are considered
to be the most important.
RAINFALL
Quantity
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Rainfall is the most unpredictable variable in the calculation and hence, to

determine the potential rainwater supply for a given catchment, reliable rainfall
data are required, preferably for a period of at least10 years. Also, it would be far
better to use rainfall data from the nearest station with comparable conditions.
Pattern
The number of annual rainy days also influences the need and design for
rainwater harvesting. The fewer the annual rainy days or longer the dry period, the
more the need for rainwater collection in a region. However, if the dry period is too
long, big storage tanks would be needed to store rainwater. Hence in such regions,
it is more feasible to use rainwater to recharge groundwater aquifers rather than for
storage.
Catchment area characteristics:
Runoff depends upon the area and type of the catchment over which it falls
as well as surface features.
All calculations relating to the performance of rainwater catchment systems
involve the use of runoff coefficient to account for losses due to spillage, leakage,
infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all contribute to
reducing the amount of runoff. (Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of
the volume of water that runs off a surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the
surface).
Runoff coefficients for various catchment surfaces
Type of catchment
Coefficient of runoff
Roof catchments - tiles
0.8 0.9
Roof catchments - Corrugated metal 0.7 0.9
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sheets
Concrete paved ground catchment
0.6 0.8
Brick paved ground catchment
0.5 - 0.6
Unpaved ground catchments
a) Soil on slopes less than 10 per 0.1 0.3
cent
b) Rocky natural catchments
0.2 0.5
Based on the above factors the water harvesting potential of a site could be
estimated using the formula given below.
Water harvesting potential
= Rainfall (mm) x Area of catchment x Runoff coefficient
Design of storage tanks
The volume of the storage tank can be determined by the following factors:

Number of persons in the household: The greater the number of persons, the
greater the storage capacity required to achieve the same efficiency of fewer
people under the same roof area.

Per capita water requirement: This varies from household to household

based on habits and also from season to season. Consumption rate has an
impact on the storage systems design as well as the duration to which stored
rainwater can last.

Average annual rainfall

Period of water scarcity: Apart from the total rainfall, the pattern of rainfall
-whether evenly distributed through the year or concentrated in certain
periods will determine the storage requirement. The more distributed the
pattern, the lesser the size.
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Type and size of the catchment: Type of roofing material determines the
selection of the runoff coefficient for designs. Size could be assessed by
measuring the area covered by the catchment i.e., the length and horizontal
width. Larger the catchment, larger the size of the required cistern (tank).

Dry season demand versus supply approach

In this approach there are three options for determining the volume of storage:
1. Matching the capacity of the tank to the area of the roof
2. Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its
users
3. Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of costs, resources and
construction methods.
In practice the costs, resources and the construction methods tend to limit
the tanks to smaller capacities than would otherwise be justified by roof areas or
likely needs of consumers. For this reason elaborate calculations aimed at
matching tank capacity to roof area is usually unnecessary. However a simplified
calculation based on the following factors can give a rough idea of the potential for
rainwater collection.
Illustration
Suppose the system has to be designed for meeting drinking water
requirement of a five-member family living in a building with a rooftop area of
100 sq. m. The average annual rainfall in the region is 600 mm (average annual

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rainfall in Mumbai is 611 mm). Daily drinking water requirement per person
(drinking and cooking) is 10 litres.
Design procedure:
Following details are available:
Area of the catchment (A) = 965 sq. m
Average annual rainfall (R) = 800 mm (0.8 m)
Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.85 00
STEPS:
1) Calculate the maximum amount of rainfall that can be harvested from the
rooftop:
Annual water harvesting potential = 965 x 0.8 x 0.85
= 656.2 cu. m. (650,000 litres)
2) Determine the tank capacity:
As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20 per cent larger than required, i.e.,
780,000 litres. This tank can meet the basic drinking water requirement of a
commercial building for the dry period. A typical size of a rectangular tank
constructed in the basement will be about 15 m x 15 m x 3.5 m.

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Salient features of this approach:

1. Simplest approach to system design but is relevant only in areas where
distinct dry seasons exist
2. Provides a rough estimate of storage volume requirements
3. This method does not take into account variations between different years,
such as the occurrence of drought years. It also entirely ignores rainfall input
and the capacity of the catchment to deliver the runoff necessary to fill the
storage tank.
4. This technique can be used in the absence of any rainfall data and is easily
understandable to the layperson. These points are especially relevant when
designing systems in the remote areas of developing countries where
obtaining reliable rainfall data can be difficult.

