.?

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,i?i.i 1,:i i
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,'t,t,
'l

; ' 1

SiTAI\Itr|AFI
PERUSAHAAN UMUM

SPLN

LISTRIK NEGARA

7A^ =197E'

Lampiran Surat Keputusan Direksi PLN

Tanggal 14 A gustus 1978
N o: O32 l On/n

IEc

PUEILICATIG'N

71-1

S i xth E di ti on 1976

GcICtFItrIII\IATItf,I\I

INSULATICIN

Part 1 : Terms, Definitions, Principlesand Rules

KGIGIFItrITNASiI

ISIOLASil

Bagian 1 : lstilah, Definisi, Prinsip dan Ketentuan

DEPARTEMEN PERTAMBANGANDAN

ENERGI

PERUSAHAANUMUM LISTRIK NEGARA

JL.TRUNOJOYOMI/135

W;r;J*-

K E B A Y O R A NB A R U - J A K A R T A

SfrqnnmAtrt
PERUSAHAAN

UMUM

LISTRIK

7A' z 1g-78

SFILN

Lampiran Surat Keput$an Direkri PLN

OgZlDlRt1g78 Tansgal 14 Agustut 1978

NEGARA

tEC Publication71-1
Sixth edition 1976
5

,I
I

.g

I
5

I
I NSULATTON CO.ORDI NATION
Part 1 : Terrns,definitions, principlesand rules
KOORDINASI ISOLASI
Bagian1 : lstilah,definisi,prinsipdan ketentuan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

l.TheEnglishversionof|EcPub|icationTl_lisadoptedas
the PLN Board of
a PLN standartj accordinq to a decree of
D i r e ( r t o rN o . 0 3 2 / D l R l 7 8 , 1 4 t h ' A u g u s t 1 9 7 8
71-1 is reproduced
2. Tlris Enqlish version of IEC Publication
by permission of
standard.
company
as
irr 250 copies for use
lnrernationalE|ectrotechrricalCommissionasstatedinaIetter
of rhr: General SecretarYdated 12th, July 1979'

CoPYright :
IN-TERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
Geneve, 1976
lssued bY :
DEPARTEMEN PERTAMBANGAN & ENERGI
PERUSAHAAN UMUM LISTRIK NEGARA
Jakarta, 1980

CONTENTS
lrorcword
Prclucc

paSes
V

...'.

CI{APTERI : GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
Scction One -Scope and Object
Clause
l.
Scope
Objcct
2.
Section

Two - Definitions

3.
Nominalvoltageofathree-phasesystem
Ilighest voltage of a three-plrasesystem
4.
tligltcst voltage lbr equipnrent
5.
Ijxternulirrsulation
6.
7.
lnternllirrsulation
8.
lndoor ex ternal insulatit-rn
9.
Outdoor e rte rnal insulation
I 0 . S c l l ' - r c s t o r i n gi n s u l a l i o n
I l . N o I r - s c l l - r c s t o r i n gi u s u l a l i u n
12. l'ype test
1 3 . R o u t i r r ct c s t .
1 4 . I s o l a t c t Jn c u t r a l s y s t c n l
15. llcsonant carthcd systcrrt (system earthed through an arc-suppressioncoil).
l(). iiarthcd ncutral systcrrr
17. l,arth f'aultlactor
18. Overvoltagc
19. Ilhass-to-carth per unit overvoltage (p.u.)
2{1. Phase-to-phascper unit overvoltage (p.u.)
21. Slitching overvoltage
22. Lightning overvoltage
23.StatjslicalswitcIring(lightning)overvoltage
24 . Convcn tional nra.r,furru nr switching (ligh tning) overvol tage
25. "fernporury ovcrvoltage
26. Statistical srvitching (lightnin g) inrpulse withs and voltage
27. ConvsnLiorrulsu'itchin g(lightning) inrpulse withstand voltage
2 8 . R a t e d s w i t c h i n g ( l i g h t n i n g ) i r n p u l s cw i t h s t a n d v o l t a g e
29. Il.ated slrort tluration powcr-lieq'ucncy withstand voltage
. . ; .
30. llated insulationlevcl
3 1 . S t a t i s t i c l l s a f ' e t yf a c t o r
3 2 . C o n v e n t i o n a ls a f e t y t l c t o r
33. Protectiun lcvel of a protectivc device
34. Protection tactors ola protcctive dcvice . . . ,

....

....

$ . .

I
I
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4'
4
4
4.
5
F

;
5
6
6
6
6

SectionThree- BasicPrinciplesof InsulationCo-Ordihation

Insulationco-ordination.
Voltagestresses
and other factorsaffectinginsulation
ltangesof highestvoltagcsfor equiprnent.
I)ielcctrictcsts
'Iypcs
of dielectrictcst
38.1
38.2 Sclectionof tlte dielectrictests .
39. Co-ordinationfor voltagesunder normal operatin gonditions and for temporary overyoltages. . .
, 1 0 . C o - o r d i n a t i o n f o r s w i t c h i n g a n d l i g h t n i n g o v e r v o l.t.a g e s
.. i.
40.1 Choiceof the prccedure
40.2 Statisticalprocedure
40.3ConventionalLrrocedu
re
35.
36.
37.
38.

7A:80

LZt

6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10

('llAlvl'l1R ll : S'l'ANl)ARl) INSULATIONLTwELS FOR EQUIPMENTtN RANCE A

(bs
f t. (icanl indications
'tlt{ts
fZ
ol'sl:rrnlurd
irrsululion
icvcls

pages
11
. 11

('ll^P'l'l'lt lll : S IANI)ARD INSULATIONLEVELSFOR EQUIPMENTIN RANGEB

43. (lcntral indications
.l.|..|.alr|co|.s|ltttt|:trdirtsttlutitln[cvc|s
{ 5 - ( ' l t u i c c t r l ' t l r c i u s u l : l t i o nh ' v c l

CIIAP'I'IR,lV

13
13

: STANDARD INSULATTON LEYELS FOR EQUIPMENT IN RANCE C

46. Gencral irrdications

'l'ablc
17 ol' rtrttdrd insutrtion lcvcls lor highest voltage range for equipment equal to or greater than 300 KV.
{8. Ratcdsrvitclrilrg
i l r r p u l s cr v i t l r s t a n dv o l t a g c
4 9 - R a t c d l i g l rt n i r r gi r n p u l s cs , i l l r s t a r r dv o l l a g s

14
t4
14
l6

CHAPTER V : GENERAL TESTING PROCEDURE

5(I
51.
52.
53.
tl.
55.

General
Switchinglnd lightningirnpulscwitltstandtest . .
507,disnrptivr:disclrargctt'st
ljifttr:n-iurPrrlsc
s'ithstitndlcst
('onventiorral
nithsttnd test. .
irrrpulsc
SlrortrlurationP1;syg1-1'rc(lucncy
voltagewithstandtest . .

17
t7
L7
l8
18
l9

. . . .

LV

7A:80

INTERNATIONAL

COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNICAL

INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
Part 1: Ternls, definitions'principlesand rules

FOREWORD
l)ThcforEaldaidoosoragE.mc'aofthclEco!tcchnicalDafigr3'PrcFtrdbyTccbnicatcomEitrccsoawiiche||t}cNational
of opinioD o! lhc
r"pr""-tcd, lxn,."a rs rcxrly gs po36iblc, a! iabrtatiolal con'cosus
,t",";o
co'sittcas havi'S a spacral,o*,
"r
suFs dc.alt with'
by tbc N*iooel @oeittlcs b th'l $ds
rtsc ttd thty rre s?Ed
b3vc tbc forE of rccomlortd.ti.ms forilt.rlrti'Eat
Thry
4
IEc
r!*t
oflhc
tb
adopr
thouH
gish
thgt aIl Netiqasl codtDittcc'
rsprEsrg thc
,)
*to
*o-o," iatcraarioaal rroifcaliol" tbc IEc
bctrt.||! thc IEC rccoEEctdtrioo
* aeriiml conlitions witt FrEit Ary disfElcr
Ji-fo
-ft
"rccooacodariqa for tbck *o-"
ilt tk Lfi'r'
ildicalld
cbaly
poBsiblc,
b'
as
ts
f'I
should'
irlc!
Datiolel
-a ,U -.-"p".aitg

