Manichean Sogdian (Primer) PDF

Prods Oktor Skjærvø
An Introduction To Manichean Sogdian
Copyright © 2007 by Prods Oktor Skjærvø

Please do not cite without the author’s permission
My thanks to all of my students who have actively noted ypos, inconsistencies, etc.
The manuscript samples are from the online collections of the Berliner Turfansammlung, Depositum of the
Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften in the STAATSBIBLIOTHEK ZU BERLIN -
Preußischer Kulturbesitz Orientabteilung.
www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/turfanforschung/de/DigitalesTurfanArchiv
The picture above is from www.askasia.org/teachers/images/image.php?no=827&review=yes
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AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN
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NOTE
This version of the Introduction has been corrected and minimally updated to be more reliable. A problem
with the preceding version was that, as I had moved texts about, the glossaries had not all be updated. I
have tried to update them here, but there may still be words in the wrong place. The complete glossary at
the end should help.
I would have liked to update and complete the bibliography, but time is in short demand. A complete
online bibliography of Sogdian studies would be useful.
Many of the Sogdian texts had to be retyped, since they were originally typed in a right-to-left mode,
which was no longer available after Mac OS 7.5. To obviate potential typos when the text is typed
backward, I decided to simply use the photos from the Berlin Turfan collection.
I hope I will find time to add intros to Buddhist and Christian Sogdian by and by.
INTRODUCTION
The Sogdians and their language.

Sogdian is an Eastern Middle Iranian language, like Khotanese and Choresmian (Khwarezmian), as
opposed to the Western Middle Iranian languages Middle Persian, with Parthian and Bactrian in the middle.
The Eastern Middle Iranian languages are closely related to the Old Iranian language Avestan, the Western
Middle Iranian languages to the Old Iranian language Old Persian. The modern Iranian language
Yaghnobi is the descendant of a variant of Sogdian.
We have Sogdian texts in four different alphabets: Old Sogdian Aramaic, Sogdian-Uighur, Manichean,
and Nestorian Christian scripts. The Old Sogdian Aramaic script is used in a group of letters (the Ancient
Letters) discovered near Dunhuang, which date from the beginning of the fourth century,1 and in graffiti on
rocks in northern Pakistan. The Sogdian(-Uighur) script is the most common, being used for secular
documents, as well as Buddhist and Manichean texts. The Manichean script is a Syriac script, related to
Estrangelo and the Nestorian script. The Nestorian script was used for Christian texts.
The center of ancient Sogdiana was around the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara in present-day
Uzbekistan. Many Sogdians were merchants, however, and traveled east as far as China, bringing with
them the Sogdian language. The Manicheans and Christians, as they fled before the persecutions of the
Sasanian state from the third century on, must have settled for a while in Central Asia, learning Sogdian,
before continuing east, even to the farthest reaches of Chinese Turkestan and beyond into Mongolia.2
In early times the Sogdians must have been the neighbors of the Tokharians, who borrowed numerous
words from an Iranian language, possibly proto-Sogdian.
The “Ancient Letters.”

These are letters written on paper discovered by the British discoverer and archeologist Marc Aurel Stein
in eastern Chinese Turkestan. The letters contain references to events that took place in the early fourth
century and can therefore be dated to that time.3
The letters from Mount Mug.

This is a collection of letters and administrative, economic, and legal documents written in the Sogdian
script from the archives of King Dēwāstīč found at Mount Mug east of Samarkand (8th cent.).
The graffiti on the Karakorum highway.

These are a large number of inscriptions written in a script similar to that of the “Ancient Letters” found
on rocks in northern Pakistan. They consist mostly of names.4
Inscriptions.
The most important inscriptions other than the Karakorum Highway inscriptions are those found in
1
Go to http://idp.bl.uk/ and SEARCH THE IDP DATABASE for Sogdian.
2
See La Vaissière, 2004, 2005.
3
See Sims-Williams, 1985.
4
Sims-Williams, 1989, 1992.
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Kirghizia, Bugut, Karabalgasun, and Ladakh.
Buddhist texts.
This is the largest corpus of Sogdian texts. It contains complete or fragmentary Buddhist texts, sūtras,
jātakas, prajñāpāramitā texts, and other, most of them translated from Chinese.
Manichean texts.
There are numerous Manichean texts in Sogdian, some written in Manichean script but most of them in
Sogdian-Uighur script. Some of them have parallel texts in Middle Persian or Parthian, of which they are
expanded translations.
Christian texts.
Almost all the Christian texts were found at a Christian Nestorian monastery at Bulayïq north of Turfan.
Most of the texts are translations from Syriac.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Benveniste, E., Textes Sogdiens, Paris, 1940.

Benveniste, E., Vessantara Jātaka, Paris, 1946.
Gershevitch, I., A Grammar of Manichean Sogdian, Oxford, 1954.
Grenet, F. and N. Sims-Williams, “The historical context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters,” in Transition Periods in
Iranian History. Actes du symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (22-24 mai 1985), Studia Iranica. Cahier 5, Paris,
1987, pp. 101-22.
— and É. de la Vaissière, Étienne de. “The Sogdian Ancient Letter V,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 12, 1998 [2001],
pp. 91-104.
—, “The last days of Panjikent,” Silk Road Art and Archaeology 8, 2002, pp. 155-96.
Henning, W. B., Ein manichäisches Bet- und Beichtbuch, Abh. PAW 1936 X.
—, “Sogdian tales,” BSOAS 11/3, 1945, pp. 465-487.
—, Sogdica, London, 1940.
—, “The Book of the Giants,” BSOAS 11/1, 1943, pp. 56-74.
—, "The Sogdian texts of Paris,” BSOAS 11/4, 1946, pp. 713-740.
La Vaissière, É. de, Histoire des marchands sogdiens, 2nd revised ed., Paris, 2004.
—, Sogdian Traders. A History, transl. by J. Ward, Leiden and Boston, 2005.
MacKenzie, D. N., The ‘S¨tra of the Causes and Effects of Actions’ in Sogdian, Oxford, 1970.
—, The Buddhist Sogdian Texts of the British Library, Tehran and Liège, 1976.
Müller, F. W. K. Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkestan, I, Sb. PAW, 1904 IX,
pp. 348-352; II Anhang, Abh. PAW, 1904, pp. 1-117.
Paul, L., “Präteritum und Perfect im Soghdischen,” Indogermanische Forschungen 102, 1997, pp. 199-205.
Provasi, E., “Note sulle costruzioni relative in sogdiano,” in Scribhtair a ainm n-ogaim. Scritti in memoria di
E.Campanile, Pisa, 1997, pp. 1-25.
Reck, Ch., Mitteliranische Handschriften. Teil 1. Berliner Turfanfragmente manichäischen Inhalts in soghdischer
Schrift (Verzeichnis der orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland 18), Stuttgartg, 2006.
Reichelt, H., Die soghdischen Handschriftenreste des Britischen Museums I-II, Heidelberg, 1928-31.
Sims-Williams, N., “A Sogdian Ideogram,” BSOAS 35/3, 1972, pp. 614-15.
—, “Notes on Sogdian Palaeography,” BSOAS 38/1, 1975, pp. 132-39.
—, “The Sogdian Fragments of the British Library,” Indo-Iranian Journal 18/1-2, 1976 [1977], pp. 43-82.
—, “On the Plural and Dual in Sogdian,” BSOAS 42/2, 1979, pp. 337-46.
—, (with H. Halén) “The Middle Iranian Fragments in Sogdian script from the Mannerheim Collection,” Studia
Orientalia 51/13, 1980, pp. $$.
—, “The Sogdian Fragments of Leningrad,” BSOAS 44/2, 1981, pp. 231-40.
—, “Sogdian Manuscript Collections: A Brief Report,” JA 269, 1981, pp. 31-33.
—, “The Sogdian Sound-system and the Origins of the Uyghur Script,” JA 269, 1981, pp. 347-60.
—, “Remarks on the Sogdian Letters © and x (with special reference to the orthography of the Sogdian version of the
Manichean church-history),” Appendix to: W. Sundermann, Mitteliranische manichäische Texte
kirchengeschichtlichen Inhalts, Berliner Turfantexte 11, Berlin, 1981, pp. 194-98.
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INTRODUCTION
—, “Some Sogdian Denominal Abstract Suffixes,” Acta Orientalia 42, 1981 [1982], pp. 11-19.
—, “The Double System of Nominal Inflexion in Sogdian,” Transactions of the Philological Society 1982, 67-76.
—, “Chotano-Sogdica [I],” BSOAS 46/1, 1983, pp. 40-51.
—, “Indian Elements in Parthian and Sogdian,” in K. Röhrborn and W. Veenker, eds., Sprachen des Buddhismus in
Zentralasien, Vorträge des Hamburger Symposions vom 2. Juli bis 5. Juli 1981, Wiesbaden, 1983, pp. 132-41.
—, “The Sogdian ‘Rhythmic Law’,” W. Skalmowski and A. van Tongerloo (ed.), Middle Iranian Studies, Proceedings
of the International Symposium organized by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven from the 17th to the 20th of May
1982 (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 16), Leuven, 1984, pp. 203-15.
—, The Christian Sogdian manuscript C2 (Berliner Turfantexte 12), Berlin 1985.
—, “Ancient Letters,” in Encyclopædia Iranica II/1, 1985, pp. 7-9.
—, “Sogdian ÷÷∂prm and its cognates,” in R. Schmitt and P. O. Skjærvø, eds., Studia Grammatica Iranica, Festschrift
für Helmut Humbach, München 1986, 407-424.
—, (with F. Grenet) “The historical context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters,” in Transition periods in Iranian history,
Actes du Symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (22-24 Mai 1985), Leuven 1987, 101-122.
—, “Syro-Sogdica III: Syriac elements in Sogdian,” in A Green Leaf, Papers in Honour of Professor Jes P. Asmussen,
Acta Iranica 28, Leiden 1988, 145-56.
—, Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus I, London, 1989.
—, “Eastern Middle Iranian,” in R. Schmitt, ed., Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden, 1989.
—, “Sogdian,” in ibid.
—, “The Leningrad Fragments of the Manichean Church History,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4, 1990.
—, (with J. Hamilton) Documents turco-sogdiens du IXe—Xe siècle de Touen-houang, London, 1990.
—, “A Sogdian greeting,” in R. E. Emmerick and D. Weber, eds., Corolla Iranica: papers in honour of Prof. Dr. David
Neil MacKenzie, Frankfurt, 1991, pp. 176-87.
—, “Chotano-Sogdica II: aspects of the development of nominal morphology in Khotanese and Sogdian,” in Gh. Gnoli
and A. Panaino, eds., Proceedings of the First European Conference of Iranian Studies Held in Turin, September
7th—11th, 1987 by the Societas Iranologica Europaea I, Rome, 1990 [1991], pp. 275-96.
—, “Die christlich-sogdischen Handschriften von Bulayïq,” in H. Klengel and W. Sundermann, eds., Ägypten,
Vorderasien, Turfan: Probleme der Edition und Bearbeitung altorientalischer Handschriften, Schriften zur
Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 23, erlin 1991, pp. 119-25.
—, “The Sogdian fragments of Leningrad III: Fragments of the Xwāstwān^ft,” in A. van Tongerloo and S. Giversen,
eds., Manichaica Selecta. Studies presented to Professor Julien Ries on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday,
Manichaean Studies I, Louvain 1991, pp. 323-28.
—, “The Sogdian fragments of Leningrad II: Mani at the court of the Shahanshah,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4
(Aspects of Iranian Culture. In honor of Richard Nelson Frye), 1990 [1992], pp. 281-88.
—, Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus II, London, 1992.
—, “The Development of the Sogdian Verbal System,” in A. Wezler and E. Hammerschmidt, eds., Proceedings of the
XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies, Hamburg, 25th-30th August 1986, Stuttgart,
1992, 205.
—, “The Sogdian inscriptions of Ladakh,” in K. Jettmar et al., eds., Antiquities of Northern Pakistan. Reports and
Studies II, Mainz, 1993, pp. 151-163.
—, “The Triple System of Deixis in Sogdian,” TPS 92/1, 1994, pp. 41-53.
—, “Christian Sogdian texts from the Nachlass of Olaf Hansen I: Fragments of the Life of Serapion,” BSOAS 58, 1995,
pp. 50-68.
—, “Zu den sogdischen Inschriften [von Oshibat] (p. 24) and other contributions to M. Bemmann and D. König, Die
Felsbildstation Oshibat (Materialien zur Archäologie der Nordgebiete Pakistans, Band 1), Mainz, 1994 [1995].
—, “A Sogdian Version of the “Gloria in excelsis Deo,” in R. Gyselen, Au carrefour des religions. Mélanges offerts à
Philippe Gignoux, Res Orientales 7, Bures-sur-Yvette, 1995, pp. 257-62.
—, “Christian Sogdian texts from the Nachlass of Olaf Hansen, II: Fragments of polemic and prognostics,” BSOAS 58,
1995, pp. 288-302.
—, “The Sogdian Manuscripts in Brāhm^ Script as Evidence for Sogdian Phonology. Turfan, Khotan und Dunhuang,”
in R. E. Emmerick et al., eds., Vorträge der Tagung “Annemarie von Gabain und die Turfanforschung”
veranstaltet von der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin (9.-12. 12. 1994), Berlin,
1996, pp. 307-15.
—, “On the Historic Present and Injunctive in Sogdian and Choresmian,” MSS 56, 1996, pp. 173-89.
—, “Another Sogdian Ideogram?” TPS 94/2, 1996 [1997], pp. 161-66.
—, “The Sogdian Ancient Letter II,” In M. G. Schmidt und W. Bisang, eds., Philologica et Linguistica. Historia,
Pluralitas, Universitas. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80. Geburstag am 4. Dezember 2001, Trier, 2001,
5 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
267-80.
Sundermann, W. (1.1) "Christliche Evangelientexte in der Überlieferung der iranisch-manichäischen Literatur." MIO
14, 1968, pp. 386-405.
— (1.16) "Namen von Göttern, Dämonen und Menschen in iranischen Versionen des manichäischen Mythos." AoF 6,
1979, pp. 95-133.
— (1.19) Mitteliranische manichäische Texte kirchengeschichtlichen Inhalts. Berliner Turfantexte XI, Berlin 1981.
— (1.56) "Der Lebendige Geist als Verführer der Dämonen," in: Manichaica Selecta. Studies presented to Professor
Julien Ries on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, ed. A. van Tongerloo and S. Giversen, Lovanii 1991, pp.
339-342.
— “Die Jungfrau der guten Taten,” in Recurrent Patterns in Iranian Religions. From Mazdaism to Sufism. Proceedings
of the Round Table held in Bamberg (30th September – 4th October 1991), ed. Ph. Gignoux (Studia Iranica,
Cahier 11), Paris, 1992, pp. 159–74.
— “Eva illuminatrix,” in Gnosisforschung und Religionsgeschichte. Festschrift für Kurt Rudolph zum 65. Geburtstag,
ed. H. Preißler and H. Seiwert, Marburg, 1994, pp. 317–27.
— “Eine Liste manichäischer Gätter in soghdischer Sprache,” in Tradition und Translation. Zum Problem der
interkulturellen Übersetzbarkeit religiöser Phänomene, ed. C. Elsas e. a., Berlin and New York, 1994, pp. 452–62.
— (1.63) Der Sermon vom Licht-Nous. Eine Lehrschrift des östlichen Manichäismus. Edition der parthischen und
soghdischen Version, Berlin 1997.
— On Human Races, Semi-Human Beings and Monsters, in The Light and the Darkness. Studies in Manichaeism and
its World, ed. P. Mirecki and J. BeDuhn, Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 2001, pp. 181–99.
— Manichaica Iranica. Ausgewählte Schriften von Werner Sundermann, ed. Ch. Reck, D. Weber, C Leurini and A.
Panaino, (Serie Orientale Roma 89, 1–2) Rome, 2001.
— “‘The Book of the Head’ and ‘the Book of the Limbs’. A Sogdian Word List,” in Iran: Questions et Connaissances,
vol. 1: La période ancienne, ed. Ph. Huyse, Paris 2002, pp. 135–161.
Waldschmidt, E. and Lentz, W., Die Stellung Jesu im Manichäismus, Abh. PAW 1926 no. 4.
— Manichäische Dogmatik aus chinesischen und iranischen Texten, Abh. PAW 1926 no. 4
Yoshida, Y. (吉田豊), “On the Sogdian Infinitives,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 18, 1979, pp. 181-95.
—, 「カラバルガスﾝ碑文のソグド語版について」; 『西南アジア研究』28, 1988, pp. 1-52.
—, “Some New Readings of the Sogdian Veersion of the Karabalgasun Inscription, in A. Haneda, ed., Documents et
archives provenant de l’Asie Centrale. Actes du colloque franco-japonais, Kyoto (Kyoto International Conference
hall et Univ. Ryukoku), 4-8 octobre 1988, Kyoto, 1990, pp. 117-23.
—, “Appendix: Translation of the Contract for the Purchase of a Slave Girl found at Turfan and Dated 639,” appendix
to V. Hansen, review of de la Vaissière, Etienne, Histoire des marchands sogdiens, and Rong, Xinjiang, Zhonggu
Zhongguo yu wailai wenming, in T’oung Pao 89, 2003, pp. 159-61.
—,「ベゼクリク出土ソグド語・ウイグル語マニ教徒手紙文」; 『内陸アジア言語の研究』15, 2000 / 10, pp.
135-65.
— and T. Moriyasu (森安孝夫),「麹氏高昌国時代ソグド文女奴隷売買文書」; 『内陸アジア言語の研究』
(Studies on the Inner Asian languages) 4, 1988, pp. 1-50.
Yoshida, Y. and Sundermann, W. “Bäzäklik, Berlin, and Kyoto. Manichaean Parthian hymn transcribed in Sogdian
script.” Oriento, 35/2, 1993, pp. 119-134.
SYMBOLS
italics transcribed letter or word (roughly: “as pronounced”)

< > transliteration value (value in Latin alphabet of letter(s) in Sogdian alphabet)
[ ] 1. in grammar: phonetic transcription; 2. in text: missing text in manuscript
/ / phoneme (see lesson 1)
{ } allophone (see lesson 1)
* 1. before non-English word: restored word; 2. before English word: uncertain meaning
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INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF SCRIPTS USED FOR SOGDIAN
Phonemes Sogdian 1 Manichean Christian

a (ə, i) -a-, -A ’, ’- a ’, -Ø A ’
ā -a-, -aA ’(’)-, -’ a aa = A,ä ’
- h -h (-ẖ) e -h (-ẖ) h h
b F ṗ B b ß b
β B β ß β ß b
č C c C c C c
c (ts) - - C c
d (nd) D (t ) d (t) D (Ê) d (t)
δ l δ L δ D d
 Y y y y ‰ y
f P p, ṗ, β F β, ṗ ÿ f
g G g g g
γ ◊© γ ◊ γ ◊ ‘
h h h # ḥ
 y y y y È y
i -A ’- o ‘- A ’-
ǰ c Ω ž C c
k K k, q kQ k, q Œ q
l ¬ L
m M m M m ˜ m
n N n N n ˆ n
 w w w w W w
p P p P p p p
r R r R r R r
s s s S s › s
š ∏ š π š % š
t T t t† t, ṭ Ê t (ѳ)
ѳ l δ L δ t ѳ (t)
 w w w w U w
w W w w w W w
x © x x x ± x
y Y y y y Á y
z Z, z z z z z z
ž Z, z z, ẓ Ω j Û ž
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LESSON 1
ORTHOGRAPHY
THE MANICHEAN SOGDIAN SCRIPT.

The Manichean alphabet is commonly regarded as a variant of the Syriac Estrangelo script, but seveeral
letteers have shapes closer to the Syriac Nestorian script. Its invention is sometimes attributed to Mani
himself, but the alphabet is probably older than that.
The order of the letters in the table below is that of the Aramaic-Syriac alphabets.
THE MANICHEAN ALPHABET
a ’ h h (ḥ) Ss s
Bb b ˇT † ṭ o ‘
ß∫ β y y Pp p
G g g j K k Ff f
◊© γ J x x Cc c [ṣ]
D d d Ll δ Qq q
Ee -h (-ẖ) Ò¬ l Rr r
w w Mm m π š
z z Nn n t t
Ω j
Notes on the table.

The Syriac letter <l> is used for <δ> and <ṣ> for Sogdian <c>.
The letter <δ> is used to write both δ and ѳ.
The letter <j> is not found in the Syriac version of the alphabet, but is peculiar to Sogdian. In the Middle
Persian and Parthian versions of the script a <z> with two dots above <ž > is used instead.
On <‘> (‘ayn) see below.
The letter forms are quite constant in the manuscripts, with the exception of <d, r>, <ṭ>, and <k, x>,
which vary according to manuscript.
Otherwise, when a letter has two forms in the table, the one to the left is used in final position.
The letters <β>, <γ>, <f>, and <x> are modified forms of <b>, <g>, <p>, and <k>.
The letter e- <-h> (Syriac ẖē) is used only in final position and has no phonetic value, while h <-h->
(Syriac ḥēt) is found very rarely in loanwords from Parthian (e.g., <krmšwhn> karmšōhən “absolution”
Lesson 10). The letter is frequently lengthened to fill the space at the end of a line.
Several letters adjust their forms when there is too little space at the end of a line for their normal forms,
e.g., º- for M-, and-, $, and %- for e-; <w> has the special form W sometimes at the beginning of words;
<c> has the squeezed form Ù for c.
Letters with a left extension (<β, γ > etc.) can extend this as much as needed to fill space.
Note also that the letters <n> and <y> are usually written inside <c>: y⋲, N⋲.
In double <δδ> the letters are close to one another: ¢£.
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TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION.

When we simply substitute English letters for the Sogdian ones we say we “transliterate” the words, but
when we write out the word in English letters the way it was pronounced we say we “transcribe” the words.
To denote that we are simply transliterating we may enclose the transliteration in pointed brackets < >,
while transcriptions are indicated by italics.
Example: †am translit. <m’ṭ>, transcr. māt “mother”; eanax <x’n’h > xānā “house”; ranyl <δyn’r>
δēnār “dinar”; lym <myδ> mēѳ “day.”
VOWELS.
Vowels are not written consistently in the Sogdian scripts, and it is therefore not always certain what they
were, although most of the time we can make educated guesses on the basis of orthography and linguistic
comparison with other Iranian languages.
As the Sogdian alphabets are of Aramaic-Syriac descent they do not regularly express short vowels in
writing. In the Manichean script long vowels are always written, using <’> for ā; <y> for ē and ī, and <w>
for ō and ū. Short vowels between consonants are usually written, using <y> for e and i and <w> for o and
u.
The correct vowels have to be learned for each word.
The letter <’> is used initially (at the beginning of a word) to express a, ə, or long ā, but double <’’-> is
commonly written for ā-.
At the beginning of a word long ē and ī are written <’y-> or <‘y>, while short i and u are written <y->
and <w->.
ACCENT AND THE RHYTHMIC LAW—LIGHT AND HEAVY STEMS.

Sogdian words consist of a “stem” and an “ending.”
Usually, endings are case endings of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs or personal endings of
verbs.
The form of a noun, verb, etc., that is left when the “ending” is removed is the “stem.”
A stem may contain one or more suffixes. For instance, əkt- “did” is the past stem of the present stem
kun- “does.” With the suffix -yāk it becomes a noun əkt-yāk “act, action,” which is also a “stem.”
The accent in Sogdian lay on the first “long vowel” of the word if it had one. (The nature of “long
vowels” will be defined in the next section on vowels.)
If the first long vowel was in the stem, the word was accented on the stem.
If the stem contained no long vowel, the word would be accented on the ending, whether its vowel was
short or long.
In this way, all Sogdian words can be characterized as belonging to one of two types. Stems with the
accent on the stem are called “heavy stems,” and words with the accent on the ending are called “light
stems.”
This system of light and heavy stems is commonly referred to as obeying the “rhythmic law” and affects
all Sogdian declensions, conjugations, and word formations. In “heavy stem” words, final short vowels
were lost, final long vowels often reduced, and final consonants occasionally lost.
Note: In order to retain important grammatical distinctions short-vowel endings were sometimes restored by analogy
with light stems, however.
Example:
Light: βəγ- <βγ> “god” nom. sing. βəγ-í <βγ-y>
Heavy: βāγ <β’γ> “piece of land, garden” nom. sing. βā́γ <β’γ>
The “rhythmic law” also affected many suffixes, which took different forms according as the “stem” to
which they were attached was heavy or light.
Example:
Light: əkt- <’kt> “done” əkt-yā́k “act, action,”
Heavy: γərβā́k “wise” γərβā́k-yā “wisdom”
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LESSON 1
VOWEL PHONEMES.
The rhythmic law shows that Sogdian possessed at least the short vowel phonemes /a, i, u/ and the long
/ā, ē, ī, ū, ō/, a system known from other Iranian languages. These vowel phonemes were probably
phonetically realized more or less as “cardinal vowels” when stressed, long and short: [a - a:], [e:], [i - i:],
[o:], [u - u:].
1. Short vowels.
In this manual short a or á will be used in transcription of heavy stems, but ə instead of a in the
transcription of light stems, in order to enable the student to see at a glance the nature of the stem.
There are basically no Sogdian words ending in a consonant with only short vowels. Any stem of this
structure either requires an ending, e.g., /βəγ-í/, /šəmən-í/ or must be enclitic, e.g., /kát-βəγ/. The last
example belongs to a small group of words showing stressed short /á/. The condition for the appearance of
such a stressed short /á/ seems to be that the word has only one syllable and and is followed by an enclitic.
Whether <’rty>, possibly a combination of árt + (ə)ti, was árt(t)i or ərtí is not clear. In this manual árti is
used. With few exceptions, therefore, any word ending in a consonant must have a long vowel or accented ár, etc.
The presence short /ə/ cannot always be verified, as it is not clear which consonant clusters existed. In
initial consonant clusters, for instance, (two or more consonants at the beginning of a word) we do not
know if vowels were inserted or not. The fact, however, that the orthography in many instances vacillates
between nothing and <’> or <y> indicates that short vowels were sometimes not pronounced.
In these cases, comparison with other languages leads one to posit one or two “central” vowels [ə] (so-
called schewa), a vowel like the e in English perhaps, and [i], a vowel sounding like the first e in English
between. Thus, πw©tp <ptγwš-> may have been pronounced (patəγōš-) in slow and accurate speech, but
in normal speech either pətγōš- (patγōš-) or—after a vowel —ptγōš-, and—after consonant —even əptγōš-.
This [ə] may also have been influenced by its phonetic context, e.g., before palatal consonant we seem to
have [ə] ~ [e] in Ω∫ <βj> βəž ~ Ωy∫ <βyj> βež or βiž.
In this manual ə will be used to indicate either of the unstressed vowels [ə] and [i]. The ə is always
indicated in the transcriptions, although the principles underlying its inclusion are admittedly
impressionistic.
Short /u/ may have been realized as [u], [uə], [wə], or [wu] depending on the context. This analysis is
based mainly upon the fact that words with original initial Cu- can take a prosthetic ə-, e.g., ytwka
<’kwty> əkutí = [əkwətí, əkwutí, əkutí]. Other examples are difficult to find.
Similarly, short /i/ may have been realized as [i], [iə], [yə], or [yi] depending on the context.
To simplify the transcription, in this manual u and i will be used, occasionally wə and yə. When ur, ir,
un, and in occur in heavy stems they will be marked as stressed: úr, etc.
The exact distribution of final short -i and -e is unclear. Here, certain etymological principles have been
followed.
2. Long vowels.
The long vowels /ā, ē, ī, ū, ō/ may have been long only in stressed position and short in unstressed
position. The variant spellings of the verbal endings may reflect this.
The short /e/ and /o/ were probably not separate phonemes opposed to /ē/ and /ō/. Short [e] seems to be
supported by alternances such as in the ending <-yny-> ~ <-ny>, i.e., *-enē ~ -ənē.
There are no similar pairs for [o].
In this manual e is used (e.g., βénd- “to bind”), but u instead of o (e.g., ruxšn “light,” not roxšn).
Whether there was an opposition between final stressed /-é/ and /-ḗ/, is also very uncertain. In this
manual the traditional transcription with final short -é in some forms of light-stem nouns (adjectives,
pronouns) and verbs as opposed to -ē and -ḗ < *-aka is maintained for pedagogical reasons.
3. Nasalized and rhotacized vowels.

Sogdian apparently had short and long rhotacized (retroflex) and nasalized vowels, phonemically
(probably) vowel + /r/ or /n/.
Not all vowels + /r/ produce heavy stems, however. For instance, murγ “bird” is a light stem, but marγ
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“meadow” is a heavy stem. The explanation for the difference is that, historically, the light stems contain
an Old Iranian “vocalic r̥,” which functioned as vowel. Thus, mr̥ga “bird,” but marga “meadow.” In
Sogdian, the “vocalic r̥” developed a short vowel before it, which remained short and did not cause a stem
to become heavy, while the old sequence vowel + r probably became a long rhotacized /āʳ/.
Differently, almost all stems with n before consonant are heavy.
4. Diphthongs.
The existence of short-vowel diphthongs is uncertain, as we have little means of determining whether the
old diphtongs ai and au remained before consonants or had become ē and ō. It is possible that they were
still diphthongs at an early stage of Sogdian, as suggested by the Sogdian orthography, but were simply
long vowels in the stage represented by the Manichean and Christian texts.
In this manual only long vowels ē and ō will be used before consonants, thus *βaw- + -am > βəwam, but
*βaw- + -t > βōt.
The situation in final position is even less certain.
5. “Long diphthongs.”
The sequences  + i, u, r, n, m (āi, āu, ōr, etc.) are perhaps more conveniently analyzed as combinations
of  + y, w, r, n, m, thus /āyC/ = [āyəC], /āwC/ = [āwəč], /ānč/ = [ānəč], etc.
With considerable reservations one may posit the following possible system of (attested) vocalic
phonemes and allophones for Sogdian:
stressed unstressed
+ /r/ + /n/ + /r/ + /n/
/ā/ [ā] [a] [ar] [an]
/a/ [a] [ar] [an] [ə] [ər] [ən]
/ē/ [ē] [e] [er] [en]
/ī/ [ī] [i] [ir] [in]
/i/ [i] [ir] [in] [yə] [ir] [in]
/ō/ [ō] [o]
/ū/ [ū] [u]
/u/ [u] [ur] [un] [wə] [ur] (no examples?)
[Note: Evidence from texts written in Brahmi script now suggests that the difference may not be in quantity but in
quality, e.g., stressed ē, unstressed ī.].
Examples of nominative singular forms of light- and heavy-stem nouns:
Light stems Heavy stems

βəγ-í <βγ-y> “god” βāγ <β’γ> “piece of land, garden”
rēž <ryj> “pleasure”
βəγé <βγy> “god’s” wīnā <wyn’> “lute”
rōδ <rwδ> “copper”
put-í <pwt-y> “Buddha” pūt <pwt> “rotted”
mərγ-í <mrγ-y> “bird” márγ <mrγ> “meadow”
ək(ər)t-í <’k(r)t-y> “(was) made” mártiy <mrty> “man”
wirk-í <wyrk-y> “wolf” pətšmírt <ptšmyrt> “is (being) counted”
βéndam <bynd(’)m> “I bind”
purn-í <pwrn-y> “full” kúrѳ <kwrδ> “where”
Note: Heavy stems with ir and ur are very rare.
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LESSON 1
CONSONANTS PHONEMES.
Stops Affricates Fricatives Nasals Continuants Sibilants
Unvoiced p, t, k č [tš] f, ѳ, x s, š
Voiced {b, d, g} {ǰ} [dž] β, δ, γ m, n, [ŋ] w, y, r z, ž
In loanwords we also find l and h.
The affricates č and ǰ are pronounced like English ch in child and j in judge.
The fricatives are pronounced as follows: f as in English; ѳ as English th in thing; x as German ch in

Loch or Spanish Spanish (not American Spanish) j in rojo; β, δ, γ are pronounced like Spanish b, d, g after
vowels, e.g., robar, nada, haga. The sibilants š and ž are pronounced like English sh in shut and s in
leasure, respectively.
[ŋ], pronounced like English ng in thing, is the phonetic realization of n before k, g, and x. It is not a
separate phoneme in Sogdian, only an allophone of /n/.
{b, d, g} and {ǰ} are allophones of /p, t, k, č/ after the voiced cononants β, δ, γ, m, n, z, ž.
[PHONEMES.
We call “phonemes” the smallest units of speech that distinguish meanings. Phonemes are usually
determined be establishing “minimal pairs,” for instance, English bad ~ sad, a pair that establishes English
/b/ and /s/ as separate phonemes. Phonemes are denoted by writing them between / /. The phoneme is not
a sound, merely a linguistic abstraction. When we want to emphasize that we are talking about the actual
sound—or the “phonetic realization” of a phoneme—we use square brackets [ ], e.g., [p], [b], [z], etc.
Phonemes are described by listing their “distinctive features.” Examples:
/b/: stop, labial, voiced ~ /p/: stop, labial, unvoiced, ~ /m/: nasal, labial.
/x/: fricative, velar, unvoiced ~ /γ/: fricative, velar, voiced.
/s/: sibilant, alveo-dental, unvoiced ~ /z/: sibilant, alveo-dental, voiced ~ /š/: sibilant, alveo-palatal,
unvoiced ~ /ž/: sibilant, alveo-palatal, voiced.
In the case of /m/ we note that “voiced” is not a distinctive feature of nasals in English or Sogdian, as no
two words can be distinguished by the presence or absence of voicing in a nasal /m/.
Note that English t is sometimes aspirated [t’], sometimes not aspirated [t]. The feature “aspiration” is
not, however, distinctive in English or Sogdian, so there is no phonemic opposition /t/ ~ /t’/, /p/ ~ p’/, etc.
In this case we say that [p] and [p’] are “allophones” of the phoneme /p/. Aspiration is a distinctive feature
in Sanskrit, for instance, where we have minimal pairs such as kara [kara] “hand” ~ khara [k’ara]
“donkey.”
Phonemes may not be distinguished in all positions. Thus, in English we cannot find any minimal pairs
distinguished by the phoneme sequences /st/ and /sd/. In such cases we say that the phonemic opposition
between /t/ and /d/ has been neutralized. Such phonemic neutralization has important consequences for the
orthography of Sogdian.]
SPECIAL SCRIBAL HABITS.

