M6 CV RC G 007 (R2)
M6 CV RC G 007 (R2)
M6 CV RC G 007 (R2)
REV.NO R0 R1 R2 ISSUE
SHEET OF iii
TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- DESIGN GUIDE FOR RC CHIMNEYS
CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE 1
3.0 NOTATIONS 2
6.0 LOADS 6
FORM NO.120R2
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited SECTION:REV STAT
iii
SHEET OF iii
TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- DESIGN GUIDE FOR RC CHIMNEYS
ISSUE
R2
FORM NO.120R2
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited SECTION: WRITE-UP
SHEET 1 OF 89
TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- DESIGN GUIDE FOR RC CHIMNEYS
1.0 SCOPE
This guide sets out the procedure to be followed for the design of
reinforced concrete chimney shell, for single or multiflue chimneys. Method
of estimation of loads due to wind as per IS:4998 is also explained. Design
of corbels is covered in M6-CV-RC-P-015.
NOTE * IS:4998-1992 gives procedure for Assessment of wind loading only. All
other requirements including design criteria is as per IS:4998-1975
** ACI 307-1979 being followed even though 2008 issue for strength
method of design is available as IS still follows Working Stress Method
of design
3.0 NOTATIONS
m.
Tx = Temperature gradient
t = Thickness of concrete shell in m.
tb = Thickness of lining in m.
T = Maximum temperature of gas inside chimney in 0C
To = Minimum temperature of outside air surrounding chimney in
0
C
Cb = Co-efficient of thermal conductivity of chimney lining in kilo
calories per metre per hour per degree centigrade difference
of temperature
CC = Co-efficient of thermal conductivity of the concrete of
chimney shell in kilo calories per metre per hour per degree
centigrade difference of temperature
CS = Co-efficient of thermal conductivity of insulation between
lining and shell in the kilo calories per metre per hour per
degree centigrade difference of temperature
Db = Mean diameter of lining in m.
Dbi = Inside diameter of lining in m.
DC = Mean diameter of concrete chimney shell in m.
DCi = Inside diameter of concrete chimney shall be in m.
DCO = Outside diameter of concrete chimney shell in m.
DS = Mean diameter of space between lining and shell in m.
K1 = Co-efficient of heat transmission from gas to inner surface of
chimney lining when chimney is lined or to inner surface of
chimney shell when chimney is unlined in kilo calories per
square metre per hour per degree centigrade difference of
temperature.
K2 = Co-efficient of heat transmission from outside surface of
chimney shell to surrounding air in kilo calories per square
metre per hour per degree centigrade difference of
temperature.
Kr = Co-efficient of heat transmission by radiation between
outside surface of lining & inside surface of concrete chimney
shell in kilo calories per square metre per hour per degree
centigrade difference of temperature
KS = Co-efficient of heat transfer between outside surface of lining
and inside surface of wall for chimney with ventilated air
space in kilo calories per square metre per hour per degree
centigrade difference of temperature.
rq = Ratio of heat transmission through chimney shell to heat
transmission through lining for chimneys with ventilated air
spaces.
Mk = Moment due to corbel in N-m.
W = Load due to corbel in N.
e = Distance between centre line of the shell and the centre of
gravity of the load in m.
ts = Thickness of the shell at the section under consideration in m.
cu = 28 days ultimate cube strength of concrete in kg/cm2
Both single flue and multiflue chimneys can have either brick lining or steel
lining.
In case of single flue chimneys with brick lining, the lining is supported on
corbels or a grid work of beams at every 10 m intervals or less. If the lining
is of steel, then major portion of lining is supported from the top of
chimney (top hung) and a small portion of lining is supported at the bottom.
Lateral restraint is provided for the lining at certain intervals.
6.0 LOADS
As per IS 4998 : 1992, the following loads shall be considered to act on the
chimney shell
Dead loads shall include the weight of chimney shell, liners, liner supports,
other accessories and load of ash and soot as applicable. Unit weight of the
materials shall be taken in accordance with IS 875 (Part 1). Unit weight of
certain materials are listed below :
Concrete = 25 kN/m
Brick lining = 20 kN/m
Acid proof tiles = 20 kN/m
Mortar = 20.4 kN/m
Cellular concrete = 24 kN/m
Ash (Flue dust, dry) = 7.05 kN/m
Steel = 78.5 kN/m
Insulation around flue = 0.80 kN/m3
Imposed loads shall be taken in accordance with IS 875 (Part 2). The
imposed loads on internal platform and roof of multiflue chimneys shall
include appropriate loads during construction. For the overall design of
chimney shell and foundation, imposed loads need not be considered.
As per IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1992, both the along and across wind forces shall
be calculated by two methods
The method which yields higher moments shall be considered for the design
of chimney shell.
As the formulae given in the code are not fully explicit, they have been
listed here along with a brief explanation.
The along wind load or drag force per unit height of the chimney at any
level shall be calculated from the equation
Fz = pz . CD . dz ---------(1)
The design wind pressure (pz) shall be calculated using the 3 seconds gust
wind indicated in clause 5.3 and 5.4 of IS 875 (Part 3). Risk coefficient
factor (k1) is read from Table 1 of IS 875 (Part 3) with the following
condition : The mean probable design life of structure is taken as 25 years
for Shell only condition and as 100 years for shell & lining condition.
Terrain, height and structure size factor (k 2) is read from Table 2 of IS 875
(Part 3) and topography factor (k3) is generally taken equal to 1.
The drag coefficient (CD) of the chimney shell shall be taken as 0.8.