PREFACE
28' IletLtioo co.ordis'rbn'
This pBblicsrid has bc.|B prtDartd by I EC Tcchdcal C@mifi.c No'
only
co-ordiDation, arrd rrphc.. thc fffb cdirior'_ sbtishcd.in !r-2' wth,h dcalt
It fonne tbclixtl dlition ofIEC publicatiotr tl,.IrsnLtior
tlir* ua
ir
tgcz'
puuisui{
cditi@,
rbc
tourth
.!d
}v,
gr".to
tb.!.100
o_.
r* ,i-iipfi,
eirh c{uipoer of higl"o
-no
"q*r for
".r,"g"
tbc-cquipmcot i! grcsrcrthan I kV dd tlss thFn 100tV'
foi ,rli"l ti"L6Jvotigc
f*
J*o}'""fia
"qUp-*r
tt forrosPrt I ofIEC Publication?1.
Gui& for thc Insulition cootdinsfon of ElGctricalEq
IEC publicatiol ?l-2 (il Fcprretiod) wi[ cotstitErc tbe ippli:.tior
io 1969:iD Milar io I97l .rd i!-Aticdt io 1972' Ai a tcsult
Dr.f,ts oEir ilircusr.d at thc lt|cqtirgl bcld in Tcl-Aviv ir 1966,in M.lbounc
to rhc National comhittcls for_approrel undct th sr
*T
on*xr,
2t-ac."urr
n*"-*,
a'|fl
of rhis hrt ,rcctiig, rh,
l!-i:g
Month!'RxlcinAugustlgT3'e-"oa..".'oo"'-""tzt1ccatr'tomcc)43'$ggsubmittrdtothoN'tio'5lcod|IliGaforryroral
' - '
udc" tbc.Tsi Monibr' Ptdcrdurc iu Juty l9?4.
- Tb" fono*iog -uoaic! YoEd cxPlicitly iE favour ofprrblicatio-n:
Francc
Gcrmaay
Italy'
Japan
Ncthcrlands
NorwaY
Poland
South Africa (RePublic of)

Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
China
Denmark
Egpt
Finland

'

Surcden
S*itzerland
,
: ' - ' I - T u r k e y
Union of Soviet Socialist Rcpublics
United Kingdom
Yugoslavia

:'l '
E ptotflory ra?
'trcono![d.tion5"
of tbc rEc ltould
i! Jun. 193, thst
Thr coulcil of tb. Iutcmarn'.l Elccuotcchtric.l conrnircio'o lobg itcddcd,
aow
bcco catitkd "rccooocldetba"'
rcnld
havc
rrrubol'og
with
tbc
old
which'
iE
rccDdarot
plllc8t
bcc{Ied "staduds-, tbc
Publicariort
publicttio!' Thc
osc
of.this
pacical
;",ia-a-.
tlc
ir
to
roy
aimc**s
rixc
rhoutd Dot sivG
iii" -Jrudon
;;i;[t
;#*fu;
to a prrticuld QgsrpocD-teight prE 'Dt soloc di6rcrt h'3, i[ fac! bc.d $roca ia sucl a rsuioi ttet ror att tlocc cascs wicrc aplicatioa
ia at spFop'ietc vay'
of
.crioo to t*ohrc tteFoblc'
irccdoo
olweys
su6cint
bas
r-,i1"
C.-.m*
-i-,y, ,i*r*riir;u;*t
"q"ip--,
Other I EC publicationsquotedin thispublication:
Publircations'Nos. 60:
99-lA:
76:186:

7A:80

High-voltage Tcst Techniques.

for Ligbtnin8
First supplementto Publication 99-l (1958): Recomme-ndations
T*T,.k.
linear Resistor TlPe Arresters'
Power Transformers.
Volggc Transformcrs. : -

- V :

I : Non-

- l

INSULATION CO.-ORDINATION
Part | : Terms,definitions,principlesandrules

CHAPTER I: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

SECTION ONE -

I.

SCOPEAND OBJECT

Scope
This stanclardapplies ro cquipment fior three-phasea.c. systems,having a highest voltage tor equipment above

Ikv
This standard covers only phase-to-earth insulation, except in respect of some definitions. Standards for
insulation other than phasc-to-carthinsulation are under study.

2. Object
The object of this standlrd is to specify the insulation of the various items of equipmentusd in a givo
install'ation.EachrApparatus Committee is responsiblefor specifyingthe insulation level and test procedure
suitable for its equipmcnt. taking into considerationthe recommendationsgiven in the following sections:in
particular, for the testsprescribedin this standard,the valuesof the rated withstand voltagesshall be chosen
iiom the standardizedinsulation levelsof this publication.
'l'his

standardwill be supplementerlby Publication7l-2 (in preparation)which will constitule the Application

( itritlc.

SECTION TWO
'l'he

3.

DEFINITIONS

followingdefinitionshavebeenadoptedfor the purposeof this standard.

Noininal voltage of a three-phasesystem

The r.m.s. phase-to-phasevoltage by which the system is designated and to which certain operating charactcristicsof the systemare related.

,t.

Highest voltage of a three-phasesystem

The highestr.m.s. phase-to-phase

volt4ge which occurs under normal operatingconditionsat !fly timc rtrd rt
any Point of the system.It excludesvoltage transients(such as those due to systemswitching)alrd tcmprrrry
voltage variations due to abnormal systemconditions (such as those due to fault conditions or thc surldcn
disconnection
of largeloads).

7 A :B 0

2
I liqhcsl rollrgc for tquiPrncnl

i.

Thc highcstr.nr.s.phlse-to+h se voltlrge lbr which the equipment is designul in rcspcctof its insulation as
*cll i|s orlrcr charactcristicswhich relatc to this voltagein the relevantequipmentstundards'
i !rrsveltage is thc maxirnum value of the highestvoltage of the systemfor which the equipment may be used.
ln rhis sranclard,the highestvoltage fbr equipment will be representedby U-.
t(

(r

. . I n s y s r c n r sw r r h h i g h e s tv o l t l g e r i r l c q u i p r n e n te q u a l t o o r g r e a t e r ! . h a n 1 2 3 k V , t h i s v o l t a g e U * i n g e n e r a l d o e sn o t m a t e r i a l l y < t i f f e r
lionr the highcsr value of' rhc systcrn operating voltage. Below 123 kV, the voitage U* may be higher than the highest system
vpl(a11c.sincc cuclr sran6arclvaluc ol'U", applies to differeni svstcms tlte nominal voltage of which may differ by as much as 209/o
( f - c r r n s r u n c cU ^ ' . 2 4 k V c o v r : r \ l ( ) k V r r n d 2 2 k V ) , e n d h a v i n g t h e r e f o r e d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f t h e h i g h e s t s y s l e m v o l t a g e .

1,::tcrnrlinsulation
'flie

riistancesin lir and tire surlacesin contact with open air of solid insulation of the equipmentwhich are
subjcci to diclechic srressesand 1()the ei'tectsof atmosphericand other external conditions such as pollution,
hrrrliditv.vermin.etc.

?. hternal insulation
Thc internal solid. liquid or gaseousparts of the insulation of equipmentwhich are protected from the effects
of ltmosphericand otherexternalconditionssuchaspollution.humidity,vermin,etc.
Inrloorexternal insulafion
to operate inside buildings and ccnsequentlynot exposedto the weather.
Extcrlal insulation which is,-lc'signed

\)

Outcklor external insulation

F..rrcrnalinsulation which is designedto operate outside buildings and consequentlyexposedto the weather.

ll)

insulation
S('lf-restoring

insulation which completely recoversits insulating proprties after a disruptive dischargecaused by the
externalinsulatronanplicarionof ir testvoltage;insulationofthis kind is generally,but not necessarily,

l!

insulation
Non-self-restoring

lnsulation which loses its insulating properties or does not recover them completely, after a disruptive
rlischargecausedby the applicarion of a test voltage; insulation of this kind is generally,but not necessarily,
i n t e r n uiin s u l a t i o n .

i2.