As the Sogdian alphabets were not created specifically for Sogdian, there is some lack of internal logic in
the way letters correspond to sounds. Thus some phonemes are not distinguished in the alphabet (<δ> = /δ/
and /ѳ/), while others can be written with two different letters. Such optional spellings occur in two
situations:
• <k> and <q> both spell k, <t> and <ṭ> both spell t.
• As voiced and unvoiced stops are not distinguished after a voiced cononant, either consonant may be
used—for instance, p or b after m, z, and ž; t and d after β, γ, n, z, and ž (δ is not found in such
combinations); and k and g after n [ŋ], z, and ž. Examples:<δβ’mpn> and <δβ’mbn> = δβāmbən “lady,
wife.” In the case of nd the most frequent spelling is <nd>, less frequently we find <ndt>, least frequently
<nt>. Thus, the present participle -andē may be written <-ndyy>, <-ndṭyy>, or <-nṭyy>. Before p and b
the opposition between n and m is also neutralized, and either <n> or <m> can be used. Some sound and
spelling combinations that occur frequently are the following:
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+ p, b + t, d + k, g + č, ǰ
β βd <βt>
γ γd <γt>
m mb < mp, mb>
n mb < mp, mb> nd <nt, nd, ndt> ng [ŋg] <ng, nng> nǰ <nc, nj>
z zd <zt, zd, zdt> zg <zg>
ž žb <jp> žd <jt, jd>
Some letters can be and are frequently written double: <’’> (when = ā); <yy> and <ww>, especially at
the end of words; <δδ> for both δ and ѳ; <nn> for n, and <tt> or <ṭṭ> for t (d).
Final <’> alternates with <-h> (Aramaic hē), and a <-h> can be added after final <’>, <y>, and,
occasionally, <w> without affecting the form of the word.
There is no grammatical significance to these alternations. Thus, both βəγi and mártiy can be written
with final <-y>, <-yy>, or <-yh>.
The only grammatical correlation is found in the use of final <h>, which is frequently used with feminine
nouns, pronouns, and edjectives, e.g., <wnh> = <wn’>, <xh> = <x’, x’’>.
In the grammar and vocabularies in this manual a simplified transliteration system of Manichean
Sogdian is used:
pointed brackets < > are dispensed with;
letters are written single, not double;
<k> and <t> are used for <q> and <ṭ>;
<-’> or nothing is used for <-h> (<βγ’> not <βγh>, <mrty> not <mrṭyyh>, etc.).
EXERCISES 1
1. Read and transcribe the following words:
†w∫ †ra©rm y†rm dnaw

C††©na yydnyzaa ky†∫l Qa∫r©
Nmlranπxwr tdnpsalrm †ytπyrf yyrlq
2. Suggest spellings for the following transcribed words, and write them in Manichean script:
pətəri čāδərčīk
pətsār unda
əxšēšpət δəsa smānē
βəγpəšē ruxšnāγərəδmən
GLOSSARY 1
Learn the following words by heart:
’’ykwn āyəkōn: eternally nwkr nūkər: now

’’zynd āzend: parable, story nwr nūr: today
’sp əsp: horse ptr pətər: father
βr’t βərāt: brother pts’r pətsār: again, once more
δβr- δβrt ѳəβər- ѳəβart: to give, given ptγwš- ptγwšt pətγōš- - pətγušt: to hear, heard
δs’ δəsa: ten š’twx šātux: glad, happy
δyn’r δēnār (or δīnār): dinar wn un (wən) fem.: tree
fryšty fərēštē: angel x’n’ xānā fem.: house
γ’δwk γāѳuk: throne xwt’w xutāw: lord, king
mrty martiy: man zrw’βγ zərwā-βəγ: God Zurwān, the Father of
myδ mēѳ: day Greatness
myδ, m’yδ mēδ: thus zyrn zérn: gold
m’t māt fem.: mother
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LESSON 1
TABLE OF CORRESPONDENCES SOUND ~ SPELLING
Transcription Spelling Transcription Spelling

a (ə, i) a ’, nothing l ¬ l
ā a aa ’ , ’’ m M N m n
- e a -h -’ n N n
b in mb BP bp  ww w w ww
β ß β p P p
č C c r r R r
d in nd, ndt t tD D d dt t s S s
δ l δ š π š
 yy y y yy t t† t, ṭ
f F f ѳ L δ
g in ng G gkq  ww w w ww
γ ◊ γ w w w
h (rare) h h (ḥ) x x x
 yy y y yy y y y
i O ‘- z z z
ǰ in nǰ C c ž Ω j
k kQ k q
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2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 16
LESSON 2
GRAMMAR
NOUN DECLENSION.
Sogdian has 6 cases (like Old Persian and Khotanese): nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive-dative,
instrumental-ablative, and locative. All the cases are distinguished only in light stems. In heavy stems just
two cases (plus the vocative) are distinguished, which we refer to as the “direct” and “oblique” cases.
There are three numbers: singular, plural, and numerative (historically descended from the old dual).
The last is used after numerals (see lesson 8).
There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Neuter forms of nouns are rare but common
with adjectives. The neuter is distinguished from the masculine only in the nom. sing, which is identical
with the acc. (see lesson 5).
Adjectives agree with nouns, both when attributive and when predicative (see also Lesson 10).
There are two declensions: stems ending in consonants the “consonant declension” (old a- and ā-stems),
and stems ending in the vowels -ē or -ā, the “vocalic declension” (old masc. aka- and fem. ākā-stems).
Because of the final long vowels the vocalic declension has only heavy stems.
The plural suffix is -t’ (light), -t (heavy), which is declined like a feminine singular of the consonant
declension. The t becomes d after n, written <d, dt, t>. Before -t a final -č becomes -š, e.g., strīč “woman,”
plur. strīšt.
Note: Originally, light stems ending in r/n became heavy stems when the suffix was added, e.g., rurá
<rwr’> “plant,” plur. rúrt <rwrt>. Similarly, light stems in -iy became heavy stems in -īt, e.g., sing. acc.
əniyu <’nyw>, plur. ənīt <’nyt>, sing. voc. friya <fry’>, plur. frīt <fryt>. Mostly, however, such words are
treated as light stems in the plural as well, e.g., sing. nom. una <wn’> “tree,” plur. unda <wnt’>.
The plural ending -īšt is found in βəγīšt <βγyšt>, the plural of βəγ, and a few other words, many of them
loanwords, e.g., putīšt “Buddhas.”
There are a few instances of the old gen.-dat. plural in -ān, e.g., βəγān <βγ’n> “of gods.”
Finally, there are a few irregular plural forms, such as δuγdárt <δwγtrt>, plural of δuγd, with -ar- inserted
before the plural -t. See lesson 5.
Consonant declensions. Light stems
Singular Plural
masculine feminine masculine-feminine
nom. -í <-y> -á <-’> -tá <-t’>
acc. -ú <-w> = nom. = nom.
voc. -á <-’> -é <-y> -té <-ty>
gen.-dat. -é <-y> -yá <-y’> -tyá <-ty’>
ins.-abl. -á <-’> -yá <-y’> -tyá <-ty’>
loc. -yá <-y’> -yá <-y’> -tyá <-ty’>
num. dir. -á <-’> -é <-y>
Notes:
The ending of the vocative may be lost when the word is “enclitic” (when it is attached to a preceding
word), e.g., βəγa “o god,” kát-βəγ “if, sir.”
The distribution of final -i and -e suggested here is not entirely certain.
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Consonant declensions. Heavy stems
Singular Plural
masculine feminine masculine-feminine
dir. - - -t <-t>
voc. -, -a <-, -’> *-e *-te
obl. -ī <-y> -ī <-y> -tī <-ty>
numerative - -, -é <-y>
Note: The vocative ending -a is borrowed from the light stems.
Vocalic declensions
Singular Plural
masculine feminine masculine feminine
dir. -ē <-y> -ā <-’> -ēt <-yt> -ēt <-yt>
voc. -ā <-’> ? ? ?
obl. -ē <-y> -ē <-y> -ētī <-yty> -ētī <-yty>
Numerative -ē <-y>
Notes:
The endings of this declension are the result of vowel contractions after the loss of an intervocalic k, e.g.,
sing. nom. masc. -ē <* -a’i < *-aki, fem. -ā < *-ā̆’a < *- ā̆ka.
Feminines like pəsāk (əpsāk) < *pusā̆kā-, səyāk “shade” and the abstract nouns in -yāk are declined as
heavy stems.
Remember that a final -a can be written <-h> and that a final <-h> can be added to endings in <-y, -yy>.
Thus, the spelling <-yh> can be for <-y’> or <-y, -yy>.
PARADIGMS.
Consonant declensions:
Light stems: rəm- masc. “people,” pətər- masc. “father,” un- (wən-) fem. “tree,” δuγd- fem. “daughter.”
Heavy stems: mēѳ- masc. “day,” martiy- masc. “man,” žəwān- fem. “life,” strīč- fem. “woman.”
Vocalic declensions: murtḗ masc. “corpse,” xā́nā fem. “house.”
Consonant declensions. Light stems
Singular
masculine feminine
nom. rəmí <rmy> uná <wn’>
acc. rəmú <rmw> uná <wn’>
voc. pətərá <ptr’> δuγdé <δwγty>
gen.-dat. rəmé <rmy> unyá <wny’>
ins.-abl. rəmá <rm’> unyá <wny’>
loc. rəmyá <rmy’> unyá <wny’>
Numerative rəmá <rm’> uné <wny>
Plural
masculine feminine
nom. rəmtá <rmt’> undá <wnt’>
acc. rəmtá <rmt’> undá <wnt’>
voc. pətərté <ptrty> ?
gen.-dat. rəmtyá <rmty’> undyá <wnty’>
ins.-abl. rəmtyá <rmty’> undyá <wnty’>
loc. rəmtyá <rmty’> undyá <wnty’>
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LESSON 2
Consonant declensions. Heavy stems
Singular
masculine feminine
dir. mēѳ <myδ> žəwān <jw’n>
voc. martiya <mrty’> strīče <strycy>
obl. mēѳī <myδy> žəwānī <jw’ny>
Numerative mēѳ <myδ> žəwān <jw’n>, žəwāne <jw’ny>
Plural
masculine feminine
dir. mēѳət <myδt> žəwānd <jw’nt>
voc. martīte <mrtyty> δuγdárte <δwγtrty>
obl. mēѳtī <myδty> žəwāndī <jw’nty>
The actual pronunciation of the forms of stems such as martiy/martī “man” is not know, but it is
probable that the sing. obl. was contracted: martiyī/martī’ī > martī.
Vocalic declensions
Singular
masculine feminine
dir. murtē <mwrty> xānā <x’n’>
voc. murtā <mwr’> ?
obl. murtē <mwrty> xānē <x’ny>
Numerative murtē <mwrty>
Plural
masculine feminine
dir. murtēt <mwrtyt> xānēt <x’nyt>
voc. ? ?
obl. murtētī <mwrtyty> xānētī <x’nyty>
Note: The abstract fem. nouns in -yā are usually invariable, but occasionally the ending -ī (-yī) of the obl.
sing. may be attached to the nom. of such nouns, e.g., əkətyā “act, deed,” obl. əktyāyī <’kty’y>; γərβākyā
“knowledge,” obl. γərβākyā’ī <γrβ’ky’‘y>.
PRONOUNS. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.

The most common pronoun is xō (xu) “that,” which also functions as definite article. The forms below
are those of xō when used as the article. For the pronoun “that” see lesson 4.
We do not know what the quantity of the final vowels were: xō or xu; xā or xa, etc. In Sogdian script the
article is ’xw or ’x, which perhaps points to a short vowel.
Note that, since the plural of nouns is formally a feminine singular, the plural of the article is identical
with the feminine singular.
The forms in square brackets are found occasionally.
masc. fem. = plur. masc.-fem.

Sing.
nom. xō <xw> xā <x’, x’’> [xō <xw>]
acc. (ə)wu <’ww, ww> [xō <xw>] wa <w’> [xā <x’>, wu <ww>]
gen.-dat. uné, winé <wny, wyny> uya <wy’>, wī <wy, wyy>
instr.-abl. -n <-n>, -wn <-wn> uné, winé <wny, wyny>, -n <-n>, -wn <-wn>
loc. uya <wy’, wyh>, wī <wy, wyy> = gen.-dat.
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Note the combinations pər + əwu: pərō <prw> “on the” and kə + əwu: kū <kw> “to the” which are used
for both masculine and feminine, singular and plural.
The instr.-abl. forms are found only combined with the prepositions čə “from” and δə “with”: čən, čōn
<cn, cwn> and δən, δōn <δn, δwn>.
Notes.
There is no indefinite article.
Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender and number.
Word order: article + adjective + noun.
NOUN CLAUSES.
In a clause consisting of a noun plus predicate noun or an adjective, e.g., “the people (is) happy,” the verb
“is” (əsti <’sty>, xəčí <xcy>) and “are” (xand <xnd>) are sometimes, but not usually, omitted. The
negation is nēst <nyst> “is not.”
TEXT 2
xō rəmi šātux əsti, xā rəmta šātuxt xand dnx txwtaπ a†mr ax . ytsa xwtaπ ymr wx
xā δēwət šātuxt nē xand dnx yyn txwtaπ twyl ax
xō Rəxši əspi əsti yytsa yypsa yπxr wx
xō pətəri məzēx martiy əsti yytsa y†rm xyzm yyr†p wx
xō mēѳ ruxšəni xəči y⋲x yynπxwr lym wx
xā mēѳət ruxšənda xand Dnx adnπxwr tl£ym ax
xā una əskēčīk əsti eytsa Qycyksa enw ax
xā unda əskēčīkət xand Dnx tqycyksa ednw ax
xā xānā məzēxəč xəči y⋲x ecxyzm eanax ax
xō martiy məzēx nēst †syyn xyzm yy†rm wx
; dnykrwaz yta tdnpsalrm yta ty†πyrf ttπy©∫ eadnπxwr ax
<x’ rwxšnd’h βγyštt fryšṭyt ’ty mrδ’spndt ’ty z’wrkynd>
Notes.
1. rəmtá is nom.-acc. plur. light stem noun, šā́tuxt is nom.-acc. plur. heavy stem adjective, xā is the the
definite article nom. sing. agreeing with rəmta.
EXERCISES 2
1. Write out the noun paradigms in Manichean script.
2. Write out the paradigms of the following words in transliteration and transcription: πxr Rəxš, Nryz
zérən, both masculine, and klp pəδk and kra árk, both feminine.
3. Identify the forms below and write out the other case forms (nom., acc., gen.-dat., and loc.) with the
definite article:
<xw xypδ’wnd> dnwalpyx wx <xww prxyy> yyxrp wwx

<xw mrṭyy> yy†rm wx <ww stw δyn’r> ranyl wts ww
<’ww βγw> w©∫ wwa <wny zrw’βγyy> yy©∫awrz ynw
<x’ x’n’> anax ax <wy’ ’rky> ykra ayw
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LESSON 2
4. Translate into Sogdian and write in Manichean script:
The other Buddhas.

The man is a great lord.
Life (the life) is good.
The angels are light.
The elements are not happy.
GLOSSARY 2
’kty’ əkətyā/əktəyā: act, deed

’ny əniy: other
’rk ark fem.: work
’skycyk əskēčīk: high, tall
’ty əti: and
βγ, plur. βγyšt, βγ’n βəγ, βəγīšt, βəγān: lord, sir
δwγt, plur. δwγtrt δuγd, δuγdárt fem.: daughter
δyw δēw: demon
γrβ’ky’ γərβākyā: knowledge
fry friy: dear
jw’n žəwān fem.: life
kt kát: that, if
mrδ’spnd mərѳāspənd: element, the sons of Primal Man (Xorməzd)
mwrty murtē: corpse
mzyx, fem. mzyxc məzēx, məzēxč: big, great
ny nē: not
pδk pəδk fem.: judgement
prxy pərxē: payment, wages
ps’k pəsāk fem.: wreath, crown
pwt, plur. pwtyšt put (bud), putīšt: Buddha
rm rəm: people
rwxšn ruxšən: light (adjective)
rwxšn’γrδmn ruxšna-γərəδmən fem.: the Light Paradise
rxš Rəxš: name of Rustam’s horse
stryc, plur. stryšt strīč, strīšt: female, woman
sy’k səyāk fem.: shade, shadow
šyr šir: good
šyr’k širāk fem.: goodness
wyn’ wīnā fem.: lute, viṇā
xypδ’wnd xēpѳāwənd: master, lord, owner
z’wrkyn zāwərkēn: powerful
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2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 22
LESSON 3
GRAMMAR 3
ADJECTIVES. FEMININE.
Many vowel-stem adjectives have feminine forms in -č. A preceding t is often lost before the č (e.g., in
the perfect participles). Examples:
Light fem. stems:

šəkəwē <škwy> “dry”: fem. šukəč <šwkc>
nəβdē <nβty> “wet”: fem. nəβdəč <nβtc>
pətsəγdē <ptsγty> “prepared”: fem. pətsəγdəč <ptsγtc>
əktē <’kty> “done”: fem. əktəč <’ktc>
pətristē <ptrysty> “mixed”: fem. pətrisč <ptrysc>
Heavy fem. stems:

nōšē <nwšy> “immortal,” fem. nōšəč <nwšc>
marčenē <mrcyny> “deadly”: marčenəč <mrcync>
anγətē <’nγty> “entire”: fem. anγətəč <’nγtc>
ōsuγdē <’wswγty> “purified, pure”: fen. ōsuγč <’wswγtc>
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
The simple demonstrative pronouns are yō (ē-), obl. (ə)m- “this” and xō, obl. (ə)w- “that.” These two are
mostly restricted to the function of definite articles; xō also functions as personal pronoun for the 3 pers.
(see lesson 4).
There is also a demonstrative pronoun (ə)šō, f. šā “that there,” often with 2nd pers. reference.
The pronoun yō functions as nom.-acc., masc.-fem., sing.-plur.
Sogdian has several “composite” demonstrative pronouns. The most common ones are ēδ/*mēδ “this”
and xēδ/wēδ “that” < ē-/yō/əm- and xō/əw- + -ēδ; ēnē/yōnē “this” and xōnē “that” < ē-/yō/əm- and xō/əw- +
-nē.
nom. ēδ <’yδ> xēδ <xyδ

acc. ? wēδ <wyδ>
Plural
nom.-acc. mešand <myš’nd> wešand <wyšnd>
The original (neut.) acc. of ēδ is mēδ <myδ, m’yδ>, which is used only as an adverb “thus.”
ēnē “this” yōnē “this” xōnē “that, yonder”

Sing.
masc.-fem. masc. fem. masc. fem.
nom. ēnē <’yny, ‘yny> yōnē <ywny> yānā <y’n’> xōnē <xwny> xānā <x’n’>
acc. = nom. mōnō <mwnw> mānā <m’n’> ōnō <’wnw> wānā <w’n’>
Plur.
nom. yānd <y’nt> xānd <x’nt>
acc. mānd <m’nt> wānd <w’nt>
The forms ēnē, yōnē, and xōnē are occasionally found used as oblique case sing. and nom.-acc. plur.
Beside xōnē there is the form xōnəx <xwnx, hwnx>, which appears to be a combination of xōn(ē) + əxō
or dissimilated from *xōnak (S.-W.).
Note also the adverbs yōnēѳ <ywnyδ> “at once, right away” and wānō “thus.”
The pronoun (ə)šō has the composite form šōnē (Yoshida, 2000, pp. 81-82).
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Most of these pronouns can be governed by prepositions:
č- “from, with”: čēmēδ <cymyδ> čēwēδ(ī) <cywyδ(y)> čēwēšən <cywyšn>

δ- “with”: δēmēδ <δymyδ> δēwēδ <δywyδ> *δēwešən <δywyšn>
k- “to”: kēmēδ <kymyδ> kēwēδ <kywyδ>
pər- “in, on, by”: pərēmēδ <prymyδ> pərēwēδ <prywyδ> pərēwešən <prywyšn>
č- “from, with”: čēmənd <cymnt> čēwənd <cywnt>

δ- “with”: δēmənd <δymnt> δēwənd <δywnt>
k- “to”: kēmənd <kymnt> kēwənd <kywnt>
pər- “in, on, by”: pərēmənd <prymnt> pərēwənd <prywnt>
VERBS.
The Sogdian verbal system is based upon two stems: the present stem and the past stem. Both stems (if
known) are listed in the glossaries and must be learnt.
From the present stem are made the present indicative, subjunctive, injunctive, optative, the imperative,
and the imperfect.
From the past stem are made the past tenses (simple past and pluperfect) and the perfect tenses (present
perfect and pluperfect), indicative, subjunctive, and optative.
PRESENT INDICATIVE.
The present indicative has the following endings:

Singular
1 -ám <-m, -’m> -əm <-m>, -am <-’m>
2 -é <-y> -e <-y>
3 -tí <-ty> -t <-t>
Plural
1 -ḗm <-ym> -ēm <-ym>
2 -ѳá <-δ’>, -tá <-t’> -ѳa <-δ’>, -ta <-t’>
3 -ánd <-nd, -’nd> -ənd <-nd, -’nd>
Notes:
The quantity of the vowel of the 1 sing. ending -am (-ām) is uncertain. Phonetically it was probably
[ãm]. (Note that Khotanese -īmä is < -ami.)
The 2 sing. and 2 plur. endings of the heavy stems are from the light stems.
In the 3 sing. of light-stem verbs ending in r or n, the addition of the ending -t originally produced a
heavy stem, e.g., βart. Such forms are sometimes preserved of r-stems, but more often the light-stem form
is restored, and βərti is the normal form. All n-stems remain light.
In the 3 sing. of verbs ending in t, the t of the ending merges with the final t of the verb, e.g., əzwart <
əzwart-t “he returns.”
PARADIGMS.
Sing.
1 βərám <βr’m, βrm> wēnəm <wynm>
2 βəré <βry> wēne <wyny>
3 βərtí <βrty> wēnd <wynt>
Plur.
1 βərēm <βrym> wēnēm <wynym>
2 βərѳá <βrδ’>, βərtá <βrt’> wēnѳa <wynδ’>
3 βəránd <βrnd, βr’nd> wēnənd <wynnd>
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LESSON 3
Notes:
t becomes d after n: kun + ti > kundi, etc.
č becomes š before t: sāč + t > sāšt (not sāčət!) “it is proper, necessary (to do),” etc.
Present stems in -əw (-aw) <-w> or -əy (-ay) <-y> have -ō and -ē before consonants, e.g., šəw- “to go”:
šəwam but šōt < *šáwət; pətškwəy-: “to say”: pətškwəyam but pətškwēt < *patškwayət. Whether there were
also present stems in -uw opposed to -əw, e.g., žuw- or žəw- “to live,” (and -iy) with 3 sing. in -ūt (and -īt)
we do not know.
“TO BE, BECOME.”

The verbs “to be” and “to become” have some irregular forms. The present indicative paradigms are as
follows:
“To be”:
Sing. 1 ēm <‘ym, -ym> Plur. 1 ēm <‘ym, -ym>
2 ēš <‘yš, -yš> 2 ansəѳa <’nsδ’>, -sѳa <-sδ’>
3 əsti <’sty>, xəči <xcy>, ēči <‘ycy> 3 xand, -and <xnd, -’nt, -nt>
Notes:
The forms with hyphen are used as endings in the simple past tense (see lesson 7).
nēstēm “I am not,” nēst “(he, she, it) is not.”
“\To become”:
Sing. 1 uβam <wβ’m> Plur. 1 βēm <βym>
2 uβē <wβy> 2 *βōѳa
3 βōt <βwt> 3 βand <βnd>
Note:
The verb əskəw- əskəwāt “to dwell” is also employed as an auxiliary with the same functions as “to be.”
THE PROGRESSIVE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE TENSES.

The“ progressive” present tense is formed from the present indicative by adding the particle <-
skwn> -skun. It corresponds to the English progressive present (“I am working”).
The suffix -skun is probably an old (middle) participle of əskəw- (< *skūn or *skōn < *skawan):
βəram-skun “I am carrying” Nwqsmar∫

wēn-skun “you are seeing” Nwqsnyw
The future tense is formed from the present indicative by adding the particle <-k’m, -q’m> -kām or <-
k’n> -kān. The suffix -kām is an old noun meaning “wish”:
βərѳa-kām “you will carry” Makalr∫

šəwēm-kān “we shall go” Naqmywπ
The verb “to be” uses forms from “to become”:
uβam-skun “I shall be” Nwqsma∫w

βōt-kām “he will be” Maktw∫
USES OF THE NOMINATIVE.

The functions of the nominative are as follows:
1. The nominative is used to name something or somebody, e.g.:
xō Rustəmi xəči “it (lit. “he”) is Rustam” ycx yymtswr wx
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xā məzēxəč xānā əsti “it is a big house” yy†sa enax Cxyzm ax

xā δēwt xand “those are δēws” dnx twyl ax
xā yāxēt martīt xand “those are brave men” dnx tytrm tyxay ax
xōnəx xəči ərtāw δēnδārē “he is a righteous Manichean” yyralnyl wa†ra eycx xnwx
panǰəmīk xānā ruxšna zāy “fifth (there is) yonder Light Earth” yaz anπxwr anax kymcnp
2. The subject of a verb is in the nominative, whether intransitive (e.g., “I am, I go”), transitive (e.g., “I
do”), or passive (e.g., “I am called”). A personal pronoun as subject may be omitted. Examples:
əzu miram-skun “I am dying” Nwksmarym wza

Rustəmi nəpēst-skun “Rustam writes” Nwkstsypn ymtswr
xō Rəxši martsār ēst-skun “Raxš is coming here (hither)” Nwqstsyo ras†rm yyπxr wx
3. The predicate noun or adjective of the verb “to be” and some other verbs (e.g., “to be called”) is in the
nominative. The verb “to be” in the present is frequently omitted (always, but not exclusively, in the 3rd
sing. present).
Clauses with a subject and predicate noun or adjective but without a verb are called “nominal clauses” or
“noun clauses.”
Examples:
xō Rəxši əspi əsti “Raxš is a horse” y†sa ypsa yπxr wx

Rustəmi xwenám “I am called Rustam” Manywx ymtswr
xō Rustəmi yāxē “Rustam is brave” yxay ymtswr wx
xā xānā pətsəγdča əsti “the house is constructed” y†sa ect©s†p anax ex
xā zāy nəβdča, šukča nēst “the earth is wet, not dry” tsyyn acqwπ ect∫n yaz ax
xā tərsākt suγδīkt xand “the Christians are Sogdians” tnx †qyl©ws tkasrt ex
Čīnəstən δūr əsti “China is far away” y†sa rwl Ntsnyc
4. An apposition to another nominative is in the nominative:
xō Rəxši xō əspi “Raxš, the horse” ypsa wx yπxr wx

xō Rustəmi xō yāxē “Rustam the brave” yxay wx ymtswr wx
Number with γarf “much, many (a)” and sāt “every, all.”
The measure word γarf when meaning “much” or “many a” takes a following noun in the singular, e.g.,
γarf āp “much water,” γarf ruxšnyāk “much light.”
When it means “many” and plurality is emphasized(?), the plural is also found, e.g., γarf ēδēt “many
persons” (BBB 545), γarf zātēt “many children” (TaleK 33), γarf šəmənda “many monks” (P8.196).
The measure word sāt is most commonly used alone as direct object “all of it,” but it can also be used
with nouns: in the singular meaning “every” and in the plural meaning “all,” e.g., sāt βəγīšt “all the gods.”
TEXT 3
xō xətu əwu mərāz martiy wānō pəsti kət †q yytsp wnaw yy†rm zarm wwa wtx wx
ču ark γərβe y∫r© ekra wc
árti xō martiy pətškwēt kət tk tywkπtp yy†rm wx ytra
mərγārt súmbam-skun Nwksmabmws †ra©rm
γarf δēwt ēsənd-skun Nwks tnsyo†wyl Fr©
xō Rustəmi sāt pətxwāyt-kām Maqtyawx†p †as yymtswr wx
xō Rəxši šātux nē βōt-kām Maktw∫ yyn xw†aπ yyπxr wx
əwu xətu pərō xətyāk pəsam-kām Maqmasp Qaytx wrp ww†x wwa
Makmywπ Nmlr©anπxwr Cπwn wk xamtπw wk yta Mak Myrym
mirēm-kām əti kū uštəmāx kū nōšč ruxšnāγərəδmən šəwēm-kām
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LESSON 3
EXERCISES 3
1. Conjugate in the present indicative γərβ- “to understand” and pətxwāy- “to kill.”
2. Translate into Sogdian, and write in Manichean script:
This man is a judge; that man is a lord. This water is pure; that water is foul.
The air is very fragrant; the poison is deadly. This is the creation of Xormazd.
Death comes quickly. You understand everything; they know nothing.
Many elephants and pigs are gathering. He will be happy; the entire Paradise will be very joyous.
GLOSSARY 3
Notes:
In the glossary verbs are listed by present stem and past stem. Masculine nouns are not marked as such.
’’p āp fem.: water nwšy, fem. nwšc nōšē, nōšč: immortal

’kty, fem. ’ktc əktē, əktč: done ps- fršt, fšt pəs- fəršt, fəšt: to ask, investigate
’nγty, fem. ’nγtc anγətē, anγətč: entire, complete ptrysty, fem. ptrysc pətristē, pətrisč: mixed
’nwz- ’nwšt anwəz- ənušt: to gather ptsγty, fem. ptsγtč’ pətsəγdē, pətsəγtč: prepared,
’rt’w ərtāw: righteous constructed
’rty árti: and ptškwy- ptškw’t pətškwəy- pətškwāt: to say
’skw- ’skw’t əskəw- əskwāt: to dwell, be ptxw’y- ptxwst pətxwāy- pətxust: to kill.
’wswγty, fem. ’wswγtc ōsuγdē, ōsuγdəč: pyδ pīδ: elephant
purified, pure rwstm Rustəm: proper name
’yδ ēδ: this rwxšny’k ruxšnyāk: light
’yδc ... ny/n’ ēδč ... nē/na: no, not, don’t ... any s’c- sāč-: it is proper, necessary (for sb. to do);
(thing), nothing impersonal verb
’yny, ‘yny ēnē: this s’t sāt: all, everything
’ys-, ‘ys- ’’γt ēs- āγət: to come swγδyk Suγδīk: Sogdian
’zw əzu: I (subject) swmb- swβt súmb- suβd: to bore
βr- βwrt/βrt βər- βurt/βart: to carry, bring škwy, fem. šwkc šəkəwē, šukč: dry
βry βəriy fem.: air šmn šəmən: Buddhist monk
βwδ’ndy, fem. βwδ’ndc βōδandē, βōδanč: šw- xrt šəw- xart: to go
fragrant šyr šīr: well, very
cw ču: what tγw təγu: you (thou)
cynstn Čīnəstən: China trs’k tərsāk: Christian
δ’m δām fem.: creation w’nw wānō: thus
δwr δūr: far, distant wβ- uβ-: to become
δynδ’r, δynδ’ry δēnδār, δēnδārē: holder of the wγšndy uγəšandē: joyous
religion, (good) Manichean wštm’x uštəmāx: Paradise
fršt, fšt > ps- wyn- wyt wēn wīt: to see
γnd’k γandāk: bad, foul xtw xətu: judge
γrβ- γrβ’t γərβ- γərβāt: to know, understand xty’k xətyāk fem.: judgement
γrf γarf: much, many xwnx, hwnx xōnəx: that
j’r žār fem.: poison xwny xōnē: that
jγrt žγart: quickly xwrmztyk, fem. xwrmztyc xurməzdīk, -īč:
k’s kās: pig Ohrmazdian
mγwn məγōn: entire xwyn- xwen-: to be called
mr’z mərāz: workman xyδ xēδ: that
mrc marč fem.: death y’xy yāxē: brave
mrcyny, fem. mrcync marčenē, marčenč: deadly ywny yōnē: this
mrγ’rt mərγārt: pearl ywnyδ yōnēѳ: at once, right away
mrts’r martsār: hither z’ty zātē: son
myr- mwrt mir- murt: to die z’y zāy fem.: earth
nβty, fem. nβtc nəβdē, nəβdč: wet zwrt- zwst zəwart- zust: to turn (back), return
npys- npxšt nəpēs- nəpəxšt: to write
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2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 28
LESSON 4
GRAMMAR
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
The personal pronouns are declined as follows:
Singular:
“I” “you” “he” “she”
nom. əzu <’zw> təγu <tγw> xō xā <x’>
acc. tāmā <t’m’> tāfā <t’f’> əwu, wu <’ww, ww> = masc.
enclitic -m, -mi <-m, -my> -f <-f> -šu <-šw> = masc.
gen.-dat. məna <mn’> təwa <tw’> une, wine <wny, wyny> uya <wy’>
enclitic -mi <my> -ti <-ty>, -fi, -f <-fy, -f> -ši <-šy>, -š <-š> = masc.
Plural:
“we” “you” “they”
dir. māx <m’x> šmāx <šm’x> wešand, ušand <wyšnt, wšnt>
obl. = dir. = dir. wešandī, ušandī <wyšnty, wšnty>
enclitic -mən <-mn> -tən <-tn>, -fən <-fn> -šən <-šn>
The “enclitic” forms are normally attached to the preceding word and have no stress of their own.
On enclitic pronouns with relative pronouns, see Lesson 8.
Only exceptionally do we find šu at the beginning of a sentence, but it is then the rare demonstrative
pronoun šō (Lesson 3).
The accusative forms tāmā and tāfā are compounded with an old preposition əta/tā “to” (used in letter
openings) + the old enclitic accusative forms -mā and -fā + an old ending *-kam, or similar.
Parallel formations with other prepositions are the following:
čə- + čāmā <c’m’> čāfā <c’f’>

δə- + δāmā <δ’m’> δāfā <δ’f’>
pər + pərāmā <pr’m’> pərāfā <pr’f’>
Verbs. The imperfect.

