VT Fuze

I'
1'
'
CONFID~NTIAL
OP 1480
(FIRST REVISION)
j:i
- VT .FUZES
FOR PROJECTILES
AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS .
. ~ ...
<
.I
15 MAY 1946
A BUREAU OF ORDNANCE~.PtJBLICATION
Gene Slover's US Navy Pages
Table of Contents
CONFIDENTIAL
OP 1480
(FIRST REVISION)
VT FUZES
FOR PROJECTILES
AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS
15 MAY 1946
This publication is CONFIDENTIAL and shall be safeguarded in accordance

with the security provisions of U. S. Navy Regulations, 1920, Article 76
Table of Contents
..-
.., '
.. t;/: .
',
NAVY DEPARTMENT
BUREAU OF ORDNANCE
WASHINGTON 25, D . C.
15 May 1946
CONFIDENTIAL
ORDNANCE PAMPHLET 1480 (FIRST REVISION)
VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS
1. Ordnance Pamphlet 1480 (1st Rev.) describes U. S. Navy Radio
Proximity (VT) fuzes for projectiles and spin-stabilized rockets, their operation, and characteristics and contains pertinent information on their usage . .
2. This pamphlet supersedes Ordnance Pamphlets 1480 (Preliminary) and

1480A (Preliminary) , both of which are to be destroyed by burning.
3. This publication is CONFIDENTIAL and shall be safeguarded in accordance with the security provisions of U. S. Navy Regulations, 1920,
Article 76.
G. F. HussEY, Jr.,
Vice Admiral, U. 8. Navy,
Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance.
Acting.
Table of Contents
This Table of Contents is hyper-linked. Just click on the page you want
This file is also searchable. Enter the phrase you want in search block.
If that does not work, try a different phrase OCR isn't perfect.
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Purpose__________ ___ _____ _____ _____ ___ __
Definition_____ __ ______ _____ __ ___________
Description____ ___ _____ _____ ________ _____
Operation _____ __ ___ _____________________
Safety_ ______ ____ ____ ______ __ ___________
Remarks_ _____ ___ _____ _____ __ ___________
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page
Mk 58 Mods 0-4 __ ______ ____ __ __ ______ ~ __ 15
Mk 59 Modo __ ___________________ _______ 16
Chapter 5
VT FUZES FOR SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS
Mk. 173 Mods. 0, 2, 4________ _____ _______
Chapter 6
Chapter 2
OPERATIONAL USE
DESCRIPTION
Introduction ____ ___ _______ _______ _~ _ ___ _ _
Fuze Body_ _ ____ ________________________
Transmitter-Receiver_ ____ ________________
Amplifier, Thyratron and Wave-SuppressionFeature Group__ _____________________
Amplifier ____ __ - ________________ ~ ______
Wave-Suppression Feature_ _ _ ___________
Firing Condenser ________ ______ __ ___ __ ~ _
1rhyratron____ _________________________
Reserve Energizer___ _____ ___ ___ _____ _____
Spin Breaker __________________________
Dry Energizers_ _ _ _____________________
Rear Fitting _______ ____ - ____ ________ ! ____
Squib____ _____ _____ ___________________
ReedSwitch___ ___________ _____ ___ ___ __
Mercury Switch __ __ -_-_- -- --------- ___ Clock Works____ _______ ____ ___________
Amdliary Detonating Fuze ______________ :_ _
Assembly and Waterproofing_ _ ____________
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
OPERATION ____ --------------_________
6
6
7
7
Chapter 4
VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES
iv
Introduction ___ __ __ _____ -- -- -------- - ---Ant~a~cra~ft ______________ _; _____________

Lmntatwns____ __________________ ______
Effectiveness_____________ ___ _______ ___
Shore Bombardment__ ___ ____ ___ ____ ____ __
Limitations _______ ___ __ _________ _~ _____
Effectiveness____________ _________ ___ __
Use Against. Ships________________________
Targets for Antiaircraft Gunnery Practice
with VT Fuzes_ _______________________
5
5
Chapter 3
Mk 32
Mk 40
Mk 45
Mk 47
Mk 53
Mk 53
17
Mods 0-10, 14, 16-18, 20, 30, 40_____

9
Mod 0-5, 7 ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10
Mods 11 and 12 _ _ __ ___ ____________ 11
Mod 0------ ------ ---------------- 12
Mods 0-2____ _____________________ 13
Mods 3-6------------------------- 14
Precautions--------------------~---------
20
20
20
20
21
21
Fuze-Cavity Liners ___________ .,. ___________
22
22
Time of Test Firing______ _____________ ___

Exchange of Ammunition _________________
Detailed Instructions___ ________ _______ ___
General Information __ ______ ____ _______ .___
Detailed Test Results_ ___________________
Type of Fuze Action ______ ~ ----------- - No Observation________ __ ___________ __ _
I>istinction Between Low Normals and
Duds_______ ______ _________________ _
Use of Table to Determine Round at
Which to Stop Test __ .: _____ __________
Instructions in Mailing Report_________ ___ _
22
Chapter 7
CHARACTERISTICS
Operability_________ __ ____________ _______
Percent Operability __________ -___________
Premature Bursts _________ ___ __________
I>uds___ ___ _______________ ___ _________
Temperature____ __ ______ ______________
. Damage _______________________________
Serious Effects on Operability_____ _____ __
Tracers_____________________________
Coppering ____________________ _______
Hot Guns______________________ _____
Moderate Effects on Operability_________
Atmospheric Effects__ ___ _______ _____ __
Window______ _____ _____________ __ ___
Aerial Flares_ _ ______________________
Salvo Fire- --------- ~ ----------- -- --Very New or Very Old Guns___________
No Effect on Operability________________
Degaussing and D eperming________ __ __
Shipboard Radio and Radar_____ __ ____
Page
Arming Range________________________ ___ 24
Internal Design Features________________ 24
Activating Time of Battery____________ 24
Condenser Charging Time___ __________ 24
.l!fercury Switch Unshorting Time____ __ 24
- R~ed Switch Unshorting Time______ __ _ 24
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze Arming Time_ 25
.'t
Faulty Construction________________ __ 25
External Factors Affecting Arming Range_ 25
Fuze Temperature____________________ 25
Gun Effects __ ----------------------- 25
Wave Effects on Arming Time_________ 25
Atmospheric Effects on Arming Time_ _ 25
Sensi ti vi ty _ _ _ ___________________________ 25
Life ________ ~ __________ _____________ -.- __ 26
Refuzing______ __________________________ 26
23
23
23
23
23
26
26
Chapter 8
ROUTINE TEST FIRING
27
27
27
27
29
29
29
Page
Chapter 9
THEORY
Introduction_ ___ _______ _____ - _- _- _- _- - -Transmitter_____________ _____ _____ _____ _
Receiver_______ ______ __ __ __ _____ ______ __
Ainplifier______________________ __ ____ ____
~~ve-S~pp_r~ssion-Feature Circuit ____ ______
Frrmg Crrcmt____ ___ __ _________________ __
32
33
33
34
36
37
Appendix A
SAFETY FEATURES, HANDLING, AND
PRECAUTIONS
Safety Features ____________ ~ ___ _ ________ _ 38
Energizer __ ___________________________ 38
Charging Resistor_ _____________________ 38
Reed Switch__________________________ _ 38
MercurySwitch _______________ _______ __ 38
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze _____ __ _~_____ 38
Arming Range _______________________ __ _ 38
Handling Precautions_____ ______ __________ 38
Stowage_______________________ __________ 38
Loading_______________ ________ __________ 38
Disposal of Damaged Fuzes_____ ____ ______ 39
Disposal of Fired Duds_______ ____________ 39
Degaussing and Deperming_ _ _____________ 39
Shipboard Radio and Radar___ ____ ___ _____ 39
Firing Precautions _____ ________ ____ __ ____- 39
Appendix B
29
29
31
REFERENCE DATA
Table 1. Navy VT Fuzes for Proj~ctiles and
Spin-Stabilized Rocket.<~ ________ ~ _~_ : ____ 40
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
. 24
24
24
24.
24
24
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
..
.:/'.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
vi
Operation
+-- .
T he 'purpose of thl' .Q_f is to acquaint officers

and necessary personnel M th radio proximity VT
fuzes for projectiles and spin-stabilized rockets.
I t covers the operation, the performance characteristics, the projectiles and rockets with which
used, and the theory of operation of these fuz es.
ILLUSTRAliONS
Figure
Page
1. Cutaway and exploded view of a typical
VT fuz e (VT Fuze Mk 53 Mod 5) ~ ___ 2
2. Sectional views of reserve energizers_____
4
3. Simplified drawing showing operation of
Spin Breaker Mk 1 Modo___________
5
4. Sectional drawing of reed switch________
6
5. Sectional drawiDg of mercury switch____
6
9
6. VT Fuze Mk 32 ______________________
7. VT Fuze Mk 40 _ _____________________ 10
8. VT Fuze Mk 45___________ ___________ 11
9. VT FuzE> Mk 47 Modo_ ______ ________ 12
10. VT Fuze Mk 53 Mods 0--4 ____ _________ 13
11. VT Fuze Mk 53 Mods 5 and 6------,-.-,- 14
12. VT Fuze Mk 58 ___________________~~ - - 15
13. VT Fuze Mk 59 Modo________________ 16
14. VT Fuze Mk 173_____________________ 18
15. Test Report Form-NAVORD FORM
1758______________________________ 28
16. Schematic diagram of transmitter-receiver (T-R) circuit_________________ 32
17. Standard dipole radiation pattern_______ 32
Figure
Page
18. Effective sensitivity pattern of.a VT fuze
compared with the fragmentation pattern of a 5-inch projectile__ _________ _ 33
19. Variation of transmitted wave amplitude
with distance from projectile_________ 33
20. Wave relationships between transmitted
and reflected waves___ __ ______ ____ __ 33
21. R elationships within transmitter-receiver
of transmitted and reflected waves_~ - - 34
22. Schematic diagram of amplifier circuit__ 35
23. Amplifier frequency-response characteristics_____ ________ __________ ______ _ 35
24. Wave-suppression-feature sensitivity
curve_______ ___________________ ___
36
25. Schematic diagram of wave-suppressionfeature (WSF) circuit __________ ___ __
36
26. Schematic diagram of firing circuit, with

safety switches______________ _______ 37
27. Average arming characteristics of firing
condenser___ ____ ______ ____ ________ _ 37
VT fuzes of the U. S. Navy are of the electromagnetic type known as radio proximity fuzes
and are actuated by combined proximity and
rate of approach to any target which gives a
proper r eflection. This includes metal objects,
water, earth, etc. Operation is the same at day
or night. The actual detonation of the projectile
DeAnition
is accomplished in the following way: A VT
fuz
ed projectile radiates a continuous radio
The various types of proximity or influence
signal
which is reflected from targets of th e type
fuzes for gun projectiles, howitzer proj ectiles,
mentioned.
When the reflected signal from the
mortar projectiles, rockets, bombs, and other
target
reaches
an appropriate value, a condenser
missiles are designated by all U. S. Services
is
allowed
t.o
discharge through an electrical
as VT fuzes. The term VT has no significance
detonator
called
a squib. The blast from this
or meaning as an abbreviation, but was devised
standard auxiliary detonating
squib
operates
a
for general usage in shipment orders, stock
fuze,
which
in
turn
detonates the main charge
cards, loading lists, et~., when security requirethe
projectile.
No
setting is necessary or
_
of
ments during the war necessitated this.
,,[;possible with current type of VT fuz es. They
Description
~,liW.ill. detonate automatically if the proj ectile
fuzes
passes sufficiently close to the target.
Navy VT projectile fuzes are nose
I
cylindrically shaped, with an ogive nose which

usually follows the contour of the proj ectile.
Their size necessitated certain changes in fuzed
ammunition. The fuze cavity in the explosive
filler of the projectile bad to be made much
larger to accommodate VT fuzes . The base
detonating fuze was eliminated from the projectile
because (1) the radio proximity fuze would not
perform normally in the presence of tracer gases,
(2) there was no need in antiaircraft fire for a
base detonating fuze, (3) the absence of a base
detonating fuze reduced the hazard to surface
craft and shore installations from A. A. projectiles
reaching the ends of their trajectories, (4) more
space was left available for explosive filler.
However, the VT fuzed projectiles for the 6" /47
gun do have a base detonating fuze without
tracer because of their probable use in shore
bombardment.
All Navy projectiles assembled with VT fuzes
are stenciled on two sides (180 apart) with the
letters VT, %" high in black color just before
the rear edge of the paint indicating the bursting
charge.
CONFIDENTIAL
Safety
Special effort has been given to providing safety

features in VT fuzes. As a result, they are perhaps the safest fuzes in use by the U. S. Navy in
regard to handling safety, safety in the bore, and
freedom from muzzle bursts. VT fuzes are not
immune from derangement if the projectiles are
handled or loaded roughly so as to strike the fuz es
on hard surfaces. However, dangerous conditions
are improbable as a result of such treatment;
1:ather, abnormal operation or duds may result.
Remarks
Because of the need for a proximity fuze and

because of the effectiveness of even the early designs, the VT fuze was placed in service before it
was fully developed. The further developmen t
and the information gained through service use
resulted in improvements that were incorporated
in the fuzes. This accounts for the great number
of marks and mods of fuzes that have been produced and issued. As development approaches
perfection, there should be fewer models and
changes.
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
ffia:
........
iw
f/)(,)
t->
z~&.~
I&.
f/)
~
Q
ct
a:
a:
....
f/)
ct
(!)
1-
....
~
....
z
....
Q
Chapter 2
1-
DESCRIPTION
Introduction
(,)
a:
):z:
a::
.
a:
(,)
(!)
1-
ct
f/)
1-
ct
l:
a:
eta:
a:
iL
....
iL
:J
a.
:E
ct
f/)
ct
(!)
(!)
\1
....
N
l:
f/)
IL
(!)
z
(!)
ct
z z
0
1-
....
....
f/)
(!)
ct
)-
(!)
ct
(!)
z.
....
z
....
11-
a:
(!)
a:
...J
Transmitter-Receiver
a:
....
The transmitter-receiver consists of a on$3-tube

oscillating detector and an antenna. The antenna
is either a conical metal cap molded into .the
plastic nose tip or a wire loop within the nose and
coupled to the projectile which acts as the radiating
antenna. The triode radio tube is set in a rubber
socket for protection from shock and is mounted
within a plastic form around which the transmitterreceiver coil is wound. The component parts are
assembled in a plastic molding which is mounted on
the shield can. The electrical leads connect to
the antenna and the electrical circuit of the fuze.
A ground is obtained for the electrical circuit
through the shield can.
l:
f/)
(!)
ct
3:
a:
(!)
Fuz:e Body
The fuze body consists of a plastic nose ogive
molded integral to a steel base ring, and a steel
body cylinder with external left-hand threads at
one end and internal left-hand threads at the
other end. The nose base ring is threaded externally to fit the threads in the projectile nose
and internally to receive the external threads of
the body cylinder.
(!)
(!)
1-
....
N
~ a:
:::>
i=
a:
ILl a:
The ,VT fuze is composed of the following six

main subassemblies or groups:
1. The fuze body, or container
2. Transmitter-receiver group, or oscillator
group
3. Amplifier, thyratron, and wave-suppression
feature (WSF) group
4. Reserve energizer
5. R ear fitting
6. Auxiliary detonating fuze.
Since space is limited, parts are located to
achieve maximum space efficiency consistent with
function. As a result, the firing circuit function
is accomplished by components of the rear fitting
and of the amplifier, thyratron, and WSF group.
When the energizer is activated, the transmitter

radiates a continuous radio wave into the space
surrounding the fuze.
The transmitter-receiver is capable at the same
time of receiving the radio waves which are reflected from a target. As the fuze approaches a
target, the intensity of the reflected wave increases,
producing what is known as a target signal.
AmpliAer, Thyratron, and Wave-SuppressionFeature (WSF) Group .

