Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila

Unit Operations Laboratory I, 1st Semester 2015-2016

Heat Losses from Bare and Lagged Pipes

Charles Bonn Kirby F. Mayo, Zeny N. Naranjo, Gliezel M. Panopio, Eazyl D. Salazar , Klinneth Joy P. Samillano
Abstract This experiment provides insight on the heat

3. DISCUSSION

losses of fluid flow in pipes and the effect of insulation on the

overall heat transfer coefficient. Two types of energy transfer
is studied in this experiment; the two are called convection,
the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, and
conduction, is the movement of heat from one solid to another
one that has different temperature when they are touching
each other. This experiment also involves the study of the
different materials that make up thermal insulators for piping
systems.

A good pipe covering, in addition to being a good

insulator, should be fireproof, waterproof, vermin proof,
odorless, and light in weight. It should also be
mechanically strong and should suffer no loss of insulating
value due to time. The only logical method for testing
commercial pipe coverings is to mount these coverings on
pipe of the size for which they were intended. Extensive
tests of commercial coverings have been made by various
investigators, and two general methods for heat
measurement have been used. For steam-pipe coverings,
the most natural method is to fill the covered pipe with
steam, to measure the heat content of the steam entering
and leaving the test section, and to condense and weigh the
steam. A dead-end pipe is ordinarily used, the test pipe
itself acting as the steam condenser.

Index Terms Heat transfer is the transfer of energy from

one body to another as a result of a temperature gradient or a
change in phase, Heat transfer coefficient is a quantitative
characteristic of convective heat transfer between a fluid
medium and surface flowed over by the fluid, Thermal
insulators are materials used to inhibit the transmission of
heat between bodies, Laggings are thermal insulators used
mostly in equipment that contains fluids that needs its
temperature conserved.

Piping of left bare can lose heat due to temperature

difference between pipe surface temperature and ambient
temperature. The methods of measurement and calculations
for estimation of heat losses and heat gain in piping
systems and insulation thickness are described.
Measurements of fluid temperature and pipe surface
temperatures are necessary for the calculations.

1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to determine the heat
losses and the overall heat transfer coefficient from bare
and lagged pipes.

In many practical situations the surface temperatures are

not known, but there is a fluid on both sides of the solid
surfaces. Considering the plane wall in Fig. 7.1a, with a hot

2. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

The students shall be able to:

fluid at temperature

2.1 explain principles of combined convection and

conduction using bare and lagged pipes.

fluid at

2.2 apply the appropriate standards and tables in

the calculation of heat losses to improve the system
efficiency.

T4

T 1 on the inside surface and a cold

on the outside surface. The convective

ho

coefficient on the outside is

and

hi

on the

inside.
The heat-transfer rate is given as

q=hi A ( T 1T 2 ) =
Charles Bonn Kirby F. Mayo, Chemical Engineering Department,
Technological Institute of the Philippines/ College of Engineering and
Architecture,
Manila,
Philippines,
09054086463
(e-mail:
cbkmayo@yahoo.com).
Zeny N. Naranjo, Chemical Engineering Department, Technological
Institute of the Philippines/ College of Engineering and Architecture,
Manila, Philippines, 09351947136 (e-mail: chinnaranjo@gmail.com).
Gliezel Panopio, Chemical Engineering Department, Technological
Institute of the Philippines/ College of Engineering and Architecture,
Manila, Philippines, 0916678120, (e-mail: panops23@gmail.com).
Eazyl D. Salazar, Chemical Engineering Department, Technological
Institute of the Philippines/ College of Engineering and Architecture,
Manila, Philippines, 09267880602, (e-mail: eazylsalazar@gmail.com).
Klinneth Joy P. Samillano, Chemical Engineering Department,
Technological Institute of the Philippines/ College of Engineering and
Architecture,
Manila,
Philippines,09277514721.,
(e-mail:
Klinnethsamillano@gmail.com).