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CHAPTER 7

SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 7
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SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

Types of Solar

Panels

There are two main types of solar panel

1. Solar electric panels
2. Solar water heating panels
How PV Panels Work
PV panels collect energy from the sun and convert it into electricity PV
systems convert sunlight directly into electricity. Photo refers to light and
voltaic to electricity. A PV cell is made of a semiconductor material, usually
crystalline silicon, which absorbs sunlight. Youve seen PV cells at work in simple
mechanisms like watches and calculators. Youve probably even seen them for
signs on the road. More complex PV systems produce solar electricity for houses
and the utility grid. The utility grid is the power source available to your local
electricity provider.
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PV cells are typically combined into modules, or panels, containing about 40 cells.
Roughly ten modules constitute a PV array, or grouping of panels.
Details on How PV Panels Work
Most PV panels contain a top protective layer, two specially treated layers of
silicon with collecting circuitry attached to the top layer, and a polymer backing
layer.
The top layer of silicon is treated to make it electrically negative; the back layer is
treated it make it electrically positive. When sunlight knocks electrons loose from
the silicon, electrons move up from the bottom layer of silicon and crowd the
electrons in the top layer. The electrons
freed from the top layer are collected by
electrical contacts on the surface of the top
layer and routed through an external
circuit, thus providing power to the
electrical system attached to the panels.
New technology, which well get to in a
later section, uses different, less expensive
materials than silicon in PV panels to
capture sunlight more affordably.
Where is PV Panels Installed?
Most PV panels go on solar south-facing roofs parallel to the roofs slope in
the northern hemisphere, and on solar north-facing roofs in the southern
hemisphere. Some arrays can be mounted on poles or on the ground, but such
placement could be prohibited by local regulations or homeowners association
rules. An important consideration is how many peak sun hours your system will
get. Will your solar panels get year-round unshaded sun exposure from 9 a.m. - 3
p.m. (the ideal)? Is your climate stormy, foggy, and dusty? The power of your
system will vary depending on your geographical location. People in the
northeastern US, for example, will need more solar panels on their roofs to provide
the same amount of solar electricity as someone in Arizona.
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What Happens at Night and on Cloudy Days?

Because solar electric systems only produce power when the sun is shining,
many consumers also connect their solar system to a utility power grid that
provides additional electricity when the solar panels are not producing enough.
That type of solar system is called a grid-tied system.
Off-Grid vs. Grid-Tied Systems
Costs also vary depending on whether your solar energy system is grid-tied
or off-grid. The cost of installing a typical off-grid PV system in a home ranges
from $15,000-$20,000 per kilowatt hour. The cost lowers when the solar system is
installed as part of the initial house construction, because it is easier and more costefficient to incorporate energy-saving design, PV panels and other equipment
during construction than to add them after the house is already built.
Off-grid systems require batteries to store electricity and a charge regulator to
make sure the batteries are not under- or overcharged. However, with the cost of
extending power lines from the utility grid averaging from $20,00-$80,000 per
mile, a PV system can be a wise investment for electricity in remote areas.
There are several varieties of off-grid systems:
Small stand-alone solar electricity systems are often used for RV power, lighting,
cabins, back-up and portable power systems.
A complete stand-alone solar system provides independence from both fossil fuels
and electric utility companies.
A typical complete stand-alone system uses two inverters to make sure power is
available for large loads such as air conditioners, and one inverter can supply
power when the other may not be working or needs servicing.
Such systems require sizable battery storage capacity so electricity is available
when adverse weather diminishes solar power.
Batteries are an expensive component of stand-alone solar systems, initially
costing between $80-$200 per kWh for residential use.
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Hybrid systems combine PV panels with additional power sources such as fossilfuel generators.
A hybrid system uses fewer solar panels than a typical stand-alone system, because
a gasoline, propane or diesel generator produces power when solar panels are not
producing enough.
Such systems can be used for cabins, remote homes and to power small medical
facilities in third-world countries.
Off Grid advantages:
1. Freedom from electric bills
2. Independence of the public utility grid
3. Cost-effective for remote areas without power lines
Off Grid disadvantages:
1. Higher initial investment than grid-tied systems
2. Expense and maintenance of more system components such as batteries and
charge regulators
3. Possibility of power outage in extended periods of adverse sun conditions
Grid Tied advantages:
1. Backup power if the solar system isnt producing enough
2. Net metering if the solar system is producing too much power
3. Lower initial investment than for most off-grid systems
Grid Tied disadvantages:
1. Some dependence on the utility grid
2. May not be able to use solar system in the event of a grid power failure
3. Some incentives require that contractors demonstrate proper licensing and
capability in areas specific to grid-tied installation

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What Happens if a Solar System Produces More Energy Than the Home
Needs?
In a grid-tied system, homeowners can get credit when their system
produces more solar electricity than the house itself needs. Many utility companies
use net metering or net billing for customers with solar energy systems. The
utility credits a homeowners account for excess solar electricity, which goes back
to the utility grid, then applies the credit to other months when the system produces
less electricity.