However, if strakes are mounted on the surface of chimney, the drag
coefficient shall be modified as indicated in Table 1 of IS 4998 (Part 1) :
1992.
The moments in the chimney shell shall be calculated treating the chimney
as a free standing structure. For this purpose, sections in the chimney shell
shall be taken at 10m intervals along the height of shell or at every corbel
level whichever distance is less. The load at any section shall be calculated
by suitably arranging the loads above and below it.
(a) Calculate the effective diameter (d) of chimney shell This is taken as
average diameter over the top 1/3 height of chimney.
5000 + 7000
Average dia is calculated as d = --------------- = 6000 mm
2
5000 + 7000
Average dia is calculated as d = --------------- = 6000 mm
2
(b) Calculate the wind speed at 5/6 height of chimney using the factors k 1,
k2 and k3 as obtained in clause 6.3.1.1.
(c) Calculate the critical wind speed (Vcri) for the ith mode of vibration
from the following equation
fi x d
Vcri = ----- ----------(2)
Sn
All the modes which give a critical wind speed upto 10% more
than wind speed calculated in item (b) above shall be considered
for subsequent analysis.
(d) For the ith mode of vibration, calculate the amplitude of vortex excited
oscillation perpendicular to the direction of wind by the formula
H
dz zi dz
o
CL
oi = ----------------- x ----------------- ----------(3)
H
2zi dz 4 S2n Ksi
o
H = height of chimney in m
mei = equivalent mass per unit length in kg/m in the ith mode of
vibration
H
mz zi dz
o
= ----------------- ----------(5)
H
zi dz
o
All the above parameters are calculated by integrating over the total
height of the chimney. In the actual case, the integration can be
achieved by dividing the chimney into large number of small segments
and calculating the value of the integrals at the middle of each
segment. The values so obtained are summed over the total height of
the chimney.
(e) For the ith mode of vibration, calculate the shear force Fzoi and bending
moment Mzoi at any height zo of the section from the equations
H
Fzoi = 4 fi oi mz zi dz ----------(7)
zo
H
Mzoi = 4 fi oi mz zi (z zo) dz ----------(8)
zo
(f) Repeat steps (d) and (e) for all the modes to be considered as per step
(c) above.
The along-wind load per unit height at any height z on a chimney shall be
calculated from the equation
Where, Fzm is the wind load in N/m height due to HMW at height z and is
given by
_
Fzm = pz . CD . dz ----------(10)
The design wind pressure (pz) shall be calculated using the HMW speed
indicated in clause 8.2 and 8.3 of IS 875 (Part 3). Factors k 1 and k3 will be
the same as calculated in clause 5.3.1.1. Terrain, height and structure size
factor (k2) shall be read from Table 33 of IS 875 (Part 3).
The drag coefficient (CD) of the chimney shell shall be taken as 0.8.
however, if strakes are mounted on the surface of chimney, the drag
coefficient shall be modified as indicated in Table 1 of IS 4998 (Part 1) :
1992.
Fzf is the wind load in N/m height due to the fluctuating component of wind
at height z and is given by
3 (G-1) z H
Fzf = -------- --- Fzm . z . dz ----------(11)
H H o
G = 1 + gf . r {B ( SE / )} ----------(12)
Where
gf = peak factor defined as the ratio of the expected peak value to RMS
value of the fluctuating load
0.577
= (2 log e T ----------(13)
2 log e T
-0.88
0.63
H
= 1+ ----- ----------(15)
265
3600 f1
T = ----------------- ----------(18)
1 + B 1/2
SE
(b) Calculate the wind speed at 5/6 height of chimney using the factors
k1, k2 and k3 as given in clause 6.3.2.1.
(c) Calculate the critical wind speed (Vcri) for the ith mode of vibration
as explained in clause 6.3.1.2 (c). All the modes which give a critical
wind speed upto 10% more than wind speed calculated in item (b)
above shall be considered for subsequent analysis.
(dtop + dmidheight)
dav is calculated as --------------------- irrespective of the
2
chimney profile between the two levels.
For example:
5000 + 7000
dav = --------------- = 6000 mm
2
2 (6000 5000)
Taper = -------------------- = 0.01333 = 1 in 75
150000
5000 + 7000
dav = --------------- = 6000 mm
2
2 (6000 5000)
Taper = -------------------- = 0.01333 = 1 in 75
150000
(e) If the taper of chimney is less than or equal to 1 in 50, calculate the
peak response amplitude (oi) for the ith mode of vibration by the
formula
_
1.25 CL . d . (Hi) x d _ L _
S n
2
mei 2 ( +2)
oi = ----------------------------------------------------- ------(20)
H 1/2 1/2
1 _ 2zi dz - ka d
o
H mei
Where
(f) If the taper of chimney is greater than 1 in 50, calculate the peak
response amplitude (oi) for the ith mode of vibration by the formulae
_
CL(d4ze) zei (Hi) L 1/2
2t
oi = -------------------------------------------------- -----(21)
H
2 S n mei 2zi . dz .
2
- ka d 1/2
o
mei
where
t = - _ (dz) + . dz ----------(22)
z z z = zei
Terrain category
1 0.10
2 0.14
3 0.18
4 0.34
3 km from sea shore 0.12
In the above equations both zei and t are unknowns. Hence initially
it is assumed that ze = H and the value of t is calculated. Then the
term d4z zi (say equal to x) is evaluated.
t
For very tall chimneys oi may not show a maximum in any of the
modes. In such a case the value of ze shall be taken as that value
where Vcr for that mode equals the maximum expected wind
velocity Vz at ze.