The parts of the amplifier, thyratron and WSF
group, with the tubes in rubber sockets, are
mounted on a plastic molding. They are contained within the shield can, with the annular
firing condenser encircling the parts. Electrical
leads connect with the transmitter-receiver and
contact pins in the plastic base.
Amplifier. The amplifier consists of two miniature pentode tubes with their associated resistors
and condensers. Its function is to increase the
amplitude of the target signal appearing at the
output of the oscillator detector until it is capable
of operating the firing circuit. Without amplification, the target signal, even on close proximity to
the target, is of too low magnitude to perform
useful service.
Wave-Suppression Feature, The wave-suppression circuit is composed of a diode tube and .
various resistors and blocking or filter condensers.
It decreases the sensitivity of the amplifier in the
presence of steady signals. Thus it renders the
fuze insensitive to the relatively steady signals
reflected from waves when the projectile is fired on
a low trajectory. This tends to prevent the fuze
from being operated by the reflected signals from
waves.
]firing Condenser. The firing condenser is an
annular electrical condenser in the firing circuit.
It provides a means of storing an electrical charge,
received from the energizer, which can be rapidly
expended, when called upon, to fire the squib.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
.''.
VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZEDJROCKETS
DESCRIPTION
OP 1480
r
SHORT
ENERGIZER
(LEFT HALF SECTION

SPIN BREAKER
MK I
MK 4
MOD 2
PLUGGED INTO
LONG ENERGIZER
MK 5 MOD 2
MOD 0)
Figure 2. Sectional views of reserve energizers.
Thyratron. The thyratron is a triode radio tube

with a small amount of argon gas in the bulb. It
acts as an electronic switch to discharge the firing
condenser through the squib when the projectile
is near a target. When the projectile nears a
target, the target signal received by the thyratron
from the amplifier becomes of sufficient magnitude
to lower the thyratron grid bias and allow the
condenser to discharge through the squib. The
squib is exploded by the surge of current.
Reserve Energizer
The reserve energizer is located in the fuze body

cylinder, with its contact clips receiving the
contact pins of the transmitter-receiver. It is the
source of electric power for operation of the fuze.
It is composed of three compact wet-type batteries; the "A" battery, "B" battery, and "C"
battery. The electrolyte for the batteries is
contained in a glass ampoule mounted in a soft
plastic cup in the central cavity of the energizer.
The ampoule rests on the breaker which fits into
the bottom of the plastic cup. The plates of a
long-type energizer such as Energizer Mk 5 Mod 2

(fig. 2) are made up of flat zinc washers, coated on
one side with carbon and assembled in a stack
surrounding the ampoule. They are separated
from each other by means of insulating washers at
their inner and outer rim. The whole assembly is
contained in a metal can lined with plastic. Holes
in the zinc washers permit distribution of the
electrolyte when the ampoule is broken.
When the electrolyte . is distributed, each cell
develops a small voltage. The "A," "B," and
"C" batteries are composed of the correct number
of cells connected in series or parallel to produce the
required voltage and current for each. The leads
from each battery are connected to the proper
contact clips on the energizer cover. Other wires
pass directly through the energizer from the con-
tacts on the cover to those on the bottom, and
serve to connect the squib and safety switches in
the rear fitting to the rest of the electrical circuit.
A short energizer was developed for use in the
,!>mall compact fuzes used in the 3" /50 projectile,
.'l tnd fqr use in t he:.Spin rocket fuze where employfro(r -~ o[, spin bre'a ker was necessary.
:~n ' tlie qor-t .energizer, shown in figure 2, the
b ;tt,el"y':p ates are smaller and of different materia;!, and .ai"'e''arranged in banks parallel to the
longitudin~l ~axis of the energizer. The fundamental op~ation of this energizer is identical to
t,h~ longer fuodel.
Spin .:Preaker. In the 5" spin-stabilized rocket,
lo'w ac~leration does not produce set~back forces
of sufficient magnitude to break the electrolyte
ampoule of the energizer in the Fuze Mk 173.
A spin breaker, located adjacent to, and below
the energizer, is used for this purpose.
Figure 2 illustrates how the spin breaker is
plugged into the bottom of the energizer. Drawings illustrating how the spin breaker operates
are shown in figure 3. The numbered arrows in
the drawings denote the action and sequence of
operations. The breaker consists of a metal body
and cover plate; a stationary firing pin threaded
into the side of the body; a plunger and plunger
cup threaded into the top of the body; and levers,
triggers, and a spring-loaded primer contained in
the body. Operation of the spin breaker is as
follows: The breaker is assembled with the interlocking levers held toward the axis by steel springs.
They are so oriented that centrifugal force overcoming the resistance of the springs causes them
to swing outward (1 and 2) thus unlocking the
auxiliary trigger (3) and freeing the trigger. The
trigger then .rotates (4) from pressure of the com-
.:.
pressed firing spring, allowing the primer in the

primer carrier to be forced onto the firing pin by
its compressed spring (5). The primer fires when
it strikes the firing pin. The ampoule is broken
when the plunger is forced through the bottom
of the energizer by the explosion of the primer.
The plunger is held in the retracted position, until
the primer is fired, by a slight shoulder on the
plunger that bears on the rim of the hole through
the top of the plunger cup. The pressure from
the exploding primer breaks down this shoulder
and forces the plunger through the .small hole (6).
The spin breaker operati:ls with a rotational
speed of between 1500 and 2100 r. p. m.
In order to complete the electrical circuit to the
rear fitting, which contains the squib and safety
switches, wires lead directly through the breaker
body from connector clips at the top to connector
pins at the bottom. When the spin breaker is
used, the rear fitting the:p. plugs into the spin
breaker instead of directly into the bottom of the
energizer.
Dry Energizers. All current models of Navy
VT fuzes contain wet-type reserve energizers.
However, the first models, now obsolete, received
their electrical energy from a dry energizer. The
energizer was not connected to the electrical circuit
until certain set-back switches were closed when
the projectile was fired. Dry energizers deteriorated rapidly, having a shelf life of only about
six months.
Rear FiHing
TOP PLATE
' - - - - M A I N LEVER
Figure 3. Simp/iliecl clrawing showing operation of

Spin Breaker Mk 1 Moe/ 0.
CONFIDENTIAL
The rear fitting consists of a plastic body housing

the reed spin and mercury switches, and the squib.
These parts are potted in wax for shock protection.
The cover is a fabric-base phenolic disc attached by
metal pins into the plastic body. A metal disc
with a hole through the center for the squib to
blow through is attached to the bottom by steel
pins. Electrical connections are from contact
clips at the top to the squib and switches. A
ground connection is made through one of the
steel pins to the bottom disc.
Squib. The squib or cannon primer consists of a
small container of explosive with an -embedded
filament of fine wire attached to electric leads.
When a surge of electrical current passes through
it, the filament is heated to a very high temperature and ignites the explosive.
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
Reed Switch. The reed switch is electrically

connected across the firing condenser to prevent
the condenser from receiving a charge if the
energizer becomes activated from accidental
breakage of the electrolyte ampoule by dropping
or rough handling.
Figure 4 is a sectional drawing of the reed
switch. The switch consists of a metal cup with
an adjustable contact stud threaded through the
lower side and a metal reed inserted through an
insulator in the top of the cup. The reed serves
as one terminal of the switch, and the adjustable
contact stud serves as the other terminal. The
spring action of the metal reed holds it in contact
with the stud, making a closed circuit. The
switch is mounted so that, when the projectile is
fired, centrifugal force overcomes the resistance of
the reed, causing it to swing out from the contact
stud, thus breaking the short circuit across the
firing condenser immediately upon firing.
Mercury Switch. The mercury switch, when
closed, completes a short circuit across the squib.
ADJUSTABLE
CONTACT SCREW
Figure 4. Sectional drawing of reed switch.
/"'a
ACTUAL SIZE
INSULATING AND
SEALING WASHERS
DESCRIPTION
OP 1480
SINTERED METAL CUP
Figure 5. Sectional drawing of mercury switch.
It is a safety feature of the fuze designed to prevent a charge from passing through the squib in
case the -condenser accidentally received and released a charge.
A drawing of the mercury switch is shown in
figure 5. The principal parts are the metal body,
a sintered metal cup, a metal contact stud, and a
globule of mercury. The contact stud is extended
through the top of the body into the inner chamber
of the switch formed by the sintered metal cup.
It is insulated from the body and makes one of the
terminals of the switch. A brass eyelet which fits
over the rim of the sintered cup makes pressure
contact with the body and forms the other terminal of the switch. When assembled, the globule
of mercury is in the sintered metal cup and in
contact with the stud, thus acting to close the
circuit through the two terminals of the switch.
The switch is mounted between the center and
the outer periphery of the rear fitting, with the
mercury toward the center and the sump farthest
from the center. When the projectile is fired,
centrifugal force acting on the mercury causes it
to pass through the porous sintered metal cup
into the outer chamber or sump, thus removing
the short-circuit it had imposed across the terminals of the squib. Continued pressure for a
short time from centrifugal force is necessary to
cause the mercury to pass through the smtered
metal cup.
through the plastic base and rim of the shield

can into a shoulder of the steel nose base ring.
The press fit of these steel pins with the shield
can completes the electrical ground to the fuze
body and to the projectile when the fuze is
threaded into the projectile nose. Molten wax
is poured into the nose to fill the void space.
The wax solidifies and protects the units against
the shock of handling and firing.
The reserve energizer is plugged into the base
of the amplifier, thyratron, and WSF group with
a supporting washer interposed between them.
A fiat metal washer and rubber water-proofing
gasket fit onto the flange of the supporting washer,
so that whe,n the body cylinder is screwed into the
nose base ring the rubber gasket is compressed to
form a waterproof seal.
The rear fitting is plugged into the base of the
energizer, with a rubber spacing washer inserted
between them. Jn assembly, pressure is applied
to the rear fitting, and the holding ring is threaded
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze
into the body cylinder until it engages the base of
The auxiliary detonating fuzes used in VT
the rear fitting. Pressure is then removed, and
fuzes are standard. A complete description .of
the holding ring is staked into position. The
them can be found in OP 1212, Projectile Fuzes.
holding ring also completes the electrical ground
The auxiliary fuze is assembled in the safe
from the base of the rear fitting to the fuze body.
condition and is armed by centrifugal force.
The auxiliary detonating fuze threads into the.
It is fired by the squib and in turn sets off the
lower end of the body cylinder. Waterproofing is
main charge of the projectile.
accomplished by means of a rubber waterproofing
Assembly and Waterproo~ng
gasket sandwiched between two thin metal
The transmitter-receiver group and the ampliwashers and held in compression between the fuze
body cylinder and the lower part of the auxiliary
fier, thyratron, and WSF group are assembled
inside the fuze nose and secured by steel pins detonating fuze by a threaded holding ring.
Certain current fuzes, particularly some Mods
of Mk 58, contain mercury switches which have
a copper cup with a hole in the bottom covered
with a paper disc in place of the sintered metal
cup. Operation is as described above. The
Fuzes Mk 47, Mk 53, .and Mk 59 have two mercury switch~s wired in parallel across the terminals of the eiquib for additional safety.
: Clock Works. Dry-energizer fuzes, now obsolete,
contained a safety feature operated by a mechanical clockwork similar to the Time Fuze
Mk 18. It ran for 0.4 to 0.6 seconds after leaving the gun, at which time it removed a mechanical
gate from the canal between the auxiliary detonating fuze and the electrical squib. An electrical
short circuit across the firing squib was broken
only when the clockwork operated.
The simpler-to-manufacture mercury switches
supplant the clockwork in current fuzes; however they are not as positive or precise in their
action.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
Chapter 4
Chapter 3
OPERATION
MK 32 MODS o-1 0 141 16-181 201 30 40