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REPORT BY
CASAnova
Data sheet
Geometry:
Length of north and south facade:
Length of west and east facade:
Height (without roof):
Number of floors:
Height of roof:
Roof ridge:
Deviation from south direction (east positiv):

50.0 m
27.3 m
14.2 m
3
1.0
in north-south-direction
-35.0

Ground area:
Useful area:
Volume total:
Air volume:
Facade north resp. south:
Facade east resp. west:
Surface-to-volume value:

1365.0 m
3276.0 m
19383.0 m
16052.4 m
710.0 m
387.7 m
0.2 1/m

Insulation:
U values of the walls:
north:
south:
east:
west:
Roof:
Towards:
U value:
Lower floor:
Towards:
U value:
Door (north facade):
Area:
U value:
Wrmebrcken:

0.20 W/(m K)
0.20 W/(m K)
0.20 W/(m K)
0.20 W/(m K)
outside air
0.20 W/(m K)
non-heated cellar (with insulation)
0.20 W/(m K)
0.0 m
1.50 W/(m K)
increase U-values of surrounding planes by 0.10
W/(m K) (normal construction)

Building:
Interior temperature:
Limit of overheating:
Ventilation:
Natural ventilation (infiltration):
Mechanical ventilation:
Heat recovery (only mech. ventilation):
Internal gains:

20.0 C
36.0 C
0.60 1/h
0.00 1/h
0%
25.0 kWh/(m a)

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Kind of indoor walls:

Kind of outdoor walls:
Walls towards another heated area:

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medium construction
medium construction
east, west

Climate:
Climate station:

New Delhi (Bharat Ganarajya)

Windows:
North:
Windows area:
Fraction of windows area at the facade:
Kind of windows:
U value glazing:
U value frame:
g value glazing:
Fraction of frame:
Shading:
South:
Window area:
Fraction of windows area at the facade:
Kind of windows:
U value glazing:
U value frame:
g value glazing:
Fraction of frame:
Shading:
East:
Window area:
Fraction of windows area at the facade:
Kind of windows:
U value glazing:
U value frame:
g value glazing:
Fraction of frame:
Shading:
West:
Window area:
Fraction of windows area at the facade:
Kind of windows:
U value glazing:
U value frame:
g value glazing:
Fraction of frame:
Shading:

248.5 m
35.0 %
heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m K))
1.40 W/(m K)
1.50 W/(m K)
0.58
20.0 %
20.0 %
248.5 m
35.0 %
heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m K))
1.40 W/(m K)
1.50 W/(m K)
0.58
20.0 %
20.0 %
0.0 m
50.0 %
heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m K))
1.40 W/(m K)
1.50 W/(m K)
0.58
20.0 %
20.0 %
0.0 m
5.0 %
heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m K))
1.40 W/(m K)
1.50 W/(m K)
0.58
20.0 %
20.0 %

Energy:
Heating system:
Heat transfer / system temperature:

low temperature burner, boiler and distribution

inside the thermal zone
radiators (outside walls), thermostatic valves

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Source of energy:

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(layout temperature: 1K), system temperature:

70/55C
fuel oil

CHAPTER 8

THE GREEN BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM

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CHAPTER 8
THE GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

In the rating system the particular structure is given points depending upon how
strictly the clauses laid down by the a)LEED B)IGBC C)USGBC etc are
followed and how eco-friendly the structure is or will be.
NEED FOR THE RATING SYSTEM
To demonstrate that building is truly green
To give building owners the tools to have a measurable impact on their
buildings performance.
THE LEED RATING SYSTEM
The LEED System is a point based system. The building projects earn points
based on their satisfying Green building criteria. They must satisfy certain
requirements and earn credit points based on six different categories. The six
categories

Sustainable sites
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Water efficiency

Energy and atmosphere

Materials and resources

Indoor environmental quality

Innovation and design process

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Depending on the number of points the building project earns, it is awarded a

certification level. There are four LEED certification levels Certified, Silver Gold
and Platinum.
The LEED system is used by designers, architects, engineers, construction
managers, government officials among others to make sustainable buildings. Many
U.S state and federal agencies are adopting LEED certification. The LEED
certification has gained worldwide acceptance as a benchmark for sustainable
buildings with LEED certified projects in 41 different countries including Canada,
Mexico, Brazil and India.
IGBC (INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL)
The guidelines detailed under each credit enable the design and construction of
green homes of all sizes and types. IGBC Green Homes addresses green features
under the following categories:
Site Selection and Planning
Water Efficiency
Energy Efficiency
Materials
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation & Design Process
Different levels of green building certification are awarded based on the total
credits earned. However, every Green Home should meet certain mandatory
requirements, which are non-negotiable.
The various levels of rating awarded are:
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RATING