(g) Calculate the shear force Fzoi and bending moment Mzoi at any
height zo as explained in clause 6.3.1.2 (e).
(h) Repeat steps (e) or (f) and (g) for all the modes to be considered as
per step (c) above.
Where
The design wind pressure (pz), for the circumferential ring moments, shall
be obtained in accordance with IS 875 (Part 3) clause 5.3 and 5.4, treating
the chimney as class A structure.
The hoop force and shear due to ovalling need not be considered.
All the above calculations for wind load are for isolated chimney. When a
cluster of chimneys is present, aerodynamic interference between them may
increase the total wind load. Aerodynamic interference shall be considered
for along-wind load only if the spacing between the centre lines of the
chimneys is less than 3 times the effective diameter of the largest chimney.
The enhancement in wind loads will be due to an increase in the value of
CD. The value of CD for each chimney located within a distance of 3 times
the effective diameter, may be calculated by assuming the value of CD to be
increasing linearly from 0.8 (for a spacing of 3 effective diameters) to a
When identical chimneys are spaced at less than 20 times the diameter at
2/3rd height, the amplitudes of oscillation of the downstream chimneys are
found to be magnified due to aerodynamic interference. The term
magnification is used to denote the ratio of the amplitude of across-wind
oscillation when there is periodic vortex induced aerodynamic interference
to the amplitude of across-wind oscillations when there is no aerodynamic
interference. For a given configuration of identical chimneys, the
magnification factor for the across-wind amplitude oi (calculated as per
clause 6.3.1.2 or 6.3.2.2) is indicated in Fig.1 of IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1992. In
case of dissimilar chimneys a model study is necessary to determine the
magnification factor.
The seismic loads on a chimney are estimated using the response spectrum
method. The mode shapes and natural frequencies obtained for dynamic
wind load analysis can also be used to conduct a seismic analysis for the
chimney. Usually the first five modes are considered for analysis. In the
absence of a site specific response spectrum, the spectrum indicated in IS
1893 shall be used for the estimation of earthquake loads.
Clause D-2.2.3 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1975 gives the formula for calculating
temperature gradient across chimney shell. Four cases have been considered
Case (a), (b) and (c) are now obsolete. Hence Case (d) has been dealt
further.
As per clause C-1 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1975, chimneys with ventilated air
space should satisfy the following conditions:
(i) Air inlets shall be provided near the base with proper covering for the
openings so as to prevent any dirt or tiny creatures entering the air
gap.
(ii) The number and size of openings in the chimney wall and each corbel
shall be such as to have a total area of not less than two-thirds of the
area of minimum air gap.
(iii) Such openings in shell may be distributed in more than one layer, if
required, to minimize the reduction in shell area which may otherwise
weaken the shell.
tDbi T - To
Tx = ------ ------------------------------------------------- ------
(24)
CcDc 1_+ tb Dbi_ + Dbi + tDbi + Dbi _
rqK1 rqCbDb KsDs CcDc K2 Dco
The value of rq = 0.5 shall apply only where the distance between
the lining and the chimney shell is not less than 100 mm
throughout the entire height of the lining and air inlet openings are
provided through the chimney shell at the bottom of the lining
having an area in square centimetres numerically equal to twenty
times the inside diameter in centimetres of the chimney shell at the
top of the lining. Local obstructions in the air space between the
lining and the chimney shell shall not restrict the area of the air
space at any horizontal section to less than that specified for air
inlet at the bottom of the lining.
MK = . W.e ----------(25)
Where
In the above formula (+) and (-) refer to the tension on inner face of the
shell above the corbel and outer face of the shell below the corbel
respectively. The effect of this may be taken as distributed over a length
equivalent to the depths of the corbel at the junction with the shell or 0.76
(rmts), in m whichever is greater, where
As per clause 5.3 of IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1992, the various load combinations
to be considered for the design of chimney shell shall be :
NOTES
2. Loading conditions (b) and (c) shall be considered for shell alone case
also.
4. Design should also consider effects due to local loads, if any, on the
shell.
Stress limits has not been specified for dead load alone case. For this case,
the value specified in (a) above may be used. The stresses in concrete due
to wind induced ring moments shall be estimated neglecting the effect of
reinforcement. If the tensile stress in concrete are less than the value
specified in (g) above, then minimum circumferential reinforcement shall be
provided. If the stress exceeds the limit, then circumferential reinforcement
shall be provided treating the section as a cracked section.
9.1 Proportioning
The height of the chimney as well as the diameter at the top are normally
chosen so that exit velocity and dispersion of gases are within the specified
limits. The bottom diameter is more frequently controlled by the structural
requirements of both the concrete shell and the foundation. A height to
outside base diameter ratio in the range of 10-15 will provide good
proportion for the design of both the chimney and the foundation.
F =
1 2
cos 3 sin 2 sin 2 2 cos sin
2 1
----(26c)
2 4
G=
1 2 cos 2 0.25 2 cos 2.sin 2 3sin 2 sin 2
2
2
2 cos sin - 2cos .sin ----------(26d)
D = sin(-)-sin-(--)cos. ----------(27a)
E = (---)cos-sin+sin(+) ----------(27b)
F=
1 2
cos sin 2( ) sin 2 2 cos (sin( ) sin )
2 1
2 4
----------(27c)
1 1
G= ( )(1 2 cos 2 ) sin 2 sin 2( )
2 4
2 cos sin sin( ) ----------(27d)
D = cos(2+-)-2cossin-sin+sin ----------(28a)
1 1
F= ( 2 )(1 2 cos 2 ) 3 sin 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 .sin 2
2 4
1 2 1
G= ( )(1 2 cos ) (sin 2 3 sin 2 ) 2 cos . sin
2 4
-------(28d)
cos cos
C ---------(29)
1 np D npE
c(cos cos )
S ---------(30)
cos cos
e 1 np F npG
cos ---------(31)
r 1 np D npE
mp
np ----------(32)
1 - p
1 1
I= ( 2 ) (2 cos 2 .sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 )
2 4
2
---------(33)
1 1 1 e X X
C ( ( 1 )(1 cos ))
2(1 np) 2 I r r r
----------(35)
C.W
fc ---------(36)
r t(1 - p)
Maximum vertical stress in concrete due to axial load and moment when
neutral axis lies within the section.