The stem of the imperfect is often different from that of the present. The imperfect stem is formed in
various ways, depending on the history of the verb:
1. The imperfect stem is identical with that of the present stem if the stem has only one syllable, e.g., βər-:
imperf. βər-; wēn-: imperf. wēn-.
2. If the verb has a preverb, the (historical) vowel of the preverb is sometimes lengthened. The most
common types are:
present stem imperfect stem meaning
ō- ~ wā- ōžγəδ- wāžγəδ- “dismount”
pə- ~ pā- pərəxs- pārəxs- “be left (over), remain”
pər- ~ pərī- pərštāy- pərīštāy- “prepare”
pət- ~ pətī- pətškwəy- pətīškwəy- “answer”
nə- ~ nī- nəmāy- nīmāy- “show”
sə- ~ sī- səfrīn- sīfrīn- “create”
tə- ~ tī- təkōš- tīkōš- “listen”
zə- ~ zī- zəwart- zīwart- “turn back, return”
wi- ~ wī- witər- wītər- “depart”
u- ~ wī- uγəš- wīγuš- “rejoice”
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3. Such lengthening also sometimes occurs when the first consonant of the stem is not a preverb, e.g.,
šəkər-: imperf. šīkər-; žəγēr-: imperf. žīγēr-.
In ѳəβər- “to give”: imperf. ѳāβər- the initial ѳ represents an old *f- < *fra-.
4. If the verb begins with a- or ā- (not consistently), the imperfect stem may be formed by prefixing m-, cf.
anxəz-, imperf. manxəz- “to rise,” āγāz-: imperf. māγāz- (or āγāz-) “to begin.”
5. A special imperfect stem is formed with the suffix -āz, e.g., šəwāz (šw’z) “he went.” Such forms are rare
in Manichean Sogdian.
The progressive imperfect is formed by attaching the particle -skun to the imperfect form:
Nwksawπ šəwa-skun or Nwkszawπ šəwāz-skun “he was going.”
The imperfect has the following endings:

Singular
1 -ú <-w> - <->, -u <-w>
2 -í (-é?) <-y> - <->, -i <-y>
3 -á <-’> -
Plural
1 -ḗm <-ym> -ēm <-ym>
2 -tá <-t’> -ta <-t’>
3 -ánd <-nd, -’nd> -ənd <-nd, -’nd>
Notes:
The 1 sing., the 2 sing. -i, and 2 plur. ending of the heavy stems are from the light stems.
The ending of the 2 sing. should be -í like the nom. sing. of cons. stems. Whether this -í has been
replaced by the -é of the present indicative we do not know.
Paradigms.

Sing.
1 βərú <βrw> wēnu <wynw> ѳāβəru <δ’βrw>
2 βərí <βry> wēni <wyny> ѳāβər(i) <δ’βr(y)>
3 βərá <βr’> wēn <wyn> ѳāβər <δ’βr>
Plur.
1 βərēm <βrym> wēnēm <wynym> ѳāβərēm <δ’βrym>
2 βərtá <βrt’> *wēnda *ѳāβərta <δ’βrt’>
3 βəránd <βrnd, βr’nd> wēnənd <wynnd> ѳāβərənd <δ’βrnd>
The exact vocalization of the final syllable(s) of heavy-stem imperfects of present stems in -əy/-ē is not
known. In this manual -əy will be used:
Sing.
1 <ptyškwy> pətīškwəy or pətīškwē
2 <ptyškwy> pətīškwəyi or pətīškwē
3 <ptyškwy> pətīškwəy or pətīškwē
Plur.
1 <ptyškwym> pətīškwəyēm or pətīškwēm
2 <ptyškwyt’> *pətīškwēta
3 <ptyškwynd> pətīškwəyənd or pətīškwēnd
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 30
LESSON 4
“To be, become.”

Manichean Sogdian does not have a 3 sing. imperfect of the original verb “to be”; instead it uses the
simple past tense umāt <wm’t> “was.”
The only attested imperfect forms of βw- “to become” are 3 sing. uβá <wβ’>, 3 plur. uβand <wβndt>.
Uses of the accusative.

The accusative is used in the following functions in Sogdian:
1. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative of light stems and the direct or oblique case
(especially animate nouns and pronouns?) of heavy stems: $$
əwu xətu wēne “do you see the judge?” ynyw w†x wwa
2. Two accusative objects are found with verbs signifying “to make sb. sth., to ask sb. for sth.”:
xō mərāz martiy xēpѳāwənd pərxē xōžd tΩwx yxrp tnwalpyx ytrm zarm wx
“the hired man asks the master for (his) wages”
3. The accusative is used to indicate measure: “how much, how many, how long?”:
ēw mēѳ “(for) one day” L£ym wya

δūr zāy šōѳa-kām “you will go a long distance” Mak alwπ yaz rwl
4. The prepositions pər “on, about, for” and kū (< kə + əwu) “to(ward)” govern the accusative. Common
combinations of pər and kū with postpositions are pər ... sār “toward,” pər ... čūpər “over,” kū ... sār
“toward,” kū ... pərəm “(all the way) to,” kū ... čandər/čéndər “into.”
kū xətu sār pər xətyāk šəwand tnwπ kay†x rp ras w†x wq

“they went to the judge about judgement”
xā δēnδārt kū uštəmāx šəwand-kām Makdnwπ xamtπw wwq †ralnyl ax
“the good Manicheans will go to Paradise”
Maq Mynyrx†p Nryz ranyl wts rp lym wya y†rm wwa
əwu martiy ēw mēѳ pər stu δēnār zérən pətxrīnēm-kām
“we shall rent the man for one day for 100 dinars gold”
5. The apposition to a noun in the accusative is in the accusative.
Rəxšu əwu əspu wēnѳa “do you see Raxš, the horse?” alnyw wpsa wwa wπxr
Rustəmu əwu yāxē pətxrīne-kām Maqynyrx†p yxay wwa wmtswr
“are you going to hire Rustam the brave?”
TEXT 4.1
(Tale A, M 135)
<cn mrγ’rt swmbyy ’’zyndyy xwycq’wy> ywaqcywx yydnyzaa yybmws tra©rm Nc 1

<pṭjy’mc wβ’ ’rṭy ny fršṭ’h βwṭ oo > . . †w∫ ea†πrf yn y†ra a∫w CmayΩ†p [...] 2
. . dnawπ kay†x rp ras w†x wk lym ky†∫l ras†p y†ra 3
<’rṭy pṭs’r δβṭyk myδ kw xṭw s’r pr xṭy’k šw’nd oo >
Notes:
1 mərγārt-sumbē: a vowel-stem compound made from a noun plus a verbal stem: mərγārt + súmb + ē.
2 The beginning of the second sentence is lost.
árti-nē: other words than pronouncs can be enclitic, too; here the negation nē “not” is attached to the
sentence-introducing particle árti “and, then.”
fəršta βōt: potential passive 3 sing. (see lesson 14): “cannot be asked (tried, punished?).”
31 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
3 δəβdīk mēѳ: “the second day,” accusative of time.

xətyāk: abstract noun in -yāk (fem.) from xətu.
TEXT 4.2
From M 133. This text is about the five sons of the First Man, the five elements, who are bound in the
evil world. Their names are taken from Zoroastrian mythology.
cṭf’rmyk pṭy’p
’rt’w frwrṭyy w’ṭ
’rṭxwšṭ ’’p ’ty
’’ṭr °° ‘ynyy xcyh
rw’nyy rw’n γryw
’nδmyt ’ṭy ṭmb’r
°° kyy ’’z δyywδ’ṭ
wnyq kwn’ cf’
’ty fr’mrz °° šww
δ[y]myδ ṭ’ryyh
s’rβγyy cyndr βyynd
prykyš ’ṭy np’q
nyy’s .. xwṭyy pr
δrjy’wr w’šṭyy ° °
1 <cṭf’rmyk pṭy’p ’rt’w frwrṭyy w’ṭ ’rṭxwšṭ ’’p ’ty ’’ṭr ..>
2 <‘ynyy xcyh rw’nyy rw’n γryw ’nδmyt ’ṭy ṭmb’r ..>
3 <kyy ’’z δyywδ’ṭ wnyq kwn’ cf’ ’ty fr’mrz ..>
4 <šww δ[y]myδ ṭ’ryy s’rβγyy cyndr βyynd prykyš ’ṭy np’q nyy’s ..>
5 <xwṭyy pr δrjy’wr w’šṭyy ..>
Notes:
4 šww šō, dem. pronoun used in derogatory sense: “that one.”
δēmēδ ... čendər “inside this.”
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 32
LESSON 4
EXERCISES 4
1. Conjugate in the imperfect γərβ- “to understand” and pətxwāy- “to kill.”
2. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English:
awπ yyrkπa Mrp tr∫lnk wq lym ymtswr wx 1

dnarym rapπrp N⋲ twyl Fr© 2
dnadny∫ tr∫lnk ww eylnk eyw 3
†rwyz ymtswr 4
awπ Manryπ xyzm wrp 5
Caw πyw wrp wpsa 6
a∫w xw†aπ arwx trwx Npπnm yy†wx 7
3. Translate into Sogdian, and write in Manichean script. Use the sentence connective árti to attach enclitic
pronouns.
I am Sogdian, you are Khotanese, she is Chinese.

You (plur.) are Christian, we are Jewish, they are Buddhist.
I am going to the bazaar; where are you (sing.) going?
Why did you go to the bazaar?
Will you see the judge?
You (plur.) did not tell me (= you did not say to me) whom you saw there.
I told a story.
We did not desire gold; we desired happiness.
He was asking Rustam for one horse.
They rented ten horses.
Raxš, the horse, is carrying Rustam the brave.
The brave Rustam killed a hundred demons.
I saw dry land and wet water, deadly demons and immortal angels.
GLOSSARY 4
’’γ’z- ’’γšt āγāz- (māγāz-, āγāz-) āγəšt: to begin cf- cβt čəf- čəβd: to steal
’’tr ātər: fire ckn’c pyδ’r čəkənāč piδār: why, for what reason
’’z āz fem.: desire, greed, Hyle (the dark and evil ctf’rmyk čətfārəmīk: fourth
feminine principle) cxwδ čəxūδ: Jewish
’nδmy anδəmē: limb cyn Čīn: Chinese
’nšpn- anšpən- (manšpən-): to rest δβtyk δəβdīk: second
’nxz- ’nxšt anxəz- (manxəz-) anxəšt: to rise δrjy’wr žyāwər: heart
’ps-, ’prs- fšt əps- (əpərs-) fəšt: to ask (+ acc. + δywδ’t δēwδāt: demon-made
gen.-dat. or c-) frmrz- (fr’mrz-) frmšt fərmərz- (frāmərz-)
’rtxwšt artxušt: light (as one of the five fərməšt: ruin
elements) frwrt frurt, fərwərt in artāw fərwərt: the ether (as
’wδyδ ōδēδ: there one of the five elements)
’wjγδ- (w’jγδ-) ’wjγst ōžγəδ- (wāžγəδ-) ōžγəst: to fryj- fršt frēž- fərəšt: to straighten
dismount γryw γərīw fem.: self, soul
’wrδ ōrəѳ: there jγyr- jγyrt žəγēr (žīγēr-) žəγērt (?): to call
’wsty- ’wst’t ōstəy- (wāstəy-) ōstāt: to place knδ kanѳ fem.: town
’wšt-, ’wšty- (w’šty-) ’wst’t ōšt(əy)- (wāšty-) knδβr kanѳβər (< kanѳ-δβər): city gate
ōstāt: to stand kwts’r kutsār: where(to)
’yw ēw: one ky ’ty kē əti: whom
’škry əškərē: in pursuit mrγ’rt-swmby mərγārt-sūmbē: pearl-borer
βynd- βst βend- βəst: to bind, lock nm’y- nm’t nəmāy- (nīmāy-) nəmāt: to judge
33 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
np’k nəpāk: hostage škr- škrt šəkər- (šīkər-) šəkart: to lead, pursue
ny’s- (nyy’s) ny’t nyās- (nīyās) nyāt: to take šyrn’m šīrnām: fame
prm pərəm: (all the way) to; postposition + acc. t’ry tārē: dark; darkness
prs- tkwš- təkōš- (tīkōš-): to look (at)
pršp’r pəršpār: trampling tnb’r, tmb’r tambār fem.: body
pršt’y- pršt’t pərštāy- (pərīštāy-) pərštāt: to w’β- wγt wāβ uγd: to say
prepare w’c- wγt wāč- uγd: to release, send
prxs- pr’γt, prγt pərəxs- (pārəxs-) pərəγd: to be w’crn wāčərən: bazaar
left (over), remain w’šty- > ’wšt-
prkyš- (prykyš) prkšt pərkēš- (pərīkēš) pərkišt: to w’t wāt: wind
imprison wδyδ uδēδ: there
ptjy’mc pətəžyāməč: *quarrel wγš-, impf. wyγwš- uγəš- (wīγuš-): to rejoice
ptxryn- ptxryt pətxrīn (pətīxrīn) pətxrīt: to hire, wnyk unīk: *captive
rent wytr- witər- (wītər-): to depart
pty’p pətyāp: part, time (3 times) wyš wēš: pasture, grass
pwt’ny putānē: Buddhist xwδnyk Xuδənīk: Khotanese
rw’n rəwān: soul xwj- xwšt xōž- xušt: to desire, require, ask for
s’r sār: toward; postposition + gen.-dat.; but kū (from somebody = c-)
... sār “to, toward” + acc. xwr- xwrt xur- xurt: to eat
s’rβγ sārβəγ: tower xwrt xwart: food
sfryn- sfryn’t sfrīn- (sīfrīn-) sfrīnāt: to create xwt xut: self
š’twxy’ šātuxyā: happiness xwycq’wy xwēčkāwī fem.: explanation
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 34
LESSON 5
GRAMMAR 5
Nouns. Other declensions.

There are some nouns in the consonant declension that are neuter and have the ending -u <-w> in the
nominative and accusative singular and -e <-y> in the numerative (see Lesson 10). The only oblique
forms of the numerative noticed so far are of light-stem neuter nouns, which take the ending -ya <-y’>.
Examples of neuter nouns are δət <δt>, nom. δətu, “wild animal” and βəγən <βγn>, nom. βəγnu, “temple.”
Neuter forms of adjectives are quite common and also function as adverbs: kəβnu <kβnw> “(a) little,”
širu <šyrw> “(what is) good, good things, well,” wispu <wyspw> “everything, all (together)”; əftəmu
<’ftmw> “firstly”; əspətō <’sptw> “complete(ly)” (probably neuter of əspətē, a vocalic stem).
The following words from old u-stems have -ú <-w> in the nom.-acc. and gen.-dat. singular : šəmnú
<šmnw> “Ahrimen, Satan,” rətú <rtw> “10 seconds,” xətu <xtw> “judge.” No plural forms are known of
these words.
The word for “time, hour” žəmən <jmn> has acc. žəmnu, loc. žəmnuya and žəmənya, nom.-acc. plur.
žəmənda.
The word uδ fem. “wife” was an ū-stem in Old Iranian. It has the following forms: nom.-acc. uδú/uδəw
<wδw>, gen.-dat., instr.-abl. uδuyá <wδwy’>, plur. *uδīšt.
Nouns denoting family relations were original r-stems and “brother” and “daughter” have retained traces
of this declension in the plural: βrāt <βr’t>, plur. βrātərt, obl. βrātərtī <βr’trt->; δuγd- <δwγt> fem., plur.
δuγdart, obl. δuγdartī <δwγtrt->.
Other nouns denoting family relations are regular: pətər- <ptr-> “father” and nəpēšən <npyšn>
“grandson” are regular consonant stems with plural stems pətərt and nəpēšənd; xwār <xw’r> “sister” has
plur. xwārīšt; zāmātē “son-in-law,” zātē <z’ty> “son” are regular vocalic stems. The plur. of māt <m’t>
“mother” does not seem to be attested.
On the nom.-acc. plur. forms in -ī or -ya in SSogdian and CSogdian see lesson 16.
Pronouns. Pronominal declensions.

The pronominal adjective wisp- “every, all” has forms resembling those of personal and demonstrative
pronouns:
Singular Plural
nom. wispí <wyspy> wispé <wyspy>
acc. wispú <wyspw> = nom.
gen.-dat. wispəné <wyspny> wispēšən <wyspyšn>
instr.-abl. wispəná <wyspn’>
The forms wisp and wispu can also be used before nouns in all case forms.
The instr.-abl. is found in čən wispənāč <cnn wyspn’c> “from every(thing)” and δən wispənāδ <δnn
wyspn’δ> “with every(body).”
A few pronouns have sing. gen.-dat. ending in -əya, -ya (< -y’>, thus: kəya <ky’> “whose,” ənya <’ny’>
“the other’s,” δəβdiya <δβty’> “the other’s, the second’s.”
35 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
Verbal nouns and adjectives.

Sogdian has a number of adjectives and nouns made from verbal stems. Among these are the following:
1. The present participle active ends in -andē <-(’)ndy>, which, when used as an adjective, has fem. -andəč
<-(’)ndc>.
The present participle middle ends in -enē <-yny>, fem. -enč <-ync>. Many or most present participles
are used as adjectives and nouns:
dnanaztp ayxyzm ywyr© ydnwΩ yynw yk tkaπw©n dnyyknrw
urənkēnd nəγōšākt kē une žəwandē γrīwī məzēxyā pətzānənd
“the faithful hearers who recognize the greatness of the Living Self” (BBBf)
βōδandəč əpsāk “a perfumed garland” kaspa Cdnalw∫
wēnandē mərγīšt əti əkutīšt “visible birds and dogs” †πy†wqa ey†a ††πy©rm yydnanyw
wispu xurenē “all-eating, omnivorous” yynyrwx wpsyw
nā-γərβenēt “incomprehensible” †yynyy∫r© an
kē əti-šən əfčambəδī ēδəč pəδufsenē βōt †w∫ yynyysfwlp Clyya eyylbmcfa Nπy†a yyk
“for whom (lit. who for them) there is anything of the world to cling to”
2. A verbal adjective in -ē is used in a sense close to that of an active present participle together with a
variety of verbs, including verbs of motion.
A direct object is in the gen.-dat., e.g.:
pətγōδē umāt-ēm “I was concealing” Mytamw yylw©†p

xō Rustəmi kū kanѳβər pərəm əškərē šəwa awπ yyrkπa Mrp r∫lnk wq ymtswr wx
“Rustam went in pursuit (of them) to the city gates”
wītərənd yāxē Rustəme pərwēδē ylywrp ymtswr yxay dnrtyw
“they departed in search of brave Rustam”
3. Another verbal adjective used in a sense close to that of an active present participle can be formed from
the present stem plus the suffix -āk, e.g., γərβāk “sb. who knows, wise” (cf. Mid. Pers. dānāg, Pers. dānā).
4. A verbal adjective with future meaning but neutral with respect to active-passive is formed from the
present stem + the suffix -čīk (-ǰīk), e.g., sumbəčīk “about to bore/be bored,” kunǰīk “about to make.”
5. A noun of action can be formed from the present stem plus the suffix -āmandī, e.g., wēnāmandī “seeing,
to see,” also used in such expressions as “beautiful to see”:
panǰ δβərtəya anwēžāmandī “the gathering of the five gates” ydnmaΩywna aytr∫l Cnp
pətīyəms Məšī-βəγī šəwāmandī eydnmawπ yy©∫yπm Smyy†p
“‘The coming of the Third Messenger’ is ended”
dn∫w †ydnπ©w ryπryπ yydnmanyw yy†πyrf wrp ytra
árti pərō frēštē wēnāmandī šīr-šīr uγəšandēt uβand
“and they became extremely joyful at seeing the apostle”
eydnmanyw wanπrq Qynsalyw ynmlr©anπxwr wwnπxwr ayw ayr∫ C©wswa kymraftc y†ra
árti čətfārəmīk ōsuγč βərya uya ruxšnu ruxšnāγərəδmənī wiδāsənīk karšnāw wēnāmandī
“and the fourth (is) the Pure Ether in the light Light Paradise, marvelous (and) beautiful to behold”
Uses of the cases. Genitive-dative.

The functions of the Sogdian gen.-dat. incorporate the functions of the old genitive and dative.
Genitive functions:
1. The first main function of the genitive is “adnominal.” The main adnominal functions are:
a. possessive genitive and variants thereof (“the man’s house, the man’s son, the picture of the man”); note
especially the use of the gen.-dat. + “to be” which corresponds to English “to have”: “mine is a son” = “I
have a son”:
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 36
LESSON 5
wine Rustəme xō əspi Rəxši xwendi yDnywx yπxr ypsa wx ymtswr ynyw
“Rustam’s horse is called Raxš”
une Rustəme əδu əspa xand “Rustam has two horses” dnx apsa wla ymtswr ynw
ēnē nəwē mərtəxmē pətsāk δēnīfarnī səfrīwən Nwyrfs yynrfynyl kas†p eymx†rm yywn yynya
“this is the construction of (= which is) the New Man, the creation of (= which is) the Glory of the Religion”
b. subjective genitive (“my love” < “I [subject] love”):
məna fərmān “my command” Naamrf anm
c. objective genitive (“love of music” < “to love music [dir. obj.]”):
pərō βəγīštī frītāt “for love of the gods” tatyrf y†πy©∫ wwrp
2. The second main function of the genitive is “partitive,” which survives in Sogdian in expressions such as
“god of gods”:
βəγān-βəxtəm “the most god = divine of gods (the highest of the gods)” Mtx∫ Naa©∫
Dative functions:
3. The main function of the dative is to express the “indirect object.” Indirect objects are found with
transitive verbs—most often accompanying a direct object—or with intransitive verbs. The same function
is sometimes expressed by the preposition kū (kū ... sār) + acc.:
wine martī xō pərxē ѳβəra “give the man the wages!” ar∫l yxrp wx y†rm ynyw
xō martī kū xətu sār wānō pətīškwəy ywkπytp wnaw ras wtx wq y†rm wx
“the man said thus to the judge”
4. The gen.-dat. is used with impersonal verbs, such as γəw- “need, should”:
məna xānā γōt “I need a house” tw© anax anm

árti-fən ču γōt-kām “and what will you need?” Mak tw© wc Nfy†ra
árti māx ənyu ѳβār nē γōt “we do not need any other gift” tw© yyn ra∫l wyna xam ytra
Often these verbs are used without reference to persons. Such sentences should be translated using
“one”: “one must, should,” etc.
See further lesson 6 on Infinitives.
5. Appositions to words in the gen.-dat. are in the gen.-dat.
r∫al †rwx yypsa ynw ymtswr yπxr yynyw

wine Rəxše Rustəme une əspe xwart ѳāβər “he gave Raxš, Rustam’s horse, food”
6. Some local adverbs used as postpositions take the gen.-dat., e.g., sār “toward, to,” pērnəmsār <pyrnms’r>
“before”:
məna sār ēsənd “they came toward me” tnsya ras anm
Rustəme pērnəmsār šəwand “they went before Rustam” dnwπ rasmnryp ymtswr
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TEXT 5.2
(from the Rustam story)
dnnyp tr∫lnk wa©na xyzm Nl Nyz Snx Nl katπrp Nar© xyzm
awπ yra∫sak Fr© yra∫ lyp Fr© ra∫ Ntrw Fr© ylapnwrl Fr© wwa
<mzyx γr’n pršt’k δn xns zyn δn mzyx ’nγ’w knδβrt pynnd
’ww γrf δrwnp’δy γrf wrtnβ’r γrf pyδ β’ry γrf k’s β’ry šw’>
TEXT 5.1
(Tale A cont’d, see Text 4.2)
pṭjy’mc wβ’
’rṭy ny fršṭ’h
βwṭ oo ’rṭy pṭs’r
δβṭyk myδ kw xṭw
s’r pr xṭy’k šw’nd
oo ’rṭxw xypδ’wnd
w’nw w’β kṭ βγ
mwnw mrṭy 1 myδ pr
100 δyn’r zyrn pṭxryṭ-
δ’rm o w’nw ’ṭymyy
mrγ’rṭ swmbyy oo
’rṭy ṭym ’yδc mrγ’rt
nyy swmbṭ o ’rṭmy
qδryy prxyy xwjṭṭ-
skwn oo ’rṭyxw mr’z
mrṭyy kw xṭw s’r
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 38
LESSON 5
CN MRΓART [SWMBYY AAZYNDYY]
w’nw pṭyškwyy kṭ
2 <pṭjy’mc wβ’ ’rṭyny fršṭ’h βwṭ oo >

3 <’rṭy pṭs’r δβṭyk myδ kw xṭw s’r pr xṭy’k šw’nd oo >
4 <’rṭxw xypδ’wnd w’nw w’β kṭ βγ mwnw mrṭy ’yw myδ pr stw δyn’r zyrn pṭxryṭ-δ’rm o w’nw ’ṭymyy
mrγ’rṭ swmbyy oo>
5 <’rṭy ṭym ’yδc mrγ’rt nyy swmbṭ o ’rṭmy qδryy prxyy xwjṭṭ-skwn oo>
6 <’rṭyxw mr’z mrṭyy kw xṭw s’r w’nw pṭyškwyy kṭ >
Notes
4 βəγ is a shortened form of βəγa vocative.
δēnār: numerative.
pətxrīt-δārəm: “simple past tense,” see lesson 6. Translate as English imperfect “I hired” or perfect “I
have hired.”
wānō əti: the conjunction əti “and” is frequently used with pronouns and adverbs to form subordinate
conjunctions, e.g., wānō əti “so that, in order that,” kəδuti = kət “that” (introducing indirect speech), ču əti
“whatever.”
-mi: the enclitic pronouns must be attached to the first word (word group) of the sentence. -mi here is
dative: “for me.”
súmbē: optative 3 sing. after wānō əti (see lesson 10).
5 -mi: accusative with xōž- (see lesson 4).
EXERCISES 5
1. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English:
Casytp †ynax Fr© eyylnk lymyrp yy†rm yynwx

anwq ay†ka Qadn© Fr© yymx†rm yynwy
.. Mal Cy†zmrwx Nw©m aw dncnyrm lywyrp
2. Translate into Sogdian, and write in Sogdian script. Use the sentence connectives ətí and árti to attach
enclitic pronouns.
My father’s son is my brother. Are you (sing.) their sister?

Are your (plur.) brothers hearers?
All men are evil.
My wife’s sister is very beautiful to behold.
Why are you pursuing this righteous Manichean?
We shall go and look for a good horse.
Every man needs a woman.
All Sogdians need horses.
Wise men do not know any evil, and they do not do any harm.
They rejoiced greatly at the coming of the apostle, the success of the religion, and the deliverance of the
Living Self.
39 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
GLOSSARY 5
1 ēw: one nγwš’k nəγōšāk: hearer

100 stu: a hundred npyšn nəpēšən: grandson
’’βr- ’’γt āβər- āγət: to bring nwy nəwē: new
’δw əδu (əδəw): two (before noun) pδwfs- pəδufs- (impf. =): to stick, cling
’fcmbδδ əfčambəδ fem.: the world pršt’k pərštāk: preparation, equipment
’ftmw əftəmu adv.: firstly prwyδ- pərwēδ-: to seek, look for
’kwt əkut, plur. əkutīšt: dog pš’y- pəšāy-: to throw
’nγ’w anγāw: *haste ptγwδ- ptγwst pətγōδ- pǝtγust: hide, conceal
’nwyj- ’nwšt anwēž- ənušt: to gather (trans.) pts’c- ptsγt pətsāč- pətsəγd: to build, construct
βγn βǝγǝn neut.: temple pts’k pətsāk: construction
βyr- βyrt βīr- βírt/βīrət: to obtain, be successful ptyms- ptymt pətyəməs- (pətīyəms-) pətyamt: to
βy’ryy βyārī: the next morning end, stop (intrans.)
γr’n γərān: heavy pyn- pīn-: to open
δβ’r ѳəβār: gift pyrnms’r pērnəmsār: before, in front of
δβr δβər: door, gate rtu rətu: 10 seconds
δβyš δβēš: harm s’t sāt: every, all
δrwnp’δy δrūn-pāѳē: archer sfrywn səfrīwən: creation
δt, plur. δtyšt δət δətīšt neut.: wild animal šmnw šəmnu: Ahrimen, Satan
δynyfrn δēnī-farn: the Glory of the Religion šyrš’yr šīr-šīr: extremely < šīr “very”
γrβ’k γərβāk: wise tym tīm: again
γw- γəw-: to be necessary; + infinitive w’nw ’ty wānō əti: so that, in order that
fryt’t frītāt fem.: love wδw uδu, uδəw fem.: wife
jmnw žəmnu: time, hour wrnkyn urənkēn: believing, faithful
jw- žəw-: to live wrtn wartən: chariot
jwndy žwandē (masc. and fem.): living wyδ’snyq wiδāsənīk: wondrous
kβn kəβn: less, too little wysp wisp: every, each, all
kδry kəѳrē, kəšē: now xns xans: firm, strong, secure
kršn’w karšnāw: beauty xw’r xwār fem.: sister
mrγ mərγ, plur. mərγīšt: bird z’m’ty zāmātē: son-in-law
mrtxmy mərtəxmē: man, person, human being, zrxs- zrγt zərəxs- (*zīrəxs-) zərəγd : to be
people (plur.) delivered
mrync- mərēnǰ-: to destroy zyn zēn: weapon, armor
ms məs: also
mšyβγ Məšīβəγ: the Third Messenger (Miѳr)
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 40
LESSON 6
GRAMMAR 6
ADJECTIVES. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE.

The suffix of the comparative is -tər <-tr>, that of the superlative -stər <-str>, but the meanings are not
always clear-cut. There are a few superlative forms in -təm and -təmčīk <-tmcyk>. Examples: βežtər
(βeždər) <βyjtr> “more sinful”; stəβd(t)ər <stβtr> “harsher”; βəžəngāristər <βjng’rystr> “most evil-doing”;
čāδərəstər <c’δrstr> “nethermost”; βəγān βəxtəm <βγ’n βxtm> “most divine of deities” (the Buddha).
Note also the following forms:

γarf “much, many,” comp. fəryātər <fry’tr>, fyātər <fy’tr> “more,” fərēštər “more, most”;
*kəs “small,” comp. kəštər <kštr>;
kəβn <kβn> “little,” comp. kambiy <kmby> “less, too little”;
məzēx <mzyx> “great,” comp. məsyātər <msy’tr> “greater.”
VERBS. THE IMPERATIVE.

The imperative is found only in the second person singular and plural. The endings are:

Singular
2 -á <-’> - <->
Plural
2 -ѳá <-δ’> -ѳ(a) <-δ(’)>
PARADIGMS.
Singular
2 βərá <βr’> “carry!” šəwa <šw’> “go!” wēn <wyn> “see!”
Plural
2 βərѳá <βrδ’> šōѳa <šwδ’> wēnѳ(a) <wynδ(’)>
The negation of the imperative is na <n’>. Examples:
árti məs anγōn səγdəmān kunѳa pətəstāt tatstp alnwk Namt©s Nw©na Sm ytra
“and also make resistance to (= resist) all!” (BBBf )
ēδəč ná psa “don’t ask anything!” asp an Clya
alral eayπa rp Nwa†πp y†a . Naamrf anm y†a . ayr†rf yynawr L£pyx rp alsxwdna dnmar
rāmənd anduxsəѳa pər xēpəѳ rəwānī fərtəryā; əti məna fərmān, əti [pəštāwən pər] əšya δārəѳa
“Always be diligent in the improvement of your own soul and keep my command and directive in
memory!” (Tale B)
From the Manichean cosmogony (M 178):
. . Nys rasNmlr©anπxwr wk rastp Nπtra Cwsp y†a. yyraΩ Cnawknmπ Nc anwk dnarq y†a
əti kərānd kuna čən šəmənkəwānč žārī əti pəsōč art-šən pətsār kū ruxšnāγərəδmən sār sēn
“And make them pure from the satanic poison and purify (them), and lead them up again to Paradise!”
From the “Speech on the aborted demons” (M7800iiV). After the Third Messenger has revealed his male
and female forms to the archonts, the female archont speaks to the other male and female demons:
41 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
šmāx əskī sār na təkōšəѳa pā šmāx s[ān] xəči. iwār kəδrē šm[āx] šōѳa. əti nérk əstrīč əprew pəčwəzѳa əti
ēw δəβdya əprew [āβər]əxsē rēž škərѳa zyānd zənѳa əti mart mart xēpəѳ pəžūkt məna sār āβərѳa əti əzu ēw
wānō əčēδč pərštāyam-kān kē əskātər pər əskī sār təkōš nəyāz nē βōt-kām.
“You, do not look up, for he is your enemy. Rather, now, go and have commerce, male with female!
And pursue with one another lust of desire! Bear children! And each of you [literally: man for man] bring
your fetuses to me! And I shall make *something (on account of) which there shall be no further need (for
you) to look up.”
Infinitives.
Sogdian has two infinitives, one made from the present stem and one made from the past stem. There is
no perceptible difference in meaning between the two. The endings are:

present -í: yynΩ žəní “to strike” -: yaπp pəšāy “to throw”
past -í (-é): yytyΩ žití “to strike” -: t∫wa ōβd “to sleep”
The infinitive is used much as in English, after verbs meaning “to begin, be ready, order, wish” and
impersonal verbs “it is necessary, it is proper, it is useful” etc.:
βēk-sār pəšāy pəγəštē βōt “he is about to throw it away” †w∫ yy†π©p yaπp rasqy∫
†w© yπx∫ Pay†p /1! wrp lyym yka∫r© yynw
une γərβākī mēѳ pərō əѳrē pətyāp βəxši γōt
“the wise man should divide the day into three parts”
frāγāz wīnā žití “he began to strike = play the lute” yytyΩ anyw za©arf
árt-pətsār nūkər frāγāzənd pətsəγdi yt©stp dnza©arf rkwn rastp†ra
“and now, after that, they began to construct”
āγāz ōβd “he began to sleep” t∫wa za©aa
məna sāšt xart čən γəra kū γəru wr© wq ar© Nc trx tπas anm
“I must go from mountain to mountain”
Uses of the instrumental-ablative.

