1

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BY GUARDED PLATE METHOD

AIM:
To find the thermal conductivity of the specimen by two slab guarded hot
plate method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATIONS:
Thickness of the specimen plate = 0.005 m
Specimen diameter = 0.140 m
Area A = 0.0153 m2

FORMULA USED:
Heat transferred through the specimen
dT
Q  KA
dX
Where,
Q – Heat transfer rate, w
K – Thermal conductivity of the specimen plate, W/mK
A – Surface area of the test plate, m2
dT – Temperature drop across the specimen, K
dX – Thickness of the specimen = 0.005m
dT T4  T3

dX 0.005
Q dx
K , W/mK
A dT
 2

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 v, 50 Hz, 15 amps main supply and
switch on the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter
and ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Adjust the regulator for guard heater so that the main heater temperature is
less than that of the guard heater temperature.
4. Allow water through the cold plate at a steady rate
5. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
6. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature
indicated in the temperature indicators.
7. In the temperature indicator, the temperatures T 1, T6 represents the cold plate
temperature, T2, T5 represents the main heater temperature T3, T4 represents
the guard heater temperature T7, T8 represents the water temperature. These
values are noted in the table.
8. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the given specimen by using the given
formula and note the value in the table.
9. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 8 by varying the heat input to the
system.
 TABLE:

Q= VI
Guard
Voltmeter Ammeter Cold plate Main heater Water Thermal
heater
Reading Reading Temp Temp Temp Conductivity
S Temp
(vaolts) (amps) ˚C ˚C ˚C dT/dX of specimen
No ˚C
K
W/mK
V I Watts T1 T6 T2 T5 T3 T4 T7 T8
3
 4

Figure 1. Two slab guarded hot plate

 5

RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the given specimen was calculated.
 6

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PIPE INSULATION USING LAGGED PIPE

APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of the given insulating material by
using lagged pipe apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Heater diameter, d1 = 0.02m
2. Heater with asbestos diameter, d2 = 0.04m
3. Heater with asbestos + sawdust diameter, d3 = 0.08m
4. Length, L = 0.50m

FORMULA USED:

Heat transfer rate, Q  K 1  2L(T )  K 2  2L(T )

r2 r3
ln( ) ln( )
r1 r2

Where, Q – Heat transfer rate, watts

K1 – Thermal conductivity of asbestos in W/mK
K2 – Thermal conductivity of sawdust in W/mK
L – Length of the pipe, 0. 5 m
ΔT– Temperature difference in K
r1 – Heater radius, 0.01m
r2 – Heater with asbestos, 0.02m
r3 – Radius with asbestos and sawdust, 0.04m
 7

Thermal conductivity of asbestos

r 
Q  ln  2 
K1   r1 
2L(T )
Where,
ΔT = Tavg (Heater) – Tavg (Asbestos)
Thermal conductivity of sawdust

r 
Q  ln  3 
 r2 
K1 
2L(T )
Where,
ΔT = Tavg (Asbestos) – Tavg (Sawdust)
 8

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 v, 50 Hz, 15 amps main supply and
switch on the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter
and ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
4. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature
indicated by the temperature indicators.
5. In the temperature indicator, the temperatures T 1, T2, T3 represents the
temperature of the heater, T4, T5, T6 represents the temperature of the
asbestos and T7, T8 represents the temperature of the sawdust lagging by
using the multipoint digital temperature indicator. These values are noted in
the table.
6. Calculate K1 (Thermal conductivity of asbestos) and K2 (Thermal conductivity
of asbestos), by using the given formula and note the value in the table.
7. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 6 by varying the heat input to the
system.
 TABLE:

Voltmete Heater Temp.

r Ammeter ˚C Sawdust
Reading Readings Asbestos Temp Asbestos
Q Temp Saw dust
S s ˚C K1
˚C K2
No Amps
Volts W/mk
W/mk
V A Watts T1 T2 T3 Tavg T4 T5 T6 Tavg T7 T8 Tavg
9
 10