t
fc(max) = fc 1 2rcos (cos cos ) ----------(37)
The neutral axis will lie within a section for such values of the ratio e/r
when the corresponding values are less than - . The e/r ratio at which
= - for different and opening half angles are given in table below.
For given opening half angles, if the actual e/r value is greater than the
corresponding value given in table below, then the neutral axis will lie
within the section.
From the above table, check whether the neutral axis at a given section
falls within or outside the section. If the neutral axis falls within the
section, then by trial and error, find the value of such that the ratio e/r
calculated using equation 26 or 27 or 28 is equal to the actual e/r for that
section (i.e., M/Pxr). With this value of obtained, calculate the stresses
in concrete and steel using equations 36, 37 and 38.
In case the neutral axis falls outside the section, then calculate the stress in
concrete using equations 33, 34, 35 and 36.
The vertical stresses in concrete and steel due to temperature alone can be
calculated using the formulae given below.
Where
2 2
n = -mp + m p 2mp a(1 k) k(1 a) ----------(42)
Ec T x
Fictitious Stress ft = ----------(43)
2
Where
2 fc
fcomb = 2ft mp mp 2mp k(1 a) a(1 k) (1 mp)
f' t
----------(44d)
Where
Where
pfs
fcomb = 2ft mp mp 2mp k (1 a) a(1 k )
2
---(46b)
f 't
CTC = LK Tx Ec ----------(48)
where
Z = ratio of distance between the inner surface of the chimney shell and
the circumferential reinforcing steel to the total shell thickness t
STC = L (Z K) Tx Es ----------(50)
9.4.6 The maximum circumferential tensile stress in concrete due to wind induced
ring moment cwct can be calculated by formula
9.4.8 The maximum circumferential tensile stress in steel due to wind induced
ring moment swct can be calculated by formula
NOTE : In 9.4.9, 9.4.10 and 9.4.11 r, t and t 1 are in Cm, Wp in kg/m and
in kg/cm
M 1
fcwc = --- x K x t x ----------------------------------------------
t K + np [(K-1+Z) C + (Z-K) ]
3
----------(54)
where
(g) Determine
(h) Determine stresses
(i) Calculate temperature stress in steel and concrete
(j) Calculate stress in steel and concrete due to wind induced moments
(k) Check combined stresses
(l) Check stresses due to corbel moments
(m) If stresses exceed the corresponding permissible stress limits, increase
shell thickness or reinforcement or both and repeat the steps.
9.6 Deflection
For the 3 sec. wind load, static modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be
used for deflection check. For the HMW with gust, dynamic modulus of
elasticity of concrete shall be used.
The clear concrete cover over the vertical reinforcement in the shell shall
not be less than 50 mm. For other detailing requirements refer the standard
specification.
Example: A 150m tall RC chimney (single brick flue) for Jojobera thermal
power plant has been analysed and designed. The details of the structure are
as follows:
i) Shell profile
to E.L.100.000 1 in 500
Shell thickness at E.L. 100.000 0.4m
Shell thickness varies linearly from E.L.150.000 to
E.L. 100.000
Outside taper of chimney from E.L.100.000
to E.L. (-) 2.000 1 in 40
Shell thickness at E.L. 10.000 0.55m
Shell thickness varies linearly from E.L.100.000 to E.L.10.000
Shell thickness at E.L. (-) 2.000 0.55m
Shell thickness is constant from E.L.10.000 to E.L. (-) 2.000
v) Temperature data
viii) Others
The following sheets give the geometry and the loads considered for the analysis and design of
chimney shell
UNITS FOLLOWED FOR VARIOUS ITEMS
----------------------------------------
SL NO. ITEM UNIT
----------------------------------------
1 ELEVATION m
2 THICKNESS/DIA m
3 WIDTH/HEIGHT m
4 AREA Sq.m
5 MOMENT OF INERTIA m^4
6 UNIT WEIGHT kN/Cu.m
7 WEIGHT kN
8 VOLUME Cu.m
9 CONCRETE STRENGTH N/Sq.mm
10 ELASTIC MODULUS kN/Sq.m
----------------------------------------
SHELL PROFILE
-------------
DETAILS OF OPENINGS
-------------------
NO. OF OPENINGS = 7
-------------------------------------------------------
ELEVATION TO ELEVATION WIDTH ALPHA
-------------------------------------------------------
OPENING 1 5.150 8.850 3.05 90.00
OPENING 2 5.150 8.850 3.05 90.00
OPENING 3 0.000 2.100 1.10 90.00
OPENING 4 148.850 149.450 1.20 0.00
OPENING 5 148.850 149.450 1.20 90.00
OPENING 6 148.850 149.450 1.20 90.00
OPENING 7 148.850 149.450 1.20 180.00
------------------------------------------------------------
DETAIL OF CONCENTRATED LOADS
----------------------------
------------------------------
NO. ELEV LOAD
------------------------------
1 147.000 260.0
2 137.000 345.0
3 127.000 345.0
4 117.000 335.0
5 107.000 345.0
6 97.000 455.0
7 87.000 360.0
8 77.000 370.0
9 67.000 555.0
10 57.000 575.0
11 47.000 720.0
12 37.000 885.0
13 27.000 900.0
14 17.000 910.0
15 12.000 640.0
16 5.000 110.0
------------------------------------------------------------
*********************************
* TABLE OF SECTIONAL PROPERTIES *
*********************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NODE ELEV SHELL SHELL DIAMETER AREA MOM OF BRICK LINING AREA M of I
THICK OUTER MEAN INERTIA THICK MEANDIA AT MID_LEVELS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
==================================================================================
********************
* TABLE OF WEIGHTS *
********************
NOTE:THE CUM. WT. AT TOPMOST NODE IS FICTITIOUS-A WEIGHT OF 10 HAS BEEN PUT TO
AVOID ZERO LOAD CONDITION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NODE ELEV CORBEL GALLERY LANDING SLAB SHELL LINING WT.