This case is used only with the prepositions čə “from, about, concerning, by” and δə “(together) with.”
Common combinations of čan and δan with postpositions are: čə- ... sār “from” and čə- ... piδār “because
of,” δə- ... (ə)pərew <(’)pryw> “together with”:
čən kanѳī nīžəy “he went out of the town” yyΩyn eylnk N⋲
xō martī δən xətu pərew šəwa awπ wyrp wtx Nl yy†rm wx
“the man went together with the judge”
ēw δəβdya əprew “together with one another” wyrpa ay†∫l n
čəkənāč piδār wānō fərmāye “why do you order thus?” yyamrf wnaw ralyp Canqc
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 42
LESSON 6
raasxam†πw wwk y†a . †cnyrz am† Nc ey†ylya ßr© yyk yyralnyl wa†ra eycx xnwx y†ra
.. †w∫ ka†l£ar
árti xōnəx xəči artāw δēnδārē kē γarf ēδētī čən təma zrēnǰət əti kū uštəmāx-sār rāѳ-tāk βōt
“and that one is that righteous Manichean who delivers many persons from Hell and becomes (their)
guide to Paradise” (TaleB)
[Note: γarf ēδētī is direct object in the oblique plural]
Note the use of the instr.-abl. with comparatives:
čən δəsa *smānī čāδərəstər rtsrlac yynams asl Nc

“lower than (= below) the ten heavens”
čən šəkəra nāmərtər “sweeter than sugar” rtrman arkπ Nc
traysm lywyc ytawxynyz tsyyn yylpmcfa tas wrp
pərō sāt əfčambəδī nēst zēnī-xwārī čēwēδ məsyātər
“in the entire world there is no protection greater than that”
čən δēwtī kē stəβdtəra umātənd dntamw artd∫ts yk ytwyl N⋲
“who were harsher than the dēws?”
[Note: the form stəβdtəra has a final “predicative” -a]
and in the expression čən məna sār šəfār əsti “it shames me, I am ashamed of it.”
TEXT 6.1
Rustəmi anspā pərīštərən nīpəδ āγāz ōβd t∫wa za©aa lpyn Nrtπyrp eapsna yymtswr
xō δēwt pərō nəβēr pərō *anst wāštənd dntπaw †sna wrp ry∫n wrp †wyl wx
ēw δəβdī mēδ wāβənd dn∫aw lym yt∫l wya
TEXT 6.2
(the Pearl-borer cont’d)
Notes:
fərmāyē: probably optative 2 sing. “you may order” after ču əti.
žitu-δāram “I played,” fərmāt-δāre “you ordered,” pətxrīt-δāre “you bought” are simple past tense forms.
xww: acc. sing. fem.
γw’ṭ: subjunctive 3 sing. “may be necessary.”
ey†wlk asp wnaw yymy†a . Nyw yyswk ynrcaw ama† wnac Swayπf yynwy ◊∫ †k 7
. . yy∫r© Qra wc
wpsyw †as y†ra . yyamrf w©t ymy†a wc kra wpsyw ◊∫ †k yywkπy†p wnaw wza yπ†ra 8
Ma∫r© kra
wrp Mrp yyray∫ y†ra . . yy†Ω yamarf anyw ym†ra . . rkyπ ras anax wk wnac ymy†a 9
. Mral w†yΩ anyw Namrf eydnwalpyx
ralyp Canqc wπ†ra . yyral†yrx†p zarm y†rm ynw w©† †k yamyn aklp wnaw w†x wπ†ra 10
. yyral†amrf yynΩ anyw wwx yπy†rap. y†∫ws yamarf yyn †ra©rm
Qycbmws †ra©rm Clya My† alq †ra . Mak†w© yy†r∫l ey†psa yyxrp wwx y†rm ynw ytra 11
. Mak†bmws †ra©rm lym wyna ras†p yyf†ra ear∫l Nryz ranyl 100 . wyna My† y†ra . . †aw©
43 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 44
LESSON 6
EXERCISES 6
1. Conjugate in the imperative the verbs kun- “to do,” ѳəβər- “to give,” ōfs- “to sleep,” and pətxwāy- “to
kill.”
2. Write in Sogdian script and translate:
məzēx γandāk məzēx šəfār uβa čən māx sār

kat-čən ēwtāč βārē əwī kanѳī wānō mandəxsēm
3. Translate into Sogdian:
Build a house here!

Throw the lute away and do not play it again!
Go to the town and ask the lord: Give us (our) wages!
The judge said to them: Come tomorrow morning!
The Chinese master said to his hired men: Kill the Manicheans with poison! Then return here! I shall
give you much gold.
The Khotanese were fleeing from the Sogdians. It was a great shame for them.
There is nothing greater than love and nothing more evil than hatred.
Through (pər-) the religion they teach the going away from this world and the entering into (kə ...
čandər) Paradise and the falling into (pər-) hell.
GLOSSARY 6
3 əѳrē: three furtherance

’’βrxsy āβərəxsē: lust fry’tr, fy’tr fəryātər, fəyātər: more
’’δy āδē: any fry’wy friyāwī: love
’cyδc əčēδč: *something(?) frγ’z- fərγāz-: to begin (to do)
’ndwxs- anduxs-: to strive, toil fs’c fəsāč-: to teach
’ndxs- ’ntγt andəxs- (mandəxs-) andəγd: to flee fšy’ws fəšyāwəs: gentleman
’nsp’ anspā: carpet γr γər: mountain
’nst *anst: *mischief γrβ γarf: much
’pryw əprew = pryw jn- jyt žən- žit: to strike, play (an instrument)
’sk’tr əskātər: higher, further, any more jyštwc žištōč: hatred
’skys’r əskīsār: upward kδ’ kəδa: when(ever)
’wfs- ’wβd ōfs- ōβd: to sleep kδwty kəδuti: that
’wpt- ’wpst (w’pt) ōpət- (wāpət-) ōpəst: to fall kmby kambī: less, too little
’yδc ēδəč: any kr’n kərān: pure, clean
’yδy ēδē: person, somebody kwn- ’krt kun- ək(ər)t: to do
’ywt’c ēwtāč: single kws kōs: side
’š, wš əš, uš: memory, mind kštr kəštər: smaller
β’ry βārē: rider mrt mrt mart mart: each and every one
βjng’ry βəžəngārē: evil-doing msy’tr məsyātər: greater
βxš- βγt βəxš- βəγd: to distribute mδyδ məδēδ: here
βyk βēk: outside n’mr nāmər: sweet
βyks’r βēk-sār: outward, away nβyr nəβēr: deliberation, planning
c’δr čāδər: down (below) npδ- npst nəpəδ- (nīpəδ-) nəpəst: to lie down
c’nw čānō: as, when, like ny’z nəyāz: need (+ infinitive, e.g., “there is no
cw ’ty ču əti: whatever that need to do sth.”)
δ’r- jγt δār- žəγd: to hold, keep, maintain nyjy- nyjt, njyt nižəy-(nīžəy-) nižət, nəžit (nižd):
frm’n fərmān fem.: order, command to go out
frm’y- frm’t fərmāy- (frāmāy-) fərmāt: to order, p’ pā: short form of pār-ti
command; + infinitive (see next lesson) p’r(w)ty pār(u)-ti: but (instead), for
frtry’ fərtəryā: increase, improvement, pcwz- pəčwəz- (pəčīwəz-): to meet, get together
45 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
(also sexually) syn- st sēn- sət: to raise, lead up

pγšty pəγəštē: (to be) about to (do) sγtm’n səγdəmān: all
pjwk pəžūk: abortion šf’r šəfār: shame
prštrn- prštrt pərštərən- (pərīštərən-) pərštərt: to škr šəkər: sugar
spread šmnkw’ny šəmnəkwānē/¢əmənkuwānē:
pryw = ’pryw (ə)pərew: together (with); belonging to Šimnu (Ahrimen, Satan)
postposition with instr.-abl. tm təm: darkness
pswc- pəsōč-: to purify trš- tərš-: to flee
ptst’t pətəstāt: opposition, resistance xypδ xēpəѳ: own
pšt’wn pəštāwən: order, command yw’r iwār: but
r’δt’k rāѳ-tāk: guide zn- z’t zən- zāt: to bear (children)
r’mnd(y) rāmənd(ī): always zrync- zrγt zərēnǰ- zərəγd: to deliver
s’n sān: enemy zy’n zəyān: *offspring, children
sm’n smān: heaven zynyxw’ry zēnī-xwārī: protection
stβt stəβd: hard, harsh, fierce
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LESSON 7
GRAMMAR
PAST STEMS.
The relationship between present and past stems in Sogdian is of two kinds: 1. the present stem can be
predicted from the past stem (“regular” past stems), 2. the present stem cannot be predicted from the past
stem (“irregular” past stems). Both stems must therefore always be learned together.
Notes:
The past stem can not usually be predicted from the present stem.
The past stem is from an old “past participle” with active meaning when from intransitive verbs, but
passive when from transitive verbs.
1. Regular past stems. Many Sogdian verbs make the past stem by suffixing -āt to the present stem, e.g.,
γərβ- γərβāt (γrβ- γrβ’t); təkōš- təkōšāt (tkwš- tkwš’t) “to listen.”
Note: Even here the forms are not always clear, as many “irregular” past stems also end in -āt, e.g.,
pətxwāy- pətxwāt.
2. Irregular past stems (most verbs). There are no rules for determining the present stem from an irregular
past stem and vice versa. Following are some of the more common types:
βər- βurt, βart <βr- βwrt, βrt> “to carry (away)” xur- xurt <xwr- xwrt> “to eat”
mir- murt <myr- mwrt> “to die” ѳəβər- ѳəβart <δβr- δβrt> “to give”
šəkər- (əškər-) šəkart <škr-, ’škr- škrt> “to follow”
wāc- uγd <w’c wγt> “to release” tōž- tuγd <twj- twγt> “to redeem, pay”
pəsōc- pəsuγd <pswc- pswγt> “to purify, clean” ōsuxs- ōsuγd <’wswxs ’wswγt> “to be purified”
zərenǰ- zərəγd <zrync- zrγt> “to deliver” zərəxs- zərəγd <zrxs- zrγt> “to be delivered”
súmb- suβd <swmb- swβt> “to bore, pierce”
ōpət- ōpəst <’wpt- ’wpst> “to fall” pyāt- pist (pyəst-) <py’t- pyst> “to adorn”
pətrēѳ- pətrist <ptryδ- ptryst> “to mix” rōδ- rust <rwδ- rwst> ”to grow”
žən- žit <jn- jyt> “to strike” zən- zāt <zn- z’t> “to bear (children)”
āfrīn- āfrīt <’fryn- ’’fryt> “to bless” pətxrīn- pətxrīt <ptxryn- ptxryt> “to hire”
wēn- wīt <wyn- wyt> “to see”
pətəškwəy- pətəškwāt <ptškwy- ptškw’t> “to speak”

fərmāy- fərmāt <frm’y- frm’t> “to order” nəmāy- nəmāt <nm’y- nm’t> “to judge”
pəs- fər(ə)št, fəšt <ps- fršt, fšt> “to ask, punish” xōž- xušt <xwj- xwšt> “to ask for, request”
anwəz- ənušt <’nwz- ’nwšt> “to gather” (intrans.) anwēž- ənušt <’nwyj- ’nwšt> “to gather” (trans.)
ēs- āγət <‘ys- ’’γt> “to come” tīs- təγət <tys- tγt> “to enter”
āβər- āγət <’’βr- ’’γt> “to bring” δār- žəγd <δ’r- jγt> “to hold, keep”
šəw- xart <šw- xrt> “to go” wāβ- uγd <w’β wγt> “to say”
Note: Originally the infinitive of verbs ending in -r was a heavy stem, while the past stem was light, cf.
xwart “food” (= inf.) ~ xurt “eaten.” The heavy stem tended to spread, however, hence we find both βurt
and βárt.
47 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE.

There is a fundamental split in the formation of tenses from the past stem (and the perfect participle, see
lesson 12) between intransitive/passive and transitive (active) forms. The intransitive simple past is formed
with the past stem and the auxiliary verb “to be,” while the transitive simple past is formed with the past
stem and the auxiliary verb “to have”: δār-.
The Sogdian simple past tense corresponds to the English imperfect and perfect, “I did, have done,” “I
went, have gone,” etc. The imperfect of the simple past tense (the auxiliary is in the imperfect) corresponds
to the English pluperfect, “I had done,” “I had gone,” etc.
The simple past tense has all the moods.
THE INTRANSITIVE SIMPLE PAST TENSE.

In the intransitive simple past the verb “to be” is added on to the stem as endings, except in the 3 sing.,
where the verb is usually left out. In the 3 sing. and when the verb is written separate (e.g., in the
subjunctive and optative), light-stem past stem takes the ending -i (-y):
When a transitive verb is inflected intransitively its meaning is passive, but this is rare and relatively
common only in the 3 sing. Normally the passive of the simple past tense (see lesson 13) is expressed with
the auxiliary “to do,” which, when inflected intransitively, has the meaning “to become”:
Paradigms.
Intransitive simple past tense indicative:

Sing.
1 təγətēm <tγtym> əktēm <’ktym> āžitēm <’’jytym> āγətēm <’’γtym>
2 təγətēš <tγtyš> əktēš <’ktyš> āžitēš <’’jytyš> āγətēš <’’γtyš>
3 təγəti <tγty> əkti <’kty> āžit <’’jyt> āγət <’’γt>
Plur.
1 təγətēm <tγtym> əktēm <’ktym> āžitēm <’’jytym> āγətēm <’’γtym>
2 təγətəsѳa <tγtsδ’> əktəsѳa <’ktsδ’> āžitəsѳa <’’jytsδ’> āγətəsѳa <’’γtsδ’>
3 təγətand <tγtnd> əktand <’ktnd> āžitand <’’jytnd> āγətand <’’γtnd>
Note especially: umātēm “I was,” etc.; əktēm “I became,” etc.
Examples:
yy†R∫ayw kyna©∫ wrp dna†ka dnswx y†a . dnπw©yw ryπ †kaπw©n Nam†©s y†aplyw
wēδpātī səγdəmān nəγōšākt šīr wīγušand, əti xusand əktand pərō βəγānīk wəyāβartī
“at that time, all the hearers were very happy and became content with the divine explanation” (TaleB)
My†Ωaa rabmt lΩnak†sa wly yynraΩ Pwr†p ynycrm yπ†wx Mys lymyrp
pərēmēδ sēm xutəšē marčēnē pətrōp žārənē *iδū əstəkanǰəl tambār āžitēm
“I was born in this terrifying *structure, deadly *fortress, poisonous *form, *skeleton body” (BBBb)
.. Sayyn yr∫†sl yyawha y†a .. ras ††yymx†rm wk †©aa L£ywyc
.. †amw yynπxwr y†a ydnwa† rabm† yπy†rap
čēwēδ āγət kū martəxmēt sār. əti Ahwāy δəstβərē nīyās. pār-ti-ši tambār tāwandē əti ruxšni umāt.
“He came from that to mankind. And he took Eve as his representative, for her body was strong and
shining.” (M129)
USES OF THE LOCATIVE.

1. The main function of the loc. is to express place where or where (in)to:
uya kanѳī ēw martiy umāt “there was a man in the city” tamw yy†rm wya yl£nq ayw
xā əktānīkārēt uya təmya ōpətənd-kām Mak dntpwa eymt ayw tyrakynatka ax
“sinners will fall into hell”
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 48
LESSON 7
2. Appositions to words in the loc. are in the loc.:
Δərwānī uya məzēxčī kanѳī “in Δruwān (Dunhuang), the great city” yylnq ycxyzm ayw yynawrl
TEXT 7.1
dntyΩn yylnk Nc dntamw yylnk ayw y†a yk twyl ax
tatπrp dnza©aa twyl wx
Note: pərəγdē umātənd “were/had been left behind” is perfect intransitive/passive (lesson 12).
TEXT 7.2
(the Pearl-borer cont’d)
. Ωw† Nryz ranyl 100 ww y†fkswp lyam dnwalpyx y†ra©rm wwx y†ra 12
. . Sxrap yynxy ras lym wyna wk †∫wsan †ra©rm wπ†ra
.. .. †©arp yynamn wwk y†a rafπ wwk yy†wx y†ra
†k dnar∫l ywaqcywx wnaw †ka∫r© ax y†ra 13
[...] ycx y†wx . . Nwksa∫r© aycnawnrq y†a yyn© wpsyw yyk yy†rm yynwx
Notes:
12 pw-skfty: the prefix pū-: indicates lack of something; adjectives and nouns in pū- can be translated by
English adjectives in “-less” and nouns in “-lessness” or by circumlocutions such as “without ...,”
“having no ...,” etc.
ṭwj: the imperfect stem of tōž- = present stem.
13 The text is incomplete at the end.
49 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
TEXT 7.3
A fragment of the Manichean cosmogony (M 178).

The first part of the text, the beginning of which is missing, contains a description of the Light Paradise
and the Five Greatnesses: the Father (missing), the Twelve Aeons of the Father, the Aeons of Aeons = the
Blessed Places, the Pure Air, the Light Earth, and the inhabitants of the Light Paradise.
Next the creation of the world is described: the Father orders the Living Spirit and the Mother of Life to
create the world, and the Living Spirit and the Mother of Life begin the creation, first the ten heavens, then
the zodiac. Then the text breaks off.
The headings are to be read: lower left ⇒ upper right and upper left ⇒ lower right.
<β’t prw mγwn δyyn o ’rt’wspy’h o γw’nw’cyy wny o γmbnβryyt o
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 50
LESSON 7
tyyr∫nbm© ynw yycawnaw© [...] eaypswatra Nyyl Nw©m wrp ta∫ 1

. rasmnryp yy©∫awrz yynwyπxa xyzm ynw 2
ttsyyn ramπtp y†a kas Nπyta yyk tka†wa tytyrfa dnax ky†πa y†a 3
dnykrwaz yta tdnpsalrm yta ty†πyrf ttπy©∫ eadnπxwr ax dnanym lyylw y†a wk
. . tsyyn Mayna wx yynawΩ Cπwwn ayw Nπtra . ayxw†aπ yyta wwπ©w xyzm rp
Notes:
1 The first sentence is incomplete.
3 kw ’ṭy wδyyδ: “literally “where there.”
EXERCISES 7
1. Conjugate in the simple past tense indicative the verbs zərəxs- and pərēs-.
2. Translate into Sogdian (use imperfect for transitive verbs, imperfect or simple past tense for intransitive
verbs):
Did you (all) see us in the town? We saw Rustam there.

Why (ču) didn’t you (sing.) go with that man?
We dwell in a city where all (everything) is happiness.
I knew the man whose house is in the garden.
In the house there were two men, who were adorning with wondrous adornment a green tree.
When he came to the town, he entered and saw many beings who were blessing the Lord Mani.
When did you come (= arrive) to China? I came yesterday. My mother is coming tomorrow morning.
My work is now finished. All men have been delivered. They have no more sin(s). They have all gone
to the Light Paradise, before the great god Zərwān.
GLOSSARY 7
’’jy- ’’jit āžəy- āžit: to be born γw’n γəwān: sin

’fryn- ’fryt āfrīn- āfrīt: bless γw’nw’cy γəwān-wāčī: forgiveness for sins
’fryn- ’fryt āfrīn- āfrīt: to bless j’rny žārenē: poisonous, full of poison
’hw’yy ahwāy: Eve jw’n žwn fem.: life
’krt’ny-k’ry əkərtānī-kārē: sinner kβnyxn kəβnīxən: *meager remnant
’ny’m anyām: end krnw’ncy’ qərnəwānčyā: craft
’nyms- ’nymt anyəms- anyəmt: to be finished, kt’r ... kt’r kətār ... kətār: either ... or
done for kt’r kətār: or, whether
’rt’wspy’ ərtāwəspyā: righteousness, the kyty kēti < kē əti
community of the righteous m’r m’ny = mry m’ny: the Lord Mānī
’stk’njl əstəkanǰəl: of bone m’yδ = myδ mēδ: thus
’štyk əštīk: third myn- mēn-: to dwell
’wswxs ’wswγt ōsuxs- (wāsuxs-) ōsuγd: to be n’-swβt nā-suβd: un-bored
purified nm’ny nəmānē: regret
’wt’k ōtāk: place p’rty pār-ti: for
’zy myδ əz(y)ī mēѳ: yesterday prtr partər: higher, foremost
β’γ βāγ: garden prys- (p’rys-) pr’γt pərēs- (pārēs-) pərāγət: arrive
βγ’nyk βəγānīk: divine ptmync- (ptymync-) ptmwγt pətmenǰ- (pətīmenǰ-)
δrw’n ÿərwān: Throana, Dunhuang pətmuγd: to don, put on clothes
δstβry δəstβərē: guide, representative ptrwp pətrōp: *fortress
δyn δēn fem.: religion ptryδ- ptryst pətrēѳ- pətrist: to mix, mingle
γmbn γambən: trouble, exertion, toil, hardship ptšm’r pətšmār: count
γmbnβry γambən-βərē who suffers hardship pw-skβty pū-skəβdē: *helpless
γn γən: skill, craft py’t- pyst pyāt- pyast: to adorn
51 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
py’ty pyātē: adornment wy’βrt wəyāβart: speech, exposition

rwδ- rwst rōδ- rust: to grow wyδp’ty wēδpātī: at that time, thereupon
s’k sāk: number xwsnd xusand: happy, content
sym sēm: fearful xwtšy xutəšē: *structure
t’wndy tāwandē: mighty, strong yδw *iδū: *shape
twj- twγt tōž- tuγd: to pay, redeem yxny ixənē: *remainder (?)
tys- tγt tīs- təγət: to enter z’n- zān-: to know
wγš uγəš: joy zrγwny zərγōnē, fem. zərγōnəč: green
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 52
LESSON 8
GRAMMAR 8
RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS.

The principal relative-interrogative pronouns are:
kē, obl. kəya “who, which; who, whose?”

kətām, kѳām “which?”
ču “which, what?”
The instr.-abl. of the relative and interrogative pronouns is kənāč, čəkənāč “from whom, whence.”
The principal relative-interrogative adverbs are:
ku “where?”
kəδa “when?”
čānō “how?”
Note also:
čəkənāč piδār “why?”
CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS.

Some of the relative-interrogative-indefinite pronouns and adverbs in č- have corresponding demonstrative
pronouns and adverbs in w-:
The correlative adverbs of quantity and quality are:
čā- “how” wā- “so, that”

čā-pərəm “as/how long” wā-pərəm “so long”
čā-γōnē “of what kind” wā-γōnē “of that kind”
čānō “as/how” wānō “thus”
čāf “as/how much” wāf “so much”
čāfēδ “just as/how much” wāfēδ “just so much”
čāfrēѳ “just as/how many” wāfrēѳ “so many”
čandən “as/how much” wandən “so much”
The correlative adverbs of place are:
ku “where” kuδ, kuδa “where” kurѳ “where” *kutsār “whither”

məδē “here” məδēδ “here” *marѳ “here” martsār “hither”
uδē “there” uδēδ “there” ōrѳ “there” ōrtsār “thither”
Note also, beside wānō ... čānō “like, similar to,” expressions such as mēδ mānuk ... cānō “similar to.”
RELATIVE CLAUSES.
The relative-interrogative pronouns can be used as conjunctions. They usually then combine with the
particle əti, -ti, e.g., kē əti, kē-ti “who, which” ču əti, ču-ti “which,” ku əti “where,” čānō əti “how.”
To express the genitive of the relative pronoun: “whose, of whom, who has,” in Sogdian, one usually
says “whose is/is not” or “who ... his ... is/is not”:
yta yyryπ Cy†πyq wx ayk yy†rm yyzrwaπq wnac aykymratrw∫ eycx kwnam lyam
.. dnyyΩaa dnwΩaa †r∫mylyl Cankc †πwpmap yta Qyl Cymynwyπxa wnac .. Na[...]
mēδ mānuk xəči βurtārəmīkyā čānō kəšāwərzē martiy kəya xō keštīč širē əti [...]ān . čānō əxšēwənēmīč
δēk əti bāmbušt čəkənāč δēδēmβart āžōnd āžəyand
53 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
“patience is like a farmer who has good and [...] (earth) for tilling, like a royal letter and a consort from
whom diadem-bearing children are born” (M133Vii)
kē əti-ši sāk nēst “which has no number.” †syyn kas yyπta yyk
Similarly, to express “where ...” one can say “where there ...”:
ku əti uδēδ mēnənd xā ruxšənda βəγīšt ttπy©∫ eadnπxwr ax dnanym lyylw y†a wk
“where the light gods dwell”
Other examples:
.. Nwks†πyk . L£rs yy†a .. xam . L£yym . wnmΩ ww†r L£yfaw . awπ Fac
.. yy†Ωyn †as Nwaπxa ey†rxna /!0 yyk a∫w †ylrs Fr© yy†a
čāf šəwa wāfēδ rətu žəmnu mēѳ māx əti sarδ kēšt-skun, əti γarf sarδēt uβa kē 12 [δəwātəs] anxərtī
əxšāwən sāt nižəti “as much as has passed, so many minutes, hours, days, months, and years it decreases;
and there were many years that the rule of the twelve stars all went out” (M767iiR)
ey∫w ramπtp L£yrfac †w∫ ey†rx πws L£yrfaw

wāfrēδ sūš xartē βōt čāfrēδ pətšmār uβē “however many may have been counted (optative), so many
minutes will have passed” (M767iV)
Note: xartē βōt is intransitive perfect (lesson 12).
Interrogative clauses.
The pronoun ču can be used with the negation nē to express an exhortation to oneself: “why don’t I, why
don’t we”:
ču nē nəžəyēm “why don’t we go out, let us go out!” MyyΩn yyn wc
THE TRANSITIVE SIMPLE PAST TENSE.

The transitive simple past is formed with the past stem + δār- “have.” It is therefore like English “I have
done.”
Light-stem past stems have the ending -u (-w) (originally an accusative), e.g., əktuδārəm <’krtwδ’rm> “I
(have) made.”
Heavy-stem past stems have no ending, e.g.: āγət-δār <’’γt-δ’r> “you have brought”; fəštuδārt <fštwδ’rt>
“he (has) asked”; wītδārēm <wytδ’rym> “we saw, have seen.”
The verb δār- “to have” may be written together with the past stem or separate from it.
When the auxiliary is written together with the past stem the -u may be lost.
The verb “to do” is often reduced to a mere k- before δār-, and the δ- is then assimilated to the k and
becomes ѳ. The simple past tense of “to do” is therefore əktuδār- > (ə)kѳār- <(’)kδ’r->.
The transitive simple past tense has all the modes and its own past: the pluperfect, formed with the
auxiliary in the imperfect, e.g.: ētδāru <‘ytδ’rw> “I had received”; kѳār <kδ’r> < əktuδār “he had made.”
Paradigms:
Simple past tense indicative: Pluperfect:

Sing.
1 əktu-δārəm <’ktw-δ’rm> āγət-δārəm <’’γt-δ’rm> əktu-δāru <’ktw-δ’rw>
2 əktu-δār(e) <’ktw-δ’r(y)> āγət-δār <’’γt-δ’r> əktu-δār <’ktw-δ’r>
3 əktu-δārt <’ktw-δ’rt> āγət-δārt <’’γt-δ’rt> əktu-δār <’ktw-δ’r>
Plur.
1 əktu-δārēm <’ktw-δ’rym> āγət-δārēm <’’γt-δ’rym> əktu-δārēm <’ktw-δ’rym>
2 əktu-δārѳa <’ktw-δ’rδ’> āγət-δārѳa <’’γt-δ’rδ’> *əktu-δārѳ <’ktw-δ’rδ>
3 əktu-δārənd <’ktw-δ’rnd> āγət-δārənd <’’γt-δ’rnd> əktu-δārənd <’ktw-δ’rnd>
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 54
LESSON 8
Examples:
əzu nəpēk nəpəxštu-δārəm “I wrote a letter” Mral wtπxpn kyypn wza

əwu Rustəmu nūr wīt-δārѳa “did you see Rustam today?” alral tyw rwn wmtswr wwa
čən xwēštərī ēw nəpēk pətčəγdu-δāru wralwt©c†p kypn wya yyrtπywx Nc
“I had received a letter from the elder” (from BBB)
kətār une xutāwtī əwu kēn xušt-δārənd dnral†πwx eNyk wwa ytwa†wx ynw ratq
“whether they sought revenge for the lords”
drygyyn† wy∫w kπxaw wy∫w dnarlka ynwbmk Pyπy© †yr Fr© rp

pər γarf rēt γišēp kambōnī əkѳārənd uβyu wāxšək uβyu tənīgird
“in many respects they inflicted harm and distress, both spiritual and bodily”
rabmt lΩnak†sa wly yynraΩ Pwr†p ynycrm yπ†wx Mys lymyrp wc r†ayf r†aksa
†ralw†ka NΩya [...] Mral†©cp arak†p y†a . Nπrk eynamx†rm yynax ynakπw©n . My†Ωaa
əskātər fəyātər ču pərēmēδ sēm xutəšē marčēnē pətrōp žārənē *iδū əstəkanǰəl tambār
āžitēm; nəγōšəkānē xānē mərtəxmānē karšn əti pətkārā pə(t)čəγd-δārəm [...] ēžən əktu-δārt
“Above and beyond (this, it is) because I was born in this terrifying *structure, deadly *fortress,
poisonous *form, *skeleton body, (because) I received in the house of the hearers a human form and shape,
(that) he made [me] worthy [of ...]” (BBBb)
USES OF THE DIRECT AND OBLIQUE CASES.

The direct case is commonly used as nominative, vocative, and accusative.
Either direct or oblique is used as instrumental-ablative of masculine nouns.
The oblique case is commonly used as genitive-dative and locative.
Exceptions occur. Examples:
ču ark (fem. acc.) γərβe “what work (trade) do you understand?” y∫r© ekra wc
xō mərγārtī (gen.-dat.) xēpѳāwənd “the master of the pearls” dnwalpyx yytra©rm wx
pərō xēpѳāwəndī (gen.-dat.) fərmān (acc.) Namrf yydnwalpyx wrp
“at the command of the master”
une məzēx əxšēwənī (gen.-dat.) Zərwā-βəγī pērnəmsār rasmnryp yy©∫awrz yynwyπxa xyzm ynw
“before the great god Zərwā”
farn čən xēpѳ farnī “majesty from (his) own majesty” yynrf lpyx N⋲ Nnrf
tāmā wāčərnī (gen.-dat.) kōsī (loc.) wēn Nyw yyswk yynrcaw amat
“he saw me at the edge of the bazaar”
ēw žəwānī šīrβərān uβē-kām Mak y∫w Nar∫ryπ yynawΩ wya
“you shall be happy (in) one (entire) life (loc.?)”
55 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
TEXT 8
(Manichean cosmology, cont’d)
Qynsalyw yonmlr©anπxwr wwnπxwr ayw ayr∫ C©wswa kymraftc y†ra 4

. . tsyyn kam†p yykaryπ yynw Nπyta yyk eydnmanyw wanπrq
kaspa Cdnalw∫ yta Mylyl Qwla© Nlw©n yta kwmtp rwayΩrk yytπy©∫ y†ra
. . ayqdnwxcrw rp †anyrfs yytwx yy†ayp yta rwyz Nagnzpsyw yta
yyw yyπyta yyk rwayΩrq Cπwn yynmywx yaz anπxwr anax kymcnp yta 5
yyn ytra . †w∫ †apaa yyn yywakwyan wwx yyπy†ra . tsyyn Pay∫a eywaks
Nrpπrp Qyna©∫ ey†ra . . †rpπna yaz ¢£ywyrp eyyraq†Ωywa yynyta Nas
. yytwn∫a yyn Nwqyaa yta yyk CnyoryΩ∫a
. a†r© atknπxa yy†syp wy y†ra . †yyΩaa ey££ywyc Clya wryπ wpsyw wx ytra 6
tyynw©rz †yynyr∫yyr∫ adnw y†a . ayz©rap ßr© wrp ey†swr . yym©rpsapsyw
. . †w∫ yynmryk yyn y†a tswp yyn tzyrwa yyn Calk yyr∫ wx Nπyta yyk
Notes
4 rwxšnww: ruxšnu, acc. form for locative.

rwxšn’γrδmn‘y: Note the uncommon spelling of final and postconsonantal -ī as <-‘y>.
sfryn’ṭ: participle “(self-)created”?
5 ’’p’ṭ βwṭ: 3 sing. potentialis (see lesson 12) “cannot be reached.”
’βnwty aβnōtē: 3 sing. middle (see lesson 15) “is shaken, trembles”
EXERCISES 8
1. Conjugate in the simple past tense and zərēnǰ- and āfrīn-.
2. Transliterate and translate into English the following passage from the Rustam story. Then turn the
imperfects of intransitive verbs into simple past tense forms:
. πyr©yw wmtswr wwa yπxr Nar∫nlw∫ wx Syo Smy†ra . ylywrp ymtswr yxay dnrtyw
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 56
LESSON 8
. dny∫yn Ntsnwrl . Nlw©n Mrc knlrwp wwa Cnymytp tr©Ω . an∫wx Nc ymtswr wx tpsnm
lapsa wyl wwa rwl Nc ymtswr wx wnac. ras twyl wq ra∫lap wπxr wrp l©Ωa∫
... a©∫ yta Syo ßaw lym yπxr ynyw Nyw
Qycyra∫ wwa tr©Ω lynwy dnanyw twyl wx wnac ymtswr wx trwyz lynwy dnysytp yπxr
dn∫aw lyam yyt∫l wya lapsa yylp wx wy∫w dnπaparf
I did everything which you (sing.) told (= ordered) me to do.

