Some Important Point: Modern Physics

Modern Physics
Some Important Point

1. The force experienced by electron inside electric field is,
Fe=QE=neE, Q=ne Where, e=1.6*10-19c
If n=1 Then, n=1,2,3,
Fe=eE E=Electric field strength
Q=Total charge
2. The force experience by electron inside magnetic field is,
Fm=B∅V=BeV, ∅=e
Where, B=Magnetic field strength
V=Velocity of electron
3. When magnetic field is applied proper dicular to the path of direction

of electron then the electron moves in circular path to moves in circular
path tl move in circular path centripetal force is required which is
provided by the magnetic field.
2
Therefore, BeV =𝑚𝑣 ⁄𝑟
Be =𝑚𝑣⁄𝑟
r =𝑚𝑣/𝐵𝑒
:- v =𝐵𝑒𝑟⁄𝑚
4. When electron moves inside an electric field then the vertical

deflection on the electron is,
y=1/2 at2
𝐹𝑒
=1⁄2 t2
𝑚
𝑒𝐸
=1⁄2 t2
𝑚
1 2
:- y= 𝑒⁄ 𝑣⁄ 𝑛 ⁄ [:- E=𝑣⁄𝑑 & ℎ⁄𝑣]
2 𝑚 𝑑 𝑣2
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Modern Physics
5. Cross Field
It is such type of field in which the deflection produced on a electron

inside electric field is balance by the flaction produced on eletron inside
magnetic field.
i.e. Fm = Fc = BeV = eE
V=E/B
J-Thomson’s expT. To deTermine specific charge (emf)

The ratio of change to its mass is known as specific charge (e/m).A
simple experimental arrangement at jj.Theomson to determine e\m is
shown in fig. It consists of a discharge to be containing cathode and
anode. A low dc is applied across C.H.E.F. is applied between C&A.
Electron and magnetic field are applied to one end of discharge tube.
When power are switched are switched on the electron are emitted from
cathode & move toward the anode due to application of H.E.F. These
electron finally strike at S in absent of both field. When only electric field
is applied using two plates then the electron strikes at S1 on the screen
when cross field is applied then. The electron again strike at S when
magnetic field is applied at cross field electron strikes on S2.
Fm=Fe
Bev=eE
V=𝐸⁄𝐵……………(1)
If v be P.D. across C and A. Then work done by H.E.F is ev which equal

is to the K.E. gained by the electron.
i.e. ev=1⁄2mv2
or 𝑒⁄ =1⁄ v2
𝑚 2
or 𝑒⁄ =1⁄ 𝐸 2⁄ ………….(ii) [From eqn. (i)]

𝑚 2𝑣 𝐵2
Also if v & d be P.D. and distance between plates P1 and P2 then,
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Modern Physics
𝑣′
E= Hence eqn. (ii) become
𝑦
𝑒⁄ =1⁄ 𝑣 ′2⁄ 1⁄ ……….(iii)

𝑚 2𝑣 𝑑2 𝐵2
:- By measuring v’, v, d & b 𝑒⁄𝑚 can be calculated.
Photoelectric effect
The process of ejection of electron from the metal surface when

light having suitable frequency is in crised on it is having as photo
electric effect. The electrons so emitted are called photoelectric effect.
The electrons so emitted are called photoelectron and electric current
due to photoelectric is called photoelectric current.
Some important points
1) The energy of radiation is flowing in the form tiny as quantum.

The energy of each quantum is equal to the E=ht,
h=6.62*10-34 J/s
Planck’s constant
F= Frequency of radiation straight
2) The quantum current energy
E=nhf is known as photon for n-photon
E=nhf n=1, 2, 3, ……..
3) Stopping Potential (V0 or Vs)
It is the minimum value of required potential different betn.

Cathode and anode to stop the all the electron emitted anode to stop all
the electric emitted from cathode to reach at the anode
It is given by evo=1⁄2mv2
It is also known as negative or retarding potential.
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Modern Physics
Threshold Frequency (F0):- It is the minimum value of required frequency
at emit from them ∅𝑤surface below this frequency photoelectron can’t
be emitted.
Work function (∅ or w):-
It is the minimum value of energy of light at which the electron

are just started to emit from the metal surface it is given by ∅=hf
Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation.
According to Einstein’s when a light having energy E=hf is incident

on a metal surface then one part of it’s energy used to ejects the
electron. From the metal surface which is known as work function and is
given by ∅=hf0…………….(1)
F0= threshold frequency. And the remaining part of incidence

energy is used to move the electron within maximum velocity.
E-∅=1⁄2mv2max…………(2)
Eqn.(2) become hf-hf0=1⁄2mv2max
1⁄ mv2max=h(f-f0)………….(3)
2
Which einstain’s photoelectric equation
Also, F=𝑐⁄𝜆 and F0=𝑐⁄𝜆0 c=3*108m/s
Bohr’s theory:
Rutherford atomic model was model was unable to explane the
stability of atoms as well as well as line spectral emitted by hydrogen
atom. Due to the faller of Rutherford.
Bohr was able to explain the stability of atoms as well as line

spectra emitted by hydrogen atom theory is known as Borh’s theory
atomic Model.
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Modern Physics
Postulates
i) All atoms consist of +ve charge at its center. This center core highly
dense and is known as nucleus.
ii) All electron are revolving around the nucleus in a fixed circular path is
known as orbit.
iii) The first orbit are those in which the angular momentum of equation is
equal to the integral multiple of ℎ⁄2𝜋
∴mvr=𝑛ℎ⁄2𝜋 h=1,2,3,…………….
R=𝑛ℎ⁄2𝜋𝑣
iv) When electrons are revolving along their orbit then electron do not
radiates energy. But energy is absorbed only when electrons jump from
higher to lower to higher energy sate. The radiated or absorbed energy
is given by E2-E1=hf

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Modern Physics

Some Important Point

Fe=QE=neE, Q=ne Where, e=1.6*10-19c

If n=1 Then, n=1,2,3,

Fe=eE E=Electric field strength

2. The force experience by electron inside magnetic field is,

Where, B=Magnetic field strength

3. When magnetic field is applied proper dicular to the path of direction

4. When electron moves inside an electric field then the vertical

It is such type of field in which the deflection produced on a electron

J-Thomson’s expT. To deTermine specific charge (emf)

If v be P.D. across C and A. Then work done by H.E.F is ev which equal

or 𝑒⁄ =1⁄ 𝐸 2⁄ ………….(ii) [From eqn. (i)]

𝑒⁄ =1⁄ 𝑣 ′2⁄ 1⁄ ……….(iii)

:- By measuring v’, v, d & b 𝑒⁄𝑚 can be calculated.

The process of ejection of electron from the metal surface when

Some important points

1) The energy of radiation is flowing in the form tiny as quantum.

F= Frequency of radiation straight

2) The quantum current energy

E=nhf is known as photon for n-photon

E=nhf n=1, 2, 3, ……..

3) Stopping Potential (V0 or Vs)

It is the minimum value of required potential different betn.

It is also known as negative or retarding potential.

Work function (∅ or w):-

It is the minimum value of energy of light at which the electron

Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation.

According to Einstein’s when a light having energy E=hf is incident

F0= threshold frequency. And the remaining part of incidence

Eqn.(2) become hf-hf0=1⁄2mv2max

Also, F=𝑐⁄𝜆 and F0=𝑐⁄𝜆0 c=3*108m/s

Bohr was able to explain the stability of atoms as well as line

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