Figure 2. Lagged pipe apparatus

 11

RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the given insulating material (Asbestos
and Saw dust) has been calculated.
 12

NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM A VERTICAL CYLINDER

AIM:
To determine the actual heat transfer co-efficient and theoretical heat
transfer coefficient by natural convection.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Heater
5. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATION:

Length of the rod, L = 0.50m

Diameter of the rod, D = 0.02m
Thermal conductivity of air at mean film temperature, (Tf), K
Area of the rod, A =DL = 0.0314 m2

FORMULA USED:
Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient (htheoretical)

For laminar flow

Nu = hL /k = 0.59(GrPr) 0.25 for 10 4<GrPr<10 9
For turbulence flow
Nu = hL /k = 0.10(GrPr) 0.33 for 10 9<GrPr<10 12
Where,
Nu - Nusselt Number
h - Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K
k – Thermal conductivity of airm W/mK
 13

gl 3 T
Grashoff number, Gr 
2
Where,
g – Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
1
β – Co-efficient of expansion,  
T f  273
Tf 
Ts  T 
2
Ts - Surface temperature in ˚C
Tα - Air temperature in ˚C
l – Length = 0.5m
ΔT – Ts - Tα, K
γ – Kinematic Viscosity at mean film temperature (Tf) from HMT data
book
Pr – Prandtl number

Actual heat transfer co-efficient (hact)

Q  hact  A  T
Where,
Q – Heat transfer rate = VI, watts
` hact – Actual heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
A = Surface area of the heater = DL = 0.0314 m2
T = Ts - Tα
T2  T3  T4  T5
T 
4
T1  T6
T 
2
Where,
Tω = Surface temperature in ˚C
Tα = Air temperature in ˚C
 14

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 v, 50 Hz, 15 amps main supply and
switch on the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter
and ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep on the temperature indicator switch in the first position
4. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
5. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature
indicated by the temperature indicators
6. In the temperature indicator, T2, T3, T4 & T5 represents the temperature of the
heater at different points. T1 represent the inlet temperature of the air and T 6
represents the outlet temperature of the air. These values are noted in the
table.
7. Calculate the theoretical heat transfer coefficient (h theoretical) and actual heat
transfer coefficient (h actual) by using the given formulas.
8. Repeat the experiment from step2 to step 7 by varying the heat input to the
system.
 TABLE:

Ammeter Inlet Outlet

Voltmeter Reading Heater
Temp of Temp of
Reading Amps Q temperature
Air Air hTheoretica
S. Volts ˚C hActual
˚C ˚C l
No (W/m2K)
(W/m2K)
V I Watts T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T6
15
 16

Figure 3: Natural convection apparatus

 17

RESULT:

The theoretical and actual heat transfer coefficient has been calculated by
using natural convection apparatus
 18

FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE TUBE

AIM:
To determine the actual heat transfer and theoretical heat transfer
coefficient using forced convection.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator
5. Blower
6. Manometer

SPECIFICATION:
Diameter of the pipe, d1 – 0.04m
Diameter of the orifice, d2 – 0.02m
Length of the pipe, L – 0.5m

FORMULA USED:
Actual heat transfer co-efficient,
Q
hactual = , w/m2k
A  T
Where,
Q - Heat input rate= V x I, Watts
A – Surface area of the pipe = πDL = 0.62 m2
T  Ts  T ˚ C
Ts – Wall temperature, ˚ C
 19

T1  T 2  T 3  T 4
Ts 
4
Tα – Air temperature, ˚ C
T5T6
T 
2

Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient, htheoretical

hD
Nu  , W/m2k
K
Where,
Nu – Nusselt number
h – Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient, w/m2k
d – Diameter of pipe, m
k –Thermal conductivity of air at Tf , w/mK (From HMT data book)

 w 
Air flow head, h0  h1  h2   1 , m
 a 
Where,
h1, h2 = Manometer readings, m
ρw = Density of water, 1000 kg/m3
ρa = Density of air, 1.1465 kg/m3