Did you (plur.) see the two statues which we fashioned and placed in the temple?
How many pearls did you (sing. and plur.) bore last night?
I took the three flowers and threw them into the garden.
The chief saw the enemies coming (= saw the enemies who = that they were coming) and thought thus:
They have either killed Rustam or Rustam has fled into the city.
GLOSSARY 8
1 = ēw: one δyδym δēδēm: diadem

12 = δəwātəs: twelve δyδymβr δēδēmβər: diadem-carrying
’’p’y- ’’p’t āpāy- āpāt: to consider, imagine, δyk δēk: letter
fathom frn farn: majesty, glory
’’s- ‘yt ās- ēt: to take frp’š- fərpāš- (frāpāš-): to urge on
’βjyr‘ynyy əβžirēnē: made of diamonds; from γrβ γarβ = γarf
vajra, cf. Khotanese va¢ira- γyšyp γišēp: harm
’βnw- əβnəw- (əβnō-): to tremble, shake kmbwny kambōnī: inferiority, lessness
’βy’p əβyāp: *reach krjy’wr kəržyāwər: marvel, wonder
’nspt- anspət-: to rise, rouse oneself kršn karšən: form
’nšpr- anšpər-: to tread (upon) kš’wrzy kəšāwərzē: farmer
’ps’k əpsāk fem.: wreath kyrmny kirmenē: worm-eaten
’py’r əpyār: last night kyš- kēš-: to decrease
’sp’δ əspāδ: army kyštyc keštīč: (ground) for tilling, farmland
’sprγm əspərγəm: flower m’nwk mānuk: similar
’wryz ōrēz-: fall down mrtxm’ny mərtəxmānē: of men
’wyjtk’ry əwižd-kārē: killer, murderer n’ywk’wyy nāykāwī: depth; from nāyk “deep”
’xš’wn əxšāwən: a rule nγwδn nəγōδən: dress, garment
’xšnk əxšnək: graceful nβynd- nβst nəβend- (nīβend-) nəβəst: to attach
’xšywny əxšēwənē: ruler nγwšk’ny nəγōšəkānē: of the hearers
’xšywnymyc əxšēwənēmīč fem.: royal npyk nəpēk: sth. written
’yjn, ‘yjn ēžən: worthy ny ... ny nē ... nē: neither ... nor
β’rycyk βārēčīk: riding animal p’mpwšt pāmbušt: consort, spouse, wife (from
βjγδ- βjγst βəžγəδ- (βāžγəδ) βəžγəst: to mount (a Pers. bāmbišn, bāmbušn)
horse) p’rγzy’ pārəγzyā: excellence
βγ’nyk βəγānīk: divine pcγt > ptcxš-
βry βərē: fruit pδy pəδē: foot soldier
βryβryny βərēβərēnē: fruit-bearing pδβ’r- pəѳβār- (pāѳβār): to hurry, rush
βwδnβr’n βōδənβərān: *perceptive pncmyk panǰəmīk: fifth
βwrt’rmyky’ βurtārəmīkyā: patience pršprn paršpərən: pavement
c’f čāf: as much as, how much ptcxš- ptcγt (pcγt) pətčəxš- (pətīčəxš-) pətčəγd: to
c’fryδ čāfrēδ: just as much as, just how much receive, accept
c’fyδ čāfēδ: just as much as, just how much ptk’r’ pətkārā: shape, statue
c’γwny čā-γōnē: of what kind ptm’k pətmāk: measure
c’prm čā-pərəm: as long as, how long ptmwk pətmōk: garment, dress
cndn čandən: as much as, how much ptsynd- pətsend- (pətīsend-): to agree
crm čarm: skin, hide pwrδnk purδank: leopard
δrwnstn δrūnəstən: quiver pws- pwt pūs- pūt: to rot
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ryt rēt: face, respect (in many respects) wndn wandən: so much
sk’wy skāwī: height wrcxwndqy’warčxundəkyā: magic
swš sūš: minute wyspzng’n wisp-zangān: all kinds of
tnygyrd tənīgird: bodily (Parthian word) wγryš-, wyγryš- (wyγryš- ) wγr’t, wyγr’t uγrēš-,
w’f wāf:so much wiγrēš- (wīγrēš-) uγrāt, wiγrāt: to wake
w’fryδ wāfrēδ: just so much wysp’sprγmyy wisp-əspərγəmē: with all kinds of
w’fyδ wāfēδ: just so much flowers
w’γwny wā-γōnē: of that kind xwβn xuβn: sleep
w’prm wā-pərəm: so long xwymny xwēmənē ?: *self-existent
w’xšk wāxšək: spiritual xwyštr xwēštər: elder
wβyw ... wβyw uβyu ... uβyu: both ... and zywr zēwər: adornment
wβyw uβyu: both, as well as
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LESSON 9
GRAMMAR 9
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
The relative-interrogative pronouns also function as relative-indefinite pronouns, e.g., kē “whoever,” etc.
The other indefinite pronouns are āδē and ēδē “some, somebody,” negated nē ... āδē “not ... any(body).”
In the plural, and sometimes in the singular, the meaning of the pronouns is “person”
Sing.
nom.-acc., gen.-dat. āδē ēδē
instr.-abl. āδā
Plur.
dir. āδēt ēδēt
obl. āδētī ēδētī
Examples:
āδē nē γərəβdi “nobody knows” yt∫r© yn yylaa

čən āδā səfrītē əti āfrītē nē xəči eycx yyn yytyrfaa ey†a yytyrfs ealaa Nc
“has not been created and blessed by anybody” (M264aR)
pər ənyu āδē γišēp xusandyā δārt tral aydnswx Pyπy© eylaa wyna rp
“he rejoices at the misfortune of someone else”
kətām ēδē [...] ənyu ēδē “whoever ... anyone else ...” [...] yylya wyna [...] yylya Matq
xēδ āδē sār əzwart čən kya *rūfī niždi y†Ωyn yy∫wr ayq Nc †rwza ras yylaa lyx†
“he returns to that person from whose mouth ... he came out” (M117)
yytzrmw yytylaa Fr© . †wax (ey†ylya) eytylaa Fr© yyk yymx†rm yynwx
xōnē mərtəxmē kē γarf āδētī (ēδētī) xāwət, γarf āδētī umərzdi
“that human being who strikes many persons (and) wipes out many persons”
To add indefiniteness to other pronouns, adverbs, or conjunctions the compounds āδču, āč or ēδč, ēč
“whatever, (not ...) at all” are used. The meaning of these words sometimes approaches “thing”:
ču āč xōžəѳa “whatever you ask for” alΩwx Caa w⋲

ənyu āč xōžəta (xōžda) “ask for anything else!” atΩwx Caa wyna
árti xō wispu širu ēδč čēwēδī āžēt †yyΩaa eyl£ywyc Clya wryπ wpsyw wx ytra
“and every good thing is born from this”
kē əti-šən əfčambəδī ēδč pəδufsenē βōt †w∫ yynyysfwlp Clyya eyylbmcfa Nπy†a yyk
“anything of the world that is sticking to them” (M5030V)
təwa xwār āč xwāčənāk nēst †syyn kancawx Caa rawx aw†
“your sister is not sickly at all”
A similar function is fulfilled in Buddhist Sogdian by the combination āδpərəm or *γətu āδpərəm.
The particle -č is found also in kəδāč “any time, kəδāč ... nē “never”:
xō βərē kəδāč nē ōrēzət (ōrēzd) “the fruit never drops” tzyrwa yyn Calk yyr∫ wx
See additional examples below under uses of the subjunctive.
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Verbs. The present subjunctive.

Sing.
1 -án <-n, -’n> -an, -ən <-n, -’n>
2 -á <-’> -a <-’>
3 -ā́t <-’t> -āt, -at <-’t, -t>
Plur.
1 ? -ēm <-ym> ? -ēm <-ym>
2 -ѳá <-δ’> -ѳ(a) <-δ(’)>
3 -ánd <-nd, -’nd> -and <-nd, -’nd>
Paradigms.

Sing.
1 βərán <βrn, βr’n> wēnan <wynn, wyn’n>
2 βərá <βr’> *wēna <wyn>
3 βərā́t <βr’t> wēnā̆t <wyn’t>
Plur.
1 *βərḗm <βrym> wēnēm <wynym>
2 βərѳá <βrδ’> wēnəѳ(a) <wynδ(’)>
3 βəránd <βrnd, βr’nd> wēnand <wyn’nd>
Verbs. “To be.”

The attested present subjunctive forms of “to be” are:
Sing.
1 *xān *uβan
2 ?
3 āt <’t>, xāt <x’t> uβāt <wβ’t>, βāt <β’t->
Plur. uβand, βand <wβnd, βnd>
Notes:
The form xāt is used in the perfect subjunctive.
The suffixe -kām can be attached to the subjunctive: Mak†a∫ βāt-kām “he shall be(come)”
The subjunctive of the simple past tense is əktāt <’kt’t> “will have become.”
Uses of the subjunctive.

The basic function of the subjunctive is that of prospective or eventual future. It is therefore used in:
1. in main clauses, see relative clauses below.
2. temporal clauses:
kəδa mēѳ kəβn əskəwāt “when the day becomes less” (BBBd) †awksa N∫k lym alk
3. final clauses:
wānō kát-fi [...] nəmyāk əti pətēδyā nē kunāt †anwq yyn ayly†p y†a kaymn [...] yf†k wnaw
“in order that he should not belittle and offend you” (M117)
yta lyam ydnwalpyx yynw †lywtp wnrwpsa wπ kamtp rp Nryz wwxqnm lπxctp wπyta
wπyta wnaw aysnx xyzm rp lral wπtra ayxyn rp wπyta lyap kaytx xyzm wk lsyrp yyn
ynwxy yyt∫n yta yywkπ wrp ¢£rywrp an trpzdnm
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 60
LESSON 9
áti-šu pətčəxšəѳ mang-xō zērən; pər pətmāk šu əspurnu pətwēδət une xēpѳāwəndī mēδ əti nē pərēsəѳ kū
məzēx xətyāk; pāyəѳ əti-šu pər nīxyā árt-šu δārəѳ pər məzēx xansyā wānō əti-šu mand-zəpart na pərwērəѳ
pərō šəkəwē əti nəβdē ixōnī
“and receive it like gold; recognize it fully at (its) measure (as that) of (its) master, so that you do not
come to the great judgement; protect it in depth (= conscientiously), and keep it with great firmness, so that
you do not let it become impure through dry or wet blood” (BBBf)
Note: pərwērəѳ < pərwērt-ѳ.
4. relative clauses:
. tayawx†p †awax (ey†ylya) eytylaa Fr© tanwk ay†ka kadn© Fr© y†a yyk yymx†rm yynwx y†ra
tazrmw yytylaa Fr© y†a
árti xōnē mərtəxmē kē əti γarf γandāk əktyā kunāt, γarf āδētī (ēδētī) xāwāt pətxwāyāt, əti γarf āδētī umərzāt
“and that human being who may perform much bad action, may strike and kill many persons, and may
destroy many persons” (BBBe)
Nral†ramπa aramπa yypwxdnm Cnymay†rwr . Cnymysxr∫aa Cymzaa †rawn ytgnlrs 3 wrp wc

ču pərō əѳrē sərѳangtī nəwārt: āzəmīč, āβərəxsīmēnč, rurtyāmēnč mand-xōpē əšmārā əšmārt-δārən
“whatever greedy, lustful, shameless, (or other) un-good thought I may have thought against the
*injunctions of the three leaders” (BBBb)
5. hypothetical clauses:
árt-kəδa čēwēδ γīrtər ēδəč δəβēš ēsāt †asya πy∫l Clya rtry© lywyc alk†ra
“and if later than this (in the future) any harm comes”
TEXT 9.1
(Manichean cosmogony cont’d)
◊rm Nmlr©anπxwr C††©na aaw ††rybma y†a yyk †ka†faπwn †yyrsxax yy†ra 7
ey†a yyk †wa†rp y†a †qwla© y†a dnkyaπ ttcnpsa Qaswwp ◊ar
. . dnwksa yyπwn Nwkyaa Nwkyaa
ayxyyzm Cnp L£ymyrp Nmlr©anπxwr aax yycx ac©stp wnaw y†ra 8
. dnwksa eayymrw Mrwa y†ra
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. †syyn yyrat wx Nπyta wk dnwksa kaynπxwr wrp dnaztp yyn rywqcp y†a 9
Nπyy†a wk yyπ©w wrp . Farwp aykwΩ rp . †syyn Crm Nπy†a wk NawΩ Cπwn wrp
. †syyn rawy Nπy†a wk zawnayyrf wrp . Cwa†πyΩ wwp eyywayrf wrp . †syyn Cxwdna
. yydn©yw yyn y†a yyk Nπrk wrp
wwk lyyspwwp †rwx yynyπwn wrp . tsyyn Nagyw yta wk rabm† kyyna©∫ wrp 10
. dnar∫ yyn ayy†w y†a Nbm© wrp yyπy†a
Notes:
8 ptz’nd: Scribal error for ptz’n’nd.
9 This paragraph contains a series of sentences beginning with pərō ... (əskəwand) ku əti ... “(they live) in
..., in which ...” The forced parallelism makes for some strange literal translations.
wγšyy: Gen.-dat. ending for acc. ending.
wyγndyy: wiγənde “is destroyed” 3 sing. middle (see lesson 13).
kw ’tyšyy prw: ku əti-ši pərō is best taken, I think, as “in which through it (they ...).”
TEXT 9.2
(BBBf) rabm† aw yta †πas wnaw wπy†ra †asya πy∫l clya rtry© lywyc alk†ra
.. tyawxa yn †paπxc aw yta . †aynf Nawr wrp
EXERCISES 9
1. Conjugate in the subjunctive the verbs əpəstəw- and βīr-.
He who does not do any sin shall see paradise.

Do (sing.) well, so that you shall obtain eternal life.
When shall I see my great leader again?
You should (it will be proper for you to) deliver all living beings from (re)births.
He toiled hard, so that his father, mother, wife, and children might be happy.
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 62
LESSON 9
GLOSSARY 9
’’βrxsymync āβərəxsīmēnč: of lust pckwyr pəčkwēr: fear

’’jwn āžōn: birth (~ gati, Buddh.), child prt’w pərtāw: *bench
’’zmyc āzəmīč: of desire, greed prwyrt- pərwērt-: to let become
’mbyr- ambēr-: to fill (trans.) psyδ pəsēδ: diminishing
’ndwxc andōxč: sorrow ptyδy’ pətēδyā: offense
’spnc əspanč: mansion, guest-house ptz’n- pətzān-: to know, recognize
’šm’r- ’šm’rt = šm’r- šm’rt (ə)šmār- (šīmār-) pw-s’k pū-sāk: countless
(ə)šmārt: to think r’f rāf: illness
’šm’r’ əšmārā: thought r’γ rāγ: plain
’wrm ōrəm: *calm rwβ *rūf: mouth
’xw’y- ’xw’t əxwāy- əxwāt: to break, infringe rwrty’mync rurtyāmēnč: of insolence
’zwrt = zwrt srδng sərѳang: chief, leader
cxš’pt čəxšāpət: commandment š’ykn šāykən: palace
fny- fənəy-: *renounce (sth. for: pər- +) šm’r- šm’rt = ’šm’r- ’šm’rt
fry’nw’z friyanwāz: company of friends wmrz- umərz-: to destroy
γyr γīr: late wrm urəm: quietness
jwky’ žūkyā: (good) health wty’ utyā: hardship; + βər- “to toil” + pər- (cf.
jyšt’wc žištāwəč = jyštwc γambən βər-)
-kδ -kəδ = kəδa wyg’n wigān: destruction
mndxwpyy mand-xōpē: lacking goodness wykn-, wyγn- wikən-, wiγən-: to destroy
mndzprt mand-zəpart: unclean, impure x’w- xāw-: strike
mrγ marγ fem.: meadow x’xsry xāxsərē: spring
mzyxy’ məzēxyā: greatness xnsy’ xansyā: firmness
nmy’k nəmyāk: belittling xw’cn’k xwāčənāk: sickly
nw’rt *nəwārt: contradiction, provocation (?) yw’r iwār: separation
nwš’ft’k nōšāftāk: flowing with ambrosia yxwn ixōn: blood
nyxy’ nīxyā: depth, care
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2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 64
LESSON 10
GRAMMAR 10
GROUP INFLECTION.
In series of two or more nouns or adjectives and nouns oblique case endings and plural endings are
sometimes only added to the last word in the series. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as “group
inflection.”
1. {Noun + noun (sing./plur.)}obl.:
rəwān tambārī “in (?) soul (and) body” (for rəwānī) eyrabm† Nawr
xūr māxī təxēz “the setting of sun (and) moon” (for xūrī) zyyx† yyxam rwx
čən anxərt pəxrētī βēk “aside from fixed stars (and) planets” (for anxərtī) Qy∫ y†yrxp trxna Nc
čən wānd təmīkt δēwtī “from those demons of Hell” (for wāndī təmīktī) yy†wyl tkymt †dnaw Nc
2. {Adj. + noun}plur.:
wāxšīk əti tənīgirδt “spiritual and bodily [...]” (for wāxšīkt) †lrygyn† y†a Qyπxaw
†w© yπx∫ Pay†p /1! wrp lyym yylaa Nawryyrf y†a ka∫r© yynw
une γərβāk əti frīrəwān āδē mēδ pərō əѳrē pətyāp βəxši γōt (for γərβākī əti frīrəwānī)
“anybody wise and devoted to his soul should divide the day into three parts” (Tale B)
3. {Adj. plur. + noun plur.}dir.:
βeždərt əti stəβdərta umātənd dntamw atrt∫ts yta trtΩy∫

“they were most evil and cruel” (for βeždərta)
4. {{Adj. + adj.}plur. + noun plur.}obl.:
tāwandē məzēxət γərtya eay†r© txyzm yydnwa†

“on powerful, great mountains” (for tāwandētī məzēxtī)
Numerals.
The cardinals:
?⁄! 1 ēw <‘yw> /0 11 *ēwəts

/! 2 (ə)δwa <(’)δw’>, gen.-dat. δiβnu (δ(y)βnw) /!0 12 δəwāts <δw’ts>
/1! 3 əѳrē, šē <’δry>
/11! 4 čətfār<ctf’r>
O 5 panǰ <pnc> O0 15 panǰəts <pncts->
/o 6 *xušu
/11o 7 *əβda <’βt->
/11o 8 *əšta <’št’> /11o0 18 *ašts
/111o 9 *nəwa <nw’>
) 10 δəsa <δs’>
P 20 200 *δwēsət
)p 30 šis <šys> 300 *šīsət
Pp 40 *čətfərs
)pp 50 *pənǰās
Ppp 60 *xušəšt
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)ppp 70 əβdāt <’βt’t>

Pppp 80 *əštāt
)pppp 90 *nəwət
º 100 sət <st> 1000 zār <z’r>
Notes:
When the simple numerals 2, 7-10 are used before a noun they lose the final -a: (’)δu, *əβd, etc.
sət is a consonant-stem noun and takes the normal case endings.
Numerals can be doubled, e.g., zār zār “(by) thousands.”
The ordinals:
1st əftəm <’ftm> əftəmīk <’ftmyk>

2nd δiβdiy, δəβdiy <δyβty, δβty> δəβdīk <δβtyk>
3rd (ə)štīk <(’)štyk>, štiyu <štyw> “thirdly”
4th čətfārəmīk <ctf’rmyk>
5th panǰəmīk <pncmyk>
6th *uxuš(u)mīk <*wxwšmyk>
7th əβdəmīk <’βtmyk>
8th *əštəmīk <*’štmyk>
9th nōmīk <nwmyk>
10th δəsəmīk <δsmyk>
Grammatical agreement with nouns with numerals.

Note the following combinations:
Numeral + numerative:
čətfār δβəra “four gates” ar∫l /11!
čən panǰ parβəγnī “from the five Gifts” eyn©∫rp Cnp Nc
Numeral + numerative + sing. verb.:
əδu βəγəne əsti “there are two temples” ytsa yyn©∫ /!
Numeral obl. + numerative obl.:
δēwēδ δiβnu βəγənya čéndər “in these two temples” rdnyc ayn©∫ wn∫yl lywyl
Numeral + numerative + pred. plur. + verb plur.:
əδu kəpa xwēštərt umātənd “the two fishes were elders (teachers)” dntamw trtπywx apk wla
Numeral + plural:
δəwātəs δβərta “twelve gates” atr∫l /!0
panǰ δβərtya “of the five gates” eay†r∫l cnp
čən panǰ putīštī “from the five Buddhas” ytπytwp Cnp N⋲
Plural + numeral + numerative
ənīt 4 δβəra “the other four doors” ar∫l /11! tyna
Numeral + plural + plur. verb.:
əѳrē kəpīšt umātənd “there were three fishes” dntamw tπypk /1!
δəwāts anδəmēt mōnō xand “the twelve limbs are these: ...” dnx wnwm tymlna /!0
Verbs. The present optative.

The optative forms are the same for light and heavy stems. The endings are the following:
Sing. Plur.
1 -ē <-y> *-ēmən <-ymn>
2 -ē <-y> -ēѳ <-yδ>
3 -ē <-y> -ēnd <-ynd>
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LESSON 10
Paradigms.
Sing.
1-3 βərē <βry> wēnē <wyny>
Plur.
1 βərēmən <βrymn> *wēnēmən <wynymn>
2 βərēѳ <βryδ> *wēnēѳ
3 βərēnd <βrynd> wēnēnd <wynynd>
The suffixes -skun and -kām can be attached to the optative, as well:
āsē-skun “she would take” Nwksyysaa

uβē-kām “it may be” Makyy∫w
Verbs. “To be.”

The attested optative forms of “to be” and “to become” are:
“to be” “to become”

Sing.
1 *uβē <wβy>
2 uβē <wβy>
3 yāt <y’t> uβē <wβy>
Plur.
1 uβēm <wβym>
2 ?
3 uβēnd <wβynd>
Note: The optative of the simple past tense: əkti yāt <’kty y’t> “he/it may have become.”
Use of the optative.
1. The principal function of the optative is to express a wish:
yyl©aa wnaw Sm y†ra Mak yyr∫l ra∫l Nzap t©wswa Nc rwn wza yta wnac Ωwx yyl©aa lyam y†ra
Nrkπa Na∫ryn wwq tas Nπytra yycnyrz aΩy∫ Nc raltaw NwΩaa Cnp Bmkπa yrla wwa yta ta∫
árti mēδ āγəδē xōž cānō əti əzu nūr čən ōsuγd-pāzən ѳəβār ѳəβərē-kām árti məs wānō āγəδē βāt əti əwu
əѳrē əškamb panǰ āžōn wātδār čən βeža zərēnǰē árti-šən sāt kū nirβān əškəran
“And he wished a wish thus: As I today from a pure heart shall wish to give a gift, thus shall my wish be,
that I may deliver the living beings of the three worlds (and) the five (places of) birth from evil and (so) I
shall lead them all to nirvana!” (VJ)
2. Exhortations:
δəβdīk pətyāp pər kətēβərīk ark anduxsē yysxwdna kra kyr∫y†k rp Pay†p Qy†∫l
“the second part (of the day) he should strive in household work” (Tale B)
3. The so-called “parabolic optative” is used in parables and other tales as a narrative past tense:
.. eyywksa yy†©wqaa alr© Nc yy†wka yy†rwm yyπy†a ayyk eyyπpπyw Qamcp yy†wlq
†w∫ yy†π©p yaπp rasqy∫ yydnmar yyπy†ra
kəδuti pəčmāk wišpəšē kya əti-ši murtē əkuti čən γərδa ākuγdē əskəwē; árti-ši rāməndī βēk-sār pəšāy
pəγəštē βōt
“like a prince on whose neck a dead dog is hanging, and he is always about to throw it away” (M5030R4-9)
67 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
4. In consecutive clauses:
yyzwxryπ yyrf dnp Sm y†a . . dny∫w yyn QwaΩ∫ dnwΩaa wlw ey†a . . yy∫w a†©Ω anax y†a wnaw
yy∫w a†πxpsa eylaa
wānō əti xānā žəγda uβē; əti uδu āžōnd βəžāwək nē uβēnd; əti məs pand frī šīrxōzē āδē əspəxšta uβē
“so that (his) house may be maintained, and (his) wife (and) children do not become miserable; and also
(that) anybody (who is) close, dear, well-wishing could be served [potentialis, lesson 14]” (Tale B)
5. In hypothetical clauses:
aytka kadn© eynπtw Nc yta yynatka Nagnz asl Nc yta . yy†rwz awanyps Nc y†a wnac †aplyw
†ry∫ ytaplyw Manπxa yta Nhwπmrq aw ytra yyw†spa
wēδpāt čānō əti čən spēnāwā zwartē, əti čən δəsa-zəngān əktānē əti čən utəšnya γandāk əktyā əpəstəwē
árti wa karmšōhən əti əxšnām wēδpātī βīrt
“then, if he turns away from *depravity and from the ten kinds of sin and renounces (his) old bad evil-
doing, then at that time he obtains the absolution and the grace” (BBBf)
6. In relative-concessive clauses:
yy†πy©∫ eynw yπ†ra . . †ay yy†ka eay†ka kyΩ∫ Nagnz Faw wnwm y†a yyk yymx†rm yynwx y†ra
ac†kan ay†ka kadn© ac†ka ax rasmnryp
árti xōnē mərtəxmē kē əti mōnō wāf zəngān βəžīk əktyā əkti yāt; árti-ši une βəγīštī pērnəmsār xā əktča
γandāk əktyā *nāktča “and that human being for whom so many kinds of evil deeds may have become
(arisen), before the gods that bad deed done (will be) undone” (BBBe)
TEXT 10.1
(Tale B)
†ral†amrf L£yam ynaamyRam y©∫ yy†πyRf My† y†Ra

. . †w© yπx∫ Pay†p 3 wrp lyym yylaa Nawryyrf y†a ka∫r© yynw †k ..
Nrf dnywksa yydnπwxa y†a wnaw Sapsa ey†ralnwaπxa †wa†wx wrp 1
. . dnynwq yyn ysarfna dn∫z y†a . yryzaa yyn
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LESSON 10
TEXT 10.2
(Manichean cosmogony, cont’d)
†ydnwa† ryyπ ayqdnwa† wrp yta . rwaz wrp dnykrwaz y†a . dnx †y†syp eyydnmanyw rp y†a 11
.dnx †y†syp y†a †wanπrq tytatπrp †πyp†ra . dnanaz†p yyn Man Cwtπyl y†a . dnx
yy†ayp Nagnz rwyr∫ †at∫a kwm†p yydnπ©w wx Nπ†ra . rabm† Nπywyrp †syyn akyΩ Nπtra 12
[...] eydnqyw yyn †ka†wa ax Nπ†ra. . †w∫ yyn yynmyr Calq y†a yyk yynyn†r yycx
(second folio)
Nmlr©anπxwr wj rastp Nπtra Cwsp y†a . yyraΩ Cnawknmπ Nc anwk dnarq y†a 13
. . Nys ras
wnac †ary∫n dnza©aa . †am Nawadra Nl wa†wx ypπykt∫a wx taplyw rastp y†ra 14
. . ¢£bmcfa anam aw Mycastp y†a
. apsf Cnp dnanwk yymtfa wπy†ra yt©stp dnza©arf rkwn rastp†ra 15
. dnalyπyn ¢£ylw w©∫ †pπyπx wwa y†ra
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. yy†yr /!0 dnTsaw aΩym Crknwcrw⁄ yynams asl dncasytp r†srlac lywyc Sm†ra 16
yynams asl Nw©m rp y†a wnaw dnalyπyn yyπap ¢ylw yyπp©∫ wya y†ra
eynams asl wwa y†a yk Nyrfys †yy†πyrf Pp My†sm†ra .. dnanwk yyn N∫lrp †wyl ax
. dnralw†πr†p rasyksa
Notes:
10 pysty: pistē (pyəstē) “adorned,” perfect participle (see lesson 10) used as adjective.
šyyr: This word occurs as both light stem šir “good” and heavy stem šīr “well, very.”
13 Note that Sogdian has no indirect speech.
TEXT 10.3
(P2.178-183)
dnatamw r†πywx apk wla rwtra dnatamw tπypk ytwk ) ynykwt wya wnmΩ wya wrp
. dnatamw tkayna tπypk tas tyna ywa apk wla ynwy ytra
EXERCISES 10
1. Conjugate in the optative the verbs əspeš- and pətrāz-.
2. Translate into Sogdian (the students should not use group inflection):
The house has three doors and five rooms. In every room there are ten angels who are sitting on ten
golden thrones.
Thus he made a wish: May I be delivered from all evil in the world and may I go to Paradise so that I
may be there together with all the angels, powers, and gods.
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LESSON 10
GLOSSARY 10
’’γδy āγəδē: a wish kwty kōtī: a koṭi (zillion)

’’kwc- ’’kwγt ākōč- ākuγd: to hang, suspend m’n mān: mind
’’zyr- āzēr-: to harm myj mež fem.: lens
’’zyr- āzir-: to be harmed n’ktc nāktč < nā + əktč: undone, not done
’βtkyšp əβdkišp: the (world) of the Seven n’m nām: name
Climes, the whole world nβyr- nβyr’t nəβēr-āt: to deliberate
’βtmyk əβdəmīk: seventh, 7th nšyδ- nəšēδ- (nīšēδ-): to set down
’ftmy əftəmi: first(ly), first of all nwmyk nōmīk: ninth, 9th
’kt’ny əktānē: sin nyrβ’n nirβān: nirvana (Buddh.)
’nfr’sy anfrāsē: *quarrel, *litigation p’šy pāšē: guardian
’ny’k ənyāk: grandfather pcm’k pəčmāk: resembling
’pstw- əpəstəw- + čə: to renounce pnd pand: close, relative
’rd’w’n m’t ardāwān māt: the Mother of the prδβn pərδəβən: deceit, harm
Righteous (Pers.-Parth. word) ptr’z- ptršt pətrāz- pətrəšt: to erect
’spyš- ’spxšt əspeš- əspəxšt: to serve rtnyny rətnēnē: made of jewels (Skt. ratna)
’sp’s əspās: service rymny rēmənē: soiled, dirty
’škmb əškamb: world (~ loka, Buddh.) spyn’w’ spēnāwā: *depravity
’wsγt-p’zn ōsuγd-pāzən: pure heart štyk štīk = əštīk
’xšn’m əxšnām: grace šyrxwzy šīrxōzē: well-wisher, friend
’xwšnd əxušand: *pleased t’wndky’ tāwəndkyā: might, wealth
βγpšy βəγpəšē: son of gods twkyn *tōkēn: pond, lake
βj’wk βəžāwk: misery w’f wāf: so many
βryywr βrēwər: 10,000 w’tδ’r wātδār: living being
c’δrstr c- čāδəristər č-: further down from -wr -wər: there
δsmyk δəsəmīk: tenth, 10th wrcwnkry určōnkərē: magical
δyštwc δištōč: poverty wtšn utəšən: old, former
frn farn: royal ‘glory’, majesty wyδp’t(y) wēδpāt(ī) < wēδ + pāt(ī): that time,
γrδ γərδ: neck then
fryrw’n frī-rəwān: soul-loving, the Hearer wyšpšy wišpəšē (< wispəšē): prince
fsp fəsp: rug xšyšpt (ə)xšēšpət: Lord of the Realm
jyk žek fem.: damage z’wr zāwər: power
kp kəp, plur. kəpīšt: fish zβnd zəβand: *quarrel
kpyδ *kəpēδ: *shop, *stall, *room zng’n -zəngān: of ... kinds
krmšwhn karmšōhən: absolution zyrnyny zernēnē: golden
ktyβryk kətēβərīk: pertaining to the house
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LESSON 11
GRAMMAR 11
NOUN FORMATION.
In the preceding lessons we have seen many ways of making nouns from verbs or adjectives. Nouns are
of different kinds. In addition to those formations inherited from Old Iranian, numerous indigenous
Sogdian ones exist. These are summarized and supplemented here. The list is not complete, of course.
A. Nouns from verbs.
1. Noun = present stem, e.g., anyām “end,” āxəns “fight,” δβēš “harm,” pərβēr “deliberation,” uγəš “joy,”
etc.
Sometimes the noun differs from the present stem only by the quality or quantity of the vowel, e.g.,
ѳəβār “gift” ~ ѳəβər- “to give.”
2. Noun = present stem (or “root”) + ē, e.g., pyātē “adornment,” and— with different vowel—əspāsē
“servant” ~ əspeš- “to serve,” root əspəs-.
3. Noun = present stem + -ā, e.g., əšmārā “thought.”
4. Noun = present stem + -āmandī, see lesson 5.
5. Noun = past stem + yā (light) or -ī (heavy), e.g, əktyā “deed, act,” wyāβərtī “speech.”
B. Nouns from adjectives (or nouns).
6. Noun = adjective + yā (light) or -ī (heavy), e.g, utyā “hardship,” širāktī (širəktyā) “beneficence.”
7. Noun = adjective or noun + -yāk (light) or -yā (heavy), e.g, xətyāk “judgement,” γərβākyā “wisdom.”
8. Noun = adjective + -āwē, e.g, friyāwē “love,” ēžənāwē “worthiness.”