PROJECT WITH
PROJECT WITHOUT
INTERIORS
INTERIORS
CERTIFIED
32-39
30-36
SILVER
40-47
37-44
GOLD
48-59
44-55
PLATINUM
60-80
56-75
Certified to recognize best practices
Silver to recognize outstanding performance
Gold to recognize national excellence
Platinum to recognize global leadership

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CHAPTER 9

BAMBOO RESTAURANT

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CHAPTER 9

BAMBOO RESTAURANT

INTRODUCTION
Bamboo is a naturally occurring composite material which grows
abundantly in most of the tropical countries. It is considered a composite material
because it consists of cellulose fibers imbedded in a lignin matrix. Cellulose fibers
are aligned along the length of the bamboo providing maximum tensile flexural
strength and rigidity in that direction. Over 1200 bamboo species have been
identified globally. Bamboo has a very long history with human kind. Bamboo
chips were used to record history in ancient China. Bamboo is also one of the
oldest building materials used by human kind. It has been used widely for
household products and extended to industrial applications due to advances in
processing technology and increased market demand. In Asian countries, bamboo
has been used for household utilities such as containers, chopsticks, woven mats,
fishing poles, cricket boxes, handicrafts, chairs, etc. It has also been widely used in
building applications, such
As flooring, ceiling, walls, windows, doors, fences, housing roofs, trusses, rafters
and purlins; it is also used in construction as structural materials for bridges, water
transportation facilities and skyscraper scaffoldings.
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There are several differences between bamboo and wood. In bamboo, there are
No rays or knots, which give bamboo a far more evenly distributed stresses
throughout its length.
DETAIL SPECIFICATION OF BAMBOO
Bamboo is a hollow tube, sometimes with thin walls, and consequently it is
more difficult to join bamboo than pieces of wood. Bamboo does not contain the
same chemical extractives as wood, and can therefore be glued very well.
Bamboos diameter, thickness, and internodal length have a macroscopically
graded structure while the fiber distribution exhibits a microscopically graded
architecture, which lead to favorable properties of bamboo.
Various uses of bamboo
VARIOUS USES OF BAMBOO
USE OF BAMBOO AS PLANT

USE OF BAMBOO AS MATERIAL

Ornamental horticulture

Local industries
Artisanat
Furniture

Ecology
A variety of utensils
Stabilize of the soil Houses
Uses on marginal land
Agro-forestry
Parquet
Natural stands

Wood and paper industries

Hedges and screens Strand boards
Minimal land use Medium density fiberboard
Laminated lumber
Paper and rayon
Nutritional industries
Plantations Young shoots for human
consumption
Mixed agro-forestry systems Fodder
Chemical industries
Biochemical products
Pharmaceutical industry
Energy
Charcoal
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Pyrolysis
Gasification

STRENGHT OF BAMBOO AS CONSTRUCTION MATERAIL

Bamboo has tensile strength superior to mild steel (withstands up to 52,000
Pounds of pressure psi) and a weight-to-strength ratio surpassing that of graphite,
bamboo is the strongest growing woody plant on earth with one of the widest
ranging habitats of more than 1500 species thriving in diverse terrain from sea
level to 12,000 feet on every continent but the poles. It also grows the fastest:
clocked shooting skyward at 2 inches an hour. Some species grow one and a half
meters a day.
BAMBOO AS A HOUSING MATERAIL
Bamboo related industries already provide income, food, and housing to
over 2.2 billion people worldwide. There is a 3-5 year return on investment for a
new bamboo plantation versus 8-10 years for rattan. The governments of India and
China, with 15 million hectares of bamboo reserves collectively, are poised to
focus attention on the economic factors of bamboo and its protection. In Limon,
Costa Rica, only bamboo houses from the national Bamboo Project stood after
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their violent earthquake in 1992. Flexible and lightweight, bamboo enables

structures to "dance" in earthquakes.

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CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
We owe the great pleasure in completing the project work
of

BE

CIVIL

PLANNING

AND

DESIGN

OF

COMMERCIAL COMPLEX USING GREEN BUILDING

CONCEPT.
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As this project is based on environment awareness

program we kindly hope that more and more impetus
should be given to growth of green building concept.
We highly appreciate the help given by our project guide
PROF ASIF MAZHAR ANSARI and we all are thankful to
him.
As this project teaches us to co-ordinate with the project
guide, colleagues, this project will be very helpful in our
future.

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