Cd .a1 .a 2 . 2 gho
Volume flow of air,
Qv  , m3/sec
a1  a
2 2
2

Where,
Cd = Co-efficient of discharge

a2 = Area of orifice, m2 = d 22 = 3.14 x 10-4 m2
4

a1 = Area of pipe, m2 = d 12 = 1.25 x 10-3 m2
4
 20

QV
Velocity of air, V = , m/ sec
A
Where,

A – Area of pipe, = d 12 = 1.25 m2
4
Vd 1
Reynolds Number (Re) =

Where,
d1 – Diameter of pipe, m
V – Velocity of air, m/sec
 - Kinematics viscosity at Tf, m2/sec (From HMT data book)

Nusselt number (NU) = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.4

Where,
Pr – prandtl number for air at Tf, m2/sec (From HMT data
book)
Re – Reynolds number

Nu  K
hthe 
D
 21

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 v, 50 Hz, 15 amps main supply and
switch on the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter
and ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep on the temperature indicator switch in the first position
4. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
5. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature
indicated by the temperature indicators
6. In the temperature indicator, T1, T2, T3 & T4 represents the temperature of the
heater at different points. T5 represent the inlet in let temperature of the air
and T6 represents the outlet temperature of the air h1&h2 are the manometer
reading. These values are noted in the table.
7. Calculate the theoretical heat transfer coefficient (h theoretical) and actual heat
transfer coefficient (h actual) for forced convection by using the given formulas.
8. Repeat the experiment from step3 to step7 by varying the heat input to the
system.
22
TABLE:

Inlet Outlet
Voltmeter Ammeter
Heater temperature Temp of Temp of Manometer h
Reading Reading
Air Air Reading
S.No Q (˚C) W/m2K
Volts Amps m
˚C ˚C

T5 T6
V A T1 T2 T3 T3 h1 h2 hthe hac
23
 24

Figure 4. Forced convection apparatus

 25

RESULT:

The theoretical and actual heat transfer coefficient has been calculated
using forced convection apparatus
 26

HEAT TRANSFER FROM PIN-FIN APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the temperature distribution of a PIN-FIN for forced
convection and to find the FIN efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Heater
4. Blower
5. Fin specimen
6. Thermocouple
7. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATION:
Duct width, B = 0.150m
Duct height , W = 0.100m
Orifice diameter, do = 0.020m
Orifice coefficient, Cd = 0.6
Fin length , L = 0.145m
Fin diameter, Df = 0.012m

FORMULA USED:
T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7 o
1. Surface temperature Ts  C
7
2. Ambient temperature, Tα = T8 , ˚C

Ts  T
3. Mean film temperature Tf  , ˚C
2
 27

4. Volume flow rate, Q  Cd . As

3
2 gha , m
sec
Where,
Cd = co-efficient of discharge, 0.6

As = Orifice area = d 2 = 1.25 x 10-3, m2
4
ha = Drop in manometric head, m
w
ha  h
a
ρw – Density of water, 1000 kg/m3
ρw – Density of air, 1.14 kg/m3
h – Manometer differential head = h1 - h2, m
Q
5. Velocity of air , V  , m/sec
W .B
Where,
W = Width, m
B = Breadth, m
Vd f
6. Reynolds number, Re 

Where,
V = Velocity, m/sec
df = Diameter of fin, m
 = Kinematic viscosity at Tf, m2/sec (From HMT data book)

8. Nusselt number, Nu  0.989  Re  Pr 

0.333 0.333
, for 1< Re < 4

Nu  0.911 Re  Pr 

0.385 0.333
, for 4< Re < 40

Nu  0.683  Re  Pr 

0.466 0.333
, for 40< Re < 4000

Nu  0.913  Re  Pr 

0.618 0.333
, for 4000< Re < 40000

Nu  0.0266  Re  Pr 

0.805 0.333
, for Re > 40000
Where,
Pr = Prandtl number at Tf (From HMT data book)
 28