'fype

test

A test made on one piece of equipment or on several similar piecesintended to show that all piecesof
rquipmcnt madeto the samespecificationand having the sameessentilldetails would passan identical tcs.; it is
usulllv not reoeatedon different deliveries.

7a:8Q

3
test
13. Reiutine
A testto whicheachpieceof equipmentis subjected.

14. lsolutedneutralsystem
A systm which has no intentianal connection to earth exoept through indicating, mcasuring or protcctivc
devicesofvery high impedance.

15. Resonante:rrthdsystem(systemeadhed thruugh rn arc-suppressioncoil)

A system in which th neutral is earthad through a reaclor, the reactance having a value such that during a
singlephase-to-earthfault, the power frequencyinductive current passedby this reactor substantiallyneutralias
the power-frequencycapacitivecomponentof'the earth fault currcnt.
y'y'o.e.
- With.caonant c lhing ofo systcm,thc rcsidualcurrcnt in thc foulais limitcd to s|rchaa cricnt that aD arcingfr
self+.rtingu$hing.

tio.ir

it ulu.lly

16- Earthedneutnl system

A systemin which the neutral is connectedto earth, eithcr solidly or through a resistanceor reactanceof a
value low enoughto reducemateriallyany transieni oscillationsand to improve the conditions for selectiveearth
lault protection.

17. lrrrth frult frctor

At a selectedlocation of a thre-phasesystem(generallythe point of installation of an equipment) and for a
given systemconfiguration, the ratio of the highestr.m.s. phase-to-earthpower-frequencyvoltage on a soirnd
phaseduring a fault to earth (affecting one or more phasesat any point) to the r.m.s. phase-to-earthpowerliequcncy voltage which would be obtained at the selectedlocation without the fault.
Norcsl.

Thi6 f.ctor is a purc numcricrl r.tio (highcr tharr l) and charocnrias io gc[eral Erms th. canhing cotrditio[s of . iyttch as
vicu/ed from th. shcrcd location, iodcpctr&ntly ofthc actual opcrrting value oflh volragc at thrt location.

Th. "earlh faulSfactor" is thc producr of .1/' &rd thc -factor of.orthing" which hlr bccn 'rs.d in thc pas(
2. - TIlc carth tbult f&lors arc calculatcd from lhc pha&.scqucncc impedaicc compoocnts of the sy6tem,ar vicwcd froE rhc *Lctcd
.
location, using for any rolarirg niachinc! lhc Eubtransicnt rclctancs.
J. -

If, for all crcdibh systcfi conngurations, thc zcro-scqucncarcactance ir hls thro thre limes thc posilivc-saqucncaGactaooc and
if thc zcro-$cqucncarcsistancdocs not exceadthr positivc-sequc[ca aEactancc,ih earth fault factor will not cxc.cd'I.4.

lE. Overvoltage
Any time-dependentvoltage betweenone phaseand earth or betweenphaseshaving a peak valuc or valucs
c;rceedingthe correspoirdingpakvallrc(U*,fzlrBor
U^ nE respectively)
derived from the highestvoltage for
equrpment.
^lds. -- Ovcwoltagcs arc llways t.ansiory phcnarncna. A broed disiinclion may be mrd. bctrc.n highly damFd ow.voltagct of rclrdrlly
iho.t drrrrdor (s Clau!s 2l and 22) .rd undamped or only wcakly dalnFd ovcrvoltryes of rclarivcly long du..lioo (*r
Cl{usc 25). The bordcr-linetrctwenthcaetwo groupscannot be clc|rly lixed.

7A:80

4
l',

Phrse-to+arthpcr unit overvoltage(p.u.)

Thc ratio of the pcrk valueso[ a phuse+o+arthovcrvoltagcand of thc phase-to-earthvolt.gp corrcsponding

(i.e,UmJzlJ3J.
ro thc highcstvoltagclbr er4uipmr:nt
:0.

per unit overyoltage(p.u.)

Phlse-to-phasc

Thc rutio of the peak valucsol a phasr-to-phascovervoltageand of the phasc-to+arthvoltagecbrrcsponding

r(, thc hi!hcstvoltlgu lirr cquipnrcnr(i.c. lgilin U^ utl Jl'1.
This ratio will bc cxprcsserlbv A ,,r,J, ,( being the ratio of the peak value of thc phase-o-phaseovcrvoltagato
thc pcukvalueof thc highestvoltagclbr equipment(i.e. U..,/2).
Thc pcak value ol' the highest voltage for equipmenl (i.e. the lowesr per unit value of a phase-o-phacc
will thusbe expresscd
ovcrvoltagc)
in p.u.valueas I x J3.
.Vrre. - Thc p.u. ovcrvoltageJ defincd in Chuses 19 lnd 20, fo. ahc purpos. of insuhtion co-ordination srudi!.. arc rsfcrred !o alr Fat
valucof thc phrs.-ro-urthvoltuBccorrcspondingto thc highest\,oltl8e for cquipmcntai a fxcd rcercnc! balis. Whctr oyqrcl3a$r
arc nlcrsuredin variousconditionsduring teslson a syslemor an cquivalcntmodel,it may bc convaricnt to rcfar lhcsaowrvolt{ct
lo thc phasc-to-clrthvolt Bri rhcr prior to or irl'tcrtlrc swilching opcrarion,as appropriatc. ln sucb caics. Ihc tarm "ovcwoltag!
factor" lhould be uvdfor thc riltro, Jrtd:rs thc overvoltagesarc dot alwaysproportional rc the syscm vohagc, ir i! Dcoalssry!o
strtc the latler !$ wcll as all condilt()nsol the !est.

: l.

Switching ovcrvoltagc

A phase-to-carthor a phase-to-phase
overvoltageat a given location on a systemdue to onc specificswitching
operation, lallt or other cause,the shapeof which can be regardedfor insulation co-ordination purposcsas
'iirnilar to that of the standard impuls (Clause 5l) used for s\r,itchingimpulse tests. Such overvoltagesarc
usrrallyhighlydarnpedand ol'shortduration.
?3. l,ightningovcrvoltage
A phasc-to-earthor a phase-to-phase
overvoltageat a given location on ii system.due to a lightning discharge
r.rrother cause,the shapeof which can be regarded,for insulationco-ordinationpurpox, as similar to that of the
:'ltr(l:rrd impulse(Clause5l) usedlor lightning impulse tests.Such overvoltagesare usually unidirectionaland
t'f vcry shortduration.
,!orr' t'r Crdur'.r:, l,r/ lJ. - For thc purF)se of insulation co-ordinstion, swirchinglrnd lithrning ev.rvoltdgcailrr clasiificd .c.ordiog 10
th,rjr shirfxj.rcgurdlcs$o[ their ofl!'in. .\lthough, considerabledeviations from the standa.d shapesoccur od actusl st3lcms. i! this
rtandard it ir con$ideredsullicicn! to dc.$jrtbesuchovervokagesby lhcir classificrlionrnd Ftk vtlue.

I 3. Statisticalswitching(tightning)overvoltage
Switching (lightning) overvoltage applied to equipmnt as a result of an event of one specific type on the
system(line energization,reclosing, fault occurrence,lightning discharge,etc.), the peak value of which has a
probability of beingexceededwhich is equal to a specifiedreferenceprobability.
'l

his referenceprobability is chosenas 27o in this standard.

14. Conventionalmaximumswitching(lightning)ovfloltrge
The peak value of a switching (lightning) ovrvoltagewhich is consideredas the matimtrm overyoltagein the
procedureof insulationco-ordination.
conventional

7et80

) -

25. Temporaryovervoltagc
oyervoltageat a givenlocation of relatively long duration and
An oscillatoryphase-to-earthor phase-to-phase
whichis undampedor only weaklydamped.
Temporaryovervoltagrsusuallyoriginate from switchingoperationsoi faults (e.9. load rejection,single-phase
faults) and/or tiom non-lineariries(ferro-resonanceetTeits, harmonics).They may be characterizedby their
amplitude,their oscillation frequencies,and by their total duration or their decrement.