1
When the firing condenser is charged, the merWhen assembled, the reserve energizer is inert
cury
switches open, and the auxiliary detonating
and does not supply en,ergy to the electric cirfuze
is
armed, the fuze is fully armed. The elapsed
cuits of the fuze. The reed switch is closrd thus
'
time
varies
from 0.3 seconds to 0.9 seconds in
placing a short circuit across the firing condenser.
projectile
fuzes
and from 4 seconds to 12 seconds
The mercury switches are closed, placing one or
in
spin-stabilized
rocket fuzes.
two short circuits across the firing squib. The
The
radio
signals
that are radiated by the fuze
auxiliary detonating fuze is also in the unarmed
are
reflected
from
such
targets as metal objects,
condition. The fuze remains in this condition
The
engine
and control cables
water,
earth,
etc.
during transportation and storage and until the
of
wooden
airplanes
will
also
reflect
signals. When
projectile in which it is assembled is fired from a
the
projectile
comes
into
close
proximity
to the
gun.
target,
the
reflected
signal
from
the
target
reaches
When the projectile is fired from a gun, the
the required amplitude and allows the thyratron
ampoule in the reserve energizer is shattered on
to fire, thereby discharging the firing condenser
the breaker as a result of set-back forces, and the
through the squib. The blast from the squib
electrolyte is freed. Centrifugal force distributes
operates the auxiliary detonating fuze, which in
the electrolyte to the battery cells, and the reserve
turn initiates the detonatio11 of the projectile.
energizer becomes active. Centrifugal force actIn early model VT fuzes with dry energizers,
ing on the reed of the reed switch causes it to open
now obsolete, operation was somewhat different
immediately upon firing, thus removing the short
from present wet-energizer fuzes. Instead of the
circuit it had imposed across the firing condenser.
mercury switches, the fuzes contained a mechanical
Cen~rifugal force causes the mercury in the merclockwork similar to Time Fuze Mk 18, which ran
cury switch to be forced from its inner chamber
for 0.4 to 0.6 second after leaving the gun, at
through the sintdred m:etal cup into the outer
which time it removed a mechanical gate from the
chamber of the switch, thus removing the electrical . canal between the auxiliary detonating fuze and
short circuit it had imposed across the squib. A
the electrical squib. An electrical short circuit
short predetermined time is required for this action.
a_cross the firing squib was broken only by operaThe auxiliary detonating fuze is also armed by
twn of the clockwork. Set-back force incident
.
'
centrifugal force. Centrifugal force throws the
to firmg, closed set-back switches which connected
rotor detents outward, freeing the rotors. After
the dry energizer, which was the source of power,
set-back forces are expended, centrifugal force
to the electrical circuit. Operation after arming
causes the rotors to rotate into the armed posiwas the same as that in the wet-energizer fuzes.
tion, so that their explosive charges are in line
In' the VT fuze for spin-stabilized rockets setwith each other.
back force is not depended upon to break the
After the energizer is activated, it becomes a
electrolyte ampoule, because the force is far less
source of power for the electrical part of the fuze ;
in a rocket than in a projectile fired from a gun.
the firing condenser begins to receive a charge:
The ampoule is broken by means of a spin breaker
and the transmitter starts to radiate a radio signal.
described in Chapter 2.
'
(Obsolete)
General Data
Projectiles Used In. 5" /38, 5" /25, 5"/51 A. A.
Common: All mods except Mod 30 could be
used in the 5" /51 gun at 2600 f/s initial velocity
reduced charge only. Mod 30 could not be used
in the 5" /51 rounds.
the wave-suppression feature were high at most

ranges, averaging 130 feet at 12,200 yards in the
5" /38, with burst heights varying widely between
rounds. At shorter ranges, burst heights over
water averaged lower; but a wide dispersion in
burst heights did occur. Those fuzes without
the wave-suppression feature were especially af-
Markings
Mk 32 Mod __ __ _____ __ _
Model ___________ _ Lot ______ _______ (and
date of designation)
Over-All Dimensions and Weight
Length ____ - ------------- 12 in. (approx.)
Diameter at base of ogive __ 3.3 in. (approx.)
Threaded length ___ _______ 0.6 in. (approx.)
Threads ___________ -- .- --- 2.65 in. 10 R. H .
Weight_ _________ --- ~ ~ --- 6.81lb.
MK 32 MODS 0-7, 14
Material. Steel base ring; black Incite plastic

nose ogive; aluminum nose cap or metal button
tip; steel body cylinder.
Arming Range ________ _ Mods0-20, 40-700 yd.
Mod 30-1100 yd.
Type of Energizer _____ _ Mods Q-20, 40-Dry
Mod 30- Reserve
Wave-Suppression Mod 40 only
Feature
Self-Destructive F ea- None
ture
Auxiliary Detonating Mk 54 (replacing the
Mks 17 and 46)
Fuze
Compression -Type No
Waterproofing
Description
This fuze was designed to initiate detonation
of the round at the most advantageous point
upon approach to a target when passing within
the maximum influence radius of about 50 feet.
Burst heights above water for all mods without
MK 32 MODS 8,10,16,18,20,30,40
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
Figure 6. VT Fuze Mk 32

fected by water surface conditions. Because of
the wave-suppression feature, the . burst heights
above water of the Mod 40 varied between 10
and 50 feet. The Mod 40 had normal sensitivity
above about 200 feet from the water , but had
automatically reduced sensitivity below that level
because of the wave-suppression feature.
Employment
This fuze was used for antiaircraft fire from
600 yards minimum range (1100 yards for Mod
30) to the extreme range of the gun. The minimum range for employment was less than the
arming range given above. The arming range

given was the distance at which 90% of the
operable rounds would be armed. At the shorter
minimum range given for employment, 90 %
would not be armed; but a sufficient perc'il~"'e
of fuze were armed to make the fire effective I a t
100 yards less than the arming range given. The
Mod 40, with WSF, was recommended for ny
gun elevation and could be used effectively against
torpedo bomber attack and PT boat attack.
These fuzes are no longer in production or
use. They have been replaced by the VT Fuze
Mk 53.
MK 40 MODS
OP 1480
Employment
~.
o-s, 7
(Obsolete)
General Data
Projectiles Used In. 5" /25, 5" /38 A. A. Common.
Markings
Mk 40 Mod-- - ----------Model _ ________ ___ Lot _.:. _______ ___
Length ________ _________ 12 in. (approx.)
Diameter at base of ogive_ 3.3 in. (approx.)
Threaded length _________ 0.5 in. (approx.)
Threads __ ____ ____ ____ ___ 2.65 in. 10 R. H.
Weight _________ _________ 6.8llb.
MK 40 MOD 0-5
Material. Steel base ring; black lucite plastic

nose ogive; metal button tip; steel body cylinder ;
except Mod 7, which has green ethyl cellulose
plastic nose ogive without button tip.
Arming Range _____________ 700 to 900 yd. for
different Mods
Type of Energizer_ _________ Reserve
Wave-Suppression Feature __ Present
Self-Destructive Feature __ ._ None
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze ___ Mk 54 (replacing
Mks 17 and 46)
Compression-Type Waterproofing _________ No
This fuze was recommended for antiaircraft

fire from a minimum range of 700 yards to the
extr me range of the gun. The wave-suppression
fea~~ made this fuze effective against low. flyiilg aircraft and surface targets. It could be
us_, d effectively for barrage of land targets where
Remarks
The fuze is no longer in production or use. It
has been replaced by the VT Fuze Mk 53.
MK 45 MODS 11 AND 12
(Obsolete)
General Data
Projectile Used In _ _______ _____ 3" /50 A. A.
Markings
Mk 45 Mod _______ __ ___
Model ____________ Lot ______ ___ __ __
Over-All Dimensions and Weight of Mk 45
Mod 12
Length __ ---- - -------- - -- 7.7 in. (approx.)
Diameter at base of ogive __ 2.4 in. (approx.)
Threaded length ____ _____ _ 1.0 in. (approx.)
Threads ___ __ _____ _______ _ 2.00 in.12R.H
Weight _______________ ____ __ _____ 2.40 lb.
Material. Green ethyl cellulose plastic nose
ogive molded integral to steel base ring; perforated steel nose cap molded into the inside forward
end of plastic ogive; steel body cylinder.
Arming Range __________ ___ ___ ______ 600 yd.
Type of Energizer _________ ___ ___ ___ _ Reserve
Wave-Suppression Feature_____ _____ __ _ None
Self-Destructive Feature ___ ____ __ ______ None
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze_____ ______ _ Mk 44
Compression-Type Waterproofing__ _______ No
by the Mk 45 Mod 12. The Mk 45 Mod 12 was

later replaced by the VT Fuze Mk 58. Mod 11
and Mod 12 are not physically interchangeable.
VT Fuzes Mk 45 are constructed with only orte
mercury switch.
Description
This fuze has a maximum influence radius of
a.bout 50 feet. Burst heights over water at long
range will average around 75 feet, with wide variations in burst heights occurring as a result of
wave effect and variations in sensitivity between
individual fuzes. Burst heights over water at
shorter ranges will generally average to lower levels.
Description
Employment
This fuze had a maximum influence radjtis of

about 70 feet. Against aircraft below 200 fe et
altitude, operating radius was reduced, depending
on the height of the traj ectory and the height of
the waves, because of the wave-suppression feature. Burst height over land or water varied
between 10 and 30 feet.
This fuze is used for antiaircraft fire from a

minimum range of 500 yards to the extreme range
of the gun.
10
a burst height of 10-30 feet was effective against

personnel and lightly protected equipment and
installations.
Remarks
MK 40 MOD 7
Figure 7. VT fuze Mk 40.
The Mk 45 Mod 11, with longer base, was declared unserviceable and recalled, to be replaced
MK 45 MOD II
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
MK 45 MOD 12
Figure 8. VT fuze Mk 45.
11
OP 1480

MK 53 MODS o--2-
MK 47 MODo
Projectiles Used In. 6"/47 H. C . M~ 34
Markings
Mk 47 Mod 0
Model _____ ____ ___ Lot _____________
Length _______ ___________ __ 9.0 in. (approx.)
Threaded length ____ ______ _________ . 0.5 in.
Threads _______ : __________ 2.65 in. 10 R.I;I
Weight ___ ____ ___._____________ ___ 4.91lb.
(0bs.o lete)
Remarks
General Data
Fuzes Mk 47 Mod 0 have the improve l f'O lflpression-type waterproofing. n. consists . of an

annular rubber gasket held in compression between
the VT fuze body cylinder and the lower part of
the Auxiliary Detonating Fuze Mk 44 by 111em1s
of a threaded steel holding ring.

ogive molded integral to steel base ring; perforated
steel nose cap molded into the inside forward end
of plastic ogive; metal button tip; steel body
cylinder.
Arming Range ____ ___ ___________ ____ 800 yd.
Type of Energizer _____ ___ ____ _______ Reserve
Wave-Suppression Feature ____ ____ ___ Present
Self-Destructive Feature ____ ____ ______ _ None
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze _______ ~ ____ Mk 44
Compression-Type Waterproofing_ ________ Yes
This fuze was designed for the Projectile Mk 34

(H. C. round) for the 6" /47 gun. It is not usable
in"the Projectile Mk 39 for 6" /47 Double Purpose
guns. It has a maximum influence radius of
about 75 feet. Burst heights over water or land
vary from 10 to 50 feet.
Remarks
This fuze replaced the VT Fuzes Mk 32 and
Mk40.
MK 53 MOO 0
Description
This fuze has a maximum influence radius of
about 75 feet. Against aircraft below 200 feet
altitude, operating radius is reduced, depending
on the height of the trajectory and the height of
the waves, because of the wave-suppression feature.
Burst height over land or water will vary between
10 and 50 feet.
Employment
12
Projectiles Used In. 5" /25, 5"/38, 5" /51 A. A.

Common . Mk 53 Mod 0 recommended for use
n ;5" /51 guns at reduced charge of 2600 f/s.
Other mods may be fired at full charge.
Markings
Mk 53 Mod __ __ ___ ___ __
Model- - -~-- ---- -- Lot _______ __ __ _
Over-All Dimensions an_d Weight
Length _____ . : __ __________ -9.0 in. (approx.)
Threaded length. _____ __ __ 0.5 in. (approx. )
Threads ___ _________ ______ 2.65 in. 10 R . H .
Weight _____ : _______ _____ 4.79lb.
range of the gun at all elevations. It is also

effective against personnel arid light equipment in
shore bombardment where an aerial burst will
produce fragmentation damage.

ogive molded integral to steel base ring; steel
body cylinder; Mod 0 has perforated steel nose
cap molded into the inside forward end of plastic
nose and metal button tip.
Arming Range _____ __ ___ ~ ---- - - --- 800 yd.
Type of Energizer __ ___________ _~ _ Reserve
Wave-Suppression Feature________ Present
Self-Destr-uctive Feature ____ ____ __ None
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze _________ Mk 44
Compression-Type Waterproofing __ No
Description
This fuze was designed primarily for use against

aircraft at all altitudes and at all ranges over a
700-yard minimum, It may also be used effectively against personnel and light shore installations. Because of the probability of its use for
shore bombardment, the projectile contains a
base detonating fuze with the tracer plugged.
. G e er- 1 Data
E~ployment
This fuze is used for antiaircraft fire from a

minimum range of 709 yards to the maximum
MK 53 MOOS 184
Figure 10. VT Fuze Mk 53LMods 0-4.
Figure 9. VT Fuze Mk 47 Mod 0.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
13
OP 1480
VT FUZES .FOR PROJECTILES
MK 53 .MODS 3-6
MK 58 MODS o-4
(Mods 3 and 4. Obsolescent)
(Mods 0, 1, 2-0bsolete)
General Data
Projectiles Used In. 5" /25, 5" /38, 5" /51
A. A. Common. Mk 53 all Mods except Mod 0
are recommended for use in 5" /51 guns at full
charge.
Markings
Mk 53 Mod-----------Model _______ .. ____ Lot .. ________ .. __
Over-All J?imensions and Weight
Length __________ ___ _____ 9.0 in.
Diameter at base of ogive_ 3.3 in.
Threaded length _________ 0.5 in.
Threads _________________ 2.65 in.
Weight _________________ 4.91lb.
auxiliary detonating fuze remains the same f\.S ili

previous mods; but because of the long body
cylinder the distance to the shoulder of the cavity
is increased; hence, Mod 5 will not fit any previous
projectile cavity.
Mk 53 Mod 6 is identical to Mod 5 in operational and physical characteristics, except that
it operates at a different frequency (same as
Mod 3). Mod 6 is physically interchangeable
with Mod 5, but not 'w ith any previous mod.
(approx.)
(approx.)
(approx.)
10 R. H.
General Data
'
Projectiles Used In __ _______ 3"/50 A. A.

Marldngs
. Mk 58 Mod-----------. Model ____________ Lot ___ _____ ___ _
Length __________ ______ __ 7.8 in. (approx.)
Diameter at base of ogive __ 2.4 ,in. (approx.)
Threaded length _____ ____ 1.0 in. (approx.)
Threads ______________ __ __ 2.00 in. 12 R. H.
Weight _________________ 2.40 lb.
Wave-Suppression Feature __
Self-Destructive Feature __ __
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze __ _
Compression-Type Waterproofing.
PreMnt
None
Mk44
Mods 3 and 4
only
Description
The maximum influence radius of thi$ fuze
varies betweeh 40 and 100 feet for different lots
and mods. Sensitivity .t o aircraft flying below
200 feet altitude is reduced by the wave-suppression feature; the amount of reduction depending

ogive molded integral to steel base ring; steel body
cylinder; steel cap molded inside forward end of
plastic ogive; in addition, Mod 1 has a metal
button tip.
Arming Range __________ __ __ 600 yd.
Type of Energizer____ ______ Reserve
Material.- -Green ethyl cellulose plastic nose

ogive molded integral to steel base ring; steel body
cylinder.
Arming Range ______________ 500 yd.
Type of Energizer_______ ___ Reserve
Self-Destructive Feature____ ~one
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze ___ Mk 44
Compression-Type Water- Mods 5 and 6
proofing.
only
Description and !Employment

Description and employment of this fuze is
the same as for Mk 53 Mods o-2 except that the
minimum range is 400 yards instead of 700 yards.
MK 58 MOD 0
Remarks
This fuze replaced the VT Fuzes Mk 32 and
Mk40.
Mk 53 Mod 4 is identical in all operational and
physical characteristics to the Mk 53 Mod 3,
except that it operates at a different frequency
than the Mod 3. This change in frequency was
made as a countermeasure protection.
Mk 53 Mod 5 is identical to Mod 4 except that
the body cylinder of the fuze is 0.316 inch longer
in order to accommodate the compression type of
waterproofing between the body of the VT fuze
and the auxiliary detonating fuze. The length
of the projectile cavity to the lower face of the
MK 58 MOD I
Figure 11. VT Fuze Mk 53 Mocls 5 ancl 6.
MK 58 MOO 2
MK 58 MODS 364
Figure 12. VT Fuze Mk 58.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
15
. ..-
VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND- SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS

on the height of the trajectory and the condition
of the waves. But;St heights over land and water
average between 5 and 15 feet.
Employment
This fuze is used for antiaircraft fire at ranges
from 500 yards to the extreme range of the gun at
all elevations. It is useful against low-flying airplanes, small surface craft, and in land barrage
against personnel, light equipment, and installations.
Remarks
The VT Fuze Mk 58 has replaceJ the VT Fuze
Mk 45. Mk 58 Mods 0-2 have short body cylin-
.
OP 1480
ders without compression-type waterproofing.