Nu.k
8. Heat transfer coefficient, h  , w/m2K
Df
Where,
K =Thermal conductivity at Tf, w/mK
Df = Diameter of the fin, m
tanh(mL)
9. Fin efficiency,  fin  100%
mL
Where,

m  hP
kA
p = Perimeter = πDf = 0.0376 m
A = Surface area of the pin fin = πDfL = 5.27 x 10-3 m2
L = Length of the pin fin, m
 29

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230v, 50 Hz, 15 Amps main supply and
switch on the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter
and ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep the thermocouple selectors switch in first position.
4. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
5. Now switch ON the blower.
6. Set the air flow rate to the system by keeping the valve in 1/4th position.
7. The difference in U tube manometer limb levels h1, h2 is noted in the table.
8. Note down the temperatures by temperature indicator.
9. In the temperature indicator, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 represent the
temperature of the fin surface. These values are noted in the table and Tavg is
calculated.
10. Also note down the atmospheric temperature T 8 in the table by using
temperature indicator.
11. Thus the fin efficiency is calculated using the given formula.
12. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 11 by varying the air flow rate to
1/2, 3/4, and fully opened position.
13. Tabulate the readings and calculate for different conditions.
.
 30

TABLE:

Fin surface Ambient

Manometer Efficiency
Valve Temperature temperature
readings
S. No C C 
position
%
h1 h2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Tavg T8

1 1/4  

2 2/4

3 3/4

4 Full open
 31

Figure 5. PIN – FIN appararus

 32

RESULT:
Thus the temperature distribution is determined and the fin efficiency is
tabulated.
 33

DETERMINATION OF STEFAN-BOLTZMAN CONSTANT

AIM
To find out the Stefan-Boltzman constant using concentric hemisphere.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Heater
5. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATION
Mass of the disc, m = 0.005 kg
Diameter of the disc, d = 0.025m
Material of the disc = copper
Disc weight = 0.008 kg
Specific heat, Cp = 0.381 Kj/kgk

FORMULA USED

Radiation heat transfer


Q  A Th4  Td4 
Q


A Th4  Td4 
Where,
 - Stefean boltzman constant W/m2K4
 - Emissivity of the black body = 1
Q  mCP T
m - Mass of the disc, kg
 34

Cp – Specific heat of copper = 0.381Kj/KgK

T – dT/dt
dT – Change in temperature, ˚C
dt – Change in time, sec

A - Area of disc, = d 2 =4.9 x 10-6 m2
4
Th - Average temperature of hemisphere, K
T1  T2  T3  T4  T5
Th 
5
Td - Temperature of disc, K

PROCEDURE
1. Allow the water to flow through the heater unit and through the hemisphere
2. Remove the disc from the bottom of hemisphere.
3. Switch on the heater and allow the hemisphere to reach steady state
temperature.
4. Note down the temperatures T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 from the temperature
indicator and also note the steady state temperature of the disc T6 (Td).
These values are noted in the table.
5. The average of T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 is hemisphere temperature.
6. Close the disc from the bottom of the hemisphere.
7. Allow the unit to attain steady state.
8. When the steady state is reached note down the temperature in the table.
9. Calculate the Stefan - boltzman constant by using the given formula.
10. Repeat the experiment from step 3 to step 9 by changing the heat input to the
system.
35
 36

TABLE:

Steady
state
Average Temp Stefen
Hemisphere Temperature Time Temp of
o of hemisphere boltzman
C o disc (Td)
Sl.No. C o constant,
C
σ
W/m2K4
T6
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Th (secs)
 37

Figure 6. Stefan-Boltzman apparatus

 38

RESULT

Thus the Stefan Boltzman constant of the given concentric hemisphere is

calculated.
 39

DETERMINATION OF EMMISIVITY OF A GREY SURFACE

AIM
To measure the emissivity of the given test plate surface.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Heater
4. Test plate
5. Black body
6. Thermocouple
7. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATION
Diameter of the test plate = 0.150 m
Diameter of the black plate = 0.150 m