The feminine -āwəč (-ōč) also makes nouns from adjectives, but is rare, e.g., δəštāwč, δištōč “poverty.”
9. Noun = adjective + -kāwī, e.g, δβanzəkāwī <δβ’nzk’wy> “thickness.”
10. Noun = adjective + -ōnī, e.g, məstōnī “drunkenness,” kambōnī “inferiority, ‘less-ness’.”
11. Noun = noun + -δənē, designating container, e.g., zākδənē “womb” < zāk “child.”
12. Noun = noun + -stən, designating place, e.g., βōδəstən “garden” < βōd “fragrance,” čīnəstən “China.”
13. Noun = noun + -kərē, designating action or profession, e.g., āzarmkərē “hurting,” zérnkərē
“goldsmith.”
VERBS. INTRANSITIVE ~ TRANSITIVE.

Many Sogdian verbs can be grouped in pairs of intransitive ~ transitive with passive ~ active or active ~
causative meaning. There are several types, but two of the most common are:
1. Intransitive with short vowel ~ transitive (causative) with long vowel, usually -ē-. The past stems of
such pairs are usually the same for both, e.g.:
73 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
Intransitive Past stem Transitive

sən- <sn-> “to rise, go up” sət <st> sēn- <syn-> “to raise, lead up”
xur- <xwr-> “to eat” xurt- <xwrt> xwēr- <xwyr-> “to feed”
anwəz- <’nwz-> “to gather” ənušt <’nwšt> anwēž- <’nwyj-> “to gather”
2. Intransitive in -s-, also called inchoatives, e.g.:
pəsuxs- <pswxs-> “to be purified” pəsuγd <pswγt> pəsōc- <pswc-> “to purify”
āyəfs- <’’yfs-> “to be perverted” āyəβd <’’yβt> āyəmb- <’’ymb-> “to pervert”
pətyams- <ptyms-> “to end, stop” pətyamt <ptymt> pətyām- <pty’m-> “to end”
As we see, the presents in -s- serve as passive forms of the corresponding transitive verb.
Note the following irregular formations:
ōšt- (ōštəy-) <’wšt-> “to stand” ōstāt <’wst’t> ōstəy- (ōst-) <’wsty-> “to
place”
nīѳ- <nyδ-> “to sit (down)” nəst <nst> nəšēδ- <nšyδ-> “to seat, place”
Note: It is not certain what the past stem of nəšēδ- is.
TEXT 11
(Manichean cosmogony, cont’d)
Students should review the formation of the imperfect in lesson 4.
ar∫l /11! /11! tyna Myt Sm†ra . . dnacasytp atr∫l wx /!0 /!0 yynams wpsyw rp y†ra 17
. dnwksa †y†πyrf ax y†a wk lrwa . dnacasnm ras Naaryq raftc rp
. yycx xwsf rwyyr∫ asl yywaqzna∫l wx yy†ynams ) ynyw y†ra
xwsf rwyr∫ ayr∫ ax Sm Nπytra
dnylp /o /o wr∫l wya wya rp . dnwksa ytynams ayw y†a yk a†r∫l /!0 /!0 rptra 18
Dnrcaw )p)p dnanwq dnylp wya wya rp y†ra . dncasnm
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LESSON 11
dnanwq Lypq Pppp º asrp wya wya rp †zya /!0 /!0 yynrcaw wya wya ayw y†a 19
Pppp º asrp kyt∫l rp yta
tkryn wwa ytra dnaπyqyrp yta dnadny∫ twyl yta †πyπky eyylyypq aypsyw ayw yta 20
. ry©yΩ lyπxnams wwa rkrpπyw wx rastp y†ra dnaπyqyrp Nyytp yy†πyrts Nc
Lyπxa Nams asl Nw©m rp yta dnalyπyn kwla© rp eyynams kym†∫a ayw wπy†ra
. dnanwq watwx yta
dncasytp Nzwrxna yta yyrxc eynπan rtsrlac yynams asl Nc rastptra 21

. dntamw atrt∫ts yta trtΩy∫ yta trtsyragnΩ∫ yta yk yy†wyl tkymt †dnaw Nctra
Nw©m rp eyyrJp /!O yta rxna /1!0 yta . . dnadny∫ rdnc yyNzwrxna ayw Nπtra
. . dnytsaw raytp ayt∫l yynw wya Nπytra . dnanwk tralnwaπxa lbmcfa acsyrtp
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lywyc dnfaw dn∫tp yta kar xyw dnx tyts∫ yynzwrxna ayw yta yk yy†wyl wpsyw Nc yta 22
dnacwqam Nzwrxna wwa ytra . dnbmws Nw∫ eynams Qycrlac ayw ytra dnfawytp yta
[...] yydnmar wrxc Qycyksa y†a wnaw dnytsaw dnyyπap yyπp©∫ /! eyy†a
(end of Manichean cosmogony)
EXERCISES 11
1. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English. Then change simple past tense into imperfect and
imperfect into simple past tense. Then write the whole in subjunctive and then in optative.
yy†r∫ayw kyna©∫ wrp dna†ka dnswx y†a . dnπw©yw ryπ †kaπw©n Nam†©s y†aplyw
dnral†r∫ Camn MaΩ y†ra dnral†πw©†p ynamyrm y©∫ y†πyrf Nc wc Namrf ◊ra wp y†a
The δēn led three souls up to paradise.

The demons gathered before the city and deliberated.
Thus they said: ‘Let us gather a large army so that we can kill brave Rustam!’
The evil Chinese began to pervert the pure Sogdians.
But the Sogdians departed from China and came to Samarkanѳ.
GLOSSARY 11
’’yfs- ’’yβt āyəfs- āyəβd: to become perverted ’yw wnyy δβty’ ēw wine δβitya: one another
’’ymb- ’’yβt āyamb- āyəβd: to pervert ’yzt ēzd: street
’’zrmkry āzarmkərē: hurting βwn βun: bottom
’kwc- ’kwγt ākōč- ākuγd: to suspend, hang up βwδstn βōδəstən: garden
’ns’c- ’nsγt ansāč- ansəγd: to arrange βyj βež fem.: evil
’nxr anxər: star, constellation c’δrcyk čāδərčīk: : inferior, below, which is
’nxrwzn anxər-wəzən: zodiac below
’sp’sy əspāsē: servant c’δrs’r čāδərsār: down(ward)
’xš’wnδ’r əxšāwənδār: ruler c’δrstr čāδəristər: most down(ward)
’xšyδ xšēѳ: ruler cndr čandər: within
’yjn’wy ēžənāwī: worthiness cxr čəxr: wheel
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LESSON 11
δβ’nzk’wy δβanzəkāwī: thickness pδynd *pəδēnd: threshold

fswx fəsux: frasang p’šyn pāšēn: guardian
j’m žām: exquisite r’k rāk: vein
kyr’n kirān: direction; čən ... kirān: from the sm’nxšyδ smānxšēδ: Ruler of Heaven, Rex
side/direction of Honoris
mstwny məstōnī: drunkenness sn- st sən- sət: to rise, go up
n’šny nāšənē: rolling, turning šyr’kty širāktī: beneficence
nyδ- nyst nīѳ- nīst: to sit (down) tmyk təmīk: of darkness, pertaining to Hell
nyrk nērək: male w’f- wāf-: to weave
prs pərs fem.: side, flanc w’sty- < ’wsty-
pswxs- pswγt pəsuxs- pəsuγd: to be purified wy’βr wyāβər: explanation, word
ptβnd pətβand: link, tie, bond wyšprkr wēšpərkər: Spiritus vivens (Vaiiuš
ptw’f- pətwāf-: to weave Uparōkairiia)
pty’m- ptymt pətyām- pətyamt: to end, stop wyx wēx fem.: root
(trans.) xwsnd xusand: satisfied
pty’r pətyār: opposition, counterpart xwyr- xwēr-: to feed (somebody, an animal)
ptyn pətīn: separate(ly) ykš yakš: yakṣa
pw-’rγ pū-arγ: priceless, valuable z’kδny zākδənē: womb
pxry pəxrē: planet zyrnkry zérnkərē: goldsmith
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2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 78
LESSON 12
GRAMMAR 12
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES.
Like nouns, adjectives are of different kinds. In addition to formations inherited from Old Iranian,
numerous indigenous Sogdian ones exist. Following is a list of the most common.
1. By far the most common ajective ending is -ē, which is added to old adjectives, e.g., nōšē <nwšy>
“immortal” (OIr. *anauša-), šəkəwē “dry” (OIr. *huška-), əspētē <’spyty> “white” (OIr. *spaita-).
2. The ending -ək is a kind of “reinforced” variant of the ending -ē, making new adjectives from Sogdian
ones, e.g., šir and širək <šyrk> “good,” kəβn and kəβnək “little, few,” əspətē and əspətək <’sptk>
“complete.”
3. The ending -īk is one of the most common denominal endings, making adjectives from nouns with the
meaning “consisting of, pertaining to,” etc., e.g. āpīk <’’pyk> “of water, living in water,” təmīk <tmyk>
“pertaining to Hell,” suγδīk <swγδyk> “Sogdian.”
These adjectives sometimes seem to have fem. in -īč, but there are hardly any that are found in both
masc. and fem., e.g., xurməzdīč <xwrmztyc> “made by Xormazd.”
Composite suffixes containing -īk are numerous.
4. The suffixes -ānē, fem. -ānč, and -ānīk make possessive adjectives, e.g., putānē “of the buddha,” muγānē,
fem. muγānč “of the Magi,” βəγānīk “of the gods, divine.”
The fem. -ānč is also used as an individual suffix to denote female persons of a specific class, e.g.,
nəγōšāk “hearer, auditor,” fem. nəγōšākānč “female hearer, auditrix”; δēnāβərē “elect,” fem. δēnāβərānč
“electa”; šəmən “Buddhist monk,” fem. šəmənānč “Buddist nun.” In the plural the č becomes š and the n is
lost before it, e.g., δēnāβərāšt “electae.”
The noun pənānč “co-wife” seems to be made in analogy with the last group from a non-attested or
outdated pən fem. “co-wife.”
5. The suffix -čīk, which alternates with -čī, has two functions, one to make adjectives from nouns, adverbs,
and verbs, e.g., pətyāmčīk “final,” əskēčīk “superior, above,” čāδərčī and čāδərčīk “inferior, below,” βāwčī
and βāwčīk “sufficient” (see also Lesson 5).
6. The suffix -ēnē (or -enē), fem. -ēnč, makes adjectives from nouns and denotes “consisting of, relating to”
e.g., marčēnē, fem. marčēnč “of death,” kirmenē “worm-eaten,” žārēnē “full of poison,” rōδenē, fem.
rōδēnč “of copper.”
7. The suffix -kēn makes adjectives of nouns meaning “full of,” e.g., zāwərkēn “powerful,” rāfkēn
“diseased.”
8. The suffix -(ī)mēnč makes adjectives from nouns, e.g., tambārmēnč “of the body,” δēnmēnč “of the
religion.”
9. The suffix -mīk, fem. -mīč makes adjectives from nouns, e.g., āzmīk “of greed,” žəwānmīč “of life.”
10. The suffix -γōnē, fem. -γōnč, literally means “kind, color,” e.g., zərγōnē “of green color,” wispγōnē “of
all kinds.”
11. The suffixes -kərē and -kārē (-əngārē) designate the doer or maker of something, e.g., zērənkərē
“goldsmith,” γəwānkərē “sinner,” āxāskərē “fight-maker > soldier,” āzərmkərē “someone who hurts”;
əwəžd-kārē “killing, killer,” məst-kārē “intoxicating”; əβəžəngārē “evil-doer,” širəngārē “pious.”
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13. The suffixes -βərē and -βərən designate the holder, bearer, sufferer of something, e.g., ipāk-βərē
“angry,” βež-βərē “suffering, needy,” βōδβərən “incense-holder,” βōδənβərən “fragrant.”
14. The suffix -āw makes adverbs denoting language: suγδiyāw “in Sogdian.”
Verbs. The perfect participle.

The perfect participle is a vocalic-stem adjective formed from the past stem (past participle), e.g., əkt-ē,
fem. əkt-ča “done”; āγət-ē, fem. āγət-č “come, arrived.”
The perfect participle is very commonly used as an adjective.
The present perfect.

The perfect participle is also used to form the so-called “present perfect,” a perfective tense, in which the
emphasis is on the state reached by performing an act or by undergoing a process. It is formed from the
simple past tense by substituting the perfect participle for the past stem. The perfect participle is then
declined like an adjective. It has all the modes. Examples:
Present perfect indicative intransitive (“I have/had entered” and am now inside):
Indicative Preterite
Sing.
1 təγətē ēm <tγty ‘ym>
2 təγətē ēš <tγty ‘yš>
3 təγətē əsti <tγty ’sty> təγətē umāt <tγty wm’t>
fem. təγəča əsti <tγtc’ ’sty>
Plur.
1 təγətēt ēm <tγtyt ‘ym>
2 *təγətēt əsѳa* <tγtyt ’sδ’>
3 təγətēt xand <tγtyt xnd> təγətēt umātənd <tγty wm’tnd>
Note:
Instead of ēm “I am,” etc., we also find əskəw-, e.g., təγətē əskəwe “you have entered” and uβ-, e.g., xartē
βōt “may have passed.”
Feminine and modal forms are rare.
čāf mēѳ xartē əsti [...] βəžāw waΩ∫ [...] yy†sa yy†rx lym Fac
“as many days have passed [...] increase” (M767iR)
βəžγəstē umāt “he had mounted (the horse)” (M 127V11)) tamw yyts©Ω∫
āžitēt umātənd “they had been born” (Kaw G 17-18) dn†amw ††yy†yΩaa
wāfərēδ sūš xartē βōt čāfərēδ pətšmār uβē ey∫w ramπtp Llyrfac †w∫ ey†rx πws Llyrfaw
“however many minutes have passed, let the count be that much” (M767iV)
pərāγətēt əskwand “they have arrived (and are now here)” dnwksa tyt©arp
Present perfect indicative transitive-passive (“I have been bound, I am bound”):
Indicative Simple past

Sing.
1 βəstē ēm <βsty ‘ym>
2 βəstē ēš <βsty ‘yš>
3 βəstē əsti <βsty ’sty> βəstē umāt <βsty wm’t>
fem. βəsča əsti/xəči <βsc’ ’sty/xcy>
Plur.
1 βəstēt ēm <βstyt ‘ym> -
2 *βəstēt əsѳa* <βstyt ’sδ’> -
3 βəstēt xand <βstyt xnd> βəstēt umātənd <βstyt wm’tnd>
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LESSON 12
ey†sa yy††s∫†p yynzwrxna Nc dn∫†p wx yy†kar yyny†aw yta

əti wātenē rāktī xō pətβand čən anxərwəznī pətβəstē əsti
“and the tie of the windy veins is tied to the zodiac” (KawK)
āz xuti čendər pətmuγdē əsti yy†sa yy†©wm†p rdnyc yy†wx zaa
“Āz (it)self is clad inside (wears the body as a garment)”
árti wānō pətsəγča xəči xā ruxšnāγərəδmən Nmlr©anπxwr aax yycx ac©stp wnaw y†ra
“and thus is the Light Paradise (now) constructed”
dnfaw dn∫tp yta kar xyw dnx tyts∫ yynzwrxna ayw yta yk yy†wyl wpsyw Nc yta
əti čən wispu δēwətī kē əti wya anxərwəznī βəstēt xand wēx rāk əti pətβand wāfənd
“and from all the demons that are (now) bound to the zodiac they wove roots, veins, and ties”
Present perfect subjunctive transitive-passive:
ək(r)tē əsti xāt “shall have been made” †ax yy†sa yy†rka
uδərtē əskəwāt “shall have been established” †awksa yy†rlw
Present perfect indicative transitive-active.

Here, the perf. participle is invariable. Only progressive forms attested:
Indicative
Sing.
1 βəstē δāram <βsty δ’rm> lit. “I hold bound”
Plur.
1 βəstē δārēm <βsty δ’rym>
Nwksmral yy†©wmtp yk wyr© yynπy∫l rapm† Nar©

γərān tambār δβēšenē γərīw kē pətmuγdē δārəm-skun
“the heavy, harmful self that I (have put on and) am (now) wearing” (BBB)
Nwksmyral£ yy†xc†p wa†sy[w yta] ayqywacyw yy†πy©∫
βəγīštī wičāwīkyā [əti] wistāw pətčəxtē δārēm-skun
“we have accepted the testimony [and] oath of the gods (and are now bound by them)” (M116R)
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TEXT 12.2
(Tale B)
raasxam†πw wwk y†a . †cnyrz am† Nc ey†ylya ßr© yyk yyralnyl wa†ra eycx xnwx y†ra 1
rwaz y†a wa† w⋲ Nfy†a wnaw Myamrf ras †kaπw©n xamπ yyrl£k y†ra . . †w∫ ka†l£ar
. ayr†rf yynawr l£pyx rp alsxwdna dnmar Mak†a∫
yy†πr yy†a ¢£ar yyrzyw [wwx] y†a . . alral eayπa rp Nwa†πp y†a . Naamrf anm y†a 2
l£praq ¢yx rp yy†ra . . Nyyl †rpza ycx ey†wx y†a wc Mral†a†πna xamπ yyk lpraq
.. alsyyrp NawΩ Qycnwkyaa wwk wyrp anm y†a wnaaw alsxwdna
yy†r∫ayw kyna©∫ wrp dna†ka dnswx y†a . dnπw©yw ryπ †kaπw©n Nam†©s y†aplyw 3
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LESSON 12
. dnral†r∫ Camn MaΩ y†ra dnral†πw©†p ynamyrm y©∫ y†πyrf Nc wc Namrf ◊ra wp y†a
dnπxcy†p wnz∫a ey†a
yπx∫ Pay†p ¡1! rp L£yym 4
yylaa Nawryyrf y†a ka∫r© yynw †k .. †ral†amrf ¢£yam ynaamyram y©∫ yy†πyrf My† y†ra
wnaw Sapsa ey†ralnwaπxa †wa†wx wrp ⁄ . . †w© yπx∫ Pay†p /1! wrp lyym
. . dnynwq yyn ysarfna dn∫z y†a . yryzaa yyn Nrf dnywks yydnπwxa y†a
Cyrx Nakr†p ◊a∫ yydnqarp yy†πka wrp yysxwdna kra kyr∫y†k rp Pay†p Qy†∫l 5
. . dny∫w yyn QwaΩ∫ dnwΩaa wlw ey†a . . yy∫w a†©Ω anax y†a wnaw Nlarp y†a
. . yy∫w a†πxpsa eylaa yyzwxryπ yyrf dnp Sm y†a
Notes:
5 ’spxšt’: predicative instr.(-abl.).
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TEXT 12.1
(KawG)
[... dn]πyw yy†ra

††yy†yΩaa eyydnπyw N⋲ yk
ey†wyl Nc[.......... dn]†amw
eyymyn Nπyy†[a ... dn]anyz
zyx†rwx Nc yymyn y†a . Naryk Nsrwx

Nmalp ay†r© xyzm ¡11! rp Naryk
/!0p wwk wwlp yyr©ryms wk
yyk . . dnral†rkπa ras lnk
Eyza©aa N⋲ e[ydn]wyΩlaw
ey†a†πrp ralyp eydnπyw
Man NΩywnayra yy†a . †amw
. . dnary©Ω
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LESSON 12
EXERCISES 12
1. Conjugate in the present perfect pərēs-, āyəfs-, and pətmenǰ-.
2. Translate into Sogdian using the perfect tense:
My work has now been finished. All men have been delivered. They have no more sin(s). They have all
gone to the Light Paradise, before the great god Zərwān.
I have done everything which you told me to do.
Did you (plur.) see the two statues which have now been fashioned and placed in the temple?
The chief saw the enemies coming (= saw the enemies that they were coming) and thought thus: Either
Rustam has been killed or he has fled to into the city.
Those spirits, upon seeing the angel, became extremely happy, and all gathered before him.
And then those powerful spirits said thus to the beneficent angel.
GLOSSARY 12
’’pyk āpīk: of water, living in water pδ- pəδ: foot (of mountain)
’’x’skry āxāskərē: soldier pδ’mn pəδāmən: skirt (of mountain)
’’ykwncyk āykōnčīk: eternal pn’nc pənānč fem.: co-wife
’’zrmkry āzərmkərē: someone who hurts pr’δn pərāѳən: sale
’βjng’ry əβəžəngārē: evil-doer pr’kn- pr’knd pərākənd-: to scatter, sow
’βzn *əβzən: *recognition, *hospitality ptrk’n pətərkān: estate, inheritance
’kš- > kš- pty’mcyk pətyāmčīk: final,
’ry’n wyjn aryān wēžən: (Zor.) the Aryan r’fkyn rāfkēn: diseased
Expanse, the mythical homeland of the r’δ rāѳ fem.: road
Iranians ršt rəšt: straight
’zprt əzpart: pure rwδny, fem. rwδync rōδenē, rōδēnč: of copper
β’wcy(k) βāwčī, βāwčīk: sufficient smyrγr səmīrγər: Mt. Sumeru, the mountain in
βγ’nyk βəγānīk: divine the middle of the world
βγ’nyk βəγānīk: of the gods, divine šmn’nc šəmənānč fem.: Buddist nun
βyjβry βež-βərē: suffering, needy šyrng’ry širəngārē: pious, beneficent
c’δrcy čāδərčī = c’δrcyk čāδǝrčīk t’w tāw: might
δβyšny δβēšenē: harmful tmb’rmync tambārmēnč: of the body
δyn’βry, fem. δyn’βr’nc δēnāβərē, δēnāβerānč, w’δ jywndy wāδ žīwandē: (Parth.) the Living
plur. δēnāβerāšt: male/female elect Spirit
δynmync δēnmēnč: of the religion w’tny wātenē: of wind, windy
γβty γəβdē: *strenuous, exhausting wδyr- wδrt uδēr- uδərt: to hold out, arrange
γw’nkry γəwānkərē: sinner wyc’wky’ wičāwīkyā: testimony
k’rpδ kārpəδ: way (?) wyspγwny wispγōnē: of all kinds
kš- (’)kšt- kəš- (ə)kəšt-: till, sow wyzr wizər: straight
kyr- ’kšt kēr- əkəšt: to till xryc xrīč: purchase
mrym’ny marī mānī: Mar Mani xwrsn xūrsən: sunrise, east
mstk’ry məst-kārē: intoxicating xwrtxyz xūrtəxēz: sunset, west
mwγ’ny, fem. mwγ’nc muγānē, muγānč: of the xwsnd xusand: happy, content
Magi yp’kβry ipāk-βərē: angry
nγwš’k’nc nəγōšākānč fem.: female hearer zyn- zyt zin- zit: to take (from); passive: to be
nm’c βr- nəmāč βər-: to do homage, obeisance deprived (of: c-)
nymy nēmē: one half
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2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 86
LESSON 13
GRAMMAR 13
Formation of nouns and adjectives. Prefixes.

The most common prefixes are the following (they all produce heavy stems):
āw- “co-”: āw-mərāz “coworker, collaborator”;

mand- “un-, non-”: mand-zəpərt <mndzprt> “unclean,” mand-zəpərtyā“uncleanness,” mand-xōpē
“lacking goodness,” mand-mānē <mndm’ny> “careless,” mand-mānəkyā “carelessness”;
nā- “un-”: nā-suβd “un-bored,” nā-pəδəkčīk “unlawful,” nā-γərβēnē “ignorant,” nā-γərəβdē
“incomprehensible”;
nō- “un-, non-”: nō-rēžī “displeasure, dislike,” nō-γərβī “ignorance”;
pū- “-less”: pū-arγ “priceless, invaluable,” pū-skəβdē “without support,” pū-sāk: “countless.”
Compounds.
A compound is a word formed by combining two or more words into one. The most usual compounds
are of the type noun + noun, adj. (past partic.) + noun, numeral + noun, noun + verbal noun/adjective.
Compounds can be nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Compounds can be endingless or take a typical nominal or adjectival ending.
Following are examples of some common types (combinations of prepositions and pronouns are not
considered here):
1. Noun + noun:
a. Nouns. Most compounds in this category have the meaning “X of Y”: kanѳβər “gate of the city, city
gate” < kanѳ + δβər; īškətē “house of the women, women’s quarters, harem” < īnč + kətē “house”; βəγpəšē
“son of gods” < βəγ + *pəš “son” + -ē; āxāswāδē “battlefield” < āxās “fighting” + wāδ “place.” The
traditional Indian name for these compounds is tatpuruṣa, literally, “his son.”
b. Nouns. A few compounds in this category have the meaning “X and Y”: zāѳmurѳ “birth and death,
transmigration (of souls), sam˘sāra” < zāѳ “birth” + murѳ “death” (from Parthian zādmurd?). The
traditional Indian name for these compounds is dvandva, literally, “couple.”
b. Adjectives. Most compounds in this category have the meaning “whose X is (in, for, etc.) Y, having
the X of (in, for, etc.) Y”: zērənβām “having the color of gold, gold-colored” < zērən + βām “color”;
āxāsrēžē “whose pleasure is in fighting” > “warlike, soldier” < āxās “fighting” + rēž “pleasure”; xərγōšē
“having the ears of a donkey” > “hare” < xər “donkey” + γōš “ear” + -ē; rətənβāmīk “(like) having the color
of jewels”< rətən “jewel” + βām + īk. The traditional Indian name for these compounds is bahuvrīhi,
literally, “whose rice is plenty, having much rice.”
2. Noun + participle:
a. Adjectives. In one category we find nouns and adjectives meaning “Y’ed by (to, in, etc.) X”: δēw-
nyātē “possessed by demons” < δēw + nyātē “taken, seized”; pəčāwāyuγdē “joined to quarreling,
quarrelsome” < pəčāwā “quarrel” + yuγdē “joined, attached (to).”
b. Adjectives. In another category we find a few adjectives meaning “whose X is Y’ed, having (ones) X
Y’ed” or “having Y’ed X”: frānβəstē “whose breath is obstructed” < frān “breath” + βəstē “bound,
obstructed”; širəktē “having done good, pious” < šir + əktē.
3. Noun/adjective + present participle or active verbal noun.

Compounds in this category have the meaning “Y’ing X”: wisp-γərβāk “knowing all” < wisp + γərβāk;
γandā(k)kərē “evil-doer” < γandāk + -kərē; kəšāwərzē “tilling” < *kəšā “furrow” + wərz- “to work (the
land)”; anxərkəsē “astrologer” < anxər “star” + kəs- “to see”; zāyxēzē “creeping on the earth” < zāy + xēz-
“to creep”; βərīβərenē “fruit-bearing” < βər + βərenē; βežīβərān “miserable: < βež + βər-.
4. Adj./past participle + noun:

a. Nouns. Compounds in this category have the meaning of their components: širnām “good name,
fame” < šir + nām; nē(m)mēѳ “south” < nēm “half” + mēѳ; ōsuγdpāzən “a pure heart” < ōsuγd + pāzən
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“heart, mind.”
b. Adjectives. Some compounds in this category are bahuvrīhis: whose Y is X”: suβd-γōš “whose ears
are pierced, having pierced ears” < suβd + γōš; əktəspās “whose service is performed” > “obliging”;
δəwātəsrētē “having twelve faces” < δəwātəs + rēt.
c. Adjectives. Some compounds in this category have the meaning “who is X (and) Y”: wispəspərγəmē
“all (covered with) flowers” < wisp + əspərγəmē.
Verbs. Passive.
We have seen that passive in Sogdian can be expressed in a variety of ways:
Intransitive verbs in -s- are the passive of the corresponding transitive verb, e.g., pəsuxs- ~ pəsōc- “be
purified” ~ “purify.”
There are a few present stems that have corresponding passive present stems of different kinds, among
them: xwen- <xwyn-> “to be called” ~ xwēn- <xwyn-> “to call”; āzir- <’’zyr-> “to be harmed, be hurt” ~
āzēr- <’’zyr-> “to harm, hurt”; žγir- <jγyr-> “to be called” ~ žγēr- <jγyr-> “to call” kir- <kyr-> “to be
done” ~ kun “to do.”
Some verbs can express the passive by middle endings: wēnde “is seen.”
In the simple past tense and the present perfect tenses a transitive verb inflected intransitively has passive
meaning, e.g., βəstēm “I was bound”; pətəβdēt ēm “we have been burned (and are now roasted).”
If no special present stem is available, then a present passive is formed with the perfect participle and the
auxiliary “to become.” The perfect participle is then declined like an adjective.
Indicative Simple past

Sing.
1 βəstē uβām <βsty wβ’m> βəstē əktēm <βsty ’ktym> “I was (became)
bound”
2 βəstē uβe <βsty wβy> βəstē əktēš <βsty ’ktyš>
3 βəstē βōt <βsty βwt> βəstē əkti <βsty ’kty>
fem. βəsča βōt <βsc’ βwt>
Plur.
1 βəstēt uβēm <βstyt ‘ym>
2 *βəstēt βōѳa <βstyt βwδ’>
3 βəstēt uβand <βstyt wβnd> βəstēt əktand <βstyt ’ktnd>
Examples:
Present passive indicative:
pəѳəγdē βōt “he is pulled out” †w∫ yy†©al£p
Present passive progressive:
Nwksdnarwx yyk dnx twyl Malq . Nwks†w∫ yytrwx yyk ycx wc

ču xəči kē xurtē βōt-skun, kəѳām δēwət xand kē xurand-skun
“What is it that is eaten? Which demons are they who are eating?” (BBB)
Present passive subjunctive:
uδərtē uβāt “shall be arranged” ta∫w yytrlw
Qy†∫l Nwaπxa Nπ ras†p . dna∫w †y†yrfs Qay†psa wrp ky†∫l yywn†p yynwyπxa xyzm Nc wnac
. . yyxamtπw yywn ra†q Mak †w∫ wyrp . yynwyπxa xyzm yxam†πw yyn†saa . Mak†w∫ yaz Ma†k wrp
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LESSON 13
čānō čən məzēx əxšēwənī pətnəwī δəβdīk pərō əspətyāk səfrītēt uβand, pətsār šən əxšāwən δəβdīk pərō
kətām zāy βōt-kām: āstənē uštəmāxī məzēx əxšēwənī pərew βōt-kām kətār nəwē uštəmāxī
“when they shall be created anew by the great king, a second time, in completeness, then in what earth
shall their ruler be: shall he be in the first Paradise together with the great king or in the New Paradise?”
(M591R)
†a∫ yytyz †a∫ yyn NΩya rpwπyta yk yynyrwx wpsyw yta warp Nwksalrwx yta wc yycx wc ytra
yyxamtπw yynπxwr Nc Nywxy y†a yynbm© yyt∫© Nc
árti ču xəči ču əti xurѳaskun *pərāw-əti wispu xurenē kē əti-šu-pər ēžən nē βāt zitē βāt čən γəβdē γambənī
əti ixwēn čən ruxšnī uštəmāxī
“And what is it that you are eating? For he who eats everything that is not worthy (= good) for him will
be deprived of (will have wasted his) strenuous effort and (will be) excluded from the Light Paradise.”
(BBBf)
Present passive optative:
βəstē uβē “should be bound” yy∫w yyts∫
Passive simple past indicative:
yyray∫ karf kyπap Nwyrfa yy†a ralyp ray†p yyn∫wx eayknamdnks†q eayknam†πyΩ NC wwc
yy†ka yy†©rp yynalym ycywx yyfar eayn†p yylar Lym apπxa
ču čən žištəmānəkyā kətskəndəmānəkyā xuβnī pətyār piδār əti əfrīwən pāšīk fərāk βyārī əxšəpa mēѳ rāѳī
pətənya rāfī xwēčī miδānī pərəγdē əkti
“whatever prayer and hymn has been left out on account of ill will, with destructive purpose, during
sleep, for the sake of harm in the morning (or) in the evening, at night (or) at day, on the road, in *privacy,
in the the middle of sickness (or) pain” (BBB)
. My†ka y†a∫Ω ydnrwx r†aa . y†wlrp yyΩyr kyΩ∫ . My†ka yy†sxna eydn∫n yzaa rp ... wc
dn†ar©yw †yna∫zyn aramπa QyΩ∫ kadn© lyx rp Cw†πyΩ Nrz†p kapy kwlx Nyq rp
ču pər āzī nəβandī anxəstē əktēm, βəžīk rēžī pərδūtē, ātər xurandē žəβātē əktēm;
pər kēn xəδūk ipāk pətzarn žištōč, pər xēδ γandāk βəžīk əšmārā nizβānēt wiγrātənd
“if I have been goaded by the rein(s) of greed, polluted by evil pleasure, been bitten by devouring fire, by
revenge, *resentment, anger, rage, hatred, (if my) passions have been awakened by that foul, evil thought”
(BBBb)
Passive simple past subjunctive:
Maywkπtp Nhwπmrq †as †a†ka yy†©rp aklp Mwn kycnmΩxam Naryq anm Nc wc
ču čən məna kirān māxžəmənčīk nūm pəδka pərəγdē əktāt sāt karmšōhən pətškwəyam
“if the Monday rule (and) law has been omitted by me I say ‘absolution’ for (it) all!” (BBB)
Notes:
A non-human agent in passive sentences can be expressed by pər, as in the example above (simple past
ind.).
A human agent is rarely expressed in passive sentences. If an agent is present it may be expressed by the
preposition čə- or an expression such as čən ... kirān “from the side of,” as in the example above (past
subj.):
čən āδā səfrītē əti āfrītē nē xəči eycx yyn yytyrfaa ey†a yytyrfs ealaa Nc
“has not been created by anybody” (M264aR)
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TEXT 13.1
(BBB)
Llymyrp rp yy†sa yy†©wm†p rdnyc yy†wx Casy†p rabm† wnwm yyk zaa †alwyl ey†a
Nam†©s wyrpa yy†y†yc kycky∫ Nwl †ky⋲rdnyc ey†dnwq Cnwxna dnamar ay†r∫l Cnp
. . Nwks†w∫ yy†πn yyzap 1 yylym†p eynalym awla yydnwq
TEXT 13.2
(Tale D) $$
. . Mysxrz xam y†a †ayacna yynrwz lyx wa†syw wa†syw y†a ar∫ ala©n †az∫lyw [...] 1
yyn C[...] y†a anwk wa†syw [...] lywn y†a z∫lyw [...] Mrplyma†∫a wwk [...] y†ra
. . †awa†syw amn
ayr†yr y†a ßalyw xyzm anax y†a rtwk dnk rp yym†k . . ramyπ rqawx y†ra 2
ras yy†yc y†a kyπxaw wk rqawx ey†a . . †awa[†syw amn y†]ra . y†sa kyc[...]
. Nsya ßalyw wwp ar†wms lymyc y†a †a∫w wnac †k . . adnwk wa†syw wnaw
. . Manwk yπwΩ y†yc kyr†wms lymyl y†a Makmsaa wπy†a . . . [...] ras†p
[Note: kwnd’ is middle (Lesson 15)]
y†a yynrwz lynwy lyx ras†p . . anwk watsyw wnwm yylym kym /11o wnac ey†ra 3
ßalyw wwp wyrpa yymar© yynz© yydnwa† ey†a yy†az Nl rqawx y†ra .. yacnm awacp
†k †a†πwa kancxwdna ylap †rx Nykaramπ za©am y†ra . . yyΩyn ras Bmz wwk
Nwa∫ dnp ras anax wnac †a∫l . . Mralk yk wa†syw wrp Mak†a∫w wnac
. . †asya [...] Mnryp †apcp a†©wl yymy†ra
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LESSON 13
EXERCISES 13
1. Decline in all forms of the passive the verbs pətxwāy- and wiγrēš-.
And the collaborators of the demons who were in the heavens were all bound there.
And guardians were placed over them, so that they would not escape and so that they would not be
released but be tortured for all eternity.
And whatever evil sin may have been committed in heaven and on earth, on account of that, all evil
humans have been imprisoned together with Satan and Greed in the depth of the earth.
GLOSSARY 13
’’fryn- ’’fryt āfrīn- āfrīt: praise, create(?) agriculture