WITHOUT LINING WT.WITH LINING
NODAL CUM NODAL CUM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
===============================================================================
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
-------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------
NODE ELEV CONCRETE MODULAR E-STATIC E-DYNAMIC
RATIO
--------------------------------------------------------------
============================================================
QUANTITIES OF CONCRETE:MIXWISE
*******************************
----------------------------------
NO. MIX WEIGHT VOLUME
----------------------------------
============================================================
Refer fig. 7
Total area of air gap or air inlet openings should not be less than two-thirds
of the area of minimum air gap.
= 0.19063 m
a) the distance between the lining and the chimney shell is not less than
100 mm and
The minimum distance provided between the lining and chimney shell is 245
mm > 100 mm
As shown earlier, the number and size of openings in the chimney wall and
at each corbel satisfies clause C-1.1.2 and D-2.2.3.1 of IS:4998 (Part-1)
1975. Hence the chimney is treated as lined chimney with ventilated air
space between the lining and shell.
The temperature gradient for lined chimneys with ventilated air space is
given by equation 24
At EL 97.000
G = 0.315 m
1 1
Factor A1 = -------- = ------------ = 0.0426 0.043
rq K1 0.5 x 47
Dbi 3.88
Factor A3 = -------- = ---------------------- = 0.092
Ks Ds 9.497 x 4.425
tD bi 0.405 x 3.88
Factor A4 = -------- = ---------------------- = 0.205
CcDc 1.488 x 5.145
Dbi 3.88
Factor A5 = -------- = ---------------------- = 0.0119 0.012
K2 Dco 58.59 x 5.55
A4 x (T To)
Tx = ---------------------------------
(A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5)
The above analysis of the concrete shell has been done on STAAD-III. This
analysis is done for unlined condition (i.e. shell only condition). Similar
procedure shall be adopted for lined condition (shell + lining condition).
For the analysis, the shell is treated as a cantilever and the masses are
lumped at node points. The base is assumed to be fixed.
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.0 *
* Proprietary Program of *
* RESEARCH ENGINEERS, Inc. *
* Date= SEP 20, 1999 *
* Time= 15:29:54 *
* *
* USER ID: TCE, BANGALORE *
**************************************************
62. 8 FX 807.4
63. 9 FX 1375.9
64. 10 FX 2799
65. 11 FX 3494.1
66. 12 FX 3190.9
67. 13 FX 1949.6
68. 14 FX 1379.7
69. 15 FX 2196.2
70. 16 FX 2360
71. 17 FX 2106.8
72. 18 FX 1866.3
73. 19 FX 1115.1
74. 20 FX 779.9
75. 21 FX 1274.1
76. 22 FX 1427.5
77. 23 FX 1344
78. 24 FX 1261.2
79. 25 FX 668.7
80. 26 FX 117.1
81. 27 FX 116.3
82. 28 FX 57.9
83. MODAL CALCULATION
84. SPECTRUM SRSS X 0.15 ACC DAMP 0.05 SCALE 9.81
85. 0 0.09; 0.04 0.16; 0.08 0.19; 0.12 0.20
86. 0.16 0.20; 0.20 0.20; 0.30 0.20
87. 0.40 0.185; 0.50 0.163; 0.60 0.147
88. 0.80 0.127; 1.0 0.107; 1.20 0.095
89. 1.40 0.08; 1.60 0.07; 1.80 0.06
90. 2.0 0.057; 2.3 0.05; 2.6 0.045; 3.0 0.04
91. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M S T AT I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
1 0.368 2.71470
2 1.413 0.70796
3 3.550 0.28172
4 6.829 0.14644
5 11.037 0.09061
93. FINISH
Since the centreline distance is greater than 3 times effective diameter, there
is no aerodynamic interference.
Since the diameter of chimney at top is less than 75 times wall thickness,
ovalling oscillation need not be examined.
Since the spacing of the chimneys is less than 20 times the diameter, the
amplitudes of oscillation of the downstream chimney will be magnified. This
magnification can be suppressed by providing strakes. In this case, we
propose to design the chimneys for magnified amplitudes of oscillation
instead of providing strakes.