kAA
( T T 3 )=h o A ( T 3T 4 )
xA 2

1
Expressing h A , x A
i

1
1
ho A

and combining the equations

q=

(T 1 T 4)
(T T 4 )
= 1
R
1 xA
1
+
+
hi A k A A h o A

as resistances

Experiment No. 4
Flow Through Particle Layer
The overall heat transfer by combined conduction and
convection is often expressed in terms of an overall heat
transfer coefficient U defined by

U o=

q=UA T overall
Where

U=

1
Ao (r or i ) A o 1
+
+
A i hi
k A Al
ho
4. RESOURCES

T overall = T 1 T 4 and U is

1
1 xA 1
+
+
hi k A ho

Equipment/Apparatus:
Bare and Lagged Pipe Assembly
Non-contact Temperature Sensor
Laptop
5. PROCEDURE

1.
2.

3.

Fig. 7.1 Heat flow with convective boundaries: (a) plane wall, (b)
cylindrical wall

A more important application is heat transfer from a fluid

outside a cylinder through a metal wall, to a fluid inside the
tube. In Fig. 7.1b such a case is shown. Using the same
procedure as before, the overall heat transfer rate through
the cylinder is

(T 1T 4)
(T T 4 )
q=
= 1
R
1 r or i
1
+
+
hi A k A A h o A

4.
5.

E=

With the assistance of the laboratory technician, set the

main pressure of steam to 5 bar. Fire the boiler.
Direct the steam to the bare and lagged pipe assembly
by opening and closing the corresponding valves in the
steam header.
With the drain valve open wide, open steam valve a
small amount, and allow steam to blow through long
enough to purge apparatus of all air; then close the
drain valve. Read the steam temperature inside the
pipes and measure the outside temperature using noncontact temperature sensor.
Calculate the heat losses q and the overall heat transfer
coefficients Ui and Uo.
Compute the efficiency using this formula:

(Heat lost fromHeat

bare lost
pipe)from
(Heat
bare lost
pipefrom lagged pipe)
Heat saved by insulation
X100%
Heat lost from bare pipe

E=

Where A represents 2 Lr , the inside area of the

metal tube.

6. DATA AND RESULTS

A l the log mean area of the metal tube; and

Test of Deposited Layers

A o the outside area.

Gravel, Trial 1

The overall heat transfer coefficient U for the cylinder

may be based on the inside area

A i or the outside area

A o of the tube. Hence,

q=U i A i ( T 1T 4 ) =U o A o ( T 1T 4 )=
U i=

( T 1T 4 )
R

1
A
1 (r or i ) A i
+
+ i
hi
k A Al
ho A o
2

Q(cm3/min)

h1(mm)

h2(mm)

S(mm)

0
100

28.00
29.20

28.00
26.90

74.00
74.00

200

29.70

26.40

74.00

300

30.40

25.40

74.00

400

31.10

25.20

74.00

500

31.70

24.70

74.00

600

32.45

24.00

74.00

700

33.30

23.30

74.00

R(mm-1)
17012.1
0
12204.3
3
12327.6
1
10909.9
3
10355.1
9
10416.8
3
10566.5

X100%

Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila

Unit Operations Laboratory I, 1st Semester 2015-2016

800

34.20

22.50

74.00
Average R:

2
10817.4
8
11085.41

Speed of the fluid in the space between

the particles:

Gravel, Trial 2
Q(cm3/min)

Gravel, Trial 2
Q(cm3/min)

h1(mm)

h2(mm)

S(mm)

0
100

28.00
29.20

28.00
26.90

74.00
74.00

200

29.80

26.40

74.00

300
400

30.45
31.05

25.90
25.25

74.00
74.00

500

31.80

24.60

74.00

600

32.60

23.95

74.00

700

33.50

23.10

74.00

800

34.20

22.50

74.00
Average R:

R(mm-1)

h1(mm)

h2(mm)

S(mm)