They operate at different frequencies. Mods
0-2 are physically interchangeable witl:: Mk 45 ,
Mod 12 but not with Mk 45 Mod 11.
Mk 58 Mods 3 and 4 have long bod eyJi.nd: .
With compression-type waterproofing. ~ O' 3
and '4 are not physically interchanger.. l). . \'-"l< h
previous mods, nor with Mk 45 Mods 11 ... Ld 12.
The Mod 3 operates at the same freq lenc.v
the Mod 2. The Mod 4 operates at the s, .n;.e
frequency as the Mod 1.
All mods of Mk 58 have similar operationai
characteristics.
'r
Chapter
as
General Data
Projectiles Used In ___ ________ __ 5" /54 H. C.
Markings
Mk 59 Mod 0
Model ____________ Lot ___________ _
G eneral Data
Description
Rockets Used In. 5.0-in . Surface High Capacity

Spin-Stabilized Rocket (5.0-in. Rocket Head Mk
10 and Mods; 5.0-in. Rocket Motor Mk 4 and
Mods).
The operation of the VT Fuze Mk 173 is very

similar to VT projectile fuzes. The differences
are in the internal construction, particularly the
amplifier circuit; and therefore other marks of VT
fuzes are not interchangeable with the Mk 173.
Neither are VT Fuzes Mk 173 interchangeable
with other mechanical-type fuzes, because of the
fuze cavity size. Another difference between the
Mk 173 and other VT projectile fuzes is the means
provided for breakage of the electrolyte ampoule
in the energizer. In the Mk 173 the ampoule is
broken by a spin breaker. See Chapter 2, page 3.
The distribution of the electrolyte to the cell
plates is caused by centrifugal force as in wetenergizer VT projectile fuzes.

Length ______ ____ __ __ ____ 8.5 in.
Diameter at base of ogive_ 2.4 in.
Threaded length ___ ____ __ 1.0 in.
Threads ______ ____________ 2.00 in.
Weight _________ __ ______ 2.52lb.
(approx.)
(approx.)
(approx.)
12 R . H.

ogive molded integral to steel base ring; nose cap
molded into the inside forward end of plastic ogive;
steel body cylinder.
~=-- -
Description
This fuze was designed for rise in the H . C .
round for the 5" /.54 guns.
Employment
This fuze is for use against aircraft from a
minimum range of 500 yards to the extreme range
of the gun at all elevations. It is effective against
low-flying airplanes and small surface craft, and
for land barrage against personnel, light equipment, and installations.
16
MK 173 MODS 0, 2, AND 4
Marking
Mk 173 Mod __ ___ ____ __ _
Model ______ __ ____ Lot ______ _.. ____

Length ___________ _: ___ ___ 9.8 in. (approx.)
Threaded length _________ 0.5 in. (approx.)
Threads _____ ___ _________ 2.35 in. 10 R. H.
Weight _______ _____ __ ___ 4.05lb.
o~ve molded integral to steel base ring; steel body
cylinder
Arming Range__ _________________ 600 yd.
Type of Energizer_ _______________ Reserve
Wave-Supppression Feature _____ __ Present
Self-Destructive Feature ______ __ __ None
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze____ _____ Mk 44
Compression-Type Waterproofing __ Yes
Remarks
All VT Fuzes Mk 59 have the improved compression-type waterproofing.
MK 59 MODo
Figure 13. VT Fuze Mk 59 Moe/ 0.
Arming Range. The aiming range is 1800 to

3300 yards, with 50% of operable rounds armed
by 2500 and 90% armed by 3300 yards. These
arming distances are based on standard conditions
of 70 F. propellant temperatures. Tests indicate
that the arming time will be slightly earlier when
the rounds are at temperatures above 70 F. during
launching, and later at temperatures below 70 F.
Type of Energizer __________ Reserve
Wave-Suppression Feature __ Mod 4 only
(For more uniform burst heights at va.r ious
angles of fall.)
Self-Destructive Feature ____ None
(Future mods may employ an impact detonating element.)
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze ___ Mk 44
Compression-Type Waterproofing _________________ Mc;>ds 2 and 4
only
Employment
The VT Fuze Mk 173 is for use in ground-toground or ship-to-shore bombardment against

personnel, light armament, and equipment. VT
Fuzes Mk 173 are not satisfactory for use against
aircraft, because of their long arming time. Such
use is not recommended.
Range characteristics and ballistics for the
5.0-in. rocket (5.0-in. Rocket Head Mk 10 and
Mods; 5.0-in. Rocket Motor Mk 4 and Mods)
using VT fuzes are similar to rotlnds with point
detonating fuzes such as the Mk 30. A summary
of characteristics, with limitations at propellant
temperatures of 70 F., is as follows:
%Normal
Operation
of VT
Range
Fuzes
Angle of l!levation
2500
______
__
__
_
Minimum 15 __ . _
50
20 ___ _ 3300 __________ _
65
45 ___ _ 4800 __ _______ __
80
CONFIDE~TIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
17

It will be noted that at ranges less . than 3300
yards, VT fuzed rounds become slightly less effective. This is due to after-burning of the propellant
grain, which prevents complete a rming of the
VT fuze. This characteristic is less evident at
propellant temperatures above 70 F., because
faster burning takes place. This characteristic is
more pronounced at lower temperatures. The
height above ground at which this fuze will operate
varies from 15 to 75 feet, while over water the
burst heights will generally be a little higher ..
The average height of burst is about 40 feet from
the ground or water surface. Fuzes may f~ction
if the trajectories pass within 400 feet of hill tops,
ridges, or tree tops. For high-angle approach to
dense foliage, bursts will occur around tree-top
level, with bursts occurrring higher for lower
approach angles.
OP 1480
In salvo fire from Reel Feed Automatic Launchers Mk 51, the premature score may increase toM
30%, with a four-foot lateral spacing between simultaneously firing launchers. With a lateral ;J> ;ng
of fifteen feet and a longitudinal spacinr-~ \ h lOl :,;
line of fire) of twelve and one-half feet . ""w j .
L~;~.uncher Mk 51, the normal incidence ' .t
15% prematures for rapid salvo fire hat :_,p,
obtained in tests. No salvo effect tests hr~ve y cl
been performed with the Launcher M k 1():2.
Safety
The VT fuze Mk 173 is armed only by the spin

(approximately 80 r. p. s. required to arm) of the
rocket after launching. This fuze contains the
standard Auxiliary D etonating Fuze Mk 44,
which is also armed by spin of the rocket.
..
When a rocket round misfires in the launcher,

, the entire round shall be disposed of in accordance
wit-h instructions in OP 1260.
' . ' ( :ll a rocket round is not fired, the round
~~:r,hr.J le removed in accordance with instructions
~d~ Jr 1260 . . The VT fuze shall not be removed
,.
, or t-he rocket for stowage. Unused rounds shall
u.-:an
.
,,.. refully restowed to .afford maxunum protec i ,, from heat, moisture, and salt spray.
: ' P e.rsonnel shall take cover during rocket firing
of VT fuzed rounds, because of possible premature
bursts of rOtmds at about 300 yards from the
launcher. The fragment back spray from such a
burst may be dangerous. Safety features should
prevent bursts from occurring closer than 300
yards to the launcher.
Safety precautions regarding rocket motors, etc.,

are given in OP 1260.
Remarks
The Mk 173 Mod 0 does not have the wavesuppression feature or compression-type waterproofing. Mod 2, which is not expected to be
issued, has compression-type waterproofing, but
does not have the wave-suppression feature. Mod
4 has both the wave-suppression feature and compression-type waterproofing. Because of the
longer body cylinder necessary for compressiontype waterproofing, Mods 2 and 4 are not physically interchangeable with the Mod 0. All Mods
employ essentially thG same frequency. At the
present time only the Mod 0 has_been issued.
(
I
MK 173 MOD 0
MK 173 MODS, 2, 4
Figure 14. VT Fuze Mk 173.
18
CON~IDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
19
OPERATIONAL USE
Chapter 6
OPERATIONAL USE
Introduction
U. S. Navy VT fuzes are designed primarily

for usc in antiaircraft fire to produce automatic
detonation of the projectile in close proximity
and proper relation to the target, so that the
maximum amount of damage will be inflicted on
the airplane and its operating personnel by the
fragments from the bursting projectile. Extensive
tests and com bat use of Army VT fuzes designed
primarily for howitzer use established the devastating effect of proximity fuze air bUTilts on
light equipment and especially on exposed and
entrenched personnel. VT fire also can be very
effective against certain types of shipping.
Antiaircraft
Limitations. Certain features and conditions

limit, to a degree, effectiveness of VT fuzes in
antiaircraft fire. A distance of travel along the
trajectory, called the arming range, is required
for the fuze to become fully armed. In the
various fuzes this distance ranges from 500 to
1500 yards (1800 to 3300 yards for Mk 173) and
is required for safety reasons. The fuze, being
unarmed, will not operate against targets within
the arming-range distance.
During firing on a fiat trajectory against
low-flying planes, the sensitivity of the fuzes is
decreased by the wave-suppression feature. This
means that the projectile must pass nearer the
target in order for the VT fuze to cause detonation. In effect, the size of the target is reduced,
and fewer bursts will be obtained with the same
accuracy of fire.
It should be remembered that at full sensitivity it is possible to obtain bursts at miss
distances too great to yield any significant probability of useful effect on the target. Loss of
these bursts does not necessarily imply a loss in
damage done to the target.
In salvo fire the premature bursting of one
projectile will occasionally act1,1ate a closely ad-
20
-r ,
ti
n,
jacent VT fuzed projectile. The result is u.

somewhat increased percentage of prematures i:1
salvo fire. Numerous tests have demonstrate
that this effect is seldom serious. However,
uniformly better performance occurs in rapid,
continuous, or ripple salvo fire. This type of
fire -is recommended in all applications, including
shore bombardment.
Rain storms, electrical disturbances in the atmosphere, fog, and heavy smoke also affect VT
fuzes to a slight degree, and somewhat poorer
perforillance can be anticipated when such conditions are encountered . Present VT fuzes operate in the temperature range 10F. to 120F.
Operation is best at moderate temperatures (60F.
to 80F.).
Tracers cannot be us!:)d with VT fuzes. When
tracers are used, the fuzes are caused either to
"premature" on arming or to remain electrically
inoperative until the tracer burns out. This
is caused by the ionized trail from the tracer flame.
The sarrie effect is present in rockets; hence the
long arming time for rocket VT fuzes.
When VT fuzed ammunition is fired, falling
projectiles present the danger of influence bursts
in the midst of friendly ships, personnel, and
equipment. A self-destructive element is being
developed for VT fuzes; and, if it is incorporated
in the fuzes, it will have considerable value in
reduci_ng this danger. This would permit more
active and unrestricted fire against planes attacking a large task group or attacking shipping
in the vicinity of ~riendly territory.
Eft'ectiveness. Experience demonstrates that VT
fuzes make heavy A. A. guns several times as effective as if time fuzes were used exclusively. Even
a two-fold increase in effectiveness is, of course,
equivalent to twice as many guns bearing on the
target.
No special technique is required in firing VT
fuzed projectiles at aircraft. Fire is directed at
the target in the best manner possible with what-
,. ever fire-control equipment is available. No set~ing of VT fuzes is possible or necessary with

currc!t. types of VT fuzes, and they are always
They will detonate automatically
1; ~,.'op ' . ll range.
.. t;wy come sufficiently close to the target. The
J; , 'l i J c; of operation would be equal to the lethal
..: {I
di$t.. ee in the ideal VT fuze.
ile radius of operation against aircraft depends

0
v .rious factors, among which are size of the
:..irplane, aspect which the airplane presents to the
a.p proaching projectile, rate of approach, particularly type of fuze being used, etc. The average
radius of operation of current VT fuzes is about
75 feet, varying somewhat with the factors mentioned above.
A good fire-control solution is especially well
repaid in the case of VT fuzes. The nearer the
proj ectile passes to the airplane, the higher will be
the operability of the fuzes. Few twin-engine
bombers will survive more than two or three
influence bursts of five-inch projectiles within the
optimum sensitivity pattern; and occasionally
one is sufficient to produce immediate crash
damage. The damage to an airplane and to its
operating personnel of . a three-inch burst is
roughly one-third of that of a five-inch burst,
similarly located.
Also, in the case of airplanes flying low to the
water, the height of the target above water and
the state of the sea affect the operating radius.
The first fuzes issued were only partially effective
agai~st low-flying airplanes. All current Navy
VT fuzes contain a wave-suppression feature
(WSF), which discriminates between the influence
effect of the rough surface of the sea and the
influence effect of an airplane. The operating
radius of WSF fuzes is automatically adjusted to
a smaller value along low trajectories and upon
approach to the sea. All WSF fuzes are fully
effective against planes at high altitude, as well as
reasonably effective against planes flying low over
the water. Some bursts, close to but beyond the
plane, and therefore ineffective, occur in the
. latter case.
Any evaluation of the ratio of VT fuzes to
time fuzes used in antiaircraft fire should take into
account the tactical situation, the number of guns
in a group, and the total size of the battery which
can be brought to bear.
CONFIDENTIAL
Under average circumstances it is recommended

that 50% to 75% of five-inch and three-inch
rounds be VT fuzed. Time fuzed bursts in the
general vicinity of the target have value in
pointing out the target to other ships and to
the automatic weapons, in deterring an attack
and influencing its accuracy, and in permitting
adjustment of a grossly inaccurate solution.
Individual ships will, of course, evaluate these
various factors differently; but 50-75% VT fire is
believed to be a good figure.
Under unusual conditions, such as in night
action, a higher ratio of VT to time fuzes might be
desirable, possibly up to 100% VT fuzes.
Navy ships, especially carriers, prefer 100% VT
fire against diving targets, where the virtues of
time fuzes have little or no application.
Theoretical advantage ratios of VT fire over
time-fuzed fire have been arrived at from analyses
of proving ground and other special firing. These
theoretical advantage ratios are, in general, confirmed by analysis of combat reports. The table
below shows this advantage in five-inch fire.
Two typical fire-control situations are considered,
(1) one-half the rounds pass through a circle,
centered on the target, with radius of 100 feet, (2)
one-half the rounds pass through a cirC'le, centered on the target, with radius of 200 feet.
1.
Advantage Ratio
Table of Contents
70
60
50
6
5
4
2.
4
70
60
50
2.5
With smaller shooting errors, the advantage
rat!o is greater.
The difference between ballistics of VT fuzed
and mechanical time fuzed ammunition is indistinguishable with practical fire control, and need
not be considered.
Shore Bombardment
Limitations. Certain factors limit the use of VT

fuzes for bombardment. Current VT fuzes are
not operable at usual .bombardment velocities, of
CONFIDENTIAL
Percent Normal Fuzes
21
~.
1200 f/s, but must be fired at full charge. Therefore, at ranges under 6000 yards, the trajectory
is so flat that serious range error in burst occurs
unless firing against obverse slopes. Above 6000
yards, this effect is not serious.
Clearance of crests on which friendly troops are
located should exceed 500 feet to prevent the
possibility of a burst over the crest.
Rough terrain, jungle, and swamps will eause
some increase in the burst height.
Due regard must be given to the effect of
random prematures along the trajectory when.
firing over boat lanes, friendly ships, and friendly
troops. Most spontaneous prematures occur short
of 3000 yards, and the danger from random prematures beyond this range is rather slight.
Effectiveness. Navy VT fuzes function at about
the same height over flat land of any type as over
the sea. Typical average heights of operation
are 10 feet at 6000 yards range and 25 feet at
12,000 yards range.
VT fuze air bursts "follow" the terrain, and at
ranges over 6000 yards the range dispersion of the
bursts is only slightly greater than the fall of shot
with A. A. Common ammunition.
Use Against Ships