FORMULA USED

Emissivity of the test plate,

TB4  TC4
EB  EB  4
TP  TC4
Where,
Emmisivity of black body, EB = 1
Average temperature of block body, Tab = Tb(Avg) + 273, K
Average temperature of polished body, Tpa = Tp(Avg) + 273, K
Temperature of the chamber, TC = T7 + 273, K
 40

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50Hz, 15 amps main supply and
switch on the Unit
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter
and ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep the thermocouple selectors switch in first position.
4. Keep the toggle switch in position 1. By operating the energy regulators
power will be fed back to black plate.
5. Now keep the toggle switch in position 2 and operate the regulator 2 and feed
power to the test surface.
6. Allow the unit to stabilize.
7. Make sure that the power inputs to the black and test surface are set at equal
values.
8. Turn the thermocouple selector switch clockwise step by step and note down
the temperatures indicated by the temperature indicator.
9. In the temperature indicator the temperatures T1, T2, T3 represents the
polished body temperature, T4, T5, T6 represents the black body temperature
and T7 represents the chamber temperature. These values are noted in the
table.
10. Calculate the emmisivity by using the given formula.
11. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 10 by changing the heat input to
the system.
 TABLE:

Voltmeter Ammeter Polished Body Average Black Body Average Chamber

Reading Reading Q=VI Temp Temp Temp Temp Temp Emissivity
S. Volts Amps ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C
No
V I Watts T1 T2 T3 Tp(Avg) T4 T5 T6 Tb(Avg) T7 E
41
 42

Figure 7. Emmisivity apparatus

 43

RESULT

The emissivity of the given polished plate was found out and it is
tabulated.
 44

EFFECTIVENESS OF PARALLEL AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT

EXCHANGER

AIM:
To find the overall heat transfer co-efficient and the effectiveness in
parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Heat Exchanger Apparatus
2. Temperature indicator
3. Thermocouple
4. Stopwatch
5. Water heater

SPECIFICATION:
Inner copper tube
Inner diameter, d1 = 0.012m
Outer diameter, d2 = 0.015m
Outer GI tube
Inner diameter, d3 = 0.04m

FORMULA REQUIRED:
1. Parallel flow

Heat ttransfer rate, Q  UALMTD

Q
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U  , W/m2K
A.(LMTD)
Where,

Q  mh .C ph Thi  Tho , W
mh – Mass of hot water, kg
 45

Cph – Specific heat of hot water = 4.186 Kj/kgK

A – Outer area of inner copper tube = d 2 L = 0.025 m2

LMTD – Logarithmic Mean Temperature difference
Ti  T0
LMTD( P ) 
 T 
ln  i 
 T0 
ΔTi = Thi - Tci
ΔTo = Tho - Tco
Thi – Hot water inlet temperature, K
Tci – Cold water inlet temperature, K
Tho – Hot water outlet temperature, K
Tco – Cold water outlet temperature, K
2. Counter flow
Ti  T0
LMTD( C ) 
 T 
ln  i 
 T0 
ΔTi = Thi – Tco
ΔTo = Tho – Tci
Thi – Hot water inlet temperature, K
Tci – Cold water inlet temperature, K
Tho – Hot water outlet temperature, K
Tco – Cold water outlet temperature, K
3. Effectiveness of heat transfer, 
For parallel flow,


Thi  Th0 
Thi  Tci 
For counter flow,


Tco  Tci 
Thi  Tci 
 46

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect water supply at the back of the unit. The inlet water flows through the
geyser and inner pipe of the heat exchanger and flows out.
2. Also the inlet water flows through the annulus gap of the heat exchanger and
flows out.
3. For parallel flow open valve V2, V4 and V5.
4. Control the hot water flow approximately 2lit./min and cold water flow
approximately 5 lit./min.
5. Switch ON the geyser. Allow the temperature to reach steady state.
6. Note temperature T1 and T2 (hot water inlet and outlet temperature
respectively) in the table.
7. Under parallel flow condition T3 is the cold water inlet temperature and T 4 is
the cold water outlet temperature. Note the temperature T 3 and T4 in the
table.
8. Under counter flow condition T4 is the cold water inlet temperature T 3 is the
cold water outlet temperature. Note the temperatures T3 andT4 in the table.
9. Note the time for 1 litre flow of hot and cold water and calculate the mass flow
rate by using the given formula.
10. For counter flow open valve V3, V1 and V5 and repeat the experiment from
step 5 to step 9 and calculate the mass flow rate by using t he given formula.
 47