0
100

28.00
29.30

28.00
26.90

74.00
74.00

200

29.90

26.40

74.00

300
400

30.50
31.20

25.80
25.30

74.00
74.00

500

31.90

24.60

74.00

600

32.60

24.00

74.00

700

33.45

23.20

74.00

800

34.25

22.45

74.00
Average R:

S(mm)
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00

Gravel, Trial 3
Q(cm3/min)

h1(mm)

h2(mm)

0
28.00
28.00
100
28.70
27.80
200
28.90
27.30
300
29.15
27.10
400
29.45
26.90
500
29.70
26.65
600
29.90
26,45
700
30.20
26.30
800
30.40
26.00
Speed of the fluid in the space between
the particles:

Gravel, Trial 3
Q(cm3/min)

h2(mm)

0
28.00
28.00
100
28.70
27.95
200
28.85
27.30
300
29.10
27.10
400
29.35
26.90
500
29.60
26.65
600
29.90
26.50
700
30.15
26.30
800
30.45
26.00
Speed of the fluid in the space between
the particles:

R(mm-1)
17012.1
0
12574.1
7
11218.12
10725.0
2
10651.0
5
10663.3
8
10989.1
8
10817.4
8
11091.20

h1(mm)

17751.7
6
12943.9
9
11587.95
10909.4
3
10798.9
9
10601.7
4
10830.6
9
10909.9
3
11226.10

S(mm)
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00

7. CALCULATIONS
Test of Deposited Layers

R=

Ax P
nL x vL

where:
A=400mm2
nL=1x10-3Pa s

Test of Fluidized Beds

Trial 1

Gravel, Trial 1

@Q=100cm3/min

Q(cm3/min)

h1(mm)

h2(mm)

S(mm)

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

28.00
28.60
28.80
29.00
29.30
29.80
30.00
30.10
30.40

28.00
27.50
27.30
27.10
26.90
26.70
26.40
26.25
26.00

74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00
74.00

kg
)
m mm s 2
R=
3
3
cm 1 min 10 mm
(1 x 103 Pa s)(100
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm
400 mm2 ( 29.2026.90 ) mm( 9.81

R=17,012.10mm-1
@Q=200cm3/min

Experiment No. 4
Flow Through Particle Layer

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm 3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(2 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

@Q=800cm3/min

400 mm ( 29.7026. 40 ) mm(9.81

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
( 1 x 103 Pa s )(8 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm
400 mm2 (34.2022.50 ) mm( 9.81

R=12,204.33mm-1
@Q=300cm3/min

R=10,566.52mm-1

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(3 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

Suspected outlier is R=17,1012.10mm-1

400 mm2 (30.4025 . 40 ) mm( 9.81

R=12,237.61mm

Q=

17012.1012327.61
=0.7037
18012.1010355.19

@N=8 and 95% confidence level; R=17012.10mm-1 is

rejected

-1

Average R=

@Q=400cm3/min

12,204.33+12,327.61+10909.93+10355.19+10416.83+10
7

kg
400 mm (31.1025 . 20 ) mm(9.81
)
m mm s 2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)( 4 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm
2

Average R=11085.41mm-1
Trial 2
@Q=100cm3/min

R=10,909.93mm-1

kg
)
m mm s 2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(100
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

@Q=500cm3/min

400 mm2 ( 29.2026.90 ) mm( 9.81

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
3
3
cm 1 min 10 mm
(1 x 103 Pa s )(5 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm
400 mm2 (31. 7024.70 ) mm(9.81

R=17,012.10mm-1
@Q=200cm3/min

R=10,355.19mm-1

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(2 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

@Q=600cm3/min

400 mm ( 29.8 026. 40 ) mm(9.81

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
3
3
cm 1 min 10 mm
(1 x 103 Pa s )(6 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm
400 mm2 (32.4524.00 ) mm(9.81

R=12,574.17mm-1
@Q=300cm3/min

R=10,416.83mm-1

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
3
3
cm 1 min 10 mm
(1 x 103 Pa s )(3 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

@Q=700cm3/min

400 mm2 (30.4525 . 9 0 ) mm(9.81

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(7 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm
400 mm2 (33.3023.30 ) mm( 9.81