The danger area which large ships present to
VT fuzes is roughly twice that presented to impact
fuzes. Air bursts over a ship can be expected to
have an effect on light topside equipment and on
exposed personnel on the weather decks, but
light splinter shields are sufficient to stop most of
the fragments. Common and A. A. Common
22
OP 1480
!';
ammunition with impact fuzing is ~ much more ~

effective in disabling and sinking ships _Against motor torpedo boats, personnel barges,
and other light craft, current VT fuzes with WSF
are recommended for all ranges.
,.-
..
..
.,
,.!'
- ,..
Chapter 7
':.
Targets for Antiaircraft Gunnery Pra.ctice .with

VT Fuzes
VT characteristics for various standard targets:
Average
Influence
Radius
(Fuze
Mk 53) Remarks
Description
Target
Mk 7 __ _ Towed sleeve __ . ------- Unsatis.
Mk 15 __ Towed sleeve __ _ 20 ft.~- Unsatis.
Mk 17 __ High-speed coni- 20 ft.-- Unsatis.
cal towed sleeve
Mk 19 __ ___ do_________ _ 20 ft_-- Unsatis.
Mk 20 __ ___ do .. ________ _ 20 ft.-- Unsatis .
Mk 22 __ ___ do _________ _ 50 ft_-- . Sa tis.
Mk 23 __ ___ do _________ _ 45ft.~- Satis:
TD2C __ I>rone _________ _ 40ft__- Satis.
TDC2 __ ___ do _________ _ 40 ft_-- Satis.
F6F ___ _ ___ do ___ ____ . __ 70ft ___ Sa tis.
Any metal cov- 70 ft.-- Satis.
ered glider or
drone of size
comparable to
a fighter plane
Targets of small influence radius are considered
unsatisfactory, since they present such a ~>mall
target area to a VT fuze as to give no true indication of the results to be expected when firing
against a full-scale plane.
CHARACTERISTICS
Operability
Percent Operability. When new, and depending
upon the particular model, Navy VT fuzes have a
percent operability of from 65% to 90% normal.
They generally are considered unsatisfactory when
they fall below 50% normal operability. It
should be noted that VT fuzes w-ith 50% normal
operability are more effective than normally set
time fuzes with 100% operability, because of the
inherently greater range dispersion of bursts with
the latter. The VT fuze does not cause a normal
burst unless a target is within its influence field.
Thus, with VT fuzes there is a direct relationship
between fire control and the number of bursts.
The number of bursts obtained with mechanical
time fuzes is independent of the accuracy of fire.
As a result, the word "operability" requires some
comment.
The performance of VT fuzes generally is
measured in percent of units operating on a water
surface at the end of a moderately long flight.
Under such conditions, roughly 50% of the failures
are prematures. Many of these are otherwise
normal units which are triggered by some external
or internal disturbances before the end of flight,
and would have operated normally in the presence
of a target prior to the point at which they prematured. Therefore, the number of fuzes normally
operable varies with the distance of the target
from the firing point. Since only a small portion
of the projectiles fired at an enemy plane are at
the extreme ranges of VT standard over-water
tests, the operability of VT fuzes which come
within damage range is almost always greater than
quoted performance figirres.
Premature Bursts. A premature is any burst
caused by a VT fuze which is not the result of
proximity to the target or some other radio wave
reflecting surface. A large proportion of the
prematures occur upon arming with the first surge
of power, as with most electrical equipment.
Duds. A VT fuze which fails to function in the

proximity of a target or other radio wave reflecting
surface is known as a dud. Considera-tion must
be given to the arming range and the extent of
influence of the particular model before classifying
as a dud a failure to burst in the vicinity of a target.
Some duds w;ill burst upon impact if there is a
sufficient charge on the condenser and the project~ lands in such an attitude that. the shock
closes the reed switch. This allows the condenser
to discharge through the reed switch and the
squib. (See fig. 26 p. 37.)
Temperature. Present VT fuzes are operable
over a temperature range of 10 F. to 120 F.
Operation is best at moderate temperatures
(60 F.-80 F.).
Damage. A blow damaging the nose may affect
operability but will not render the fuze lJnsafe.
Serious Effects on Operability
TRACERS. Tracers cannot be used with VT
fuzes. When VT fuzes are fired with missiles
containing a tracer, the fuzes either premature on
arming or remain electrically inoperative until the
tracer burns out. (This is caused by the ionized
trail from the tracer flame.)

CoPPERING. Coppering of 3" /50 guns interferes with VT fuze operability. Decoppering by
firing one or more illuminating projectiles after
every 50 rounds is recommended.
HoT GuNs. Rounds which remain in a very
hot gun over 40 seconds generally will result in
duds. The heat will melt the potting compound
and cause it to flow, thus almost destroying the
resistance of. the fuze to the shock of firing.
Moderate Effects on Operability
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS. VT fuzes fired during
atmospheric electrostatic distrubances have an
~creased percentage of prematures. Prematures
increase with the rate of precipitation during rain-
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
23
YT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS

fall and in the vicinity of rain clouds. VT fuzes
will occasionally function when entering a cloud.
Fog and smoke have a lesser effect, but do occasionally cause prematures.. These effects are
seldom very serious, however; and the ammunition remains effective during all ordinary atmospheric conditions. These statements apply to the
present models. Older models were less sensitive
and not affected by some of the above factors.
WINDOW. A very dense infection of ~indow
of the proper frequency causes VT fuzes to function. Huge quantities of window would be
required effectively to protect a region of significant size.
AERIAL FLARES. VT fuzes will function on
aerial flares if they pass within 20 feet; but extensive tests have shown that the ability of influence
bursts, or in fact gunfire in general, to extinguish
flares is very slight.
SALVO FIRE. In salvo fire the premature
bursting of one projectile will occasionally actuate
a closely adjacent VT fuzed missile. Numerous
shipboard tests have demonstrated that this effect
is seldom serious. However, uniformly better
performance occurs in rapid, continuous or ripple
salvo fire and this type of fire is recommended in
all applioations.
VERY NEw OR VERY OLD GuNs. In such guns
there is a tendency toward a decreased percentage of normal bursts. In very new gtms the
decrease in performance is accredited to higher
muzzle velocity, greater setback force, and
increased spin. In a worn gun, bore enlargement
at the origin results in undue shock and strain
when the projectile hits the lands of the rifling.
No Effect on Operability
DEGAUSSING AND DEPERMING. No special

precautions are necessary with respect to VT
fuzes during a deperming operation or while t.he
degaussing gear is energized.
SHIPBOARD RADIO AND RADAR. Present Navy
equipment in these categories should have no
effect on U.S. Navy VT fuzes.
Arming Range
Arming range is the distance along the trajectoi?"

that the missile must travel before the fuze IS
capable of operation in the presence of a target.
It is especia1ly impoi'tant during antiaircraft use
24
OP 1480
and in consideration of danger t; surrounding

personnel and gear. The arming range for the
various Navy VT fuzes is given in Appendix B,
page 39.
The missile cannot arm until several actions
take place within the fuze. The time r ;quired for
these actions determines the arming range a.nd is
influenced by a number of factors, which may be
classified under two general headings:
1. Internal design features
2. , External factors
Internal Design Features
AcTIVATING TIME OF BATTERY. The activating time of the reserve energizer is the time. required for setba~k and centrifugal forces to break
the ampoule and distribute the electrolyte, and
for voltages to build up to maximum. At moderate temperatures full power is available within
0.1 seconds (for 3" /50 gun) to 0.25 seconds (for
5" /38 'gun). This ' time interval varies inversely
with the spin frequency of the missill~, since distribution of the electrolyte is dependent upon the
centrifugal force produced by the rotation of the
projectile.
CoNDENSER CHARGING TIME. The condenser
charging time is the time necessary for the firing
condenser to become charged through a fixed re!:listor and the mercury unshorter switch. A
charge ample for firing the squib usually is available within 0.2 to 0.5 seconds (somewhat longer
in Mk 173) after full power is received from the
energizer. The rate of charging is determined by
the characteristics of the circuit, which are designed to meet the tactical arming requirements
of the particular model.
MERCURY SwiTCH UNSHORTING TIME. The
unshorting time for the mercury switch is the
time necessary for the spin to force the mercury
through the porous wall, thus unshortiug the
squib resistor. In VT Fuze Mk 53 Mods 3-6,
this occurs about 0.6 seconds after firing. This
time interval varies inversely with the spin frequency. It is selected to match the over-all
arming time of the condenser.
REED SwiTCH UNSHORTING TIME. 'Ihe unshorting time for the reed switch is the time
necessary for the spin forces to open the reed
switch, thus unshorting the firing condenser.
This occurs immediately after firing and does not
CHARACTERISTICS
'
't
'
affect the f 1.00 arming time. The switch remains

open as long_ as the spin remains greater than
some specified value. Thus it is . potentially a
~ self-destruction factor, but in present fuzes the
J;llissile-usuall-y-completes its trajectory before the
rate of spin decreases to the specified value.
Au ,xiLIARY D ETONATING FuzE ARMING TIME.
The .ai.ming time for the auxiliary detonating
fuz is the time necessary for the rotor detents to
be thrown outward by centrifugal force, permitting
the two rotors to rotate until the explosive train
is aligned. This occurs within a few feet of the
gun muzzle.
FAULTY CoNSTRUCTION. D elay in arming of
the fuze may result from faulty construction or
wiring of one or more of the components of the
fuze. This may lead to a condition where the
thyratron condenser circuit fires continuously,
preventing the condenser from storing up a sufficient charge to detonate the squib. This condition may be temporary, so that the fuze may be
operable during the latter part of its flight; or the
condition may persist throughout its entire flight,
leading to duddage.
External Factors Affecting Arming Range
FuzE T EMPERATURE. Arming time increases

with the drop in temperature. At low temperatures the increased viscosity of the electrolyte and
slower electrochemical reactions increase the
energizer activating time. With the 5" /38 gun
the arming time may increase to approximately
1.0 second at 10 F., the lower temperature limit
for use of VT fuzes.
GuN EFFECTS. The arming time of the VT
fuze may be affected by instable flight of the missile. Instability of the projectile, caused either
by characteristic yaw or by side-slap in a worn
barrel, will affect performance of the fuze. In
such cases, mechanical distortion of fuze parts and
erratic activation of the battery may occur, with
subsequent delay in arming. Yaw may produce
battery noise which, in turn, may trigger the
thyratron, causing a premature.
Activation of the reserve energizer is dependent upon the breakage of the ampoule and the
spin of the missile. The breakage of the ampoule
containing the electrolyte for the battery must be
complete to insure rapid activation of the battery.
A considerable number of ampoules and breakers
CONFIDENTIAL
have been developed so that they will break satisfactorily in a particular gun. The activation
time of a particular type of battery is less when
fired in a high-spin gun than if it is fired in a
low-spin gun.
WAVE EFFECTS ON ARMING TIME. When a
VT fuzed missile travels along a very low trajectory over waves, the fuze may receive a succession
of signals. In a rough sea the amplitude may be
sufficient to fire the thyratron circuit. With the
reed switch open, the firing condenser might be
discharged repeatedly, preventing the accumulation of enough charge to detonate the squib and
resulting in a dud. In the case of calmer waters,
or higher trajectory, late arming or early bursts
may occur. Influence of wave effects on arming
of the VT fuze has been greatly reduced by the
introduction of fuze models (with a wave-suppression feature) which automatically reduce sensitivity to the type of signal generated .and received
over a wave surface, but which retain. their sensitivity to signals received from an airplane target.
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON ARMING TIME .
Atmospheric effects, which affect operability, and
especially electrostatic disturbances, .may produce
a succession of signals similar to wave effects described above, with similar results on the VT fuze.
Sensitivity
The maximum sensitivity of a VT fuze ultimately depends on the minimum positive amplifier
output voltage necessary for the thyratron control
grid to allow the condenser to discharge through
the squib. In a given fuze circuit this corresponds
to a detected signal of an optimum frequency,
amplitude, and phase.
For practical use, the specific conditions for a
detected signal that will cause the fuze to detonate
must be translated into a distance from the target.
Thus the sensitivity of a VT fuze is defined as the
average maximum radial distance from a target at
which a fuze that is operating propedy will fire.
An average value must be used, because the actual
value varies with target size, shape, and material;
orientation of target and shell; and rate of approach of target and shell. The actual value also
varies from fuze to fuze of the same model, because of inherent difficulties in the manufacturing
process. The average values are given in Table 1,
Appendix B.
.C0NFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
25
~- - - ., OP
1480
<
VT fuzes with the wave-suppression feature

automatically decrease in sensitivity in the
presence of spurious signals caused by such
factors as the presence of ocean waves near the
missile, atmospheric disturbances in the electrostatic class, or stray internal voltages. The reduction in sensitivity on such occasions reduces
the number of malfunctions that might otherwise
occur.
Life
The effective life of a fuze is considered over
when the percent operability of the lot falls below
50% normal. The limiting factor on present
fuzes has been found to be the deterioration of
electrical components in the presence of high
temperatures and especially of high humidity.
Deterioration takes place in all climates, but is
accelerated in regions of high temperature and
humidity . .
Life of VT fuzes is considerably prolonged by
storage at 40-50 F. under dry conditions and
avoidance of exposure to salt spray. Under
optimum conditions the average operability of
current model fuzes is expected to decline slowly
to about 50% normal after two years, with the
remainder mainly duds.
Increasing deterioration with age has little
effect on sensitivity, but the arming range gradually increases, thus eventually causing duds.
Precautions
A void producing sparks.
ciean fuze cavity and threads thoroughly to
avoid ignition of explosive grains by friction of
the screw threads.
Keep area clear of unnecessary personnel.
Expose only the smallest practicable number of
rounds.
Be certain that the new fuze is the proper one
and of a size to fit the fuze cavity.
Old fuzes are to be disposed of by dumping in
deep water.
Fuze-Cavity Liners
Refuzing
Because of the deterioration of VT fuzes, it may;
become desirable to refuze projectiles with new
fuzes when the old ones have deteriorated to such
a point that their effectiveness is greatly reduced.
At the present writing there are no fuze-cavity
liners in the projectiles and the fuze body is in
direct contact with the explosive filler; therefore
great care must be exercised in the refuzing operation to minimize the danger of explosion or fire.
Refuzing is to be performed by authorized U. S.
Navy Ammunition Depots.
The refuzing operation is to be accomplished in
the most suitable location, removed_:..from other
26
explosives and vital installations. Only those

persons essential for the work shall be in the vicinity, and the smallest number of rounds practicable
shall be exposed.
,
To remove the fuze, a special wrench made .to
fit the slots in the steel nose ring of the fuze is
used. After careful unscrewing and removal of
the fuze, the fuze cavity is thoroughly inspected.
Any loose grains of explosive are removed, and
the screw threads are thoroughly cleaned. No
metallic tools are used in the cleaning operation,
because of the danger of sparks.
Before the new fuze is inserted, its threads are
inspected and then given a coat of luting compound.
The fuze is then carefully screwed into the projectile and thoroughly tightened with the special
wrench.
At the present time, work is in progress on

design of a fuze-cavity liner for projectiles to
accommodate VT fuzes. When these fuze-cavity
liners are incorporated in the projectiles, it is
planned to stow a certain percentage of a ship's
allowance of projectiles without VT fuzes installed. The VT fuzes will be hermetically
sealed in metal cans to prevent deterioration.
The cans will remain sealed until it is necessary
to fuze additional projectiles in order to maintain a ready ammunition supply.
When this plan is inaugurated, instructions
for fuzing will be issued by the Bureau of Ordnance.
.,_.,
Chapter 8
ROUTINE TEST FIRING

