Professional Documents
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Bearing Basics
Bearing Basics
Agenda
Inspection of Bearings
Check of bearings in operation
Bearing Temperature
Operating Sound of Bearing
Vibration of Bearing
Lubricant Selection
Re-lubrication
Why Bearings?
Sliding bearings:
sliding friction
Rolling bearings:
rolling friction
Rolling-element bearings
(Anti-friction bearings)
Sliding bearings
(1)Friction
(1)Load capacity
Usually smaller in
operation, suitable for high
starting load
(1)Shaft speed
(1)Operation
(1)Dimensions
(1)Cost
Higher
Higher
Bearing History
History
Bearing Evolution
Bearing Evolution
3500 B.C.
1794 A.D.
1869
700 B.C.
40 A.D.
1995
Bearing Nomenclature
Bearings Components
Seal
Rolling elements
Outer ring
Cage
Inner ring
Seal
Bearing Types
Bearing Size
Bearing Size
Bearing Seals
Contact Area/Form
Rolling Elements
Ball
Spherical
Cylindrical
Asymmetrical
Taper
Needle
Bearing Assembly
Step 1: Move the inner race to one side of the out race
Step 2: Locate the largest gap between the two races and insert the balls in
the groove
Step 3: Distribute the balls evenly, thereby centering the inner race with
respect to the outer race
Step 4: Place the separator (retainer)
10
Bearing Fixation
Bearing Fixation
11
Bearing Fixation
12
Bearing selection
life required
servicing requirements (maintained or maintenance free)
load type (constant, cyclic, shock etc)
RPM and/or oscillation rate
environment (contamination possibilities)
temperature ranges
installation requirements.
13
Bearing Characteristics
14
Inspection of Bearings
15
Bearing Noise
Features
Causes
Hiss
Small bearings
Buzz to Roar
Resonation
Poor fit (Poor shaft shape)
Bearing rings deformed.
Vibration of raceways, balls, or rollers
(For large bearings, if this sound is minor,
then this is considered normal).
Brinelling
Crunch
16
Features
Causes
Hum
Chatter
Clang/Clatter
/
Sound
Features
Causes
Screech/Howl
/
Squeak
Metal-to-metal spalling
sound.
High pitch
Squeal
17
Features
Causes
Faint tinkle
Dust in bearing.
Rustle
Dirt
Raceway, ball, or roller surfaces are rough.
Rustle
Generated intermittently at
regular intervals.
Sound
Features
Causes
Rustle patter
Growl
Generated by retainer.
Normal if sound is clear.
Grease is inadequate if sound is generated at low
temp
Wear of cage pockets.
Insufficient lubricant.
Low bearing load.
Scoring on raceway, balls, or rollers.
Quiet
Fizzing/Popping
Large Sound
Pressure
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19
Bearing Temperature
20
Bearing Vibration
Vibration of Bearing
21
Excessive clearance
stages of sleeve
bearing wear will give a
large family of harmonics
of running speed
A minor unbalance or
misalignment will cause
high amplitudes when
excessive bearing
clearances are present
Later
Phase Relationship
Typical Spectrum
22
Earliest indications
Earliest
indications in
the ultrasonic range
These frequencies
evaluated by Spike
EnergyTM gSE, HFD(g)
and Shock Pulse
Spike Energy may first
appear at about 0.25 gSE
for this first stage
Typical Spectrum
Typical Spectrum
23
Bearing defect
frequencies and
harmonics appear
Many defect frequency
harmonics appear with
wear the number of
sidebands grow
Wear is now visible
and may extend
around the periphery
of the bearing
Spike Energy increases
to between 0.5 -1.0 gSE
Failure Mode
Typical Spectrum
Typical Spectrum
24
N b 1 Bd COS(
2
Pd
BPFI =
N b 1 + Bd COS ( )
* RPM
2
Pd
)
* RPM
D0
DB
D1
1 1 Bd COS ( )
* RPM
FTF =
2
Pd
BSF =
Pd
2 Bd
B COS( ) 2
1 d
* RPM
Pd
Bearing Lubrication
25
Effect of Lubricant
26
friction value
boundary friction
mixed friction
Grease lubrication
hydrodynamic friction
27
Speed rates
r/min
Oil lub.