R=11,218.12mm-1
@Q=400cm3/min

R=10,566.52mm-1

Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila

Unit Operations Laboratory I, 1st Semester 2015-2016

kg
)
m mm s 2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)( 4 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

Average R=

400 mm (31.0525 . 25 ) mm(9.81

12, 574.17+11,218.12+10725.02+10,651.05+10663.38+1
7
Average R=11,091.20mm-1

R=10,725.02mm-1

Trial 3

@Q=500cm3/min

@Q=100cm3/min

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(5 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(100
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

400 mm2 (31. 8 024.6 0 ) mm(9.81

400 mm ( 29.3026.90 ) mm( 9.81

R=10,621.05m-1

R=17,751.76mm-1

@Q=600cm3/min

@Q=200cm3/min

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s )(6 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(2 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

400 mm (32.6023.95 ) mm(9.81

400 mm ( 29.9 026. 40 ) mm(9.81

R=10,663.38mm-1

R=12,943.99mm-1

@Q=700cm3/min

@Q=300cm3/min

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
3
3
cm 1 min 10 mm
(1 x 103 Pa s )(7 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(3 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

400 mm2 (33.5023.1 0 ) mm(9.81

400 mm2 (30.5025.8 0 ) mm( 9.81

R=10,989.18mm-1

R=11,587.95mm-1

@Q=800cm3/min

@Q=400cm3/min

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
3
3
cm 1 min 10 mm
(1 x 103 Pa s )(8 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

kg
)
m mm s 2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s)(4 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

400 mm2 (34.2022.50 ) mm( 9.81

400 mm2 (31.2025 . 30 ) mm(9.81

R=10,817.48mm-1

R=10,909.42mm-1

Suspected outlier is R=17,012.10mm-1

Q=

@Q=500cm3/min

17012.1012574 .1 7
=0. 6028
17 012.1010651.05

kg
)
2
m mm s
R=
3
3
cm 1 min 10 mm
( 1 x 103 Pa s )(5 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm
400 mm2 (31. 9 024.60 ) mm(9.81

@N=8 and 95% confidence level; R=17012.10mm-1 is

rejected

R=10,798.99m-1

Experiment No. 4
Flow Through Particle Layer
@Q=600cm3/min

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s )(6 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

05

8.6

MS
81982
0
45910
3.9

F
1.7856
96

400 mm2 (32.6024.00 ) mm( 9.81

Source of
Variation
Between
Groups

R=10,601.74mm-1
@Q=700cm3/min

kg
400 mm (33.3523.2 0 ) mm(9.81
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
(1 x 103 Pa s )(7 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm

Within Groups

SS
16396
40
82638
71

Total

99035
11

df

18

20

R=10,830.69mm-1
@Q=800cm3/min

kg
)
m mm s2
R=
cm3 1 min 10 mm 3
( 1 x 103 Pa s )(8 00
)(
)(
)
min 60 s
1 cm
2

400 mm (34.2522.45 ) mm(9.81

R=10,909.93mm-1
Suspected outlier is R=17,751.56mm-1

Q=

17751. 5612943.99
=0. 6724
17751.5610601.74
8. CONCLUSION
-1

@N=8 and 95% confidence level; R=17751.56mm is

rejected

After performing the experiment, we have concluded

that, the heat losses from fluid flow in pipe systems can be
reduced by covering bare pipes with laggings. Laggings
Average R=
inhibit the flow of heat from the fluid inside the pipes to the
12,943.99+11587.95 +10,909.43+10,798.99+ 10,601.74+10,830.69+10,909.93
air around them. The laggings does this by reducing the
7
overall heat transfer coefficient of the system. Also, the
efficiency of laggings in reducing the heat loss varies on
-1
what type of material makes up the lagging.
Average R=11,226.10mm

Anova: Single
Factor

Groups

9.

QUESTION/PROBLEMS

1. What is the basic mechanisms of heat transfer? Discuss.

Count

Column 1

Column 2
Column 3

7
7

Avera
Sum
ge
77597. 11085.
89
41
77638. 11091.
4
2
73469. 11226.