= 9 x 10-3 = 1 in 111
This calculation has been done for shell only condition. Similar procedure
shall be adopted for shell + lining condition also
Return period for shell only condition (Table 1, IS 875 (Part 3)) = 25 years
Terrain category = 2
Class of structure = C
{K1 = 0.907 has been calculated using the formula given in Table 1. K1 =
0.90 can also be used, as indicated in Table 1}
= 51.55 m/sec
Force at EL 149.000
Force at EL 148.000
Refer fig.9
In a similar way, the element force, nodal force, shear force and bending
moment are calculated at other levels. (Refer table 2)
TABLE 2- Along wind load calculation as per IS : 4998 (Part 1) -1992, Cl : A-4.1
147.00 1.208 51.47 1589.34 0.80 5.212 6.63 6.624 36.35 52.9 29.8
137.00 1.200 51.13 1568.36 0.80 5.252 6.59 66.083 65.89 118.8 559.0
127.00 1.192 50.79 1547.52 0.80 5.292 6.55 65.706 65.51 184.3 1747.2
117.00 1.184 50.44 1526.81 0.80 5.332 6.51 65.322 65.13 249.5 3590.5
107.00 1.176 50.10 1506.25 0.80 5.372 6.47 64.930 55.06 304.5 6085.0
100.00 1.170 49.85 1490.92 0.80 5.400 6.44 45.199 32.36 336.9 8216.7
97.00 1.166 49.68 1480.74 0.80 5.550 6.57 19.523 43.69 380.6 9227.3
87.00 1.152 49.08 1445.40 0.80 6.050 7.00 67.851 69.89 450.5 13033.0
77.00 1.138 48.49 1410.48 0.80 6.550 7.39 71.933 73.85 524.3 17537.6
67.00 1.124 47.89 1375.99 0.80 7.050 7.76 75.758 77.54 601.8 22780.6
57.00 1.110 47.29 1341.93 0.80 7.550 8.11 79.329 68.42 670.3 28799.1
50.00 1.100 46.87 1317.86 0.80 7.900 8.33 57.519 41.27 711.5 33491.0
47.00 1.091 46.48 1296.38 0.80 8.050 8.35 25.016 54.35 765.9 35625.7
37.00 1.061 45.20 1226.06 0.80 8.550 8.39 83.675 83.64 849.5 43284.5
27.00 1.028 43.80 1150.98 0.80 9.050 8.33 83.597 82.69 932.2 51779.7
17.00 0.982 41.84 1050.28 0.80 9.550 8.02 81.786 60.48 992.7 61101.9
12.00 0.946 40.30 974.69 0.80 9.800 7.64 39.164 27.13 1019.8 66065.3
10.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 9.900 7.46 15.102 15.05 1034.9 68105.0
8.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.000 7.54 14.997 15.07 1049.9 70174.7
6.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.100 7.61 15.147 11.39 1061.3 72274.6
5.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.150 7.65 7.630 7.65 1069.0 73335.9
4.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.200 7.69 7.668 11.56 1080.5 74404.9
2.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.300 7.76 15.449 15.52 1096.1 76566.0
0.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.400 7.84 15.599 11.72 1107.8 78758.1
-2.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.80 10.500 0.00 7.837 3.92 1111.7 80973.7
This calculation has been done for shell only condition. Similar procedure
shall be adopted for shell + lining condition also.
Force at EL 149.000
Force at EL 148.000
(4.176 + 4.17)
Force on element (1) = ------------------- x 1 = 4.173 kN
2
(4.17 + 4.165)
Force on element (2) = ------------------- x 1 = 4.167 kN
2
In a similar way, the element force, nodal force, shear force and bending
moment are calculated at other levels. (Refer table 3)
This calculation is done for shell only condition. Similar procedure shall
be adopted for shell + lining condition also.
-0.88
S = 1 + 5.78 0.37_ 1.14
x 150 0.98
31.49
S = 0.208
31.49
B = background factor
3600 x 0.37
vT = ----------------------- = 1041.83
1 + 0.627 x 0.016 1/2
0.208 x 0.076
gf = peak factor
G = 2.158
= 48251.65 kNm
The element force, nodal force, shear force and bending moment is then
calculated using the same procedure as done for forces due to HMW.
(Refer table 4)
TABLE 3 - Along wind load calculation as per IS : 4998 (Part 1) - 1992, Cl : A-5.1
Shear Force and Bending Moment due to Hourly Mean Wind by RANDOM RESPONSE
METHOD :
TABLE 4 - Along wind load calculation as per IS : 4998 (Part 1) - 1992, Cl : A-5.1
Calculation of peak tip deflection has been done for shell only condition.
Similar procedure shall be adopted to calculate peak tip deflection for shell
+ lining condition also.
0.37 x 5.3
Vcri = ------------ = 9.81 m/sec. < 55.77 m/sec
0.2
1.41 x 5.3
Vcri = ------------ = 37.37 m/sec. < 55.77 m/sec
0.2
3.55 x 5.3
Vcri = ------------ = 94.1 m/sec. > 55.77 m/sec
0.2
Hence vortex shedding will occur in first and second mode only.
For first mode,
me1 = equivalent mass per unit length = 14185 kg/m (refer table 5)
H
dz z dz = 283.36 9Refer table 5)
o
H
z dz = 30.641 (Refer table 5)
o
Shear force at
EL 150.000 = 1.94 kN
Bending moment at
EL 150.000 = 0 kNm
Similarly sectional force, shear force and bending moment are calculated at
other sections.(Refer table 5)
9.81
EL 150.000 = ------- x 0 = 0 kNm
49.85
9.81
EL 149.000 = ------- x 3.3 = 0.13 kNm
49.85
9.81
EL 148.000 = ------- x 13.3 = 0.52 kNm
49.85
Resultant moment at
EL 150.000 = ( 0 + 0 ) = 0 kNm
Similarly the shear and bending moments are calculated at other loads.