’’stny āstənē: initial, first ktskndm’nky’ kətskənd-mānəkyā: destructive
’’wmr’z āw-mərāz: coworker, collaborator purpose(?)
’’x’s āxās: battle, fight kty kətē: house
’’x’sryjy āxāsrēžē: whose pleasure is in fighting kwtr kōtər: family (Sanskrit gotra)
’’x’sw’δy āxāswāδē: battlefield kyn kēn: hate, revenge
’’zyr- *āzir-: to be harmed, be hurt kyr’n kirān, see grammar
’ktsp’s əktəspās: obliging m’xjmncyk māxžəmənčīk: of Monday
’nc’y- ’nc’t ančāy- ančāt: to calm down, end mndm’ny mand-mānē: careless
’ndwxcn’k andōxčənāk: anxious mndm’nky’ mand-mānəkyā: carelessness
’ntrxs- ’ntrγt antrəxs- antrəγt: be tortured n’-pδkcyk nā-pəδəkčīk: unlawful
’nxrksy anxərkəsē: astrologer n’-γrβyny nā-γərβēnē: ignorant
’nxr anxər: star n’-γrβty nā-γərəβdē: incomprehensible
’nxwnc anxwanč: dispute, fight nβnd nəβand: reins
’βt’myδ əβdamēѳ: a week nm- nəm-: to let, permit (+ infinitive)
’nxsty anxəstē: goaded nγ’δ’ nəγāδā: prayer, request; ~ βər-: to request
’spty’k əspətyāk: completeness nw-γrβy nō-γərβī: ignorance
’ync īnč f.: woman nwm nūm: rule
’yškty īškətē: house of the women, women’s nw-ryjy nō-rēžī: displeasure, dislike
quarters, harem nwyδ nəwēδ: invitation
β’w- βāw-: to approach nymyδ nē(m)mēѳ: south
βjyk βəžīk: evil (adj.) nyzβ’ny *nizβānē: passion
βjyβr’n βežīβərān: miserable p’δy pāѳī: still
βykcyk bēkčīk: outer p’šyk pāšīk: hymn
cendrcyk čendərčīk: inner p’zy pāzē(?): part
cytyy čētē: ghost pc’w’ pəčāwā: turmoil, quarrel
δβ’t δβāt: perhaps pc’w’ywγty pəčāwāyuγdē: quarrelsome
δw’tsryty δəwātəs-rētē: having twelve faces pcp’t pəčpāt: this time
δywny’ty δēw-nyātē: possessed by demons pδynj- pδγt pəѳenj pəѳəγd: to pull (out)
fr’k fərāk: tomorrow pr’w ’ty pərāw-əti: for (because)
fr’nβsty frānβəstē: whose breath is obstructed prδw- prδwt pərδəw- pərδūt: to sully, pollute
γnd’kry γandā(k)kərē: evil-doer ptβty pətəβdy: burned, scorched
γr’myy γərāmē: wealth ptmyδy pətmēѳē: daily
γwš γōš: ear ptn pətən: *solitude, *privacy
γzn γəzn: treasure ptnwy pətnəwī: anew, again
jβ- jβ’t žəβ- žəβāt: to bite ptzrn pətzarn: anger
jγyr- žγir-: to be called pw-s’k pū-sāk:: countless
jwšy : *sacrifice? pww wyδ’β pū-wiδāβ: without injury
jyštm’nky’ žIšt-mānəkyā: ill will pyrnm pērnəm: before
*knd kand: family r’β rāf: sickness
kš’wrzy kəšāwərzē: tilling (the fields), rtnβ’myk rətənβāmīk: (like) having the color of
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jewels flowers
ryj rēž: pleasure wyst’w wistāw: oath; wistāw- kun-: to swear an
rytry’ *rētəryā: *decline oath
smwtr səmutr: ocean (Sanskrit samudra) wyst’w- wistāw-: to swear
smwtryk səmutrīk: of the ocean xδwk xəδūk: resentment
swβtγwš suβd-γōš: whose ears are pierced, xr xər: donkey
having pierced ears xrγwšy xərγōšē: hare”
šm’r- šəmār-: to think xw’kr xwākər: merchant
šm’r’kyn šəmārkēn:thoughtful xwyc xwēč: pain
šyrkty širəktē: having done good, pious yp’k ipāk: anger
w’δ wāδ: place, seat yxwyn ixwēn: separate (from), excluded (from)
w’xšyk wāxšīk: spirit z’yxyzy zāyxēzē: creeping on the earth
wyδ’β wiδāβ : harm, damage, injury zmb zamb: shore
wyδβz’t: ? zrxs- zrγt zərəxs- zərəγd: to be saved, delivered
wyγr’s- wyγr’t wiγrās- (wīγrās-) wiγrāt: to awake zwrnyy zurnē: time, moment
(intr.) zyrnβ’m zernβām: having the color of gold, gold-
wyspγrβ’k wisp-γərβāk: knowing all, omniscient colored
wyspsprγmy wispəspərγəmē: all (covered with)
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LESSON 14
GRAMMAR 14
WORD FORMATION. DOUBLING.

In Sogdian words are frequently “doubled,” either by repeating the same words twice (“gemination”) or
by combining two words of the same meaning (synonyms). Some of these combinations are compounds,
others retain the independent status of the two words.
Geminated compounds are usually “intensive,” that is, emphasizing the meaning of an adjective, or
“distributive,” that is, noting several occurrences of what is indicated by the noun or adjective.
1. Nouns: rēt-rētē (rēt-rētī?) “in many respects, in various respects”; kōs-kōs “in various/many places,
from place to place.”
2. Adjectives: šīršīr “very much,” āykōn-āykōn “for ever and ever”; zārī-zārī “with great compassion.”
3. Adverbs. Some compounds in this category are distributives: kəβna-kəβnu “little by little.”
Repetition of synonyms is a very common feature of translated text. Sometimes one of the pair is a
foreign word, while the other is indigenous Sogdian. Examples: nūm pəδka “law” (with nūm < Greek
nomoı), yōk fəsōk “teaching,” āxās ōxunč “struggle,” sāt wispu “all,” zərištē pətrištē “lacerated,” āwart
nəwarti “turning to and fro,” uzdi fəruzdi “flies here and here.”
VERBS. THE POTENTIALIS.

The so-called potentialis is a verbal construction with two different functions. 1. It expresses ability and
is then translated by means of the auxiliary “can, be able,” 2. it expresses completion of action in the past
and is then translated as a pluperfect, optionally with an additional “finished,” “completely,” or similar.
Active forms take the auxiliary kun- “to do,” intransitive and passive forms the auxiliary βəw- “to
become.”
The main verb is in a form made from the past stem. Light stems take the ending -u (in Sogdian script)
or -a; heavy stems take no ending.
1. active:
nē žəγda kunam “I cannot uphold (observe)” Manwk ea†©Ω yyn

Manwk †warf†p Saxaa kycmnryp Sm yta yyn
nē əti məs pērnəmčīk āxās pətfərāwt kunam
“I am unable any more to remember the first struggle” (BBB)
əkta kunēm-kām “we shall be able to do” Mak Mynwk a†ka
1. passive:
čēmēδī čāf uγda uβāt pəčāyət-kām fərmāy yamrf Maq†yacp †a∫w a†©w Fac yylymyc
“it will be useful to tell as much of this as can be said” (BBBd)
árti-ši xō nāyukāwī nē āpāt βōt †w∫ †apaa yyn yywakwyan wwx yyπy†ra
“and its depth cannot be reached” (Cosm.)
2. active:
čānō xwart əspətē xurt kunand dnanwk †rwx yy†psa trwx wnac
“when they had finished eating the food”
2. intransitive:
čānō xā putīšt nista βand “when the Buddhas have sat down” dn∫ atsyn tπytwp ax wnac
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TEXT 14.1
(Tale E)
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LESSON 14
[...] eyysapsa Nc . . . dnzaa yymxtrm [yna©wm] 1
. †ralayπ lpyx yydnmar †πyp y†ra . †wπ yy†rwn †rwaa eyynalym ay†©wΩ Nπyyw lyam 2
dnpsalrm eyy†a ††πyy©∫ ynw r†ry© y†ra . ttsfyaa yyn ayr†rf Cymnawr wx y†ra
. †w∫ ymanryπ yta yt∫w© lyam rasmnryp yytπytwp yta
[Note: γwβty is middle (Lesson 15)]
. . yt[...]tyw ßaly[w wp] yta yyt∫[w© yynaly]m yyfan lpyx ynw watwx [...] yynwx wnac 3
[...] anyΩ y†a [...] aykymra†rw∫ [...] y†a †a†yyrf [...] aynr† [...] wnaw [...] yna©wm
. . [...] yta Pwx Qwnam [...]k My† Smyπ†ra
Nar∫yΩyy∫ wy†za y†a yy∫ay dnmar [...] wnmΩ rwayn rp y†wlq [...]aa y†a wnac 4
ryyπ Ncsaxw y†a yyaz†©rt w©Ω ear∫l Nc yy∫ay wk Sm L£ym? [...] Nwkszawπ
. Nwksz awπ Nykyramπ y†a kancxwdna
rzrp ay†rm ßaw wnaw yyπta ry©yΩ πw©ytp rxw rasrlac eayr∫ Nc yy†apcp y†ra 5
†yyw an wx yyf†ra †am yyΩ∫ kycnyw awt yynwπ †πyp . Nwksyysyyraz w©Ω yymy†a
Maqmdny∫ anΩ wnaw yyftra yyπw©n πxaw anm yyrlk alktra Maqyaycp yyn
. Maky∫w Nar∫ryπ yynawΩ? y†a
πya] yk a©∫y†a ww©† asp wnaw ras rxnw lywyk wk yyksa eytrm wx†ra 6
[wnaw] rasrlac yyksa Nc yyπytra . Nwksyysyyraz wnaw eamat y†[a yk
eynmalp yyr© [...] wr© xyyzm? [...] rasnaryq yksa [...] . . . anwk yyn©ctap
yta yk dnwksa [††πy©∫ Fr©] rdnyc an©∫ lywyl [...] yytsa Na†syy©∫ [...]
[dnx] trtlrwkπ yn∫k yysaps[a Nc †πyp dnx] tynr∫ayw
yynynryz ? ytsa yyn©∫ /! wyna Myt [...] yyksa yyrzwaa yyr© [rp Smtra] 7
dnwksa ††πy©∫ wc rdnyc ayn©∫ wn∫yl lywyl y†ra. yycx yyny†kanky†∫l [y†a]
dnyaΩ yyn wyrp yy†ymx†rm †πyp dnx tynyn†rpsyw †as
[...] yydnwπxa dnwksa ayn©∫ ayw y†a yk tπy©∫ tynlwr wwa yylaa Ma†q y†ra
TEXT 14.2
(IB 4981a, LeCoq, Man. Min.)
rp yyk yyr†p L£pyx †q yyn rawy ; ; yynwk a†©w† †ar⋲ap yyf†a yyk yy†sa [...] ta∫ yycytp ryπ
ea†©Ω yyn kaypΩwkrp Qawxcp /11! Namrf /11! kas†p kycnmΩxam rp y†a aykwncraz lpyx
yylaa wyn Nrf †©aa an eyma©n an y⋲x yy†amrf yy©∫ wx wnac Manwk
.dn∫w †awksa ... yynax ... †r∫anyl wwx ... yta ... wnaw eyrnwq †ynaa yyn [...]
EXERCISES 14
1. Conjugate in the potentialis the verbs anyəms- and āyamb-.
Through faith one can obtain (= can be obtained) wealth and every happiness.
At day the stars cannot be seen, at night the sun cannot be seen.
We cannot understand god’s greatness.
What do you think: Can you kill the demons and not be killed yourself?
I shall give them a sword so that they can cut off the bonds in which they are bound for eternity.
When the Buddha had finished speaking the entire assembly rejoiced and began to practice piety and
good deeds.
When you have heard what the prophet shall explain to you, at once go to the monastery and tell the
brethren.
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GLOSSARY 14
1-jw’ny ēw-žwānē: one life through p’tcγnyy pātčəγnē: answer

’’wrt- āwart-: to turn hither pcxw’q pəčxwāk: obstacle
’’wzr āwəzər: *slope pcy’y- pəčyāy-: to help
’’yfs- ’’yβt āyəfs- āyəβd: to be perverted, przr parzər: very
compromised ptβnd pətβand: bond
’’x’s ’wxwnc āxās ōxunč: struggle ptryš- ptryšt pətrēš- pətrišt: to tear up
’xwšndy *əxušəndē: *satisfied ptycy *pətīčī: facing
’ztyw əzdēw: exiled pts’k pətsāk: regulation
βγyyst’n βəγistān: place of gods pxw’y- pxwst pəxwāy- pəxust: to cut off
βyjyβr’n βežēβərān: dejected pyšt pišt: but
cyndr čendər: inside rw’nmyc rəwānmēč: of the soul
frkrnd- fərkrand-: to cut škwrδ škúrѳ: difficult
frwz- frwšt fəruz- fərušt: to fly (forth) šwnyy šōnē: that (dem. pron., lesson 3)
γwβ- γōβ-: to praise šyrβr’n šīrβərān: happy
γyrtr γīrtər: later trγtz’yy trəγdzāyē: depressed
j’y- žāy-: to speak, talk trny’ tarnyā: submissiveness
jγw žəγu: very w’xš wāxš: word
jγw, jwγ- žəγu žuγ-: hard, cruel wx’scn uxāsčən: troubled
jmn žəmən: time (point of, stretch of time) wxr, wnxr wa(n)xər: voice
jyn’ ženā : body wy’βrny wyāβərnē: endowed with speech
kwjpy’k kužbyāk(?): *zeal wyncyk wēnčīk: visible
m’nwk mānūk: similar (to), like wysprtnyny wispərtənēnē: studded with jewels
mwγ’ny muγānē: Magian (Sanskrit ratna)
myδ’ny mēδānī: among, amidst wz- wšt uz- ušt: to fly
nγwš- nγwšt nəγōš- nəγušt: to listen to xnγr xanγər: sword
nwrt- nəwart-: to turn thither xwp xōp: good, skillful
ny’wr nyāwər: another time y’β- yāβ-: to wander, rove
n’-wyyt nā-wīt: unseen ywkfswk yōk fəsōk: teaching
n’f nāf: people z’rcnwky’ zārčənūkyā: pity, mercy
n’ktynyy nāktēnē: of silver z’ryy-sy- zārē-say-: to be pitiful
n’nγ’my nā-nəγāmē: untimely zryš- zryšt zrēš- zrišt: to tear asunder
p’cr’t pāčrāt: reward zyrnynyy zernenē: of gold
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LESSON 15
LESSON 15
GRAMMAR 15
VERB. MIDDLE FORMS.

Middle forms are rare in Sogdian. The paradigms have been analogically remade after the 3 singular.
The following forms have been registered by Sims-Williams:
Present ind. Imperfect Optative (“Precative”)

Sing.
1 -tu <-tw> -ētu <-ytw>
2 -ti <-ty> -ēta <-yt’>
3 -te <-ty> -ta <-t’> -t <-t> -ēt, -ēte <-yt, -yty>
Plur.
3 -tand <-t’nd, -tnd> -tand <-t’nd, -tnd> -ētēnd <-ytynd>
The 3 singular present middle is used as passive, both of passive and active present stems, but
occasionally we find old middle intransitive forms without passive meaning:
††syn Qycwanyw Qra yy†ry©Ω y©∫ xnπyrn yyk Nanπwrtsyπwd ey†a rawy
iwār əti Dōšistrōšnān kē Nərēšanx βəγi žγirte ark wēnāwčīk nēst
“but the work of the Friend of the Lights, who is called god Nərēšanx, is not visible” (M118iV)
alry©Ω [...] kycnanyw an [...] y†y†Ωaa [...] zyyx† yyxam rwx [...] Nwqsy†nyw[...] kyclbmcfa
*əfčambəδčīk [...] wēnde-skun [...] xūr māxī təxēz [...] āžətētī [...] nā-wēnānčīk [...] žγērəѳa
“... of the world is being seen ... the rise of sun (and) moon ... the ones born ... invisible ... you call”
(M4551V)
yytwn∫a yyn Nwqyaa yta yyk CnyaryΩ∫a Nrpπrp Qyna©∫ ey†ra

arti βəγānīk paršpərən əβžirēnč kē əti āykōn nē əβnōte
“and a divine pavement made of diamonds (vajra), which for ever does not tremble” (Cosm.)
The imperfect middle has the same functions, but it is most often just middle rather than passive:
wwtsaa yynrwx ayr∫l yyπp yytrwrp /! tk tralwt©w wnaw

wānō uγdu δārt kət əδu pərwərtē pəšē δβərya xurni āstu
“he said: Twice I have taken = found (?) blood behind the door” (Man. Let. 1)
əti kū βəγīšt sār āfrīwənčīk kunda adnwk Qycnwyrfa ras †πy©∫ wk y†a
“and he sent his praise to the gods” (BBBe)
wtπynπ yrwpk Nc w†yraw asxy Maπxc wwtydnw©aa awt rp

pər təwa āγundētu čəxšām ixsa wārētu čən kəpūrī šənēšətu
“I would like to cover you in salve, to rain perfume upon you. I have been covered by the snow of
camphor (?)” (M137iiV)
ču məna āγəδē γəwēte βīrētu čən βəγa a©∫ Nc w†yry∫ eyytyw© yyl©aa anm wc
“whatever wished-for thing I may need may I obtain it from god!” (M337R)
ty∫w yydnΩya yytπy©∫ Nc aykdnwxnrf [...] tw© yyn yytπwx yta kcwm ratfa yynrf xamπ
šmāx farnī əftār mōčək əti xuštē nē γōt [... šmāx] farnxundəkyā čən βəγīštī ēžəndē uβēt
“your Excellency does not need too many teachers and masters [... may your ... and] splendor be worthy
from (the point of view of) the gods!” (M483)
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SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
No exhaustive description of the Sogdian subordinate clauses exists. Only some common types are
therefore described here.
A. Temporal clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as kəδa “when,” čānō “when, as,”
Gdazy†adnc da rawpsyw y†ka Lyamrf dnzaa wya . †awksa N∫k Lym alk
kəδa mēѳ kaβn əskəwāt, ēw āzənd fərmāyəѳ əkti Wispuhr ad čandātī-zādag
“when the day gets less, tell (them) to perform a parable: ‘The prince and the *Candāla son’” (BBBd)
dnayΩyn ytra dn∫n yyzawna Nw©m wx y†ra Syrp ras Bmzpaa wk wnac
čānō kū āpzəmb sār pərēs arti xō məγōn anwāzē nəβand arti nīžəyand
“when he came to the shore, then the entire crowd came out to meet (him)” (TaleJ)
Nw©m yynw yta Salyw Ωrk xyzm watwx wx y†ra adnw wt©w πxaw yynwy yy†rm wx wnac y†ra
ry©yΩ at∫l©m
árti čānō xō martiy yōnē wāxš uγdu unda árti xō xutāw məzēx karž wīδās əti une məγōn məγδəβda žīγēr
“and when the man had spoken this speech the lord marveled at the great wonder and he called all his
priests” (SghS)
B. Hypothetical clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as kəδa, kəδ, kət “if”:
Maky∫w Nar∫ryπ yynawΩ? y†a Maqmdny∫ anΩ wnaw yyftra yyπw©n πxaw anm yyrlk Lktra
árt-kəδ kəѳrē məna wāxš nəγōše árt-fi wānō žənā βéndəm-kām əti ēw žəwānī šīrβərān uβē-kām
“And if you listen to my word(s) now, then I shall bind such knowledge to you that you shall be happy
one (entire) life” (Tale E)
C. Consecutive clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as wānō ... əti or wānō əti “so that”:
ynw ratk yta yyralnyl Ma†q wya y†a wnaw Nyl rp t∫aw lrwkπa wnaw dny∫ ynhwπmrk ytra
Camn yy©∫ rp tkaπw©n yn yta tralnyl yn rtry© Lywy⋲ ytra yy∫w yyts∫ Nhwπmrq ykaπw©n
. dnalyrtp yn wyrpa ynw ra∫l rp yta . yydnsw∫ rp yta
árti karmšōhənī βénd wānō əškúrѳ wāβət pər δēn wānō əti ēw kətām δēnδārī əti kətār uné nəγōšākī
karmšōhən βəsti uβē arti čēwēδ γírtər nē δēnδārt əti nē nəγōšākt pər βəγe nəmāč əti pər βūsəndī, əti pər
ѳəβār uné əprew nē pətrēѳənd
“and the withholding of the absolution is so serious—it says in the religion—that, were the absolution to
be withheld from any one elect or hearer, then after that neither elects nor hearers shall mix with him at the
worship of God and the fast and the alms-giving” (BBBf 27-35)
ynwxy yyt∫n yta yywqπ wrp Llrywrp an trpzdnm wπyta wnaw aysnx xyzm rp Lral wπtra
. yynamryπ yta xwtaπ ttrywrp ytwx Nfyta wnac Lyam
árt-šu δārəѳ pər məzēx xansyā wānō əti-šu mand-zəpərt na pərwērəѳ pərō šəkəwē əti nəβdē ixuni mēδ
čānō əti-fən xuti pərwērət šātux əti šīrmānē
“keep it with great diligence so that you do not cause it to become unclean through dry or wet blood, in
the same way it itself causes you to be happy and good-spirited!” (BBBf 56-61)
D. Final clauses.
wānō kət-fi [...] nəmyāk əti pətēδyā nē kunāt †anwq yyn ayly†p y†a kaymn [...] yf†k wnaw
“in order that he should not belittle and offend you” (M117)
. †ar∫l †∫yπx ; yyπy†w† yamrf †q wnaw awπ Nawkπ†p rp yy†yr yynw¬qπ yynw
uné šəklōnī rētī pər pətəškəwān šəwa wānō kət fərmāy tuti-ši, xəšiβd ѳβərāt
“he went face to face with Šaqlōn to speak (with him) so: “Order (her) that she should give him milk!”
(BBBe 15-18)
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LESSON 15
TEXT 15.1
(M 549; Murder of the Magi)
iiR1 / [..............................................]ww iiR8 / mzyx ’n(z)r’ ’ṭy prδβn pṭys’cnd

iiR2 / [.................................]γrywyy prw iiR9 / ww rw’nsp’syy oo ’rṭy c’nw x’
iiR3 / [................]s(m)[••••]m w’nw ’ṭyh iiR10 / rw(’)[ns]p’syy pṭsxsyy oo ’rṭyy ’yw
iiR4 / prywyδ mryncnd w’ mγwn xwrmzṭyc iiR11 / [................] qwγwnyy ’wšṭyyṭ δw’n
iiR5 / δ’m oo ’ṭyšn β’ṭ βyryy ’ṭy z’wr iiR12 / [••]• ’rṭyšn ’wrδ βwṭ xw
iiR6 / wγšyy ’ṭy ’xwsndyy’ wyyh mγwn iiR13 / [........] (xw) qwγwnyy w’βṭṭṭ x’
iiR7 / δyw’šṭyyc(y) δ’myy oo ’rṭyy nwkr [šṭ](y)w iiR14 / [........................](x’) ’spnd . . .
99 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
iiV1 / prp[........................................] iiV8 / pṭšq’fnd ’sk’ wxwn’nd r’yynd

iiV2 / zprṭqryy [................................] iiV9 / ryyš’nd (f)ṭr’nd ’ṭy γryw prw z’yy
iiV3 / ’rṭy ywnyyδ kw[w γ]ryw[..............] iiV10 / frp’š’nd oo ’rṭy pncm-x’ [qn]δδ
iiV4 / ’wjγδδṭ ’rṭy βwṭ xw ywxn’ ’pšyyk[.] iiV11 / kyy jymṭ xwyndyy ’wrδ r[......]δ
iiV5 / ’spyy pṭxwng ryyṭ (’)ngr’nd ’ṭyh iiV12 / ’sp’δ ’rṭy w’ nfryyn[.................]
iiV6 / γwšyy ’’s oo ’rṭx’ nnδβ’mbn δn iiV13 / jmykyy’ mnd’’γ’ryy’ [.............]
iiV7 / [’y](n)cṭyy wyy yṭqwy’ ṭyys’nd γwδ(y) iiV14 / qnδ [..........................................]
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 100

LESSON 15
TEXT 15.2
M7800 ii
101 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM

/ o wyδβ’γ cn o o pš’qṭ δywtyy o
R 1 / wn’r’myy βry xwrṭδ’rnd oo V 1 / xypδ pjwqṭ mn’ s’r

R 2 / ’rṭyy c’nw pš’kṭ w’ptnd V 2 / ’’βrδ’ ’ṭyy ’zw 1 w’nw ‘cyδc
R 3 / ’rṭyy m’γ’z’nd cn x’xṭyy V 3 / pršṭ’ymk’n kyy ’sk’ṭr
R 4 / ’’p ’ṭyy cn wndy’ βryy V 4 / pr ’skyy s’r ṭkwš ny’z ny
R 5 / xwrṭ ’ṭyy myδ[ry β]γyy qšn V 5 / βwtk’m [oo ’]rṭyy wyšnd
R 6 / wšy’ ’kṭwδ’rnd m’γ’znd V 6 / pš’kṭ m[wn]w prm’n pṭycxš’nd
R 7 / ṭqwš’ṭ oo wyδp’ṭyy mrcync V 7 / ’ṭy m’yδ ’kṭwδ’rnd 20-20-20-20
R 8 / šm’r’ ’’z prywyδδ ’δw’ V 8 / z’r pjwqt wnyy šklwn ’ṭyy
R 9 / pš’qṭ δywṭ šqlwn ’ṭyy V 9 / pyswsyy pyrnms’r ’’γṭδ’rnd
R 10 / pysws pṭ[ymw]xs ’ṭyy pr V 10 / ’rṭyy wyš[’nd] pṭycxš’nd
R 11 / šklwnyy zβ’k [kw ’]p’rykṭ V 11 / ’ṭy i p[r 1 w]y’kyy(?) ṭγṭ’nd
R 12 / pš’kṭ s’r f[r’m]’y kṭ V 12 / ’rṭyy [iiii β]rywr pjwwq ww
R 13 / šm’x ’skyy s’r n’ V 13 / šklwn xwrṭδ’rṭ ’ṭyy iiii
R 14 / ṭkwšδ’ p’ šm’x s[’n](?) V 14 / [βr]ywr x’ pysws ’rṭy i
R 15 / xcy oo yw’r kδryy šm[’]x V 15 / [δβ]ṭy’ ’pryw pcywznd ’rṭy
R 16 / šwδ’ o ’ṭyy nyrk ’sṭryc V 16 / w’nw w’βnd qṭ m’ncyq
R 17 / ’pryw pcwzδ’ ’ṭy 1 δβṭy’ V 17 / šm’r’ kw myš[yy]βγw s’r
R 18 / ’pryw [’βr]xsyy ryj škrδ’ V 18 / δ’ryym w’nw kṭ [xwn]y ky cn
R 19 / zy’nd znδ’ ’ṭy mrṭ mrṭ V 19 / m’x ’’jy’ṭ kww βγyšṭṭ
EXERCISES 15
1. Conjugate in the imperfect middle and the “precative” the verbs mir- and ās-.
The animals said: Who shall now be suitable (as) king over us? There is none better than you. Now, all
animals have approved Your Excellency as absolute king and are now about to make you king. For a half
of Your Excellency’s body is like a man’s and a half like an animal’s. Let us now go quickly, and you
shall sit (down) on the throne and be king over the animals.
GLOSSARY 15
’’frywncyk āfrīwənčīk: blessing cxs’m čəxšām: salve

’’γwnd- ’’γwst āγund- āγust: to cover δw’n δəwān: forward
’’pzmb āpzəmb: shore dwšystrwšn’n Dōšistrōšnān (MPers.): Friend of
’’s ās: taking the Lights
’’znd = ’’zynd δyw’štyk δēwāštīk: ?
’ft’r əftār: much, many frnkwndy’ farnxundəkyā: glory
’ngr’nd angrānd: cutting frp’š- fərpāš-: to throw
’nzr’ anzərā: damage ftr- fətər-: pull out
’p’ryk əpārīk: other, remaining γwδy γōδē: vessel
’pšyk əpšēk: spilling jmyky’ žəmīkyā: ?
’spnd əspand: *sacred jn’ žənā: knowledge
’škwrδ əškurѳ: heavy, serious jymt *žīmət: city name
’wpt- (w’pt-) ’wpst ōpət- (wāpət-) ōpəst: to fall kpwr kəpūr: camphor
(down) krj karž: miracle
’xwsndy’ əxusandyā: satisfaction kšn kašn = karšn: form
’jndy ēžəndē: worthy kwγwny kuγunē: proper name, offspring of
‘cyδc, mistake for ‘yδc Ahriman
βwsndy βūsəndī: fasting m’ncyk mānčīk: intentional(?)
βyry βīrē: obtaining, success mγδβ məγδəβ: Magian
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LESSON 15
mnd’’γ’ry’ mand-āγəryā: ? šnyš- šənēš-: to cover

mrt mrt mart mart: individually šyrm’ny šīrmānē: good-spirited, happy
myδry-βγ miѳriβəγ, mišiβəγ: the Third twty tuti = əti
Messenger (< god Miѳra) txyz təxēz: (sun-)rise
nfryn nəfrīn: curse w’r- wār-: to rain
nnδβ’mbn nənə-δβāmbən: Lady Nana wδ’s- (imperf. wyδ’s-) uδās- (wīδās-): to marvel,
nmy’k nəmyāk + kun-: to belittle, put down wonder
nryšnx nərēšanx: Man. deity wn’r’m unārām: forest retreat(?)
p’ pā = p’rty pār-ti: for wš wəš = əš: memory, mind
prm’n, mistake for frm’n wxwn- uxun-: to call
prwrty pərwərtē: turn, time wy’k wəyāk: a place
pš’k pəšāk: abortion wyδβ’γ wiδβāγ: discourse
pšy pəšī: after (+ loc.) wyn’wcyk wēnāwčīk: visible
ptmwxs- (ptymwxs-) ptmwγt pətmuxs- wyspwhr ’d cnd’ṭyz’dg Wispuhr ad čandātī-
(pətīmuxs) pətmuγd: to don, put on (a garment) zādag: the Prince and the Murderer’s Son
ptsxs- ptsγt pətsəxs- pətsəγd: to be constructed (MPers. tale)
ptšk’f- pətškāf-: to smash x’x xāx: well (of water)
ptxwng pətxwang: murder xšyβt xəšiβd: milk
ptyδy’ pətēδyā: offense xwrn xurn: blood
pysws pēsōs: female archont, maker of Adam xwšty xuštē: teacher
and Eve yxs’ ixsa: perfume
r’y- rāy-: to weep ytkw itku: bridge
rw’nsp’sy rəwānspāsī: soul-service ywxn yuxn fem.: blood
ryš- rēš-: to tear zβ’k zəbāk:
ryt rēt: face zprtkry zəpartkərē: purifying (or zəpartkərī:
šklwn šəklōn: male archont (prince of darkness), purification)
maker of Adam and Eve
COMPLETE GLOSSARY
1 = ēw: one 5
1-jw’ny ēw-žwānē: one life through 14
3 ǝѳrē: three 6
12 = δǝwātǝs: twelve 8
100 stu: a hundred
‘cyδc, mistake for ‘yδc 15
’’βr- ’’γt āβǝr- āγǝt: to bring 5
’’βrxsy āβǝrǝxsē: lust 6
’’βrxsymync āβǝrǝxsīmēnč: of lust 9
’’δy āδē: any 6
’’fryn- ’’fryt āfrīn- āfrīt: praise, create(?) 13
’’frywncyk āfrīwǝnčīk: blessing 15
’’γ’z- ’’γšt āγāz- (māγāz-, āγāz-) āγǝšt: to begin 4
’’γδy āγǝδē: a wish 10
’’γwnd- ’’γwst āγund- āγust: to cover 15
’’jwn āžōn: birth (~ gati, Buddh.), child 9
’’jy- ’’jit āžǝy- āžit: to be born 7
’’kwc- ’’kwγt ākōč- ākuγd: to hang, suspend 10
’’p āp fem.: water 3
’’p’y- ’’p’t āpāy- āpāt: to consider, imagine, fathom 8
’’pyk āpīk: of water, living in water 12
’’pzmb āpzǝmb: shore 15
’’s- ‘yt ās- ēt: to take 8
’’s ās: taking 15
’’stny āstǝnē: initial, first 13
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’’tr ātǝr: fire 4