2. What is thermal conductivity?

3. A wall of furnace 0.244 m thick is constructed of
material having a thermal conductivity of. The wall will be
Varianinsulated on the outside with the material having an
ce average k of 0.306 W/m-K, so the heat loss from the
69118furnace will be equal to or less than 1830 W/m 2. The inner
surface temperature is 1588 K and the outer 299 K.
46858Calculate the thickness of insulation required.
4. A glass window with an area of 0.557 m 2 is installed in
21754the wooden outside wall of a room. The wall dimensions
are 2.44 x 10 x 3.05 m. the wood has a k of 0.1505 W/m-K

Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila

Unit Operations Laboratory I, 1st Semester 2015-2016
and is 25.4 mm thick. The glass is 3.18 mm thick and has a
k of 0.692. The inside room temperature is 299.9 K and the
outside air temperature is 266.5 K. The convection
coefficient hi on the inside wall of the glass and the wood is
estimated as 8.5 W/m2-K; the outside ho is also estimated
as 8.5 for both surfaces. Calculate the heat loss through the
wooden wall, through the glass, and the total.
5. Water at an average of 70 F is flowing in a 2-in steel
pipe, schedule 40. Steam at 220 F is condensing on the
outside of the pipe. The convective coefficient of the water
inside the pipe is h = 500 Btu/hr-ft 2-F and the condensing
steam coefficient on the outside is h = 1500.
a. Calculate the heat loss per unit length of 1 m pipe using
resistances.
b. Repeat, using the overall Ui based on the inside area Ai.
c. Repeat, using Uo.
6. It is desired to predict the heat transfer coefficient for air
being blown past an apple lying on a screen with large
openings. The air velocity is 0.61 m/s at 101.32 kPa
pressure and 316.5 K. The surface of the apple is at 277.6
K and its average diameter is 114 mm. Assume that it is a
sphere.

Solution:

k
q kA
=
T 1 - T2 ) = B ( T2 - T 3 )
(
A xA
xB
W
W
m-K
1830 2 =
( 1588- T2 )
m 0.244 m
1.3

T 2 =1244.52 K
0. 306

1830

W
=
m2 x B

W
m-K

(1244.52-299 ) K

x B =0.1581 m
4. Given: for glass: A = 0.557 m2
x = 3.18 mm = 0.00318 m
k = 0.692 W/m-K
hi = ho = 8.5 W/m2-K
for wood: A = ((2.44 x 3.05) 0.557) m2 = 6.885 m2
x = 25.4 mm = 0.0254 m
k = 0.1505 W/m-K
hi = ho = 8.5 W/m2-K
T1 = 299.9 K
T2 = 266.5 K
Required: qwood, qglass, qtotal

10. ANSWERS
1. Heat can be transferred in three modes: conduction,
convection and radiation. Conduction is the transfer of
energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to
the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions
between the particles. It can take place in solids, liquids, or
gases. The rate of heat conduction through a medium
depends on the geometry of the medium, its thickness, and
the material of the medium, as well as the temperature
difference across the medium. Convection is the mode of
energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined
effects of conduction and fluid motion. The faster the fluid
motion, the greater the convection heat transfer. Radiation
is the energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or
molecules. Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer
of energy by radiation does not require the presence of an
intervening medium. In fact, energy transfer by radiation is
fastest (at the speed of light) and it suffers no attenuation in
a vacuum.
2. The thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as
the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the
material per unit area per unit temperature difference. It is a
measure of the ability of the material to conduct heat. A
high value for thermal conductivity indicates that the
material is a good heat conductor, and a low value indicates
that the material is a poor heat conductor or insulator.
3. Given: T1 = 1588 K
T3 = 299 K
kA = 1.3 W/m-K
xA = 0.244 m
kB = 0.306 W/m-K
q/A = 1830 W/m2

q=
Solution:

q glass =

T 1T 4
1 xA
1
+
+
hi A k o A ho A

( 299.9-266.5 ) K
1
0.00318m
+
+
W
W
2
( 0.557 m )
( 0.557m )
8.5 2
0.692
m-K
m -K