TABLE:
For Parallel Flow:
Hot water, oC Cold water, oC Time taken Time taken for
Inlet, Outlet, Inlet, Outlet, for 1 lit. of hot 1 lit. of cold
S No
Thi Tho Tci Tco water flow Water flow
T1 T2 T3 T4 (sec) (sec)

For Counter Flow:

Hot water, oC Cold water, oC Time taken
Time taken for
Inlet, Outlet, Inlet, Outlet, for 1 lit. of
S 1 lit. of cold
Thi Tho Tci Tco hot water
No Water flow
flow
T1 T2 T3 T4 (sec)
(sec)
 48

Figure 8. Parallel flow and Counter flow heat exchanger

 49

RESULT:
Thus the test on parallel and counter flow heat exchanger is performed
and the overall heat transfer co-efficient and the effectiveness of the heat
exchanger are determined.
 50

DETERMINATION OF COP OF A REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

AIM:
To conduct the test on refrigeration test rig with isobutene and propane as
a refrigerant to determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Refrigeration test rig
2. Thermometer
3. Stopwatch

FORMULA:
1. Co-efficient of performance (Actual)

Re frigeratio n effect Qw T5i  T5 f 

(C.O.P) actual  
Energy input 860  E f  Ei 

 
Qw T 5i T 5 f  4.186
 3600

860  E f  Ei 
Where,
C.O.P – Co-efficient of performance
QW – Weight of water in evaporator, kg
T5i – Initial temperature of water, ˚C
T5f – Final temperature of water, ˚C
Ei – Initial energymeter reading, Kwhr
Ef – Final energymeter reading, Kwhr

2. Co-efficient of performance (Theoretical)

From p-h diagram of
Propane – R290 – Chart a
Iso butane – R600a – Chart b
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(i). Stage1 – Compressor Inlet / Evaporator outlet

ha1  hb1
h1 
2
Where,
h1 – Enthalpy at temperature T1, Kj/kg
ha1- From propane pressure – enthalpy chart for temperature T1, &
pressure P1
hb1- From iso-butane pressure – enthalpy chart for temperature T1,
& pressure P1

(ii). Stage2 – Compressor outlet

ha2  hb2
h2 
2
Where,
h2 – Enthalpy at temperature T2, Kj/kg
ha2- From propane pressure – enthalpy chart for temperature T2, &
pressure P2
hb2- From iso-butane pressure – enthalpy chart for temperature T2,
& pressure P2

(iii). Stage3 – Evaporator inlet (Before throttling)

ha3  hb3
h3 
2
Where,
h3 – Enthalpy at temperature T3, Kj/kg
ha3- From propane pressure – enthalpy chart for temperature T3, &
pressure P3
hb3- From iso-butane pressure – enthalpy chart for temperature T3,
& pressure P3
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(iv). Stage4 – Evaporator inlet (After throttling)

h3 = h 4
Where,
h4 – Enthalpy at temperature T4, Kj/kg

C.O.P Theoretical  h1  h4
h2  h1

3. Co-efficient of performance (Relative)

C.O.P relative  C.O.P actual

C.O.P theoretical

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill up the evaporator with known quantity of water.
2. After 5 min, when the system attains steady state the initial energy meter
reading is noted and also the water temperature in the evaporator is
noted.
3. After a known period of time say 30 min, note down the energymeter
reading and water temperature. Before noting the water temperature,
physically stir the water to ensure that uniform temperature is attained in
the evaporator.
4. Note down the pressure (P1, P2, P3 and P4), temperature (T1, T2, T3 and
T4) also temperature of water T5 and energymeter reading in the table.
5. Calculate actual COP, theoretical COP and relative COP by using the
given formula.
6. Repeat the experiment from step 3 to step 5 and the readings are noted in
the table.
 TABLE:

Time taken Temperature Energymeter

Pressure, Temperature
(min) of water reading
Psig ˚C
S No ˚C Kwhr

t P1 P2 P3 P4 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 E

1 bar = 0.069476 Psig

53
 54

Liquid received
stage cylinder
P3

P2
Condenser
Rotameter

Filter
P4

P1

Evaporator Compressor

P1 – Compressor inlet/Evaporator outlet

P2 – Compressor outlet/Condenser inlet
P3 – Evaporator inlet (Before throttling)
P4 – Evaporator inlet (After throttling)
V – Compressor changing valve

Figure 9. Refrigeration test rig

 55

RESULT:
Thus, the performance on a refrigeration test rig with isobutene and
propane refrigerant is conducted and the relative Coefficient of Performance was
found out.
 56

PERFORMANCE TEST ON TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING AIR

COMPRESSOR
AIM:
To determine the volumetric efficiency of the cylinder at normal
temperature conditions and to draw various performance characteristics curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Two stage reciprocating air compressor.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Type = Two stage, single acting
Speed , N = 700 rpm
Type of cylinder cooling system = Air cooled
Low pressure cylinder (LP) bore dia, d1 = 89.9 mm
High pressure cylinder (HP) bore dia, d2 = 63 mm
Stroke length, L = 88.9 mm
Max. Pressure = 300 kg/cm2
Orifice diameter, do = 0.01m
Energymeter constant = 200 rev/Kwhr

FORMULA USED:
Pa
1. Density of air,  a  , kg/m3
Ra .Ta
Where,
Pa – Atmospheric pressure = 1.013 x 105 N/m2
Ra – Universal gas constant = 287 J/kgk
` Ta – Room temperature, K
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2. Pressure head in terms of air column, ha

 w hw
ha  ,m
T
Where,
 w - Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
hw – Head of water column, m
 a - Density of air = 1.145 kg/m3

3. Velocity of air through orifice, Va

Va  2 gha , m/sec
4. Area of orifice, Ao

Ao  d o2 , m2
4
Where,
do – Orifice diameter, m
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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50Hz, 15 amps main supply and
switch on the Unit
2. The valve is provided at the top of LP and HP cylinders, water drain cock and
the air outlet valves are closed after the motor has gained its speed. The
increase in pressure of air in the receiver tank is indicated by pressure
gauge.
3. The pressure of air is maintained constant to the desired valve say (2kgf/cm2)
by adjusting at the opening of the compressed air outlet valve in the reservoir
manually.
4. The following observations are to be made by keeping reservoir pressure
constant (2 kgf/cm2)
a. Delivery pressure
b. Manometer reading (hw)(pressure difference across orifice)
c. Temperature T1, T2, T3, T4 after attaining the steady state
d. Time taken for 5 revolution of energy meter disc
5. The same procedure is repeated for the observations of other reservoir
pressure (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 kgf/cm2).
6. Then the motor is switched off after releasing the valve provided at the top of
LP and HP cylinders.
7. The Volumetric efficiency, Input power and Cooling factor of the cylinder has
been calculated from the given formula and the performance characteristic
curves are drawn.

GRAPH:
Following graphs are plotted
1. Delivery pressure on X – axis Vs Volumetric efficiency on Y – axis
2. Delivery pressure on X – axis Vs Input power on Y – axis
 TABLE:

Delivery Manometeric
pressure Temperature, Time factor
Reading
for 5 rev of Vol. Input
energymeter Eff power
Cooling
S No h1 h2 h1- h2 T1 T2 T3 T4 disc
factor

Kg/cm2 cm cm cm ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C secs % Kw
59
 60

RESULT:
The performance test on air compressor was conducted, the results were
tabulated and graphs are drawn for above parameters.