Workshop UPC: Tunnelling through Saline and Swelling Ground

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground

Thomas Marcher, 20.01.2011

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground

Motivation

subject
j of the presentation:

to identify effects of time-dependent deformations due to

swelling based on design and construction experiences
of large infrastructure projects:

Bosruck Road Tunnel, Austria:

5.5 km long base tunnel - anhydrite swelling
NATM with stiff lining concept

Pfnder Road Tunnel, Austria:

6.6 km road tunnel argillaceous clay shale swelling
TBM with segmental / CIP lining concept

Niagara Tunnel, Canada

10.4 km water diversion tunnel in clay shales
swelling design for lifetime of structure

page 2

1
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Introduction
Terminology

time-dependent deformation described as

rock squeeze and swelling

however, processes are often interrelated,

individual effects of each are difficult to distinguish.

presentation focuses on swelling of rock

time dependent volume increase due to a physico- (and/or) chemical reaction

of the rock with water.
water

swelling mechanisms distinguished in:

swelling of argillaceous clay shales / marls

swelling of anhydritic rock formations.

page 3

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Introduction
Significance of Swelling for tunnel construction

success of design
g and construction of a tunnel related to:
the knowledge of geological environment,
rock mass parameters, overburden thickness,
in-situ stress field, tunnel size and shape, etc.

long-term deformation often governs the final lining design.

geotechnical baseline reports often propose unrealistic high

swelling pressures:
due to simply false test results
misunderstandings of swelling processes
overestimations are easily decisive as go/no-go criteria

can be a significant factor for the economic efficiency

page 4

2
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Introduction
Significance of Swelling for tunnel construction

Swelling
g is not only
y affected by
ygground conditions

such as rock mass properties, in-situ stress field, supply of water

Swelling is also strongly influenced by

the method of excavation (NATM versus TBM),
the construction stages
(full face, fast ring closure, heading stages, etc.),
ttunnell geometry
t
(flat invert versus circular profile and support elements).

page 5

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Introduction
Design Relevant Swelling Pressure

swelling
g pressure in lab tests versus in-situ swelling
g pressure

geomechanical characterization is difficult

test and evaluation methods are challenging

design relevant swelling pressure depends on:

quality of samples:
- avoid drying process
- avoiding volume changes
scaling effect lab / in-situ
stiffness relation tunnel lining / surrounding rock
effective water conditions

page 6

3
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Introduction
Applicability of Calculation Methods

Numereous calculation methods:

time-independent models
rheological models
coupled (two-phase) models

highly sophisticated constitutive laws to account for swelling

phenomenon

weak point:
identification of key parameters for such swelling laws
scaling effect does not allow to use test results directly

alternatives:
use of a empirical load or volume change approaches

page 7

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Content

Historyy of Tunneling
g at Bosruck

Railway Tunnel

Motorway Tunnel 1st tube

Dangers & Rehabilitation

Design of Motorway 2nd tube

Excavation works - Status

page 8

4
 Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Introduction

Construction works of 2nd tube of Bosruck road tunnel started

in December 2009

Road tunnel on the A9 Pyhrn motorway

4th tube under the Bosruck massiv with a more than

100-year history of tunneling

page 9

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
History

First discussions of a tunnel under the Bosruck tunnel in 1848

Project failed due to an alternative route passing St. Valentin

(Kronprinz Rudolf Bahn Gesellschaft)

Trieste developed beeing a economic centre due to the loss

of Venice (1866)

1873 economic crisis no more interest in Pyhrn-tunnel

project

page 10

Historie

5
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
History

Due to national interest to improve the importance of Trieste a

governmental plan for the construction of the Pyhrn-tunnel was
pushed

The Bosruck tunnel Project has been estimated to be rather

cheap

Cost estimate 1901: 12 Mio. Kronen

North Portal workers housing

page 11

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
History

Construction of the 4766 m long

g single
g track railway
y tunnel
started 1901

Many violent inrushes of up to 1100 l/s of water into the tunnel

KuK supervision and contractors representatives

page 12

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Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
History

2300 workers from the Austro-Hungarian

g monarchy
y
lived together in small villages

Flooding of site facilities in the North portal area

page 13

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
History

A methane explosion cost 14 miners their lives. 2 workers died

during rescue assistance.