Grease lub
Bearing Lubrication
Oiling
Max rotating
speed
Greasing
28
90% by greases
9,5% by oils
revolution or DN - factor
D+d
DN =
n
2
D = external bearing diameter [mm]
d = internal bearing diameter [mm]
n = revolution per minute [rpm]
+d
dm= medium bearing diameter [mm] = D
2
temperature range
29
Lubrication by greases
Grease pump
Contamination may
cause bearing failures.
Seals protect to a large
extent from outside contaminations.
Relubrication Intervals
Small bearings with lateral seals or cover plates do not need any
relubrication. They are already for - life lubricated.
30
Lubrication interval,
given by service hours
tfc
10 000
tfb
6 000
20 000
4 000
tfa
15 000
3 000
20 000
10 000
2 000
15 000
7 500
1 500
10 000
5 000
1 000
5 000
2 500
500
3 000
1 500
300
2 000
1 000
200
1 500
750
150
1 000
500
100
500
250
50
d=10
20
40
500 420 360
500
1 000
160
120 100
2 000
80
5 000
60
10 000
n [U/min]
31
Effect Of Tempearture
Lubrication interval
C
100
85
70
z below 70C the factor 2 applies
for each temperature drop of 15C
55
i.e. with a temperature drop from e.g.
70C down to 55 C the service life of the
grease is doubled.
40
Consistency Grease
NLGL
consistency No.
Application
355 - 385
Centralized lubrication
310 - 340
Centralized lubrication
265 - 295
General, prelubricated
bearing
220 - 250
175 - 205
Special applications
32
Oil lubrication
Oil lubrication
33
Cooling
pump
34
Oil Viscosity
13
20
30
Lubrication Defects
35
Bearing checker
With its simple method and highly advanced features, the Bearing Checker (bearing
monitoring system) prognoses abnormalities in a bearing and monitors its operation.
Bearing Failures
36
Normal fatigue
Improper mounting
Loose fits on shaft
Excessively tight fits
Misalignment
Electrical damages
Dirt
Inadequate lubrication
Vibration brinell
Flaking
Peeling
Spalling
Smearing
Wear
Speckles and
Discoloration
Indentations
Chipping
Cracking
Rust and Corrosion
Seizing
Fretting and Fretting
Corrosion
Electrical Pitting
Rolling Path Skewing
Damage to (Cage)
Creeping
37
Flaking
Pitting ( )
38
Flaking
Flaking
39
Flaking
Flaking
40
Cracking, Chipping /
Cracking, Chipping
41
Cracking, Chipping
Cracking, Chipping
42
Brinelling, Nicks
Brinelling, Nicks
43
44
Scratch, Scuffing /
45
Scratch, Scuffing
Smearing
46
Smearing
Smearing
47
Rust, Corrosion
Rust, Corrosion
48
Rust, Corrosion
Rust, Corrosion
49
Electric Pitting
Electric Pitting
50
Electric Pitting
Wear
51
Wear
Wear
52
53
Creeping
54
Creeping
Creeping
55
Damage to cage
Damage to cage
56
Damage to cage
Seizure
57
Seizure
Seizure
58
59
Indentations
60
Indentations
Indentations
61
Spalling
Spalling
62
Spalling
Bearing Mounting
and Dismantle
63
Mounting
Shrink Fits
64
Dismounting
65
66
Do and Dont
Do
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Do and Dont
Dont
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
67
WARNING
Bearing Summary
68
Normal fatigue
Improper mounting
Loose fits on shaft
Excessively tight fits
Misalignment
Electrical damages
Dirt
Inadequate lubrication
Vibration brinell
Any Question ?
Thank You
69