26. Statisticalswitching(lightning)impulsewithstud voltage

The peak value ofa switching (lightning) impulse test voltage at which .insulation exhibits under specified
conditionsa probability of withstandequal to a specifiedreferenceprobabilityThis reGrenceprobabitity is chosenas 90% in this standardThe conceptof statisticalwithstandis at piesentapplicableonly to self-restoringinsulation.

27. Conventionalswitching(lightning)imPdsewithstrndvoltage
. The peak value of a switching (lightning) impulse test voltage at which an insulation shall not show any
disruptive dischargewhen subjectedto a specifiednumber of applications of this impulse, under specified
conditions.
This conceptappliesparticularly to non-self-restoringinsulations.

28. Ratedswitching(lightning)impulsewithstandvoltage
Thc prescribedpeak value of the switching (lightning) impulse withstand voltage which charactcrizesthe
insuLrtionof an equipmentas regardsthe withstand testsrVrks ,/. -

Dependingon the kind of insulalion md complying to whai is specificdin the rclevant apparatusstandards,dickctric tsls arc
mfldc to vedfy that:
.- thc sraiisricalswirching(lighhing iripulse withstaodvoltageis equal to o. higherthan the rated swiching (lightnind impuls.
w(hs(and voltage(seeSubrlause40.2):
- rhc convcdrionalswitching(lighhing) impulse Dirhstandvoltage is cqual to or higher than the rat d swilching (lighaning)
40.3).
impulscwithsrandvokag(seeSub-clause

,'. - The sl&d.rrd impulse shspesused for withstand les$ oo equipdent as u/ll as thc test procduaesare defined in ChNptcr V.

29. Rated short duration power-frequencywithsttnd voltlge

The prescribedr.m.s. value of sinusoidalpower-frequencyvoltage that the equipment shall wirhstand during
testsmade under specifiedconditions and for a specifiedtime usuallynot exceedingI min.

10. Ratedinsulationlevel
a./ For equipment with highesrvoltage for equipment equal to or greater than 300 kV: the rated switching
and lightningimpulsewithstandvoltages.
D/ For equipmenrwith highestvoltage for equipment lower than 100 kV: the rated lightning impulse and
short duration power-fiequencywithstandvoltages.

7A:80

- 6 safcty factor
-11 St:raistical
For a given type of eyenr, the ratio of the appropriat statisticalswitching(or lighufng) impubc withSred
volrxBcto rhe statisticirlovervoltage,establishedon the basisof a given risk of failure, taking inio acoount rhc
.iratisticrldistributionsof withstrndvoltagcsand overvoltages.
.!,r.. - Indicanons.cgffding rhe corrclxtir)n bctw!'enthc minimum value of the statistic.l safcty f0ctor and thc riiL of frihrc rc3 lo b.
cxctcdcdwill bc lbunrl in thc r,:trtrttlcdiliott ol tltc Applicttion Guid (l EC Publicltion 7l'21.

-i2. Conventionllsofetyftctor
The ratio of a convntionalswirching(or lightning) impulse withstand voltag to the correspondingconventronal miximum overvoltage,cstlblishedon the basis of experienceand taking into accountthe possiblc
liom their convenlionulvaluesas well as any oaher
dcviarionsol'rhe actualwithstandvoltageand overvoltages
litctors.
13. Protectionlevelofr pmtectivedevice
The highestpak voltage valueswhich should not be exceededat the terminalsof a protectivc device when
switchingimpulsesand lightningimpulsesof standardshlpesand rated valuesare appliedunder
rcspecrively
conditions.
spceified
,vr"r ,/. - Thc value lbr lighrningimpulsrsis rhe highes(value ofany ofthe following:
-' mirximurnsparkovervoltagcwith 1.2/50irnpulse;
- mirimum residualvohagBJt lhc specifiedcurrent;
- mlximurn liont-ol-wavespurkovervoluge divided by I l5.
:.
Eirhe. rhe srilistical or rhe coovenrioiralimpulseprotc.tive levelcan bc considercd.with the lamc rne.rringar in Claulct 23,24,
16 rnd 27.

J4. Protoctionfactorsof a protectivedevice

Tlrc prorection l'actorsof a protectivedevice are the ratios of the switching impulse and. lightning impulsc
valucsrespectively
of the proteclionlevelof a protectivedeviceto the peak value of the rated voltageof the
protcctiverlevice.
.\,,/..-

ln rhc caseot sp$k g,.tps,lhe ph se-to{rrth voltlge correspondiflgto rhe highestvoltrgc for cquiprhentis uscdconventionallyas
thc rxred voltrge.

SECTION THREE -* BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INSULATION CO.ORDINATION

:15. lrsulationco-ordination
ahd its application,in
, Insulation co-ordination comprisesthe selectionof the electric strengthof equipment
equipment
is
intended
and taking into
rcliltion to the voltageswhich can appcar on the systemfor which the
account the characteristicsof availableprotectivedevices,so as to reduceto an economicallyand bperationally
acceprablelevel the probability that the resulting voltage stressesimposedon lhe equipment will causedamage
k) cquipmcntinsulationor aflectcontinuityof servic.e.
-16. Voltagestrcslrcsxnd olhcr factols alTectinginsulation
may be encounteredduring the operationofan equipment:
The followigg classesofdielectric stresses
- power-frequencyvoltages, under normal opefating conditions, i.e- not exceedingthe highest volta'3e for
equrpment;
-

temporary overvoltages;

7A:80

- 7
- switchingovervoltages;
- lightningovervoltgges.
For a givenvoltagestress,the behaviourof internal insulation may be influencedby its degrecof ageing,and
that ofexternal insulationby its degreeof atmosphericcontamination.
37. Rangesof highestvoltagesfor equiPmrt
For the purposeof this standard,the standardizedvaluesof the highestvoltagefor equipmentarc dividd into
threeranges:
- rangeA: aboveI kV and lessthan 52 kV;
- rangeB: lrom 52 kV to lessthan 300kV;
- rangeC:300 kV and above.
38. Dielectrictests
38-l
-

Typesof dielectric tests

The following typesofdielectric testsare consideredin this standard:

short duration (l min) power-frequencyGsts;

long duration power-frequencytests;

switchingimpulstests;

lightning impulsetests.

Switching and lightning impulse tests may be either withstand tests, with a suitable number of voltage
impulsesat rated impulsowithstandvoltageapplied to the insulatiori(seeClauses53 and 54), or 507odisruptive
dischargetestsin which the abiliry ofthe insulation to withstandimpulsesat the rarcd impulswithstandvoltage
is inferred from the measurementof its 507odisruptive dischargevoltage(seeClause52); this, of course,is only
possiblein the caseof self-restoringinsulation.
Slrort duration power-frequencytestsare withstand tests.
Recommendedvaluesof the short duration power-frequencytest voltagesand of the switching and lightning
impulsewithstandvoltagesare given in this standard.For.long duration power-frequencytests,however,only a
gencrrl guidanceis given in ClauseI to ihe relevantApparatus Committees.
38.2 Selectionof the dielecrfictusts
'fhe
selectionof the dielectrictestsaccordingto this standard is difflrent in voltagerangesA, B and C. It can
also be influenccdby the type ofequipmentRangcsA uml B
The performance under power-frequencyoprating voltage, temporary overvoltaggsand switching overvoltagesis checkedin generalby-a short duration power-frequencytest,
The performanceunder lightning overvoltagesis checkedby a lightning impulsetest.
Ageing of internal insulation and contamination of external insulation, when they may affect performane
unclerpower-frequencyoperating voltagesand overvoltages,generally require long duration power-frequency
Iestsrvo.e. -

Wiahin thcsc .anges of voltages, it is accepted that tlE traditionel I miE porr-ftcqucncy tcst Seneaallyprovidc! r tuiubb saflly
margin wiih respcl to switchidg ovcrvoltages and thc highcst tempoa4ry ovcrvoltages (thc duration of which is much 5horl6 lhalr
I min), as well as to Dormal opcratiBg voltagc br to mode.atc temporary overvoltages (rhc duration of rrhich may bc longr bur
wilh a lo r amplitude).This I min tcrt with lhc vollsge valBesin Tdblcs I, II and lll thus apFaas ds s comPromise,sinct
ovcrvoltagescomparablebolh in dwation and amplitudc with tlrc valucs in lhe test rarely occur on normal systems.If for some
rypesofinternal insulationihis test is shownto bc ituppropria(e.it will thn be for the;clcvant ApparatusCommilteesto adrpr tlrc
voltagelevclund.theduration of(he rcst.