[(

] [(

q glass =77.55 W
q wood =

( 299.9-266.5 ) K
1
0.0254m
+
w
W
( 6.885 m 2 )
( 6.885 m2 )
8.5 2
0.1505
m-K
m -K

[(

q wood =569.11 W
q total = qglass + q wood
q total =77.55 W+569.11 W
q total =646.66 W
5. Given: T1 = 220 F
T4 = 70 F
hi = 500 Btu/hr-ft2-F

Required: xB

] [(

Experiment No. 4
Flow Through Particle Layer
ho = 1500 Btu/hr-ft2-F
for 2-in. Schecdule 40 pipe: Do = 2.375 in
Di = 2.067 in
x = 0.154 in
Required: a. q if L=1ft
b. Ui
c. Uo
Solution:

A o = ( 2.375 in )

U i =314.93
Uo =
c.

1 ft
( 1 ft ) =0.6218 ft2
12 in

Ui=

Btu
hr- ft2 -

1
Ao
x Ao 1
+
+
h i Ai k A lm h o

1
0.154 in

A i = ( 2.067 in )
A lm =

(112ftin )( 1 ft ) =0.5411 ft

0.6218 ft
+
Btu
2
500
( 0.5411 ft ) 26 Btu
( 0.5805 ft2 )
2
hr-ft
hr- ft -

( 0.6218-0.5411 ) ft2
=0.5805 ft 2
0.6218
ln
0.5411

U i = 286.23

T -T
q= 1 4
1
x
1
a.
+
h i Ai + k A lm h o Ao

( 112ftin ) (0.6218 f

Btu
hr- ft2 -

6. Given: v = 0.61 m/s

P = 101.32 kPa
Tair = 316.5 K
Tapple = 277.6 K
D = 114 mm = 0.114 m
Required: h

where, k = 26

Btu/hr-ft-F @ 220 F

( 316.5+277.6 ) K
=297.05 K , @
( 220-70 )
Solution: T= 2
q=
1 ft
0.154 in
297.05 K, properties of air: = 1.1923 kg/m3, NPr = 0.709,
12 in
1
+
=1
1.84 x 10-5 kg/m-s, k = 0.0259 W/m-K
+
Btu
500
( 0.5411 ft 2 ) 26 Btu
( 0.5805 ft2 ) 1500 Btu 2
( 0.6218 ft 2 )
2
hr-ft-K
hr- ft -
hr- ft0.114
- m 0.61 m 1.1923 kg
s
m3
Dv
Btu
NRe =
=
=4506.12
q=26696.97

kg
hr
1.84x 10-5
m-s
1
1
Ui=
hD
0.5
3
x
A
A
1
i
i
N
=
=2.0+0.60
N
N
b.
Nu
Re
Pr
+
+
k
h i k Alm ho Ao

Ui=

)(

)(

1
0.154 in

1
Btu
500
hr- ft 2 -

+
26

(112ftin )( 0.5411 ft ) + 0.5805h ft( 0.114Wm)

Btu
( 0.5805 ft 2 )
hr-ft-

1500

0.0259
Btu
m-K
( 0.5411 ft2 )
2
hr- ft -
W
h=8.61 2
m -K

11. FLOWCHART
START

With the assistance of the laboratory technician, set the main pressure of steam to 5 bar. Fire the boiler

0.5
=2.0+0.60 ( 4506.12 ) ( 0.709 )3

Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila

Unit Operations Laboratory I, 1st Semester 2015-2016

Direct the steam to the bare and lagged pipe assembly by opening and closing the corresponding valves
in the steam header
With the drain valve open wide, open steam valve a small amount, and allow steam to blow through
long enough to purge apparatus of all air; then close the drain valve. Read the steam temperature inside
the pipes and measure the outside temperature using non-contact temperature sensor.