(Refer table 6)
Hence as per Clause A-5.3(a), peak tip deflection for first mode of vibration
= 0.01487
Using the value of oi calculate the sectional force, shear force and bending
moment due to across wind at all sections.(Refer table 5)
9.81 2
= ------- x (Fzm + Fzf) and the resultant moment at all levels.
39.20
(Refer table 6)
Repeat all the above calculations for second mode of vibration also.
27.00 3494.1 0.0 356.18 9.050 0.0311 2.81 0.0097 0.34 1.54 110.9 8739.7
17.00 2799.0 0.0 285.32 9.550 0.0132 0.95 0.0013 0.05 0.52 111.5 9849.0
12.00 1375.9 0.0 140.25 9.800 0.0070 0.24 0.0002 0.01 0.14 111.6 10406.3
10.00 807.4 0.0 82.31 9.900 0.0051 0.10 0.0001 0.00 0.06 111.7 10629.5
8.00 816.4 0.0 83.22 10.000 0.0034 0.07 0.0000 0.00 0.04 111.7 10852.8
6.00 617.2 0.0 62.92 10.100 0.0021 0.03 0.0000 0.00 0.02 111.7 11076.2
5.00 414.7 0.0 42.27 10.150 0.0016 0.02 0.0000 0.00 0.01 111.7 11187.9
4.00 626.9 0.0 63.90 10.200 0.0012 0.02 0.0000 0.00 0.01 111.7 11299.6
2.00 842.3 0.0 85.86 10.300 0.0005 0.01 0.0000 0.00 0.01 111.7 11523.1
0.00 851.0 0.0 86.75 10.400 0.0001 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 111.7 11746.5
-2.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 10.500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 111.7 11970.0
35856.2 0.0 3655.07 283.36 30.641 434.64
Formula 1 Formula 2
1.2 260.6 23031.1 2336.60 23149.35 37.96 263.39 5196.42 71.30 11135.78 132.31
0.3 261.0 24334.3 2526.43 24465.10 39.00 263.85 5552.93 72.35 11795.17 133.00
0.1 261.1 24856.2 2604.44 24992.29 39.58 264.08 5697.64 72.90 12060.22 133.34
0.1 261.2 25378.4 2683.56 25519.89 40.15 264.25 5843.43 73.43 12325.94 133.67
0.0 261.2 25900.8 2763.87 26047.83 40.59 264.36 5990.30 73.83 12592.28 133.90
0.0 261.3 26162.0 2804.44 26311.89 40.88 264.43 6064.13 74.09 12725.66 134.05
0.0 261.3 26423.3 2845.32 26576.01 41.32 264.52 6138.21 74.48 12859.19 134.28
0.0 261.3 26945.8 2928.00 27104.42 41.92 264.63 6287.17 74.99 13126.68 134.57
0.0 261.3 27468.4 3011.83 27633.01 42.36 264.70 6437.14 75.37 13394.71 134.78
0.0 261.3 27991.0 3096.53 28161.73 42.51 264.73 6587.87 75.49 13663.15 134.85
(SIMPLIFIED METHOD)
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.0 *
* Proprietary Program of *
* RESEARCH ENGINEERS, Inc. *
* Date= OCT 7, 1999 *
* Time= 11:12:22 *
* *
* USER ID: TCE, BANGALORE *
**************************************************
1. STAAD PLANE
2. UNIT MET KNS
3. JOINT COORD
4. 1 0 -2 ; 2 0 0 ; 3 0 2 ; 4 0 4 ; 5 0 5
5. 6 0 6 ; 7 0 8 ; 8 0 10
6. 9 0 12
7. 10 0 17
8. REPEAT 3 0 10
9. 14 0 50
10. 15 0 57
11. REPEAT 4 0 10
12. 20 0 100
13. 21 0 107
14. REPEAT 4 0 10
15. 26 0 148 ; 27 0 149 ; 28 0 150
16. MEMBER INCI
17. 1 1 2 27 1 1
18. MEMBER PROP
93. 10 FX 84.89
94. 11 FX 116.07
95. 12 FX 117.4
96. 13 FX 76.28
97. 14 FX 57.93
98. 15 FX 96.05
99. 16 FX 108.85
100. 17 FX 103.66
101. 18 FX 98.11
102. 19 FX 61.32
103. 20 FX 45.43
104. 21 FX 77.29
105. 22 FX 91.42
106. 23 FX 91.96
107. 24 FX 92.50
108. 25 FX 51.03
109. 26 FX 9.30
110. 27 FX 9.30
111. 28 FX 4.65
112. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M S T AT I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.0 *
* Proprietary Program of *
* RESEARCH ENGINEERS, Inc. *
* Date= OCT 7, 1999 *
* Time= 11:12:59 *
* *
* USER ID: TCE, BANGALORE *
**************************************************
1. STAAD PLANE
2. UNIT MET KNS
3. JOINT COORD
4. 1 0 -2 ; 2 0 0 ; 3 0 2 ; 4 0 4 ; 5 0 5
5. 6 0 6 ; 7 0 8 ; 8 0 10
6. 9 0 12
7. 10 0 17
8. REPEAT 3 0 10
9. 14 0 50
10. 15 0 57
11. REPEAT 4 0 10
12. 20 0 100
13. 21 0 107
14. REPEAT 4 0 10
15. 26 0 148 ; 27 0 149 ; 28 0 150
16. MEMBER INCI
17. 1 1 2 27 1 1
18. MEMBER PROP
19. 27 PRIS AX 1 IZ 13.967
20. 26 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.078
21. 25 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.189