7A : 8 0

---8R<tttgc
C
ln this voltagerange,tha perl'ormanceof insulation under power-frequencyoperatingvoltags and tmporary
ovcrvoltageson one hand, and unrler switchingovervoltageson the other, is demonstratedby differcnt tests..
The perlbrmanceunder power-tiequencyoprating voltagesand temporary overvoltagesis chcckedby long'
eithcr to
duration power-frequencytsts,uirning at demonstratingthe suiBbility of the equipment with resPect
case.
is
the
agcingor to contamin{tion, accortlingto which
The pcrtbrmanceunder switchingovervoltagesis checkedby switchingimpulsetests.
is checkedby lightning impulsetests'
The peribrmanceunder Iightningctvervoltages
bcctt.hith ctough in thit
M,lc. "- tJp to rhis timc, thc v{lucs ot th lr dirional shorr duration po*tr-frequency withsrandte$tvoltagcshar/c
of lcsts
rrng lo rlkc somcir(rount :rlsoof (hc lltc(s of srr/irchingovcrvohagcsand temporaryovcrvolltgls. Wirh-the intaoduclion
of
tcsrr
the
availability
lrnd
grentet
th{n
100
kV
vohage
equal
to
or
highesr
having
rbi
equipmcn!
spcclficro swilching impulsrs
rcconsidcradso as to
spccrlicto parrioldischarges,rhc valuesof thc power-frequencytesrvoltagescan bc r.duced,atrd lheir natu]e
rrow bc undcrtakcttby
b. ,nu." ,"p..r"nruri"" ol ngrrnal opcraringvoltug"aond tapor".y overvoltagesonly; this rcvisiitn should
prcscaibcd
presn!
by thc rchvant
tes6
al
power-frcquency
lhe
can
be
donc,
this
the rclevant Appararus comnrrtlccs. until
ApparatusCommirtcawill corrlrlrue!o |rppl

39. Co-ordinationfor voltagesundcrnrtrmaloperatingconditionsand for temporaryovervoltages

has to be
When the behaviour of equipment under normal operating voltagesand temporary overvoltages
values
B,
the
recommended
and
test, i.e. in voltage rangesA
demonstratedby a short-duraiion power-t'requency
ot the test voltageare to be found in TablesI, II and IlI.
with respectto
Long-dur:iLtionpower-t'rcquencytests,intended to demonstratethe behaviour of equipment
tbe re.levant
ageingof internal insulation or to contamination oi external insulation, should be prescribedby
guidance'
given
their
for
are
general
indications
ApparatusCommittees.The following
under normal operatingconditions and temporary overvoltages,it
of stresses
ln specifyingtestsrepresentative
shouldbe assumedthac:
permanent
a,/ As regards the voltage under normal oPrating conditions, the insulation shall withstand
opcration irt the highestvoltage tbr equipment.
tests,rnten<iedto verity th ability to withstandsurfacecontamination,should be carried
bJ l,ower-lirequency
phase
out at rhe apjropriate voltage, i.e. either U./.rA or U. in caseof a systemwhich may operatewith a
pubticarions'
I
E
C
the
approPriate
in
carthed tbr long periods.The contaminationconditions must be specihed
p.u.
c,l As reglrds re temporaryphase-to-earthovervoltagesin rangec, their Peakvalue doesnot exceed1.5
may
be
required
consideration
iu usualcasesand their duration does not exceedI s on eachoccasion;special
wh(:nsystemconditions are more severe.
/) power-frequencytests,lnrendedto verify, as far as practicable,that there will be no significantdeterio
ration ofthe insulationdue to partial dischargesduring the expectedworking life ofequipment and that in the
most severeconditions the insulation is not liable to thermal instability, should be performedat somevoltage
above U-/.rA phase-toarthand for a duration appropriate to the systemconditions,and in such a manner
that all elementsare stiessedin the saineproportions as in service.
All srandardsconcrnrngthe valuesof the test voltages,as well as the test procedureand the test conditions,
should be decided by the relvant Apparatus Comrnittees in compliance with these indications and the
requirementsgivenin the differencparts of I E C Publication6Q High-voltageTest Techniques,
.10. Co-ordinationfor switchingandlightningovenoltages
In voltage rangesA and B, insulation co-ordination for switching overvoltagescan gncrally be disregarded'
as indicaredin Sub-clause38.2,and no switchingimpulse test is requiredin this standard.In voltagerange C, coordination has to be consideredtbr switchingand for lightning overvoltages,which haveto be trcatedseparatly.

7A:80

..f

- 9

ln everycase,insulationco-ordination prcsupposcssome knowledgeof the magnitudeof the overvoltagesto

of
the electricalcharircteristics
contingencies.
bc cxpcctcdut thc cquipnlsntlocation.considcringcredibleS],stm
thc systemand ol thc cquipmcnt and cxpcrienceof comparablesystcmsas wcll irs thc linlitiug ellcct of any
protectivedevices.
Where surgearrestersare installed, iheir choicc shall tak into considerarionthe magnitudeand duradon of
the temporary ovclloltages during which they may be required to operate satistactorilywhile conrinuing to
provide an adequatemargin of protection (seealso Clause 3 of IEC Publication 99-lA, First supplementto
publication 99-l (1958): Recommendationsfor l-ightning Anesters,Part I : Non-linear ResistorType Arresters)The insularion strength of equipmdnt for switching and lightning stressesshall then be chosen on the basist lf
the predicted overvoltagesto ensure that the requisitesof insulation co-ordination are satisfied.
A statistical or a rion-statistical procedure may be considered. Some general rules for procedure i n st at ist ical
and conventional approaches to insulation co-ordination will be found in the second edition of the A p p l i c a t i o n
Cuide ( I E C P u b l i c a ti o n7 l -2 ).

40.1 Choiceof theprocedure

The need for thorough studiesof systemovervoltages,as well as the need to carry out tests basedon the
application of a rather high number of impulses,set practical limits to the use of the statistical procedureof
insulationco-ordiuation.
A statisticalapproachis particularly valuablewhere there is a strong economicincentivetowards a reduction
of insulation strengthespciallywhen switchingovervoltagesare a problem. For these reasons,the statistical
procerlureis mrinly appropriateto voltagerangeC and is not usuallyernployedin rangesA and B.
Furthermore, in all voltage r4nges,when the equipment insulation is essentiallynon-self-restoring,only a
small number o[ impulseapplicntions(for instance,three for each test condition, as specifiedin Clause 54) can
often be acccptedto checkthat the withstandstrengthis ensuredand therefore,at the Presentstageof the art, it
is impossibleto considerfailure probability as a designvariable subjectto quantit&tivecontrol. Thus, the use of
thq slatisticalprocedureis at presentpracticallyrestrictedto self-restoringinsulatiqns.