Tunneling through November 1905

Tunnel has been completed in 1906

page 14

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Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
History

Total costs: 20.7 Mio Kronen

Cost overrun of 80 %

Nevertheless, project supported Trieste being most

important central european port till 1914

1977 Pyhrn railway lining has been electrified

page 15

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Geology

Eastern part ot the central alps

carbonate stock consists of massive and bedded limestone and

dolomites

basal shale zones (Haselgebirge) consisting of slate, dolomite-

anhydrite, marl and limestone

to the south lies the Admonter zone consisting mostly of

sandstone, claystones, siltstones and quartzite

page 16

8
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Overview road tunnel Bosruck

1978 start of pilot tunnel South

1979 start of pilot tunnel North

1982 1st tube break through

1983 start of traffic 1st tube

page 17

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
1st tube road tunnel (construction 1980 1983)

Positive properties experienced during

g tunneling
g through
g
Haselgebirge-formation

Only light support has been installed

Only small deformations recognized during excavation

About a month after first top heading pass first spalling occurred
to the structure

Proved impossible to stop the creep movement that has started

Inner lining (CIP) installed 1983

Since 1994 repair works necessary

page 18

9
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Continuous rehabilitation works

1994 start of intensive measurements

1994 systematic additional anchoring

1996 / 1998 replacement of the roof in block 425

and 424 (TM 600)

1998 2000 installing additional monitoring equipment

(sliding micrometer, extensometer) TM 600

2001 installation of a safety gear against spalling

anchors

2002 replacement of the roof in block 426 (TM 600)

Continuous road rehabilitation

Rehabilitation of the ventilation & dewatering tunnel

page 19

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Feasibility study

Guaranteeing
g serviceability
y

Guaranteeing ultimate limit state

Guaranteeing traffic safety

ECKE
UND ABLUFT ZULUFT
NTES
SOLE
AGER

FUNKKABEL
WESTULME

LICHTRAUMPROFIL FUNKKABEL
GRAZ
LINZ

Reduction of rehabilitation works

2"

RKABEL

SCHLUSSFUGE
PVC - HALBSCHALE DN40 ALLE 5
LBSCHALE DN40 ALLE 5m FAHRBAHNENTWSSERUNG
TUNNELHAUPTENTWSSERUNG DN 400
DN600
FAHRBAHNAUFBAU:
TRAGSCHICHTDRAINAGE
DN200 22 00cm BETONDECKE

page 20

10
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Results of feasibility study

Original
g concept listed construction 2nd tube in 2021

Feasibility study: 2nd tube to be ready in 2015

rehabilitation of 1st tube 2016

Road rehabilitation (asphalt instead of concrete)

Rehabilitation drainage system

Stress controller to avoid damage to roofs due to movements

page 21

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design and Rehabilitation Contract

page 22

11
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Geology: Haselgebirge-formation

overburden

page 23

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Monitoring Data from 2001 - ongoing
TM 608,736
KM 94+348,736
Continuous interpretation
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ALLER MESSUNGEN MESSUNG VOM 17.01.2003
ZUM 27.07.2001 MESSUNG VOM 03.06.2003
BLICKRICHTUNG SDEN MESSUNG VOM 13.10.2003
MESSUNG VOM 25.11.2004
K1

Deformation rate of max. K2 K3

6 mm / year !!
K4 K5
VERFORMUNG
9,1 mm
VERFORMUNG Z2 Z1 Z3
8,1mm K7
K6
Danger of loss of stability OSTEN WESTEN
VERFORMUNG
22 mm
VERFORMUNG K9 WERTE 1:1
11
K8 BEI M 1:100 DARGESTELLT
11 m m

K 10 K11

S1 S2

page 24

12
 Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Visualization of monitoring data

page 25

Probleme

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Potential causes

Rock formation:

- Haselgebirge formation and Anhydrite are highly sensitive to

water

- Haselgebirge formation starts softening

- Anhydrite is subject to swelling

- Due to swelling/squeezing processes high rock loads develop

Construction deficiencies:

- Inadequate drainage system

- Existing damage to lining and

drainage system

- Continuous watering of rock

page 26

13
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design methodology for Haselgebirge-formation

damages
g occurred in the 1st tube & conclusions regarding
g g the
swelling/squeezing behaviour exploited for the design and
construction of the second tube

To cope with expected ground behaviour a circular cross section

is applied resistance principle

2-step approach for the design:

1. Back calculation 1st tube section

2. Design calculation 2nd tube (new)

page 27

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Back calculation TM 600

Geometryy 1st tube ((representative section))

- Excavation area 120 m

- Shotcrete lining 8 30 cm
(chosen 18 cm)

- CIP final lining 36 112 cm

(chosen 74 cm)

page 28

14
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Back calculation TM 600

FE-model at station TM 600

page 29

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Back calculation TM 600

Construction sequences

- Construction pilot tunnel

(drainage & ventilation)

- 1st tube excavation

(top heading / bench / invert)

page 30

15
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Results of back calculation

Extensometer and sliding

g micrometer
measurements compared to results
of back calculation

page 31

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Results of back calculation

simulation of calculated deformations:

page 32

16
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design of 2nd tube

Typical
y cross section Haselgebirge-formation
g g

- circular profile

- excavation area 130 m

- Shotcrete lining 30 cm with yielding elements

- CIP final lining with 60 70 cm

thickness

- invert arch with a min. thickness

of 130 cm

page 33

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Status of Construction

by end of 2010 excavation from the North

advanced through the entire Haselgebirge formation.

excavation from South mainly been performed in

silt stone, sand stone and clay stone (Werfen beds).

According to current time schedule:

excavation works finished by end of January 2012

page 34

17
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
A9 Bosruck 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Experience from Design & Construction

critical section designed with

- a circular shape
- providing an excavation sequence with a rapid ring closure

stiff lining concept (i.e. resistant invert arch) has been

chosen:
dimensions are based on the back-analyses results
of the 1st tube.

uncertainties
t i ti due
d tot limited
li it d kknowledge
l d
about the swelling / squeezing mechanisms
eliminated as much as possible
based on experiences gained so far in tunnelling
in the Bosruck Massiv during the last 100 years.

page 35

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Content

Project
j overview

Back calculation 1st tube

Results of back analysis

Design aspects 2nd tube

Conclusions

page 36

18
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Project overview

First Tube:
under operation since 1980
L = 6.718 m

Second tube:
under construction since 10/2007
L = 6.586 m

page 37

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Project overview

Drill and Blast ((NATM)) Shield TBM

Double Shell Linings

Shotcrete / Cast concrete Segmental lining / cast concrete

page 38

19
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Project overview

Geology:
gy Molasse

Conglomerate, Sandstone, marly Sandstone

Claystone, marly Clay

max. overburden: 350 m

page 39

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Project overview

Laboratoryy investigations
g for first tube

max. content of montmorillonite: 7 %

max. free swelling pressure: 3.5 MN/m

max. free swelling heave: 17,8 %

page 40

20
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Back analysis 1st tube

Moderatelyy stiff resistance

Invert design:
400 mm reinforced invert

Criterium for anchorage:

heave exceeding
5mm / month

Durable anchorage:
52 % typ I = 0,13 MN/m

page 41

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Back analysis 1st tube

Simulation of swelling
g behavior:

volumetric strains applied to swelling zone

Swelling zone defined based on monitoring results of the 1st

tube

Swelling strain applied in two stages with variable

distribution

page 42

21
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Back analysis 1st tube

Simulation of swelling
g behavior

Assumptions:

Depth of swelling zone:

tunnel diameter

Max. strain:
at center of tunnel

Strain distribution:
decreasing towards sidewall

1/3 v, max
1/2 v, max
2/3 v, max
v, max

page 43

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Back analysis 1st tube

Comparison of analyses
y / measurements

Result of back analysis:

50 % swelling after invert construction

50 % swelling after anchoring

Max. swelling strain:

0,22 % after invert construction

0,27 % after anchoring

page 44

22
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Result of back analysis

max. swellingg pressure

200 kPa, sickle-shaped
distribution

max. pressure
at abutment

page 45

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design Aspects 2nd tube

Cross Section Drill and Blast (NATM)

( )

Semi Stiff Lining Concept:

deep invert (optimized)

invert thickness min. 70 cm
no anchorage

page 46

23
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design Aspects 2nd tube

Drill and Blast (NATM)

( )

Swelling pressure during final stage:

250 to 450 kPa

Sickle-shaped distribution

Maximum Pressure at abutment

page 47

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design Aspects 2nd tube

Cross Section Shield TBM

Profile lining
segments 27 cm
concrete 28 cm

Invert lining segment 55 cm

page 48

24
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design Aspects 2nd tube

Shield TBM

Swelling pressure during

construction max. 300 kPa

Uniform distribution

Zero at abutment

page 49

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design Aspects 2nd tube

Shield TBM

Total swelling pressure after

installation of final lining
max. 500 kPa

Uniform distribution

Zero at abutment

page 50

25
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Design Aspects 2nd tube

Shield TBM awarded

Conclusion:

Swelling pressure back calculated

from drill and blast = safe side

Lining capacity depends on

subgrade reaction

High swelling pressure requires

grouting of pea gravel

page 51

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Status of Construction

TBM excavation initiated in September 2008

in November 2009 TBM breakthrough took place

sequential excavation works were completed in July 2010

concreting works are expected to be completed in late 2011

second tube is scheduled to be opened to traffic by mid-2012

(as is the start of the rehabilitation works for the first tube).

page 52

26
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Pfnder Tunnel 2nd road tunnel, Austria
Experience from Design & Construction

1st tube of the Pfnder Tunnel:

- high swelling pressures caused damage to the invert slab

- required a permanent anchorage of the reinforced invert slab
- used to optimise the invert design for the 2nd tube.

stresses acting on the tunnel invert depend greatly on:

- tunnel geometry (shape, size)
- support resistance of the invert.

presumed swelling strain model:

- able to yield reasonable swelling stresses
(max. swelling stress and distribution)
if magnitude of swelling strain can be back-calculated
from measured data

page 53

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Content

Project
j Overview

Key Design Aspects

Chloride Diffusion Analysis

Rock Swelling Analysis

Conclusions

page 54

27
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Project Overview

page 55

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Project Overview

10.4 km water diversion tunnel

14.4 m diameter excavation

discharge 500 m3/s

Overburden of approx. 140 m

underpassing a glacial gorge
filled with sediments

Seite 56

28
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Project Overview

Seite 57

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Key Design Aspects

Tunnel lining
g concept

Seite 58

29
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Key Design Aspects

Geological
g /g
geotechnical model

Seite 59

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Key Design Aspects

Creep / squeezing
g conditions

Seite 60

30
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Key Design Aspects

high
g content of chloride

Chloride ions concentration changes

swelling potential due to reduction of

chlorides

Seite 61

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

Shales with high

g chloride contents swell if concentration
of chloride ions in pore fluid of rock mass is reduced

assumption: initiation of swelling for a 2% reduction

question:

How do boundary conditions govern penetration depth of

diffusion front into surrounding rock over a period of 90
years?

scope:

investigate influence of materials diffusion coefficients and

shotcrete thickness on penetration depth of 2% reduction
front

page 62

31
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

Physical
y Background
g

Diffusion within pore fluid from zones with higher

concentration (in-situ rock mass) to lower concentration
(tunnel circumference)

4 layers: final lining, waterproofing membrane,

shotcrete and rock, applied at different excavation stages
influence diffusion gradient
consideration of multiple-phase-medium necessary

page 63

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

Numerical Modelling
g

Differential equation for diffusion, expressed for cf.