Time of Test Firing
Routine test firing of VT fuzed ammunition by
all ships shall be conducted quarterly or as nearly
so as the opportunity offers. Each ship shall
perform the routine test quarterly on all lots of
VT fuzes (except obsolete models) of which there
are 250 fuzes or more on board. This firing shall
be in addition to target-practice allowances. The
purpose of this routine test is to provide the
Bureau with sufficient information about the
functioning of these fuzes with the least expenditure of ammunition. Careful attention to the
form and completeness of reports IS therefore
required.
Exchange of Ammunition
In contrast to the wartime practice, authorization to individual .ships for the exchange of their
VT fuzed ammunition on the basis of individual
test firing is now rescinded.
The peacetime policy of the Bureau of Ordnance, now in effect, is to compile and analyze all
test-firing reports and issue blanket recall and
unserviceability orders upon the basis of these
over-all results and upon the basis of other important considerations such as availability and
distribution of replacements, availability of rework
personnel, existence of improved type fuzes, etc.
Replacement authorization will also be issued to
individual ships or units in exceptional cases upon
requests by the ship_ or unit commander or by
higher fi:eet commands.
Detailed Instructions
Detailed instructions for the conduct of quarterly tests are as follows:
The routine test consists of firing ov~r water of
from 6 to 40 rounds, depending upon performance
results, from each lot of ammunition containing
250 or more VT fuzes. The test rounds shall be
taken from regular stowage and shall not be
rmmds held in ready service lockers. When
CONFIDENTIAL
practica.ble, the stabilized gun elevation shall be

15 for tests in five-inch and six-inch guns, 10
for those in three-inch guns, and 30 for those in
five-inch rocket launchers. Other conditions of
test are left to the discretion of the ship, but
general information concerning these conditions
is requested in paragraph 1 of the test report form
(NAVORD FORM 1758). The test report form
is shown in Figure 15. Detailed test results are
requested in paragraph 2 of the report form. In
paragraph 2, columns 5 and 6 of the test results
table indicate the round at which the test shall be
stopped. The method is to compa.r e the. number
of normal rounds observed previously in the test
(column 5) with reference numbers (column 6) as
given in the table. This test procedure saves
ammunition by stopping each test when sufficient
information has been obtained about the lot. A
few rounds will give adequate information if the
lot under test is very good or very bad, but more
arc required if it is close to the limit of acceptable
quality.
General Information
General information requested on the fo1m is
as follows:
VT Fuzes Tested. Fill in Mark, Mod, Lot No.,
and total number of this lot aboard after completion of test.
Date of Test. Give day, month and year.

Average Stowage Temperature During Month
Before Test. Fill in average high and average
low temperatures, during past month, of compartment in which lot was stowed.
Temperature of Projectiles When Fired. Give
best estimate of the actual temperature of the
projectile or rocket just prior to loading in gun
for firing.
Date VT Fuzes Removed from Cans (if canned).
VT fuzes will be issued in cans in the near future.
Fuzes unsealed for the same length of time shall
be used in the test of the lot, if practicable.
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
27
VT F.UZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS
NOTES: 1. Su&mlt original only. No covering letter i ne~eUGry;

2. See NAVORD OCL A7-46 lor complete inJtructionJ.
VT FUZE ROUTINE TEST REPORT

NAVORD FORM 1758 (N EW 3/-46)
OP 1'.480
TO: The Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department, Washington 25, D. C.
FROM
(Ship name, trpe, and number)
DATE OF REPORT
. ... _, MARK
TESTED
- - --.
LOT No .
MOD .
-!
AVERAGE
STOWAGE
TEMPERATURE DURING MONTH BEFORE ...
HIGH
GUN
...
WEATHER
CO N DITION S
...
Of
TEST
MARK
CALIBER
QUANTITY OF THIS LOT O N BOARD AFTER TEST
MOD .
[J
N- Normal
STO P
P- Premature
W ATCH
HEIGHT
DS- Dud-Splas h TIME
OF
TO
BURST
DIB-DudlmP.act Burst BUR ST
NO- Not
(Seconds) (Feet)
Observed
(2)
d'>
of.
OF
WAVE HEIG HT
(Fttt)
COL. 5 IS-
DATE OF LAST VT FUZE
REPORT
TYPE OF ACTION
ROUND
No.
( Con-
tintud)
MORE
THAN
AND
LESS
THAN
N- Normal
STOP
P- Premature
W ATCH
DS- Dud-Splash TIME
TO
DIB-Dud. Impact Burst BURST
NO- Not
(Seconds)
Observed
Wave Height (in feet).

waves in feet.
CONTINUE
TEST IF
HEIGHT
OF
BURST
CUMULATIVE NUM~
BER OF
NORMALS
COL. 5 IS-
MORE
THAN
(Feet)
(68)
21
14
22
14
23
15
24
15
25
16
26
16
27
10
17
28
II
17
29
II
18
10
30
12
18
II
31
13
(1)
(2)
( 4)
(3)
( 5)
(6A)
12
32
..
13
10
33
14
20
14
10
34
15
20
15
II
35
16
21
16
II
36
17
21
17
12
37
17
21
18
12
38
18
21
19
13
39
19
21
20
13
40
20
21
3 . SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS

RE MAR KS
PREMATURES
DUDS
19
(if mceuar11. lUI olher 1dl).
&ICNATURE:- - - - - - - - -Co=---mm
- an
- d"'ln-g-=-offi=-,-.,.-
RESTRICTED (Wben lilleJ in)
Figure 15.
28
Date of Last VT Fuze Report. Give date of last

previous VT fuze routine test report on any VT
fuze lot.
Detailed Test Results
(68)
19
NORMALS
Estimate height of
AND
LESS
THAN
(6A)
(5)
State whether rainy,
Air Temperature. Give average surface temperature during test in degrees Fahrenheit .
DETAILED TEST RESULTS

CONTINUE
TEST IF
(4)
Gun: F ill in caliber, mark and mod, and ESR

(or cail.ber, mal'k, and mod of rocket launcher).
Weather Conditions.
cloudy, or clear.
(If canned)
AREA OF OPERATION DU RING M ONTH B EFORE TEST
Oc~oar
CU MULATIVE NUM
BER OF
NORMALS
D ATE OF TEST
PROJECTILETEMPERATURET DATE F U ZES REMOVED FROM CANS
AIR TEMPERATURE
Oc-
Ra lnr
TYPE O F ACTIO N
(I)
Of
ESR
CHECK ONE:
ROUND
No.
LOW
ROUTINE TEST FIRING
Area of Operation During Month Before Test.

Give general ar ea; for example, North Atlantic or
South Pacific.
1 GENERAL INFORMATION
VT FUZES
.-.
1&-<110711- 1
Test Report Form-NA VORD Form 1758
Under the detailed test l'esults (paragraph 2)

record the type of l'uze action observed on each
round, stop watch time to burst in seconds, the
observed height of burst above the water in feet,
and other significant data.
Type of Fuze Action. Fuze Action is classified
into three general types, as follows:
NORMAL. A burst which occurs upon approach to the water at the end of flight is a
"normal", recorded as "N". With all moderntypes of Naval VT fuzes, these bursts Will occur
at heights above the water from a few feet to
200 feet . Average normal heights for A. A.
fuzes incorporating the wave-suppl'ession feature
(Mks 53, 58, 59, etc.) are 15-20_feet. However,
record as "N" any burst under 200 feet.
PREMATURE. A burst which occurs along the
trajectory not near the end of flight is a "premature", recorded as "P". Bursts near the end
of flight but above 200 feet are to be reported as
prematures.
Duo. A burst which occurs on impact with
the water is a "dud-impact burst", recorded as
DIB. A round that enters the water without any
explosive action is a "dud-splash" recorded as DS.
Either of these is considered dud action so far as
the VT fuze is concerned.
No Observation. "NO" shall designate a round
in which the type of fuze action is not observed.
This in effect designates the r ound as non-normal
in fuze performance.
Distinction Between Low Normals and Duds.

The operating radius or sensitivity ofWSF (WaveSuppression Feature) fuzes is automatically adjusted to a smaller value along low trajectories and
upon approach to the sea. This latter fact has in
the past caused some confusion in identifying
normal operation in routine tests in which typical
height of WSF fuze operation is 20 feet. A low
normal burst can be distinguished from a dudimpact burst, however, by the appea.r ance of the
flash above the water and by a large "mushroom"
of black smoke which appears just above the
water; and at the same time fragments can usually
be seen striking the surface over an area of forty
or fifty feet in diameter. This is easily observed
by the control officer or other persons located
sufficiently high in the ship, and by using binoculars. A dud-impact burst, DIB, produces a
vertical column of water and spray and a thin
wisp of smoke, which usually blows away readily
and disappears. Little or no fragmentation is
noted in this case. Complete duds, DS, make
only a small splash. Most duds occurring in
routine firing tests of VT fuzes are of this splash
type, as no- VT fuzed projectiles thus far issued
contain base detonating fuzes.
An estimate of the height of the normal bursts
by any practical means is desired. A sextant,
stad!meter, or mil scale in binoculars is suggested to
assist visual estimates. Close attention to distinguish low normal bursts from impact bursts is
important.
Use of Table to Determine Round at Which to

Stop Test. Columns 5 and 6 are provided in the
table to determine the round at which to stop the
test. In column 5 the number of normals previously observed in the test are added together
to provide a running cumulative total Thus, if
the following type action is observed from a series
of rounds: N, DIB, N, N, P, P, N; the record in
column 5 is 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4. The 4 indicates that
there were four normals at the end of seven rounds.
This number is then compared with the reference
numbers given in columns 6a and 6b (for this
number of rounds) to decide when to stop the test.
If the number in column 5 is equal to or less than
the number in column 6a, or equal to or greater
than the number in column 6b, stop the test. If
the number in column 5 lies between the reference
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
29

nwnbers in column 6, keep testing. The test will
certainly st6p at the end of 40 rounds. In the
example given, the cumulative total in column 5
was 4 at the end of seven rounds, and the reference
OP 1480
ROUTINE TEST FIRING
numbers for seven rounds are 0 and 7. Therefore

the test was continued.
Other examples of the use of columns 2, 5, and
6 are as follows:
Example 2
Col. 1
Example 1
Col. 1
Round
N umber
1'
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Col. 2
Col. 5
Type of Action
Normal N
Premature P
Dud-s)lash DS Cumulative
Dud- mpact
number of
Burst DIB
Normals in
No Observa- this number
tion NO
of rounds
N
N
N
DS
N
N
p
N
p
N
N
N
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
9
Col. 6
Round
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1P
Continue test if number in Col. 5 lies between

these numbers 6a (exclusive) 6b
x keep testing
"
"
6
7
"
"
0
0
1
1 2
2
"
"
"
8
"
8
"
9
"
9 stop test (since Col. 5
equals 6b).
Col. 2
Col. 5
Type of Action
Normal N
Premature P
Dud-s)lash DS Cumulative
number of
Dud- mJact
Burst IB
Normals in
No Observa- this number
tion NO
of rounds
p
DIB
N
N
N
DS
NO
N
p
DS
p
DIB
N
DS
p
DS
N
DIB
p
0
0
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
Col. 6
Continue test if number in Col. 5 lies between

these numbers 6a (exclusive) 6b
x keep testing
},.
"
"
"
"
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
"
"
11
11
"
"
0
0
1
i
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
12
"
13 stop test (since Col. 5
equals 6a).
Instructions in Mailing Report

Upon completion of test firing, the completed test report form should be forwarded by :RESTRICTED
air mail_,'t o the Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, with copies to appropriate commands.
30
CONFIDENTIAL
GONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
31
"
THEORY
with direction and distance from the proj ectile,
so will the amplitude of the reflected wave depend
upon the direction and distance from the target,
as well as on its size, shape, aspect, and material.
Figure 20 (right) pictures the relationship
between the transmitted and reflected wave when
~; .
Chapter 9
THEORY
Introduction
This chapter is not required reading for a
general knowledge of VT fuzes suffieient for intelligent handiing and use. It is primarily for
those who have some knowledge of radio circuits
and operation and who seek a more detailed explanation of VT circuits and wave behavior. It
is a more detailed explanation of the theory of
operation of the transmitter, receiver, amplifier,
wave-suppression feature , and firing circuits.
1.0
tube. This is amplified by the tube, and enough

of this amplified signal is fed back from the plate
to the grid in the proper phase and frequency,
through the resonant circuit, to sustain the
:::i 0.6
Q.
~
<[
BATTERY
Figure 16. Schematic diagram of transmitter-receiver