40.2 Statisticalprocedure
'I
hc statisticalprocedureacknowledgesthe fact that iosulation failuresmay occur; it attemptsto quantify the
risk of failure and to useit as a safetyindex ia insulationdesign'
r\ rigorous determinationof the risk of failurc for a given category of overvoltagesrequires that both the
ovcrvoltage stressesof this category and the equipment withstand be describedin terms of their respecttve
lieilucncydistributions.
ln a simplified form of this procedure,assumptionsare made on th shapesof the probability curves (e-9.
normal frequencydistribution and given standarddeviation) which permil the representationof eachcurve by a
single point correspondingto a given value of probability. The ordinates of such points are designatedas
"sratistical overvoltages"(Clause23) in the caseof overvoltageprobability curves,and as "statisdcal impulse
wirhstand voltages" (Clause 25) in the case of withstand probability curves. The ref'erenceprobability tor
equipmentimpulsewithstandvoltageshasbeenestablishedas 90olo.
lnsulation co-ordination for a given categoryof overvoltages,in this simplified statisticalcontext, consistsin
the selectionof a margin, characterizedby the statisticalsafety factor, betweenthe statisticalimpulse withstand
voltage and rhe statisrical overvoltage, which will result in a probability of lailure lcapable of numerical
expression)deemedto be acceptablefrom the point of view of systemreliability and cost.
valuesof th statisticalswitchingand lightningimpulsewithstandv(tltagclllilvlrr!
The minirnumacceptable
thus been determined,the rated switching and lightning impulse voltageswill be selectcdfrom tbc stxrrrlxr(l

7A:8O

--i- l0

al:1 r Ct4icr lV. Tcsts requiring a rather large number of impulse applications arc thcn nccdcd to veri$,
rl
r| -ptebb
ttcgrcc of confidcnce. that the actual.statistical withstand voltages arc cqual to or higher than
rb dd iEFft3 withsrandvoltages.
can bc done by means of a 50Yodisruptive dischargc voltage test, from which thc acturl
TL sifcerirn
(90%)
wirhsrard voltage can be derived with a good degreeof confidencein the casc of sclf-rcsoring
cbl
rhich continues to bchave as such at the corresponding tcst voltages; thes are somc hat highcr
-hlil|
'fhe
sameverificationcan be done iir caseof such insulationthat the prcibability
tbl ric ratertwirhstandvoltage.
of denegc in these conditions, in spite of a relatively large number of impulsesand an increasedimpulsc
rolu3c. can bc economicallyaccepted(for instance,support-insulators,disconnectors)..
Tl: ncnficationhas to be done rt the rated withstandvoltagein the caseof insulationwhich might not be sclfresroringar the 509odisruptive dischargevoltage but is self-restoringat the rated withstand voltage, and for
rhtch thc applicationof a number of impulsesin suchconditions to the non-self-restoringparts of the insulation
an bc aoccpted(for instance,sometypesof bushing,sometypesofinstrument transformerand swirchgear).

4O.3 Conventionalorocedure
ln this procedur, the criterion of insulation co-ordination for $piiching or lightning overvoltagesis thc
margin between an overvoltage conventionally accepted, but not necessarilyascritained, as approximating the
ma.rimumvalue to be expectedat the equipmentlocation (Clause24) and a withstand voltagethe value of which
may not bc rigorouslydemonstrablebut derived from an impulsetest (Clause27).
This margin. determines a safety factor which should not be less than a value found to bc adcquarc from
cxJrerience.The Application Guide gives some usual values for the three voltage rangcs. The corrcspoirding
inrpulsetestvoltagehas to be selecrcdfrom the standardvalueslisted in the following chapters.

7A:80

1l

CHAPTER II: STANDARD INSULATION LEVELS

FOR EQUIPMENT IN RANGE A

41. Generrlindications
ai This chapterspecifiesinsulation levblsassociatedwith standardvaluesofthe highcstvoltage for cquipmcnc
in rangeA.
bJ Two seriesof standardinsulation levelsarc givcn: SeriesI and SeriesII.
Series I is basedon practice in most European and several other countries, while Scries II is mainty based on
practice in the United States of America and Canada. Only onb of these two series should be used in any one
country.

i
l

insulationlevels
42. Tablesof standarrd
The standardinsulation levelsare givenin Table I (SeriesI) and Table II (SeriestI).
Tnsln I
Standardinsulation levels
for I kY ( U- < 52 kV
SerresI (basedon currentpractice in most Europeanand severalother cruntries)
Highest voltage
for
equipment U(r.m.s.)

Rated
lightning irnpulse
withstand voltage
(peak)

List I

List 2

kv

kv

kv

3.6
1 .2
t2
1 7 .5
24
36

m
40
CI
75
95
145

,lO
60
75
95
t25

r70

Rated
power-frequency short duration
withstand voltage
(r.m.s.)

kv
l0

28
38
50
70

ln addition to the rated power-frequenclr withstand voltage, two values of rated lightning impulse withstaod
volt4ges (lists I and 2) are given in Series I for each highest voltage for equipment. InErmediate tcst voltes
should not be employed.Impulselests arc included in order.to check the ability of insulation, and in particular
of windings, to withstand lighining overvoltages and step switching overvoltages,particularly those which result
f'romchoppingdue to restrikesaarossthe arc gapsof switchingdevies.
can decide to apply reduced rest
Under special conditions of usage, the relevant Apparatus Co--itt"r,
voltagesin power frequencyand/or impulse tests,or even to delete impulse tests.But, in that case,it must be
proved either by tests,or.by a combination of testsand calculation, thal insulation rEquirementsare fulfilled for
in service.
the essentialstresses
The chqice betu/eenlists I and 2 should.be made by considering the.dege of exposurc to lightdng ard
switching overvoltages.the type of system neutral earthing and, where applicable, the type of overvoltaSe
if/
protectivedevic.
7A : 8 0

_12_
suchas the following:
to lisi I is suitablclbr installations
clcsigncd
Fiqurpmcnt
| ) ln systemsand industrial installationsnot connecledto overheadlines:
4i wherethe systemneutral is earthedeither solidly or through an impedancewhich is low comparcdwith
coil. Surgeprotectivedevices,suchas surgediveiters,are generallynot rcquired;
that of an arc-suppression
coil and adequateovervbltageprotection
,,1 whercthe systemneurralrs earthedthrough an arc-suppression
is provided in specialsystems,e.g. lrn extensivecable network wheresurgearresterscapableof discharging
the cablecapacitanctmay be required.
2) ln systcmsand industrial installationsconnectedto overheadlines only through transformerswhere the
c:rpaciranceto eilrth of cilblci r:onnectedto the transformer lower voltage terminals is at least 0.05 pF per
phasc. When the cabla cirpacitlncc to earth is insutlicient, additional capacitors may be added on the
trtnsfonnr si<Ieof the switchgcar,as closeas possibleto the transformerterminals,and so that the combined
capacimnceto earth of the cablesplus the additional capacitorsis at least0-05pF per phase.
Thls covcrsthe cass:
aJ whererhe systemntjutral is earrhedeither solidly or through an impedancewhich is low comparedwith
c'oil.Overvoltageprotection by meansof surgearrestersmay be desirable;
that of an arc-suppression
,J where the system neutr:tt is earthed through an arc-suppressioncoil and where adequateovervoltagc
protectionby surgearrestersis provided'
3) In systemsand industrial installationsconnecteddirectly to overheadlines:
4.1 whereth systemneutral is earthedeither solidly or through an impedancewhich is low comparedwith
that of an arc-suppressioncoil and whereadequateovervoltageProtectionby spark gapsor surge arresters
is provideddependingon the probability of overvoltageamplitudeand frequency;
b/ where ihe systemneutral is earthed through an arc-suppressioncoil and where adequateovervoltage
protectionby surgearrestersis provided.
In all orher cascs.or where a very high degreeof securityis required,equipmentdesignedto list.2 has to be
used.
TABLEII
Stanfurd insulation levelsfor I ky < U- < 52 ky
SeriesII ( basedon currcnr pructice in the LJnitedStatesof Amerfua, Cunatktand sotneother counties )
Highest voltage
for
equipment U(r.m.s.)

500kvA

kv
4.40
'l
13.20
13.e7 I
t4.s2 I
26.4
16.5

Rated
power- frequency short duration
withstand voltase
(r.m.s.)

Rated
tightning impulse
withstand voltage
(peak)
Above

and bclow

500kvA

KV

KV

kv

60

75

l9

95

u0

34

150
200

50
70

lJora. .- Test valucs listcd ara spccific to t'ull insularion levls of transforraers, but arc rcprcsentative of othel equipment in common usagl
in U.S. and Canadianitandards as well. Panicular appamtusstandardsshould be referrcdto lba exac! value6.Reducedinsulation
levelsmay be appliedwhercjustified by the degrceof proreclion.

7A:80

- 1 3 -

CtlAlvl'ER III: STANDARD INSULATION LEVELS

FOR EQUIPMENT IN RANGE B

43. Gcnemlindicatio[s
This chapter gives the recommendedcombinations of the highest voltage for cquiprnent ir rangc B and the
of insulation levelas statid in Clause30:
two {.'omponants
- rated lightning impulsewithstand.voltage;
-

M.

rated power-frequency short duration withstand voltage.