radial symmetry: Figure 2

with chloride concentration C, time t, coefficient

of diffusion D and radial coordinate r
penetration depth of 2% reduction front

Solution with two-dimensional Finite Difference shotcrete

lining
Scheme (MATLAB) Point 2.2 rock

Discretisation of the time variable tj (j=1m) with

increments t = 0.1 d and spatial variable ri (i=1n)
with increments r = 1.0 cm

Integration with an implicit forward time, centred

space scheme
page 64

32
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

analysis
y

geometry of the multiphase system

modelling section:

modelling section

page 65

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

g
geometry
y and material parameters

layer thickness diffusion coefficient

final lining: d1 = 0.600 m D1 = 1.5105 cm2/s

membrane: d2 = 0.003 m D2 = 1.5108 cm2/s

shotcrete lining: d3 = 0.130 m D3 = 1.5106 cm2/s

rock: d4 = 14.000 m D4 = 1.5105 cm2/s

page 66

33
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

time discretisation

calculations from t1 = 0 (start of the tunnel excavation) to

tend = 33,580 d (construction time + lifetime of the structure)

for the first 2 years (= 730 days) only layers 3 and 4 active

after that layers 1 and 2 activated and change in chloride

concentration calculated for an additional 90 years

page 67

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

Evaluation of Results

Distribution of chloride concentration after 2 years

penetration depth of 2% reduction front

shotcrete
lining rock

page 68

34
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

Evaluation of Results

Distribution of chloride concentration after 90 years

page 69

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Chloride Diffusion Analysis

Evaluation of Results

page 70

35
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Rock Swelling Analysis

Calculation procedure of swelling

g

page 71

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Rock Swelling Analysis

Calculation Results

page 72

36
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Rock Swelling Analysis

Calculation Results

page 73

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Status of Construction

September 2005 official g

ground breaking
g ceremonies

TBM excavation initiated in 2006/2007

end of 2010 the TBM has reached 9,200 meters:

- TBM is approximately 68 meters below the surface of the

Niagara River and is mining an average of 9.7 meters daily

at 9,846 meters TBM will breakthrough into the existing grout

tunnel

project to be completed in 2013.

page 74

37
Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Niagara Water Diversion Tunnel, Canada
Experience from Design & Construction

design
g swelling g pressure mayy correspond to the final
equilibrium state expected in the long term
-> swelling potential exhausted.

for long-term, swelling design can be optimised

-> expected pressure at the end of the intended lifetime

for the project a reduction of chloride concentration by

2 % is defined as the extent of swell initiation
-> diffusion front

based on differential equations for diffusion

a robust and fast numerical model developed
-> estimate the potential and order of magnitude of swelling
(spatial and timely distribution)
for the intended lifetime of the tunnel structure.

page 75

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Conclusions

experiences gained in the projects can be used to make the following statements:

essential for reducing the swelling is preventing the introduction of water.

-> avoid any water ingress into the rock formation.
-> rock surface shall be immediately sealed with shotcrete when using NATM.
-> in case of TBM drives, it is important to avoid importing water into tunneling works.

to minimize existing water from ingressing into the surrounding rock

-> chose favourable cross sections
-> preventing the formation of water routes (especially in edges)

selecting
gppreventive construction sequences:
q

-> invert ring closure close to the excavation face

-> by NATM fast ring closure
-> by TBM shield tunnelling with immediately installed precast segments.

page 76

38
 Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:
Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Conclusions

laboratory swelling tests lead to an overestimation of swelling pressures and strains:

-> reason could be sample disturbance (strength, stiffness, stress state, etc.)
-> scaling factor between the macro behaviour in the rock mass and the meso behaviour
in the lab tests

tunnelling in swelling ground is not a problem that has been solved at all.

no criteria exist for the selection of a lining principle.

due to uncertainties in describing swelling behaviour there is a great need for research:

-> in laboratory testing (taking the long periods of observation into account)
-> developing more realistic and adequate constitutive swelling laws.

page 77

Tunnel Design and Construction Practice:

Technical Solutions in Swelling Ground
Thank you for your attention!

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