(T-R) circuit.
As with all radio-frequency oscillators, the

oscillation is started by some stray electrical
voltage in the circuit impressed on the grid of the
32
"
..J
a:
. ANGLE ABAFT DIRECTION OF PROJECTILE NOSE
Figure 18. Ellective sensitivity pattern of a VT fuze

comparee/ with the fragmentation pattern of a five~!" inch projectile.
0.2
Receiver
In the presence of a reflecting target a portion

of the radiated wave is returned to the oscillator.
As the amplitude of the radiated wave varies
.......... r--_
10
RELATIVE DISTANCE FROM PROJECTILE
Figure 19. Variation of transmitted wave amplitude

with distance from projectile.
. I
. +2
....1&1
a:
~
ANGLE ABAFT DIRECTION OF PROJECTILE NOSE
1&1
...
!::::
~0
C(
'
~.l~' h l \ ,...J
~--''""
~,.,,...., ~-
' .,I
1&1
'
.~
~\
+I ~----+-----4-----~-----.r---+i--~
"'
o
1&1
I . I
_J
..,~-
a:
Q.
Ia
....
'
:;...~~ :t.
,~,
1,~
L~
e~V"Cfl-7~M
"'
'-'
~
~
'-.'
'
!
'
1&1
..J
....
~
..,
0
a:
Q.
I I
~!
--TRANSMITTED WAVE
DISTANCE FROM TARGET

OPPOSING
REINFORCING
Figure 20. Wave relationships between transmitted ancl rellectecl waves.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
~'
I'
-2~--~----~----T----4--~v~r-~
"
3
~ o~
~-
-REFLECTED WAVE
t II
II '1
-1
I I
I I
l I
-2
'
'-'
I
I
,.J
~
i" I
>
C(
~
....
"'
I
I
I \
I \
..J
I t---t
+ 2 1---f----f-----f----t---+,
I
I
I
,..,
+I
:::1
process. The excess over that necessary to sustain the oscillation is emitted from the antenna
as the radio signal.
The radiation pattern is that of a standard
dipole with its greatest strength perpendicular
to the axis of the projectile body. This is modified by the amplifier-response characteristics to
produce an effective sensitivity pattern that
more closely matches the fragmentation pattern.
The standard dipole pattern is shown in figure
17, and the effective sensitivity pattern is compared with the fragmentation pattern of a projectile in figure 18. The amplitude of the radiated wave also varies with the distance from
the projectile, as shown by the curve iu figure 19.
I
I
C)
OUTPUT
's'
1\
> 0.4
!;i
Figure 17. Stanclarcl clipole radiation pattern.
\\
w
1-
A schematic diagram of a transmitter-receiver

circuit is shown in figure 16. It is a modification
of a "grounded-grid" Hartley oscillator circuit.
(Navy VT fuzes also use a modification of the
Colpitts oscillator circuit.) The tuned circuit is
comprised of the coil, the distributed capacity
(largely between the antenna and the projectile
body), and the inter-electrode capacities of the
tube. This "distributed capacity" is represented
in the diagram by a condenser connected across
the coil by dotted lines. The plate is held at
projectile body voltage, so far as radio-frequency
currents are concerned, by the bypass condenser.
COIL
0 .8
Transmitter
BYPASS
CONDENSER
Table of Contents
33
..<.:

the total distance the wave has to travel to the
target and back to the oscillator is an exact
number of wave lengths of the radio wave. When
this occurs, the signal returns to the oscillator an
exact number of cycles later. As shown in figure
20 (right), the reflected signal is then of the same
polarity as the transmitted signal. The two voltTRANSMITTED WAVE
AVG. EHll FffiY'' m
REFLECTED WAVE
FA!IlkftttiiiTH
RESULTANT GRID VOLTAGE
~~.A"~;!=$~~~~~~
+ZERO
CUT OFF
AVG+.
ZERO
CUT OFF
PLATE CURRENT
-AVG.-
: OP 1480
As the projectile approaches a target, it passes

alternately, every quarter wave length (equivalent
to one-half wave length of total wave path),
through regions in which the oscillations are reinforced, and the plate current is higher tlian normal, and through regions in which the oscillations
are reduced, and the plate current is lower than
normal. As the distance lessens these variations
from the steady state become greater and greater.
The frequency with which these variations occur
is many times less than the frequency of the radio
wave, because the projectile travels much slower
than the radio wave; but the reversals still occur
several hundred times .a second.
The plate current drawn by the oscillator must
flow through a load resistor, as shown in the circuit
diagram, figure 16. The voltage drop across this
resistor varies at a slow rate with the average
plate current drawn by the tube. The radiofrequency current component does not pass
through the resistor, but returns through the bypass condenser.
This is an idealized picture; actually the strength
of the reflected wave from a target, such as an
airplane, varies in a complicated way as the direction from the target changes. In spite of the
complexity of this signal, it is characterized by
regular fluctuation about the undisturbed value,
increasing sharply in amplitude as the target is
approached.
TIME-
OPPOSING
REINFORCING
Figure 21. Relationships within transmitter-receiver of

transmittec/ anc/ reflectec/ waves.
ages therefore reinforce each other at the grid of

the oscillator.
This results in a larger amplitude of oscillation
than would occur if the oscillator were far from
any reflecting target. This causes a greater average
plate current, as shown by figure 21 (right).
If the oscillator is moved to a position where the
total distance the radio wave has to travel is an
odd number of half wave lengths, as shown in
figure 20 (left), the conditions are reversed. The
reflected signal is opposite in polarity to the signal
being emitted; the two signals therefore subtract
from each other; the amplitude of oscillation is
less; and the resultant plate. current, as shown in
figure 21 (left) is smaller than that which occurs
when the oscillator is far from a target.
34
AmpliAer
A schematic diagram of the amplifier circuit is
shown in figure 22 . The amplifier is connected, in
effect, across the load resistor in the transmitterreceiver circuit. The output of the amplifier is
connected to the input of the firing circuit and the
wave-suppression circuit. Direct current from the
wave-suppression circuit is fed back to the grid of
the first amplifier tube through the grid resistor.
The amplifier is connected electrically through the
fuze body to the projectile body and by leads to the
"A" and "B" batteries.
The main purpose of the amplifier is to take the
weak signal developed by the transmitter-receiver
in the presence of a target, and to amplify it until
it is capable of operating the firing circuit.
This is accomplished by a conventional resistance-coupled pentode amplifier of two stage;;.
The input blocking condenser keeps the positive
THEORY
"B''
T-R OUTPUT PLATE RESISTOR
SCREEN RESISTOR
SCREEN RESISTOR
BlDCKING
OUTPUT
GRID
RESISTOR
WSF
PROJECTILE BODY
Figure 22. Schematic c/iagram of amplifier circuit.
plate voltage of the transmitter-receiver tube from

the grid of the first pentode, but charges and
discharges as the voltage across the oscillator
load resistor varies. This charging current flows
through the grid resistor of the first pentode, and
thus impresses an alternating potential on the
first pentode grid.
The varying potential on the first pentode grid
causes a variation in the plate current of the first
pentode. This in turn causes a proportional variation in the voltage drop across the first pentode
pla.te resistor. The varying voltage drop, which
is greater than that in the output of the transmitter-receiver, is in turn applied through a
blocking condenser and grid-return resistor to the
grid of the second pentode, and a similar amplified
signal appears across its plate resistor. It is this
signal which appears at the output of the amplifier
and which operates the ~ring circuit and the wave
suppression circuit.
In the pentodes, there are two grids in addition
to the one to which the signal is applied. One of
these shields the plate from the filament and
therefore makes the plate current independent of
the plate voltage. It is called the "screen" and
is held at a positive voltage with respect to the
filament. The other, called a "suppressor", is
held at the same potential as the filament by a
connection inside the tube. Its purpose is to
prevent current flow from the plate to the screen
in those instances in which the screen is more
positive than the plate. The screen is connected
CONFIDENTIAL
to the positive side of the "B" battery through a

screen resistor and is bypassed to ground by a
condenser.
By a proper selection of values for screen and
plate bypass condensers, the aJUplifier "is made
sensitive to a band of frequencies and insensitive
to others. The frequency of a target signal lies
between two extremes: that frequency generated
when a projectile traveling at its maximum speed
approaches a plane coming toward it at its
maximum speed, and that frequency generated
when a projectile traveling at its minimum speed
approaches a plane going away from it at its
maximum ,speed. The amplifier is made sensitive
to these frequencies, and insensitive to others.
Figure 23 shows how amplification varies with
1.0 r---.-----=.....,.-=--,--r---r---,
~ 0.61--..111--------+----f--t--~-----1
"'
C)
1&1
>
~ ~4~-~------t----f--t----+-~
..J
1&1
a:
TARGET SIGNALS
0.2
'----I..,.----......L-----'--.1....-......L----l
0.5
Table of Contents
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
RELATIVE SIGNAL FREQUENCY
Figure 23. Amplifier frequency-response

characteristics.
CONFIDENTIA,_
BATIERY-=-
35
THEORY
VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILiZED ROCKETS

\
frequency. The limitation upon the frequencies

that are amplified modifies, in effect, the standard
radiation pattern of figure 17 to produce the
effective sensitivity pattern of figure 18.
The amplifier is made less sensitive to relatively
low frequencies by the screen bypass condenser,
while a similar function is performed by the plate
1.0
0.8
>!:::
>
!::: 0.6
(/)
UJ
(/)
UJ
> 0.4
~
_.
<(
1\
\
\\
UJ
a:
0.2
"'
2
r---_
4
Wave-Suppression-'Feature Circuit.
,
,
As is pointed out above, the amplitdde of'a
target signal increases rapidly as the projectile
approaches. In contrast, other signals, such as
those resulting when a projectile passes over ocean
waves, have a nearly constant average amplitude.
They are sometimes large enough so that the fuz e
would be operated by them, except for a wavesuppression circuit which decreases the sensitivity
of the amplifier in the presence of steady signals.
The curve in figure 24 -shows how amplifier sensitivity is decreased as strength of signals increases.
A schematic diagram of the wave-suppression
feature circuit is shown in figure 25. The output
from the amplifier is applied through a blocking
condenser and a load resistor to the plate of the
diode tube in the wave-suppression-feature circuit.
When the signal is positive, the diode draws current, and the resultant drop in the load resistor
prevents the diode plate from becoming very
positive; but when the signal is negative, no current
AMPLIFIER OUTPUT
10
~BLOO<ItiG
CONDENSER
LOAD RESISTOR
WSF DIODE
bypass condenser for relatively high frequencies.

When a r elatively low frequency is impressed
on the grid of the pentode, as the grid voltage
increases the bypass condenser does not prevent
the screen current (and hence, also, the screen
voltage) from increasing. This is at the expense
of the plate current and decreases the amplification of the a.pplied signal. However, when a higher
frequency is impressed on the grid, the screen is
held at a substantially constant voltage because
the bypass condenser cannot charge and discharge
quickly enough to allow a corresponding variation
in screen voltage. Thus the amplification of the
signal is not affected.
In performing the complementary function, the
plate bypass condenser decreases the amount by
which relatively high frequency signals are amplified. Lower frequency changes are unaffected,
and the amplified signal can produce its equivalent
output voltage.
36
FILTER RESISTOR
BYPASS CONDENSER
WSF OUTPUT
AMPLIFIER OUTPUT
FIRING
COI'IlENSf.R
SQUIB
figure 26. Sch~matic diagram of firing circuit, with

safety switches.
cuit before the wave-suppression voltage builds up.

This assumes that; the fuze is armed while over
waves or that it approaches the waves gradually,
as at the end of flight. In a sudden appearance of
waves af.ter the fuze is armed, ,the signal from the
waves may get through and operate the firing circuit. A signal of constant amplitude, however ,
does ~ot give sufficient output to operate the
firing circuit, no matter how great its value.
RELATIVE WAVE SIGNAL
figure 24. Wave-suppression-feature sensitivity curve.
grid C!f the first amplifier pentode. This pentode

is so designed that its amplification decreases with
increasing negative voltage on the grid.
The filter resistor and bypass condenser cannot
follow the rapid increase in signal amplitude as the
target is approached, so that the target signal gets
through the amplifier and operates the firing cir-
PROJECTILE BODY
figure 25. Schematic diagram of wave-suppression

feature (WSF) circuit.
flows in the diode, and the plate goes as far negative as does the amplifier output signal. The
average rectified d-e voltage on the plate is therefore negative by an amount proportional to the
amplifier output.
This average d-e voltage is filter.~ d by a filter
resistor and bypass condenser and applied to the
firing Circuit
Figure 26 is a schemat;ic diagram of the firing
circuit. When the round is fired, current flows
from the "B" battery, through the charging resistor, into the firing condenser. This condenser
provides a means of storing electrical energy which
can be rapidly expended, when called upon, to
fire the squib.
The rate at which energy accumulates in the
condenser is limit;ed by the charging resistor.
Before the electrical arming time has passed, there
is insufficient energy in the condenser to operate
the squib; but after arming there is an excess of
energy to insure reliable operation. This is shown
by the curve in figure 27.
The thyratron is an electronic switch which
<lischarges the condenser through the squib when
the projectile is near a target. It is a triode radio

tube with a small amount of argon gas in the bulb .
The grid of this tube is normally maintained at a
negative voltage with respect to the filament by
a" C" or grid battery, shown in the circuit diagram
of figure 26. This negative voltage prevents any
current flow in the tube.
When a target signal is present in the output of
the amplifier, however, the blocking condenser
shown in the grid circuit of the thyratron charges
and discharges with the signal through the grid
resistor. The charging current;, flowing through
this resistor, causes the grid end of it to be alternately positive and negative with respect to the
negative "C" voltage. A signal of sufficient amplitude will eventually swing sufficiently positive
to overcome the control supplied by the negative
voltage of the "C" battery, and current can flow
in the thyratron.
As soon as current starts to flow, the argon gas
in the thyratron is ionized, and a heavy current
flow, carried by the argon ions, can take place be-
_.
Ill
_.
200r-------.-------.-------.-----~
1&1
C(
Ci
~ lsor-------+-------~------7f~----~
>a:
(.!)
1&1
1&1
>- loor-------+-------~-------+------~
a:
C(
(/)
(/)
1&1
...
...z
0
sor-------~L-----4--------+------~
...z
1&1
a::
1&1
0.
Table of Contents
100
150
200
figure 27. Average arming characteristics of firing

condenser.
tween the thyratron plate and its filament. This

current flow, which is now independent of the
voltage on the grid, is so heavy that the thyratron
plate is effectively shorted to the filam ent, and the
firing condenser rapidly discharges through. the
thyratron and squib. The squib is exploded by
the surge of current.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
50
PERCENT OF ARMING TIME
37
.
Appendix A
SAFETY FEATURES, HANDLING, AND PRECAUTIONS