Table of standard insulation levels

Table III is based on the proposition that, in this range of voltages, lightning surges havefirst consideration in
the selectionof insulation levels.

Tnsle III
Standardinsulationlevelsfor 52 kV ( U- < 300kV
l

Highestvoltage
tbr
equipmentU(r.m.s.)

Basefor p.u. values

(peak)

Rated
lightning impulse
withstand voltage
(peak)

Rated
power-frequerrcy
short duration withsland voltage
(r.m.s.)

kv

kv

KV

kv

52-_

425

250

-95

u^y_+
V J

59

f25

t40

173_

rtn

450

185

t 4 5_

n8

550

230

170---

139

650

275

245_

?.oo

750

325

- 850

360

-9s0

395

r050

ffi

72.5_

45. Choiceof the insulationlevel

The table associatesone or more recommended insulation tevels with each standard valuc of thc bighst
voltage for equipment.
Intermediatetest voltagsshall not be employed.When more than one insulation level is given, thc highesr
level is appropriate for equipment located in sysiemswherc the earth fault factor is higher than 1.4 (se
Clausel7).
Severalinsulation levels may exist in the same system, appropriate to installations situated in different
locations or to differing equipment situated in the same installation. A discussionof the selection of the
insulation level in relation to the particular conditions of the installatibn will be found in the secondedition of
the ApplicationGuide(l EC Publication7l-2).

7A : 8 0

-14 -

cljAPTER lV: STANDARD TNSULATTONLEVELS

FOR EQUIPMENT TN RANGE C
J6. C,cneralindications
a/ This chapter specifiesstantlurdinsulation levelsassociatedwith standardvaluesof the highcst voltage for
'l'hcsc
cquipment in range C.
lcvels ale lhe same whether the statisticalor the conventional procedure for
determininginsulation levqlsis adopted,dependingon the type ofequipment under consideration.
6,) Thc standardvaluesof rated impulsewithstandvoltagesshall be taken from the following series,which is
applicableto both switchingaud lightningimpulsevoltages:
7 5 0k v , 8 5 0 k v , 9 5 0 k v , l 0 s 0 k v ,
7 5 k v , 1 3 0 0 k v , t 4 2 5 k v , t 5 5 0 k v , 1 6 7 5k v , t 8 0 0 k v , t 9 5 0 k v ,
2 r00 kv, 2 250kv, 2 400kv, 2 550kv, 2 700kv, 2 900 kv.
Intermediate
valuesshallnot be employed.
c) Table tV of Cladse47 givcsrecommendedcombinationsof highestvoltagesfor equipment and insulation
lcvel. When, due to the designof the systemor the methodschosenfor the control of switchingor lightning
overvoltages,combinationsother than thosegiven in Table IV are technicallyand economicallyjustifiable, the
valucsshall be selectedfrom the serieseivenabove.
rf Scvera.!insulation levels may exist in the same system,appropriate to installations situated in different
locations or to differing equipment situated in the same installation. A discussionof the selectionof the
insulation level, in relation to the particular conditions of the installation will be found in the secondedition
ol'the AppticetionGuide(l EC Pubtication7l-2).
47. Tableof stanrlardinsulationleyelsfor highestvoltagerangelbr equipmentequslto or greaterthan 300 kY
't

tble tV showsthe recommendedcombinationsof the highestvoltage for equipment.and the two componens
rrl tl)einsulalionlevcl:
- ratcd switchingimpulsewithstandvoltage;
-- rlted lightningimpulsewithstandvoltage.
'l
he table is bascdon thc proposition that, in this range of voltages,switching overvoltagesshould have first
t:onsideradonin the selectionof insulation level.
ln column 3, the per unit (p.u.) values of the rated switching imputse withstand voltage of column 4 are
indicatedlor convenienceof comparisonwith p.u. sivitching overvoltagesexpectedin the sysrcmfor which the
equipmentis intended; thesep.u, overvoltagesmust of coursalwaysbe lessthan the p.u. withstandvoltage by
an appropriatemargin.
.18. Rlted switchingimpulsewithstandvoltage
'tn Table IV, the range of rated switching impulse withstand voltages associatedwith a parricular highcst
voltagefor equiprnenthlrs beenchosenin considerationof the following:
r.r,lFor cquipmcnr protectedagainstswitchingovervoltagesby surgearresters:
- the expectedvaluesof temporaryovewoltages;
- the characteristicsofpresently availablesurgearresters:
-

the margins generally consideredadvisable between the protectiye level of thc surge affester aud the
switchingimpulsewithst nd voltageof the equipment.
7e : 8 0

1 5-

Tl,st.e IV
Standard insulation levelsfor U-

Highest
voltage'for
equipment'
U*(r.m.s.)

Rrrcd rwitrtinj
impukc withstand
volta3e (pcak)

3W kY

Retb bctuccn
rated lightning and
switching impulse
withstand voltages

l :,13

850

t.27
l.t2'

9fl1

7fi
300
3.47
2.86

8s$
r.24

362

296

l.l l

10gl

t-21
2.76

428

3.06
2.45

525

t.24
t.t2

t l7s

t.24
t . 1I

1frn

429

1 r75

t.36
r.2l

t{E

l.l0

r.32
t.r9

I 550

1.09

I.38

765

625

1.26

r 8${t

t.t6

7A : 8 0

,.26

I 959

1.47

1rffi

1.55

2 dxl

-16,:

For equipmentnot protectedagainstswitchingovervoltagesby surgearresters:

the aceptutrlc risk of disruptive dischargeconsidering thc probable range of ovcrvoltageso*urring at the
equipmcntlmatisn; '

the degrec'ofovdrvolragecdnri:olgencrasyrLe$cd :bonoqrizl aad obuinablc by crrcfrd *bction of the

. switcAingdwier.and in thc'systeqdcsign.
. , . .A dircussionof thc sclctionof ratedsvirchingimpulscwithltend vobaga rill bc foud b thc t ccmd editior
of the ApplhationCuide(lEC ltblication 7l-2).
-

wirh$ad vottegc
49. Rod lighbing fuilpBlsc
Th r gc of rared lightning impulsewithsard voltacsasciated, in Tabb IY, rirh r prrticuhr raed
of thc folbwing:
switchingimpulsewithstandvoltagehasben choscnin consideration
reltrg6
ai For equipmentprotlc1qdby surgearrcsters,the tlui lo*cst vilrrsiof lighting i|[pub tiArbd
.to
poadiw
lcrils
impub
,*ere
of
lightdqg
ratio
into
account
thb
chosen
by
taking
are appliqrbb. Thcy
rtrtrgos
end
by
dding
{Fopriatr
switchihgimpuls prbtectiyelevellikely to be achievcdwith s.urgcarresters,
whichmay bc particularly ncccssaryin vicw of tle greatrereffectof separatioobctE fb $rge arrcsteraaod
with that for
.s @o&d
tha protetcdappiratus on the protection level achievabbfc fightningiophr
switchingimpulses.
|',rtFor quipmenrnot protectedby surgearrstcrs(or not cftCrivq SoC*d). mly tb highcstvahreof
hi8tcat EfE & brd o tlp ratio thu is
lightniirg impulsewithstand voltagesshouH be usd- Tb
of ih? rr|cmd insularion
normatlyobtainal bet\r,emtlre lighming ad switdliog irytlkq silfd{EltrtF
lhcy wt chosenie.
discunectiag swilchi, irstns@t,trasfur*roiiie-)ofsppalags (e.g,circuit-breakers,
sochal*ay thar the insut?Iriondesignwilt be determincdmainly by.thc ability bf th r*Gta8l insulation to
withstandthc switchingimpulsetestvolttges.
c.l [n a fewextremecascs,provisionhru to be mde for a higbervalueof lighming imPulscrvithsrandvoltage'
This highervatuesho{tt bechosenfrom thesedesotstandard valuesglv.!+,in ltem f/ of Claug a5-

7A.:80

t7-

CHAPTER V: GENERAL TESTING PROCEDURE

50. General
This chapter setsout the procedureslor switching and lightning impulse tests; also, where maintained,the
proceduretbr a I min power-frequencywithstand test. The procedurefor all other testsat power frequency(see
Clause39) shall be specifiedby the relevantApparatusCommittees.
Thc purposeof the tests in this chapter is to verify that an equiprnentcomplies with the rated withstand
voltagesthat determineits insulation level.
{
{

For each type of test and each type of equipment, the I E C TechnicalCommitteedealing with high-voltage
testing techniquesor the appropriate Apparatus Committee shall spccify the methodsof detecting insulation
tailuresand the criteria of failure of the insulationdurins the tesrs.
So far as is practicable,the testsshall be made in accordancewith the following standards.Minor deviations
are permissiblein keepingwith the specialcharacteristicsof a parricular type of equipment,provided that the
standardinsulation levelsare not modified.