Calculate the heat losses q and the overall heat transfer coefficients Uo and Uo

Calculate the efficiency

E=

( Heat lost from bare pipe ) -(Heat lost from lagged pipe)
x 100
Heat lost from bare pipe

END

12. HAZARDS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Explosion - secure that the boilers water level will not
reach the top level or the low level, as well as the water
tanks water level. Also ensure that the pressure will not
exceed 5 bars. If the following were not followed, a sudden
explosion might occur which may result in serious physical
injury.
Skin Burns avoid being severely burned by not touching
the pipes after the boiler was turned on.
13. WASTE DISPOSAL

Group 2 members

No waste generated in this experiment

APPENDIX

Experiment No. 4
Flow Through Particle Layer

Boiler starts to operate

Observing the boiler

Boiler Set-Up
Infrared sensors for non-contact temperature measurement

Checking the boilers pressure

Checking the tanks water level

10

Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila

Unit Operations Laboratory I, 1st Semester 2015-2016

Calibrating the infrared sensors for non-contact

temperature measurement

Fiber Glass Pre-Molded 1x2 in. thickness

Rockwool Pre-Molded 1x2 in. thickness

Calcium Silicate 1x2 in. thickness

Single-Sided Aluminum Foil 1 in. Fiber Glass (Blanket

Type)

Double-Sided Aluminum Foil 1 in. Fiber Glass (Blanket

Type)

11

Experiment No. 4
Flow Through Particle Layer
Checking the temperature of the bare pipe

Observing the pressure of each pipes

Recorded temperature being saved digitally

Measuring the temperature of each pipes

Turning the boiler off

a portable water quality analyzer and an air filter used for chimneys, these
researches qualified for the International Exhibition for Young Inventors
(IEYI) which was held in Hanoi, Vietnam, the researches won 2 nd and 3rd
place respectively.. After high school, he enrolled in the Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila in the Chemical Engineering Program, after 4 years,
he transferred to the Technological Institute of the Philippines.

Charles Bonn Kirby F. Mayo finished his elementary studies at the

University of Santo Tomas, then finished high school at the Ramon
Magsaysay High School, in his high school years, he joined many
research related competition. He was part of a research team which
developed a paint that could absorb nearby pollution, the research led to
qualifying for the research competition nationals in SIBOL Cebu back in
2009. In the following year, as part of a different team, he helped develop

Klinneth Joy P. Samillano a modest and compassionate student who

focuses in the field of Chemical Engineering. Capable of showing her

12

Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila

Unit Operations Laboratory I, 1st Semester 2015-2016
willingness to learn more about everything that deals with her field of
specialization. Committed to the Center of NanoBiomaterials Engineering,
specifically to the Decellularization Team, with the aim of expanding the
use of tissues to create biomaterials that can be use in the near future. A
dedicated member of the Jr. Piche and Society Of Chemistry and
Environment. She have established her communication skills and feel able
to interconnect with other people.
Gliezel M. Panopio finished her primary and secondary studies at
Lady Fatima Montessori School in the Province of Batangas and La
Consolacion College-Pasig, respectively. After graduating high school, she
continued her education to pursue a degree in Chemical Engineering at
Adamson University, Manila. And after four years, she transferred to
Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila taking up the same
degree.
Eazyl D. Salazar finished her elementary and secondary studies at
Holy Word Academy. She was awarded as the class salutatorian and
consistently part of the top three (3rd honorable mention) students during
her elementary and high school years respectively. Aside from her
academic awards, she was active in participating on extra-curricular
activities resulting on becoming one of the representatives of the said
school for its music team, and the short story writer for Junior Student
Convention and National Student Convention of School of Tomorrow
Philippines. She had won several awards such as consistent 6 th place for
her two short stories (in Filipino), and 2nd and 3rd place for the Trio and
Duet Female respectively. She started her tertiary education at Adamson
University under the program Chemical Engineering from year 2010 to
2012. She then continued the said program at Technological Institute of
the Philippines after being in her previous school for two years.

13