22. 24 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.804
23. 23 PRIS AX 1 IZ 15.942
24. 22 PRIS AX 1 IZ 17.106
25. 21 PRIS AX 1 IZ 18.296
26. 20 PRIS AX 1 IZ 19.329
27. 19 PRIS AX 1 IZ 20.76
28. 18 PRIS AX 1 IZ 25.521
29. 17 PRIS AX 1 IZ 34.345
30. 16 PRIS AX 1 IZ 45.222
31. 15 PRIS AX 1 IZ 58.438
32. 14 PRIS AX 1 IZ 71.693
33. 13 PRIS AX 1 IZ 80.432
34. 12 PRIS AX 1 IZ 93
35. 11 PRIS AX 1 IZ 115.088
36. 10 PRIS AX 1 IZ 140.829
37. 9 PRIS AX 1 IZ 163.088
38. 8 PRIS AX 1 IZ 174.205
39. 7 PRIS AX 1 IZ 180.007
40. 6 PRIS AX 1 IZ 111.425
41. 5 PRIS AX 1 IZ 114.650
91. 8 FX 12.49
92. 9 FX 23.97
93. 10 FX 58.02
94. 11 FX 86.03
95. 12 FX 95.55
96. 13 FX 65.70
97. 14 FX 53.61
98. 15 FX 94.02
99. 16 FX 114.72
100. 17 FX 119.34
101. 18 FX 123.67
102. 19 FX 82.14
103. 20 FX 65.36
104. 21 FX 115.31
105. 22 FX 142.35
106. 23 FX 150.20
107. 24 FX 158.05
108. 25 FX 89.29
109. 26 FX 16.66
110. 27 FX 16.74
111. 28 FX 8.39
112. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M S T AT I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
The vertical stress calculation has been done at three levels, so that
different types of shell profile are covered.
From Table 2 for = = 0, actual e/r is less than 0.50. Hence, neutral axis
will lie outside the section and the whole section is under compression.
1 1
I= ( 0 0 0) ( 2 x cos 0 x sin 0 sin 0 sin 0)
2 4
I = /2 = 3.14/2 = 1.57.
10.98x0.00 25
np = (1 0.0025)
0.0275
1 1 1
c= (0.392 1 1)(1 cos0 1)
2(1 0.0275) 000 1.57
c = 0.2764
3
0.2764x217 5x10
Compressive stress in concrete fv = 2463x326(1 0.0025)
= 0.75 N/mm2
From table 2 for = = 0, actual e/r is greater than 0.50. Hence, neutral
axis lies inside the section.
D = 0.6607.
E = 1.3941.
F = 0.3997.
G = 1.3422.
10.98x0.00 3
np = (1 0.003)
0.033
cos0 cos76.5
C = 2 1 0.033 x0.6607 0.033x1.3941 0.6021
0.6021x(cos76.5 cos0)
S= 0.9688
cos0 cos76.5
e/r = 0.952
This is equal to the actual value of e/r. Hence, the assumption that =
76.5 is correct.
455 2
fCmax = 6.69x 1 7.30 N / mm
2x3297.5xcos0(cos0 cos76.5)
(iii) Consider EL 8.000 of the shell, where there are two openings
diametrically opposite to each other.
From table 2 for = = 18.830, e/r ~ 0.392. Actual e/r is greater than
0.392. Hence, neutral axis lies inside the section.
D = 0.8360
E = 0.5333
F = 0.6525
G = 0.3211.
8.12x0.010 5
np = (1 0.0105)
0.0861
= 0.7322.
This is approximately equal to the actual e/r. Hence, the assumption that
= 970 is correct.
cos18.83 cos97
C =
2 1 0.861 x0.8360 0.0861x0.5 333
0.6196
0.6196(cos 97 cos18.83)
S = (cos18.83 cos97)
0.4782
550
fcmax = 9.66 1
2x4725xcos 18.83(cos1 8.83 cos97)
= 10.22 N/mm2.
3
40094x 10 2
fs = 0.4782 x 8.12 x 6055N/ mm
4725x550x(1 0.0105)
(iv) Vertical stress due to combined effect of axial load, moment and
temperature at EL 8.000.
On leeward side
= 17.48 N/mm2.
2
fsh = 17.48 2x7.82(1 0.869) x8.12 125.30N/
mm
On Windward side
Fcomb=2*7.82*{-8.12*0.0105+
60.55
2x8.12x0.0105x 0.5 1 0.869 0.869(1 0.5) 0.0105x
2
(8.12x0.0105)
7.82
}
= 0.32 N/mm2
300 - 56
Z = ---------- = 0.8133
300
0.002 0.002
k' * 10.98 * (1.0 1) ( * 10.98 * (1 1)) 2 2 * 0.002 * 10.98 * 0.5 * (0.8133
2 2
k = 0.1278
From equation 56
Circumferential tensile stress in steel
-0.002
k = --------- x 10.98 + 0.002 x 10.98 x (0.002x10.98 + 2x0.8133)
2 2 2
= 0.1231
= 1.43 N/mm2
The strake between stiffeners is a plate fixed along three edges and fourth
side free.
P = 4053 N/m2
a = 200 mm.
b = 1300 mm.
a/b = 0.154.
The charts are available for a/b = 0.125 and a/b = 0.25.
From figure 1, Sh 13
Max. Rx = 0.125 Pb
Max. R = 0.1545 pb
Shear force at the junction of strake and embedment = 4053 x 0.2 x 1.3 =
1054 N.
Shear stress on bolt = 527/201 = 2.62 N/mm2 < 80 N/mm2 O.K. Ref. Table
8.1 in IS 800
2.62 19.83
0.198 O.K.
80 120
t = 12.9 mm.