51. Switchingand lightningimpulsewithstandtests

The switching and lightning impulse test voltages shall be exprcssedby rhe prospective peak value of the
standard impulsesof positive and negativepolarities. In the casc of cxternal insulation, refrcnceis made to
standardatmosphericconditions and, for wet tests,to standardizedrain conditionsin t E C Publication60.
The standardlightning impulsehas a front time of 1.2 us and a time-to-half-valueof50 ps as specifiedin IEC
Publication60.
'fhe
standardswitching impulsehas a time-to-crestof 250 us and a tim-to-half-valueof 2500 Fs, as specified
in lttc Publication60. The Apparatus Com;nitteesmay specifya different test impulsshapewhere it is shown
that this is necessaryto establishthe lowest withstand of a particular apparatusor where the standard impulse
shapEcannot be achievedfor a particular test object with test equipmentavailableat presentln the following, three types of imputse test are recommended:the statistical tests referred to in Subclausc40.2 being detailed in Clauses52 md 53 and the conventional test referred to in Sub-clause210.3being
dctailed in Clause54. The choice for application to particular apparatusis a maaterfor the relevant Apparatus
Corirmitteeto decideupon within the generalguide linesset forth in this standard.

52. 50% disruptivedischargetest

ai This testis madeat voltagesabovethe rated impulsewithstandvoltage,usinga procedureand a number of
impulseswhich will establishthe 507odisruptivedischargevoltageof the insulation with acceptableaccuracy.
From this, it can be demonstratedwith a high degreeof assurancethat the statisticalwithstandvoltage is, as
required,not lessthan the rated impulsewithstarid voltage.Becausemany disruptive dischargesare required,
this test is only suitable for essentially self-restoring insulations (see penultimat paragraph in Subclause40.2).
ivol.. - Thc.e arc a oumbe. of proctdurcs availablc. and any of thcse may bc used providing rhat thc accu.acl of rhc dctcrminatioo is
within ooc-halfof rhe srandarddeviationwirh a cootidenceleveloi 95yo.

7A : 8 0

t8 -

6/ Switchingand lightning 507o<lisruptivedischargctes6 shall bc mqdc as typc r.s6.

c,l Srvitching507odisruptivedischlrge testsshall be madc with thc cqurpmenldry lor iodoor cquipment; uret
testsilnd dry testsshall be rnrdc lbr outdoor equipment. For the latter, ho$cvcr, yberc it is known which
condition, weaor dry, givesthc lowcr disruptivevoltage,it is sulhcientro rGstwirh thet cooditiondJ Lightning 507o disruptive disclurge tests shall be made with thc cquiprml dry, fo( both indoor and
outdoorequipmcnt.
e) The equipment shall bc tcstul by applying standard switching and tighr"ing impubcs of positive and
negativepolarities,exceptwhcre it is known which polarity will give rhc lortr disruFirc dischargcvoltagc,in
whichcascit is suflicientto tcstwith that polarity.
| ) The 50% disruptivedischargcvoltagefor any of thc aboveconditions,&tcroird il aordancc with I EC
Publication60, shall be not lcssthan l/(l-1.3 o)* times the rated impuhc rithred
voltagc, whcrc 6 is the
rclativcstandarddeviationol thc disruptivedischargevoltage probabiliry br. Udcss othcnrise rmmmcnded
by the relevantApparatirsCornmittee,the following valueswill be assuracdfor ai insuladon:
'-

switchihgimpulsetests:o - 0.06:
lightningimpulsetests:o = 0.03.

53- l'ifteen-impulsewithstardtest
a,l The test is made at the rated withstand voltage with 15 impulsesof standard sb.pc- lf tlE number of
disruptivedischargcsin the self-restoringinsulation does not exceedtwo and if no disrupriw dischargeoccurs
in thc non=self-restoring
insulationparts of the equipment,the insulationof thc equipmcntshall be @nsidered
to havepassedthc tesrsuccesslully.
'fhis
test demonstratesthat the true statistical withstand voltage of the self-restoringinsulation of the
cquipmentis not lessthan the ratedwithstandvoltage.but with a degreeof assuranceconiiderably lower than

pubrication
i;J;,ffl;l.,.13:::l'J:Ji:"#iT,li'*11,T*,u""
(rEC
orthe
Apprication
Guide
7r-2).
l),1 Switchingand lightning impulsetestsshall be made as type testsrJ Switching impulse tests shlll be made with the equipment dry lor indoor equipment. Wet and dry tests
shnll be made fbr outdoor equipmert. For the latter, however,whereit is known which condition, wt or dry,
gives the lower disruptivedischargevoltage,it is sufficientto testwith ihat condition.
r,1,)Lightning impulsetestsshall be madewith the equipmentdry, for both indoor and outdoor equipment.
e./ The equipment shatl be tested by applying switching and lightning impulsesof the standard shapesof
positiveor negativepolarity or both- The polarity or polarities to bc usedshall tr specifiedby the relevalt
ApparatusCommittee.

54. Conventionelimpulse withstard test

-lhis
aJ
test, so called bccauseit applies to the conventionalprocedureof insulation co-ordination, rcstricts
thc numbcr of impulsesin order to avoid possibledamage to non-self-restoripginsulation. It is considercd
surtablefor apparatusin which this aspectpredominates,in accordancewith Sub-clause.10.1.
This value of the 50% disruptive voltage corresponds for the rated impulse voltage to th reference wirhsrand probability ($%)
G a u s s i a nd i s t r r b u t i o n

in a

7a:80

-..

.t""']]F

rF
I

rI
r

r
I

I
i

i:

t9 -

br Tk conventionalswitching and lightning impulse withstand voltages

are vcrified by meansof swirching
]nd ltehtntng impulse withstand testsin which the test voltage applied shall
be equal to the ratcd impuls
rr thstandvoltagein qucstion.
c' S*itching and lightning impulsesshall be of the standard shapesand of positive
or negative polarity or
borh. The polariry or poraritiesto be usedphal be specifiedby the rerevaniApp"ratus
co-mltt ..
c' Unlessotherwisespecifiedby the relevantApparatus Committee,the withsiand
test shall be performedby
'p9i].,rngthreeimpulsesfioreachpolarity required-The test shall be consideredsatisfactory
if no indication of
f'rrrgrcrs found, using the methods of detection specifiedby rhe relevantApparatus
Committec or the IEc
TccjrnrcalCommitteedealingwith high-voltagetestingtechniques.
j' $*rtching and lightning impulse withstand testsshall
be made as type tests.They may also.beso66fied as
lolrlirr rcsrsby the relevantApparatus Committee.
.t lisn rdditional chopped-wavelightning impulsewithstandtest is consideredfor transformersand rcactors,
rlr spccirrcarion
fbr such testsshal be laid down by the relevantApparatuscommittee-

SS lilprf durationpower-frequency
roltage withstandtests
o ' The I min power-frequency test voltage is specified as the r.m.s. value
of the voltage which the insulation
shail be capable or withstanding for I min. If the test voltage is non-sinusoidal,
the peak value dividei i;
Jt
rr Jeemed to be the test voltage.
5 The dry power-frequency withstand test shall be made as a routine
test. except where otherwise specified by
:hc !-elevantApparatus Commitiee.
:n.ril be mitde as a type test.
short duration power-fiequency tests include tests at frequencies up
to a few hundred hertz and of shorter duration than I min such
f! tnduced voltage tests on transfiormers with gradd insulation (see
IEC publication 76. power Transformers, and IEc
Publicarion I 86. Voltage Transformers).

,,
h

;
R
R.

r
tr