This chapter is a summary of the safety features of VT fuzes and precautions to be observed
in handling, stowing, and using the fuzes.
Safety Features
Energizer. The energizer remains inert until
the ampoule is broken as a result of setback forces
and the electrolyte distributed by spin forces imparted when the projectile is fired from the gun.
Charging Resistor. The charging resistor slows
up the charging of the firing condensor until the
projectile has traveled several hundred yards
from the muzzle of the firing gun.
Reed Switch. A small reed-type spin switch
provides a short circuit across the firing condensor which prevents the firing condensor from becoming charged in case of breakage of the ampoule previous to firing. The switch is opened
by spin forces imparted to the projectile and the
fuze when fired. Hence this switch is a pandling
safety device.
Mercury Switch. The mercury switch (two
switches in parallel in some fuzes such as Mk 53)
shorts out the firing squib until the switch is
opened by centrifugal force imparted when the
projectile is fired.
Auxiliary Detonating Fuze. In the auxiliary
detonator, safety is provided by the fact that two
rotors must be in line before the booster charge
can be' fired. The rotors are held out of line by
detents until freed by centrifugal force when the
projectile is fired. See OP 1212, Projectile Fuzes.
Arming Range. The distance the projectile
travels along its trajectory until it becomes
electrically operative is called the arming range.
In different fuzes this distance varies from 500
yards to 1500 yards (1800 to 3300 yards for
Rocket Fuze Mk 173). This allows the projectile
to reach a safe distance from the firing ship before it can explode, without danger to the firing
ship or its personnel.
38
..
SAFETY FEAlURES, HANDLING, AND PRECAUTIONS
plt)yed in any particular mount. Ships with open

mount and multiple fuze pots alongside the gun
need not pass VT fuzed rounds through the fuze
pot oper~tion unless it is desired to do so in the
interest of uniform handling procedure.
Mk 58 fuzed 3" /50 projectil{}s must not be used
with any knife-type fuze setter which will cut
or crack the plastic nose.
Handling Precautions
Disposal of Damaged Fuzes
VT fuzes should be given the same care in

handling that is ordinarily given to all ammunition. Direct blows on the nose may result in
breakage of the plastic nose, but have no effect
on the safety of the fuze.
The ampoule of electrolyte in the energizer may
be broken by more than a two-foot drop on armor
plate. Breakage of the ampoule does not impair
the safety of the fuze, and ordinarily no ill effects
result if it is broken in the loading tray within 30
seconds of being fired. A dud will usually result,
however, if the electrolyte enters the energizer
more than 30 seconds b efore the round is 'fired.
Damaged fuzes shall be disposed of by dropping

the fuzed projectiles over the side in deep water
in accordance with latest instruction for disposal
of ammunition. No VT fuze shall be disassembled
or in any manner broken down for inspection by
any but authorized representatives of the Bureau
of Ordnance.
Stowage
Deterioration of the VT fuze leads to a decrease
in operability. Present models of fuzes, if exposed to spray, water, high humidity, and high
temperatures will deteriorate. Constant effort is
being directed toward the development of a completely moisture-proof fuze. They are designed
to withstand temperatures from 0 F. to 120 F.
Best stowage is in a cool, dry magazine. Brass
waterproofing caps on some early issues of 5" /38
rounds provided protection against moisture and
spray. They were not removed until it was
necessary for firing.
Disposal of Fired Duds

Fired duds lying on the ground are to be given
the circumspection accorded to land mines. A
VT fuze in the ground or lying on the ground is
very unlikely to operate by influence even if
undamaged, but an occasional one will detonate
if disturbed. Almost all wet energizer fuzes are
i.Iioperative within a few minutes after being
fired, and all such fuzes are entirely inert within
a week.
Old fuzes with dry energizers remain dangerous
if disturbed, for indefinite periods. Recovered
Fuzes Mk 32 have been known to detonate as
long as one year after being fired, even though

the nose was smashed.
All such duds should be disposed of by competent bomb disposal personnel.
Degaussing and Deperming

VT ammunition need not be removed from a
ship during degaussing, deperming, etc. These
operations have no effect on the fuze.
Shipboard Radio and Radar

The frequency of VT fuzes is selected so that
shipboard radio and radar equipment should
have no effect on the operation or safety of U. S.
Navy VT fuzes.
Firing Precautions
VT fuzes are subject to some prematuring
after arming. These prematures and influence
bursts of projectiles falling among friendly ships,
personnel, or equipment present a hazard in VT
fuzed fire. In shore bombardment, fir~ should
clear crests by 500 feet if occupied by friendly
troops, because of the danger of an influence
burst.
In 5"/51 guns it was necessary to fire Fuzes
Mk 32 and Mk 53 Mod 0 at a reduced charge of
2600 f j s. Mk 53 Mods 1-6 may be fired at full
charge. Bombardment velocity of 1200 f/s is
not satisfactory with any VT fuzes yet in production. Full charge should be used.
Appendix B
REFERENCE OATA
Loading
VT fuz ed five-inch projectiles should be p assed
through the ammunition hoists in the usual manner. Early fuzes were subject to occasional nose
breakage upon removal from the hoists in the
mount. Breakage of this type is seldom encountered with modern fuzes. Accomplishment
of NAVORD ORDALT 1788 on the fuze pot,
or setting of the fuze setter in manual at "safe"
or 30 seconds, greatly minimizes the likelihood
of nose breakage. The fixed setting can be employed only when 100% VT fuzes are being em-
Table 1 contains pertinent data on VT fuzes for

ready reference. The arming ranges given in the
table are the distances from the gun at which 90%
Of all operable fuzes are fully armed and operative
against a target. There is some spread of arming
range among different fuzes, due to fluctuations
CONFIDENTIAL
in characteristics of components under mass-production conditions. For example, about 40% of

the VT fuzes Mk 53 Mod 3 are armed by 400
yards; about 90% by 500 yards; a negligible number are armed at 300 yards.
CONFIDENTIAL
Table of Contents
39
TABLE 1. U. S. NAVY VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS

Fuze
Guns
Average Radius of
Operation Against
An Airplane (Ft.)
Arming
Range (90%)
(Yds.)
Type of
Energizer
Used with
Aux. Det.
Remarks
Current Models
Mk 47 Modo ___ __ __ 6"/47 Projectile Mk

34.
Mk 53 Mods 5, 6 ___ 5"/3 8' 5"/2 5' 5" I5 L
75 .... .. .... _________
800 ...... .... ...... ..
Reserve _ __ Mk 44 .... _.... ____ .. ..
75 ...... ................ - .. ..
500 ...... - ...... .. ..
Reserve __ .
Mk 44_ . .... _.. .. _.. .. ..
600 .. ------ -
Reserve _.. ..
Mk 44 _ .. .. ___ __ __
Mk 58 Mods 3, 4 __ _ 3''/50 __ ______ ___ __ 50 .. ..................
--
Mk 59 Modo ___ ___ 5" I54_ ___ .. ________ 75 __.. _.... _ ___ .. .. _ 600 .. .... .. _.... . ..
"z
-n
6
rn
Reserve _ __ Mk 44 __ __ .. __ .. ___
Mk 69 Modo ____ __ 6"/47 Mk 39 Proj.

for Double Purpose gun.
75 __ ___________ _ 800 ____ ____ _ Reserve ___
Mk 44 _ _________ _
Mk 173 Mod 4 .. ___ _ 5.0-in. Rocket, Surface, High Capacity, Spin-Stabilized.
Not recommended 3,300 __ .. __ __ Reserve ___

for A. A. use.
75ft. over water;
30- 50 ft. over
land.
Mk44 _____ ____ __
-t
)>
r-
WSF
CTW
WSF
CTW
WSF
CTW
WSF
CTW
WSF
CTW
Producti"'l schedule(! t )I' July
1946.
V.~F'
1 .I
,,,
).'"
...,
e#
,.
Table of Contents
"
_..
Obsolete and Obsolescent Models
Mk
Mk
Mk
Mk
32
32
32
40
Mods 0-20 .. _
Mod 30 _.. __
Mod 40 ...... __
Mods 0- 5 .... ..
Mk 45, Mods 11, 12 ..

Mk 53 Mods 0- 2 _ ..
Mk 53 Mods 3, 4_ __
Mk 58 Mods 0- 2 .. .. ..
11k 173 Mod:o- 2 .. ...
"0z
700 _________ _ Dry _____ _

1' 100 - - - - - - - Reserve __ _
700 _______ -- Dry ____ __
900 to 7DO for Reserve __ ..
different
mods.
3 "I 50 _.... .... _.. __ ...... _ 50 -- .. - - -- .. - - -- .. 600 - - - - - .. - - - Reserve .. _ ..
Reserve __ _
5" /38, 5" /25, 5" /51* - 75 ________ ....... 800 ____ _
5" /38, 5" /25, 5" /5L 75 _____________ _ 500 ________ _ Reserve __ ..
3'' I50 __ __ .... _____ .. .. 50 - - - -_ - - - .. - ... - .. 600 __ ______ _ Reserve ___
5" /38, 5" /25, 5" /51* 5"/38, 5"/25 __ __ ___

5u /38, 5" /25, 5" /51*5"/38, 5"/25 ___ ____
5.0-in. Rocket, Surface, High Capacity, Spin-Stabilized.
50 _
50 ... - - - - - .. - ..
60 _ ------70 ___ ------
... ~ ". "\t:."'(f;;
Mk
Mk
Mk
Mk
17,
17,
17,
17,
46,
46,
46,
46,
Mk 44 __ ___ _
Obsolete
Mk 44 _ _ _ ..
WSF, Obsolete
Mk 44 _ .. _-.- ___ _.. _ WSF, Obsolete
Mk 44 ___ .. ____ .. __ WSF, Ob~olete
Not recommended 3,300 _____ __ Reserve ___ Mk 44_ _- - - - - -- - for A. A. use.

75ft. over water;
30-50 ft. over
land.
WSF, Obsolete
-n
6
rn
:!
>
*Mk ~2 all Mods except Mod 30, and Mk 53 Mod 0 were recommended for use in 5"/51 guns at. reduced charge of 2600 f/s.
at full charge.
WSF= Wave-Suppression Feature.
CTW =Compression-Type Waterproofing.
r-
Table of Contents
-:,.~
or .54 _,.. Obsolete ":. :...:';}.' ~

or 54 _~ ' 'Obsolete ' .
or 54 __ WSF, Obsolete
or 54_ .. WSF, Obsolete ~:
All other Mk 53 may be fired
DISTRIBUTION
Requests for additional copies of OP 1480 (1st Rev) should be submitted on
NAVORD FORM 1, ORDNANCE PUBLICATIONS AND FORMS REQUISITION, to the nearest Ordnance Publications Distribution Center: U. S.
Naval Gun Factory, Wash. 25, D. C.; Mare Island, Calif.; Pearl Harbor, T. H.
Distribution Center mailing addresses should be obtained from List 10 nn of the
Standard Navy Distribution List, or from the reverse side of NAVORD
FORM 1.
DIE>TRIBUTION:
Standard Navy Distribution List No. 37 (R) Part I, and Part II, Edition
No. 1 to Catalog of the Activities of the Navy.
2 copies unless otherwise noted.
1. a; b, c*, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k , I; 2. f, g, h, I, m, n, o, q, s, t, u, v; 3. e, f,
h, i, j, o, p, q, r, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, aa, cc, dd, ee, ff, ii, jj, II*, nn*, oo, pp*, qq*,
rr, tt, uu, vv, ww, xx*, zz, ccc, eee*, fff, ggg, iii, lll, mmm, nnn, ooo, ppp*, qqq,
ttt*, www, yyy, aaaa, bbbb, ecce, dddd, eeee, ffff, gggg, iiii, jjjj, kkkk, llll,
mmmm, nnnn, rrrr, tttt*, vvvv*; 3. (5 copies), b, c, d, m; 5. b (London only);
6. a; 7. e, f, h, i, r, u, x, ee, hh; 7. (5 copies), j, p; 7. (10 copies), a; 8. i, j, k, n
(SPECIAL LIST A, K, 0*, P, S, BB); 8. (10 copies), x; 10. ss; 10. (10 copies),
s; 10. (25 copies), nn; 11. a (BuAer, CNO, ComdtMarCorps); 12. a*; 13. b
(1), c (4), (8).
* Applicable addressee.s
20May46/15M/1
42
Table of Contents
CONFIDENTIAL
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE a tl41

VT Fuze

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VT Fuze

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

VT Fuze

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I'

This publication is CONFIDENTIAL and shall be safeguarded in accordance

Gene Slover's US Navy Pages

2. This pamphlet supersedes Ordnance Pamphlets 1480 (Preliminary) and

Gene Slover's US Navy Pages

OPERATION ____ --------------_________

Introduction ___ __ __ _____ -- -- -------- - ---Ant~a~cra~ft ______________ _; _____________

Mods 0-10, 14, 16-18, 20, 30, 40_____

Fuze-Cavity Liners ___________ .,. ___________

Time of Test Firing______ _____________ ___

T he 'purpose of thl' .Q_f is to acquaint officers

25. Schematic diagram of wave-suppressionfeature (WSF) circuit __________ ___ __

26. Schematic diagram of firing circuit, with

cylindrically shaped, with an ogive nose which

Special effort has been given to providing safety

Because of the need for a proximity fuze and

The transmitter-receiver consists of a on$3-tube

The ,VT fuze is composed of the following six

When the energizer is activated, the transmitter

AmpliAer, Thyratron, and Wave-SuppressionFeature (WSF) Group .

VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZEDJROCKETS

(LEFT HALF SECTION

Figure 2. Sectional views of reserve energizers.

Thyratron. The thyratron is a triode radio tube

The reserve energizer is located in the fuze body

long-type energizer such as Energizer Mk 5 Mod 2

pressed firing spring, allowing the primer in the

Figure 3. Simp/iliecl clrawing showing operation of

The rear fitting consists of a plastic body housing

Reed Switch. The reed switch is electrically

VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS

SINTERED METAL CUP

Figure 5. Sectional drawing of mercury switch.

through the plastic base and rim of the shield

VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES

MK 32 MODS o-1 0 141 16-181 201 30 40

the wave-suppression feature were high at most

Material. Steel base ring; black Incite plastic

VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS

arming range given above. The arming range

VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES

Material. Steel base ring; black lucite plastic

This fuze was recommended for antiaircraft

by the Mk 45 Mod 12. The Mk 45 Mod 12 was

This fuze had a maximum influence radjtis of

This fuze is used for antiaircraft fire from a

a burst height of 10-30 feet was effective against

Figure 7. VT fuze Mk 40.

Figure 8. VT fuze Mk 45.

VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES AND SPIN-STABILIZED ROCKETS

VT FUZES FOR PROJECTILES

Fuzes Mk 47 Mod 0 have the improve l f'O lflpression-type waterproofing. n. consists . of an

Material. Green ethyl cellulose plastic nose

This fuze was designed for the Projectile Mk 34

Projectiles Used In. 5" /25, 5"/38, 5" /51 A. A.

range of the gun at all elevations. It is also

Material. Green ethyl cellulose plastic nose

This fuze was designed primarily for use against

OPERATION --------------_____

Introduction _ _ -- -- -------- - ---Ant~a~cra~ft ____________ _; _____________

Fuze-Cavity Liners _ .,. _

Time of Test Firing _____ _

25. Schematic diagram of wave-suppressionfeature (WSF) circuit ________ _ __

Projectiles Used In _____ 3"/50 A. A.