’’wmr’z āw-mǝrāz: coworker, collaborator 13
’’wrt- āwart-: to turn hither 14
’’wzr āwǝzǝr: *slope 14
’’x’s āxās: battle, fight 13
’’x’s ’wxwnc āxās ōxunč: struggle 14
’’x’skry āxāskǝrē: soldier 12
’’x’sryjy āxāsrēžē: whose pleasure is in fighting 13
’’x’sw’δy āxāswāδē: battlefield 13
’xwšndy *ǝxušǝndē: *satisfied 14
’’yfs- ’’yβt āyǝfs- āyǝβd: to be perverted, compromised 14
’’yfs- ’’yβt āyǝfs- āyǝβd: to become perverted 11
’’ykwn āyǝkōn: eternally 1
’’ykwncyk āykōnčīk: eternal 12
’’ymb- ’’yβt āyamb- āyǝβd: to pervert 11
’’z āz fem.: desire, greed, Hyle (the dark and evil feminine principle) 4
’’zmyc āzǝmīč: of desire, greed 9
’’znd = ’’zynd 15
’’zrmkry āzarmkǝrē: hurting 11
’’zrmkry āzǝrmkǝrē: someone who hurts 12
’’zynd āzend: parable, story 1
’’zyr- *āzir-: to be harmed, be hurt 13
’’zyr- āzēr-: to harm, torment 10
’’zyr- āzēr-: to harm 12
’βjng’ry ǝβǝžǝngārē: evil-doer 12
’βjyr‘ynyy ǝβžirēnē: made of diamonds; from vajra, cf. Khotanese vaśi’ra- 8
’βnw- ǝβnǝw- (ǝβnō-): to tremble, shake 8
’βt’myδ ǝβdamēѳ: a week 13
’βtkyšp ǝβdkišp: the (world) of the Seven Climes, the whole world 10
’βy’p ǝβyāp: *reach 8
’βzn *ǝβzǝn: *recognition 12
’cyδc ǝčēδč: *something(?) 6
’δw ǝδu (ǝδǝw): two (before noun) 5
’fcmbδδ ǝfčambǝδ: the world 5
’fryn- ’fryt āfrīn- āfrīt: bless 7
’fryn- ’fryt āfrīn- āfrīt: to bless 7
’ft’r ǝftār: much, many 15
’ftmw ǝftǝmu: firstly 5
’ftmy ǝftǝmi: first, first of all 10
’ftmyk ǝftǝmīk: first, 1st 10
’hw’yy ahwāy: Eve 7
’jndy ēžǝndē: worthy 15
’krt’ny-k’ry ǝkǝrtānī-kārē: sinner 7
’kš- > kš- 12
’kt- > wβ- ’kt-
’kt’ny ǝktānē: sin 10
’ktsp’s ǝktǝspās: obliging 13
’kty, fem. ’ktc ǝktē, ǝktč: done 3
’kty’ ǝkǝtyā: act, deed 2
’kwc- ’kwγt ākōč- ākuγd: to suspend, hang up 11
’kwt ǝkut, plur. ǝkutīšt: dog 5
’mbyr- ambēr-: to fill (trans.) 9
’nc’y- ’nc’t ančāy- ančāt: to calm down, end 13
’ndwxc andōxč: sorrow 9
’ndwxcn’k andōxčǝnāk: anxious 13
’ndwxs- anduxs-: to strive, toil 6
’ndxs- ’ntγt andǝxs- (mandǝxs-) andǝγd: to flee 6
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LESSON 15
’nδmy anδǝmē: limb 4

’nfr’sy anfrāsē: *quarrel, *litigation 10
’ngr’nd angrānd: cutting 15
’nγ’w anγāw: *haste 5
’nγty, fem. ’nγtc anγǝtē, anγǝtč: entire, complete 3
’ns’c- ’nsγt ansāč- ansǝγd: to arrange 11
’nsp’ anspā: carpet 6
’nspt- anspǝt-: to rise, rouse oneself 8
’nst *ansǝt: *mischief 6
’nšpn- anšpǝn- (manšpǝn-): to rest 4
’nšpr(n)- anšpǝr(ǝn)-: to tread (upon) 8
’nwyj- ’nwšt anwēž- ǝnušt: to gather (trans.) 5
’nwz- ’nwšt anwǝz- ǝnušt: to gather 3
’nxr anxǝr: star 13
’nxr anxǝr: star, constellation 11
’nxrksy anxǝrkǝsē: astrologer 13
’nxrwzn anxǝr-wǝzǝn: zodiac 11
’nxsty anxǝstē: goaded 13
’nxwnc anxwanč: dispute, fight 13
’nxz- ’nxšt anxǝz- (manxǝz-) anxǝšt: to rise 4
’ny ǝniy: other 2
’ny’k ənyāk: grandfather 10
’ny’m anyām: end 7
’nyms- ’nymt anyǝms- anyǝmt: to be finished, done for 7
’nzr’ anzǝrā: damage 15
’p’ryk ǝpārīk: other, remaining 15
’pryw ǝprew = pryw 6
’ps-, ’prs- fšt ǝps- (ǝpǝrs-) fǝšt: to ask (+ acc. + gen.-dat. or c-) 4
’ps’k ǝpsāk fem.: wreath 8
’pstw- ǝpǝstǝw- + čǝ: to renounce 10
’pšyk ǝpšēk: spilling 15
’py’r ǝpyār: last night 8
’rd’w’n m’t ardāwān māt: the Mother of the Righteous (Pers.-Parth. word) 10
’rk ark fem.: work 2
’rt’w ǝrtāw: righteous 3
’rt’wspy’ ǝrtāwǝspyā: righteousness, the community of the righteous 7
’rtxwšt artxušt: light (as one of the five elements) 4
’rty árti: and 3
’ry’n wyjn aryān wēžǝn: (Zor.) the Aryan Expanse, the mythical homeland of the Iranians 12
’sk’tr ǝskātǝr: higher, further, any more 6
’skw- ’skw’t ǝskǝw- ǝskwāt: to dwell, be 3
’skycyk ǝskēčīk: hight, tall 2
’skys’r ǝskīsār: upward 6
’sp ǝsp: horse 1
’sp’s ǝspās: service 10
’sp’sy ǝspāsē: servant 11
’sp’δ ǝspāδ: army 8
’spnc ǝspanč: mansion, guest-house 9
’spnd ǝspand: *sacred 15
’sprγm ǝspǝrγǝm: flower 8
’spty ǝspǝtē: full, complete 2
’spty’k ǝspǝtyāk: completeness 13
’spyš- ’spxšt ǝspeš- ǝspǝxšt: to serve 10
’stk’njl ǝstǝkanǰǝl: of bone 7
’š, wš ǝš, uš: memory, mind 6
’škmb ǝškamb: world (~ loka, Buddh.) 10
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’škwrδ ǝškurѳ: heavy, serious 15

’šm’r- ’šm’rt = šm’r- šm’rt (ǝ)šmār- (šīmār-) (ǝ)šmārt: to think 9
’šm’r’ ǝšmārā: thought 9
’škr- škrt > škr- škrt
’štyk ǝštīk: third 7
’ty ǝti: and 2
’wfs- ’wβd ōfs- ōβd: to sleep 6
’wjγδ- (w’jγδ-) ’wjγst ōžγǝδ- (wāžγǝδ-) ōžγǝst: to dismount 4
’wpt- (w’pt-) ’wpst ōpǝt- (wāpǝt-) ōpǝst: to fall (down) 15
’wpt- ’wpst (w’pt) ōpǝt- (wāpǝt-) ōpǝst: to fall 6
’wrδ ōrǝѳ: there 11
’wrm ōrǝm: *calm 9
’wryz ōrēz-: fall down 8
’wst(y)- ’wst’t ōstǝy- (wāstǝy-) ōstāt: to place 4
’wswxs ’wswγt ōsuxs- (wāsuxs-) ōsuγd: to be purified 7
’wswγtp’zn ōsuγdpāzǝn: a pure heart 10
’wswγty, fem. ’wswγtc ōsuγdē, ōsuγdǝč: purified, pure 3
’wšt(y)- (w’šty-) ’wst’t ōšt(ǝy)- (wāšty-) ōstāt: to stand 4
’wt’k ōtāk: place 7
’wyjtk’ry ǝwižd-kārē: killer, murderer 8
’xš’wn ǝxšāwǝn: a rule 8
’xš’wnδ’r ǝxšāwǝnδār: ruler 11
’xšn’m ǝxšnām: grace 10
’xšnk ǝxšnǝk: graceful 8
’xšywny ǝxšēwǝnē: ruler 8
’xšywnymyc ǝxšēwǝnēmīč fem.: royal 8
’xšyδ xšēѳ: ruler 11
’xw’y- ’xw’t ǝxwāy- ǝxwāt: to break, infringe 9
’xwsndy’ ǝxusandyā: satisfaction 15
’xwšnd ǝxušand: *pleased 10
’yδ ēδ: this 3
’yδc ēδǝč: any 6
’yδc ... ny/n’ ēδč ... nē/na: no, not, don’t ... any (thing), nothing 3
’yδy ēδē: person, somebody 6
’yjn, ‘yjn ēžǝn: worthy 8
’yjn’wy ēžǝnāwī: worthiness 11
’ync īnč f.: woman 13
’yny, ‘yny ēnē: this 3
’ys-, ‘ys- ’’γt ēs- āγǝt: to come 3
’yškty īškǝtē: house of the women, women’s quarters, harem 13
’yw ēw: one’škry ǝškǝrē: in pursuit 4
’yw wnyy δβty’ ēw wine δβitya: one another 11
’ywt’c ēwtāč: single 6
’yzt ēzd: street 11
’zprt ǝzpart: pure 12
’ztyw ǝzdēw: exiled 14
’zw ǝzu: I (subject) 3
’zwrt = zwrt 9
’zy myδ ǝz(y)ī mēѳ: yesterday 7
β’ry βārē: rider 6
β’rycyk βārēčīk: riding animal 8
β’w- βāw-: to approach 13
β’wcy(k) βāwčī, βāwčīk: sufficient 12
β’γ βāγ: garden 7
βγ, plur. βγyšt, βγ’n βǝγ, βǝγīšt, βǝγān: lord, sir 2
βγ’nyk βǝγānīk: of the gods, divine 7
βγn βǝγǝn neut.: temple 5
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LESSON 15
βγpšy βǝγpǝšē: son of gods 10

βγyyst’n βǝγistān: place of gods 14
βj’wk βǝžāwk: misery 10
βjγδ- βjγst βǝžγǝδ- (βāžγǝδ) βǝžγǝst: to mount (a horse) 8
βjng’ry βǝžǝngārē: evil-doing 6
βjyβr’n βežīβǝrān: miserable 13
βjyk βǝžīk: evil (adj.) 13
βr- βwrt/βrt βǝr- βurt/βart: to carry, bring 3
βr’t βǝrāt: brother 1
βry βǝrē: fruit 8
βry βǝriy fem.: air 3
βryywr βrēwǝr: 10,000 10
βryyβryny βǝrēβǝrēnē: fruit-bearing 8
βwδ’ndy, fem. βwδ’ndc βōδandē, βōδanč: fragrant 3
βwδnβr’n βōδǝnβǝrān: *perceptive 8
βwδstn βōδǝstǝn: garden 11
βwn βun: bottom 11
βwrt’rmyky’ βurtārǝmīkyā: patience 8
βwsndy βūsǝndī: fasting 15
βxš- βγt βǝxš- βǝγd: to distribute 6
βy’ryy βyārī: the next morning 5
βyj βež fem.: evil 11
βyjβry βež-βǝrē: suffering, needy 12
βyjyβr’n βežēβǝrān: dejected 14
βyk βēk: outside 6
βyks’r βēk-sār: outward, away 6
βynd- βst βend- βǝst: to bind, lock 4
βyr- βyrt βīr- βírt/βīrǝt: to obtain, be successful 5
βyry βīrē: obtaining, success 15
c’δr čāδǝr: down (below) 6
c’δrcy(k) čāδǝrčī, čāδǝrčīk: inferior, below 11
c’δrs’r čāδǝrsār: down(ward) 11
c’δrstr c- čāδǝristǝr č-: further down from 10
c’γwny čā-γōnē: of what kind 8
c’f čāf: as much as, how much 8
c’fryδ čāfrēδ: just as much as, just how much 8
c’fyδ čāfēδ: just as much as, just how much 8
c’nw čānō: as, when, like 6
c’prm čā-pǝrǝm: as long as, how long 8
cf- cβt čǝf- čǝβd: to steal 4
ckn’c pyδ’r čǝkǝnāč piδār: why, for what reason 4
cndn čandǝn: as much as, how much 8
cndr čandǝr: within 11
crm čarm: skin, hide 8
ctf’rmyk čǝtfārǝmīk: fourth 4
cw ’ty ču ǝti: whatever that 6
cw ču: what 3
cxr čǝxr: wheel 11
cxs’m čǝxšām: salve 15
cxš’pt čǝxšāpǝt: commandment 9
cxwδ čǝxūδ: Jewish 4
cyn Čīn: Chinese 4
cyndr čendǝr: inside 14
cynstn Čīnǝstǝn: China 3
cytyy čētē: ghost 13
δ’m δām fem.: creation 3
107 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM

δ’r- jγt δār- žǝγd: to hold, keep, maintain 6

δβ’nzk’wy δβanzǝkāwī: thickness 11
δβ’r ѳǝβār: gift(-giving) 5
δβ’t δβāt: perhaps 13
δβr δβǝr: door, gate 5
δβr- δβrt (δ’βr-) ѳǝβǝr- (ѳāβǝr-) ѳǝβart: to give, given 1
δβtyk δǝβdīk: second, 2nd 4
δβyš δβēš: harm 5
δβyšny δβēšenē: harmful 12
δrjy’wr žyāwǝr: heart 4
δrw’n ÿǝrwān: Throana, Dunhuang 7
δrwnp’δy δrūn-pāѳē: shooting with bow (and arrows) 5
δrwnstn δrūnǝstǝn: quiver 8
δs’ δǝsa: ten 1
δsmyk δǝsǝmīk: tenth, 10th 10
δstβry δǝstβǝrē: guide, representative 7
δt, plur. δtyšt δǝt δǝtīšt neut.: wild animal 5
δw’n δǝwān: forward 15
δw’tsryty δǝwātǝs-rētē: having twelve faces 13
δwγt, plur. δwγtrt δuγd, δuγdárt fem.: daughter 2
δwr δūr: far, distant 3
δyδym δēδēm: diadem 8
δyδymβr δēδēmβǝr: diadem-carrying 8
δyk δēk: letter 8
δyn δēn fem.: religion 7
δyn’βry, fem. δyn’βr’nc δēnāβǝrē, δēnāβerānč, plur. δēnāβerāšt: male/female elect 12
δyn’r δēnār (or δīnār): dinar 1
δynδ’r, δynδ’ry δēnδār, δēnδārē: holder of the religion, (good) Manichean 3
δynmync δēnmēnč: of the religion 12
δynyfrn δēnī-farn: the Glory of the Religion 5
δyštwc δištōč: poverty 10
δyw δēw: demon 2
δyw’štyk δēwāštīk: ? 15
δywδ’t δēwδāt: demon-made 4
δywny’ty δēw-nyātē: possessed by demons 13
dwšystrwšn’n Dōšistrōšnān (MPers.): Friend of the Lights 15
fny- fǝnǝy-: *renounce (sth. for: pǝr- +) 9
fr’k fǝrāk: tomorrow 13
fr’nβsty frānβǝstē: whose breath is obstructed 13
frγ’z- fǝrγāz-: to begin (to do) 6
frkrnd- fǝrkrand-: to cut 14
frm’n fǝrmān fem.: order, command 6
frm’y- frm’t fǝrmāy- (frāmāy-) fǝrmāt: to order, command; + infinitive (see next lesson) 6
frmrz- (fr’mrz-) frmšt fǝrmǝrz- (frāmǝrz-) fǝrmǝšt: ruin 4
frn farn: majesty, glory 8
frnkwndy’ farnxundǝkyā: glory 15
frp’š- fǝrpāš- (frāpāš-): to urge on 8
frp’š- fǝrpāš-: to throw 15
frtry’ fǝrtǝryā: increase, improvement, furtherance 6
frwrt frurt, fǝrwǝrt in artāw fǝrwǝrt: the ether (as one of the five elements) 4
frwz- frwšt fǝruz- fǝrušt: to fly (forth) 14
fry friy: dear 2
fry’nw’z friyanwāz: company of friends 9
fry’tr, fy’tr fǝryātǝr, fǝyātǝr: more 6
fry’wy friyāwī: love 6
fryšty fǝrēštē: angel 1
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 108

LESSON 15
fryt’t frītāt fem.: love, charity 5

fryyrw’n frī-rǝwān: soul-loving, the Hearer 10
fs’c fǝsāč-: to teach 6
fsp fǝsp: rug 10
fswx fǝsux: frasang 11
fšy’ws fǝšyāwǝs: gentleman 6
ftr- fǝtǝr-: pull out 15
γ’δwk γāѳuk: throne 1
γβty γǝβdē: *strenuous, exhausting 12
γmbn γambǝn: trouble, exertion, toil, hardship 7
γmbnβry γambǝn-βǝrē who suffers hardship 7
γn γǝn: skill, craft 7
γnd’k γandāk: bad, foul 3
γnd’kry γandā(k)kǝrē: evil-doer 13
γr γǝr: mountain 6
γr’myy γǝrāmē: wealth 13
γr’n γǝrān: heavy 5
γrβ > γrf
γrβ γarβ = γarf 8
γrβ- γrβ’t γǝrβ- γǝrβāt: to know, understand 3
γrβ’k γǝrβāk: wise 5
γrβ’ky’ γǝrβākyā: knowledge 2
γrδ γǝrδ: neck 10
γrf γarf: much, many 3
γryw γǝrīw fem.: self, soul 4
γw- γǝw-: to be necessary; + infinitive 5
γw’n γǝwān: sin 7
γw’nkry γǝwānkǝrē: sinner 12
γw’nw’cy γǝwān-wāčī: forgiveness for sins 7
γwβ- γōβ-: to praise 14
γwδy γōδē: vessel 15
γwš γōš: ear 13
γyr γīr: late 9
γyrtr γīrtǝr: later 14
γyšyp γišēp: harm 8
γzn γǝzn: treasure 13
j’m žām: exquisite 11
j’r žār fem.: poison 3
j’rny žārenē: poisonous, full of poison 7
j’y- žāy-: to speak, talk 14
jβ- jβ’t žǝβ- žǝβāt: to bite 13
jγrt žγart: quickly 3
jγw žǝγu: very 14
jγw, jwγ- žǝγu žuγ-: hard, cruel 14
jγyr- jγyrt žǝγēr (žīγēr-) žǝγērt (?): to call 4
jγyr- žγir-: to be called 13
jmn žǝmǝn: time (point of, stretch of time) 14
jmnw žǝmnu: time, hour 5
jmyky’ žǝmīkyā: ? 15
jn- jyt žǝn- žit: to strike, play (an instrument) 6
jn’ žǝnā: knowledge 15
jw- žǝw-: to live 5
jw’n žǝwān fem.: life 2
jwky’ žūkyā: (good) health 9
jwndy žwandē (masc. and fem.): living 5
jwšy : *sacrifice? 13
109 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM

jyk žek fem.: damage 10

jymt *žīmǝt: city name 15
jyn’ ženā : body 14
jyšt’wc žištāwǝč = jyštwc 9
jyštm’nky’ žIšt-mānǝkyā: ill will 13
jyštwc žištōč: hatred 6
k’rpδ kārpǝδ: way 12
k’s kās: pig 3
kβn kǝβn: less, too little 5
kβnyxn kǝβnīxǝn: *meager remnant 7
-kδ -kǝδ = kǝδa 9
kδ’ kǝδa: when(ever) 6
kδry kǝѳrē, kǝšē: now 5
kδwty kǝδuti: that 6
kmbwny kambōnī: inferiority, lessness 8
kmby kambī: less, too little 6
*knd kand: family 13
knδ kanѳ fem.: town 4
knδβr kanѳβǝr (< kanѳ-δβǝr): city gate 4
kp kǝp, plur. kǝpīšt: fish 10
kpwr kǝpūr: camphor 15
kpyδ *kǝpēδ: *shop, *stall, *room 11
kr’n kǝrān: pure, clean 6
krj karž: miracle 15
krjy’wr kǝržyāwǝr: marvel, wonder 8
krmšwhn karmšōhǝn: absolution 10
krnw’ncy’ qǝrnǝwānčyā: craft 7
kršn karšǝn: form 8
kršn’w karšnāw: beauty 5
kš- (’)kšt- kǝš- (ǝ)kǝšt-: till, sow 12
kš’wrzy kǝšāwǝrzē: farmer 8
kš’wrzy kǝšāwǝrzē: tilling (the fields), agriculture 13
kšn kašn = karšn: form 15
kštr kǝštǝr: smaller 6
kt kát: that, if 2
kt’r kǝtār: or, whether 7
kt’r ... kt’r kǝtār ... kǝtār: either ... or 7
ktskndm’nky’ kǝtskǝnd-mānǝkyā: destructive purpose(?) 13
kty kǝtē: house 13
ktyβryk kǝtēβǝrīk: pertaining to the house 10
kwγwny kuγunē: proper name, offspring of Ahriman 15
kwjpy’k kužbyāk(?): *zeal 14
kwn- ’krt kun- ǝk(ǝr)t: to do 6
kws kōs: side 6
kwtr kōtǝr: family (Sanskrit gotra) 13
kwts’r kutsār: where(to) 4
kwty kōtī: a kot≤i (zillion) 10
ky ’ty kē ǝti: whom 4
kyn kēn: hate, revenge 13
kyr- ’kšt kēr- ǝkǝšt: to till 12
kyr’n kirān, see grammar 13
kyr’n kirān: direction; čǝn ... kirān: from the side/direction of (see grammar lesson 13) 11
kyrmny kirmenē: worm-eaten 8
kyš- kēš-: to decrease 8
kyštyc keštīč: (ground) for tilling, farmland 8
kyty kēti < kē ǝti 7
m’n mān: mind 10
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LESSON 15
m’ncyk mānčīk: intentional(?) 15

m’nwk mānūk: similar 14
m’nwk mānuk: similar 8
m’t māt fem.: mother 1
m’xjmncyk māxžǝmǝnčīk: of Monday 13
m’yδ = myδ mēδ: thus 7
mδyδ mǝδēδ: here 6
mγδβ mǝγδǝβ: Magian 15
mγwn mǝγōn: entire 3
mnd’’γ’ry’ mand-āγǝryā: ? 15
mndm’nky’ mand-mānǝkyā: carelessness 13
mndm’ny mand-mānē: careless 13
mndxwpyy mand-xōpē: lacking goodness 9
mndzprt mand-zǝpart: unclean, impure 9
mr’z mǝrāz: workman 3
mrc marč fem.: death 3
mrcyny, fem. mrcync marčenē, marčenč: deadly 3
mrδ’spnd mǝrѳāspǝnd: element, the sons of Primal Man (Xormǝzd) 2
mrγ marγ fem.: meadow 9
mrγ mǝrγ, plur. mǝrγīšt: bird 5
mrγ’rt mǝrγārt: pearl 3
mrγ’rt-swmby mǝrγārt-sūmbē: pearl-borer 4
mrt mrt mart mart: each and every one 6
mrt mrt mart mart: individually 15
mrts’r martsār: hither 3
mrtxm’ny mǝrtǝxmānē: of men 8
mrtxmy mǝrtǝxmē: man, person, human being, people (plur.) 5
mrty martiy: man 1
mrym’ny marī mānī: Mar Mani 12
mrync- mǝrēnǰ-: to destroy 5
ms mǝs: also 5
mstk’ry mǝst-kārē: intoxicating 12
mstwny mǝstōnī: drunkenness 11
msy’tr mǝsyātǝr: greater 6
mšyβγ Mǝšīβǝγ: the Third Messenger (Miѳr) 5
mwγ’ny muγānē: Magian 14
mwγ’ny, fem. mwγ’nc muγānē, muγānč: of the Magi 12
mwrty murtē: corpse 2
myδ mēѳ: day 1
myδ, m’yδ mēδ: thus 1
myδ’ny mēδānī: among, amidst 14
myδry-βγ miѳriβǝγ, mišiβǝγ: the Third Messenger (< god Miѳra) 15
myj mež fem.: lens 10
myn- mēn-: to dwell 7
myr- mwrt mir- murt: to die 3
mzyx, fem. mzyxc mǝzēx, mǝzēxč: big, great 2
mzyxy’ mǝzēxyā: greatness 9
n’f nāf: people 14
n’-γrβty nā-γǝrǝβdē: incomprehensible 13
n’-γrβyny nā-γǝrβēnē: ignorant 13
n’ktc nāktč < nā + ǝktč: undone, not done 10
n’ktynyy nāktēnē: of silver 14
n’m nām: name 10
n’mr nāmǝr: sweet 6
n’nγ’my nā-nǝγāmē: untimely 14
n’-pδkcyk nā-pǝδǝkčīk: unlawful 13
111 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM

n’šny nāšǝnē: rolling, turning 11

n’-swβt nā-suβd: un-bored 7
n’-wyyt nā-wīt: unseen 14
n’ywk’wyy nāyūŸkāwī: depth; from nāyūŸk “deep” 8
nβnd nǝβand: reins 13
nβty, fem. nβtc nǝβdē, nǝβdč: wet 3
nβynd- nβst nǝβend- (nīβend-) nǝβǝst: to attach 8
nβyr nǝβēr: deliberation, planning 6
nβyr- nβyr’t nǝβēr-āt: to deliberate 10
nfryn nǝfrīn: curse 15
nγ’δ’ nǝγāδā: prayer, request; ~ βǝr-: to request 13
nγwš- nγwšt nǝγōš- nǝγušt: to listen to 14
nγwš’k nǝγōšāk: hearer 5
nγwš’k’nc nǝγōšākānč fem.: female hearer 12
nγwšk’ny nǝγōšǝkānē: of the hearers 8
nγwδn nǝγōδǝn: dress, garment 8
nm- nǝm-: to let, permit (+ infinitive) 13
nm’c βr- nǝmāč βǝr-: to do homage, obeisance 12
nm’ny nǝmānē: regret 7
nm’y- nm’t nǝmāy- (nīmāy-) nǝmāt: to judge 4
nmy’k nǝmyāk: belittling 9
nmy’k nǝmyāk + kun-: to belittle, put down 15
nnδβ’mbn nǝnǝ-δβāmbǝn: Lady Nana 15
np’k nǝpāk: hostage 4
npyk nǝpēk: sth. written 8
npys- npxšt nǝpēs- nǝpǝxšt: to write 3
npyšn nǝpēšǝn: grandson 5
npδ- npst nǝpǝδ- (nīpǝδ-) nǝpǝst: to lie down 6
nryšnx nǝrēšanx: Man. deity 15
nšyδ- nǝšēδ- (nīšēδ-): to set down 10
nw’rt *nǝwārt: contradiction, provocation (?) 9
nw-γrβy nō-γǝrβī: ignorance 13
nwkr nūkǝr: now 1
nwm nūm: rule 13
nwmyk nōmīk: ninth, 9th 10
nwr nūr: today 1
nwrt- nǝwart-: to turn thither 14
nw-ryjy nō-rēžī: displeasure, dislike 13
nwš’ft’k nōšāftāk: flowing with ambrosia 9
nwšy, fem. nwšc nōšē, nōšč: immortal 3
nwy nǝwē: new 5
nwyδ nǝwēδ: invitation 13
ny nē: not 2
ny ... ny nē ... nē: neither ... nor 8
ny’s- (nyy’s) ny’t nyās- (nīyās) nyāt: to take 4
ny’wr nyāwǝr: another time 14
ny’z nǝyāz: need (+ infinitive, e.g., “there is no need to do sth.”) 6
nyδ- nyst nīѳ- nīst: to sit (down) 11
nyjy- nyjt, njyt nižǝy-(nīžǝy-) nižǝt, nǝžit (nižd): to go out 6
nymy nēmē: one half 12
nymyδ nē(m)mēѳ: south 13
nyrβ’n nirβān: nirvana (Buddh.) 10
nyrk nērǝk: male 11
nyxy’ nīxyā: depth, care 9
nyzβ’ny *nizβānē: passion 13
p’ pā = p’rty pār-ti: for 15
p’ pā: short form of pār-ti 6
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LESSON 15
p’cr’t pāčrāt: reward 14

p’δy pāѳī: still 13
p’mpwšt pāmbušt: consort, spouse, wife (from Pers. bāmbišn, bāmbušn) 8
p’r(w)ty pār(u)-ti: but (instead) 6
p’rty pār-ti: for 7
p’rγzy’ pārǝγzyā: excellence 8
p’šy pāšē: guardian 10
p’šyk pāšīk: hymn 13
p’šyn pāšēn: guardian 11
p’tcγnyy pātčǝγnē: answer 14
p’zy pāzē(?): part 13
pc’w’ pǝčāwā: turmoil, quarrel 13
pc’w’ywγty pǝčāwāyuγdē: quarrelsome 13
pckwyr pǝčkwēr: fear 9
pcm’k pǝčmāk: resembling 10
pcp’t pǝčpāt: this time 13
pcwz- pǝčwǝz- (pǝčīwǝz-): to meet, get together (also sexually) 6
pcxw’q pǝčxwāk: obstacle 14
pcγt > ptcxš- 8
pcy’y- pǝčyāy-: to help 14
pδ- pǝδ: foot (of mountain) 12
pδ’mn pǝδāmǝn: skirt (of mountain) 12
pδβ’r- (p’δβ’r) pǝѳβār- (pāѳβār): to hurry, rush 8
pδk pǝδk fem.: judgement 2
pδwfs- pǝδufs- (impf. =): to stick, cling 5
pδy pǝδē: foot soldier 8
pδynd *pǝδēnd: threshold 11
pδynj- pδγt pǝѳenj pǝѳǝγd: to pull (out) 13
pγšty pǝγǝštē: (to be) about to (do) 6
pjwk pǝžūk: abortion 6
pn’nc pǝnānč fem.: co-wife 12
pncmyk panǰǝmīk: fifth 8
pnd pand: close, relative 10
pr pǝr: on, etc. (preposition) 2
pr’kn- pr’knd pǝrākǝnd-: to scatter, sow 12
pr’w ’ty pǝrāw-ǝti: for (because) 13
pr’δn pǝrāѳǝn: sale 12
prβγn parβǝγǝn: gift 2
prδβn pǝrδǝβǝn: deceit, harm 10
prδw- prδwt pǝrδǝw- pǝrδūt: to sully, pollute 13
prkyš- (prykyš) prkšt pǝrkēš- (pǝrīkēš) pǝrkišt: to imprison 4
prm pǝrǝm: (all the way) to; postposition + acc. 4
prm’n, mistake for frm’n 15
prs pǝrs fem.: side, flanc 11
pršp’r pǝršpār: trampling 4
pršprn paršpǝrǝn: pavement 8
pršt’k pǝrštāk: preparation, equipment 5
pršt’y- pršt’t pǝrštāy- (pǝrīštāy-) pǝrštāt: to prepare 4
prštrn- prštrt pǝrštǝrǝn- (pǝrīštǝrǝn-) pǝrštǝrt: to spread 6
prt’w pǝrtāw: *bench 9
prtr partǝr: higher, foremost 7
prwrty pǝrwǝrtē: turn, time 15
prwyδ- pǝrwēδ-: to seek 5
prwyrt- pǝrwērt-: to let become 9
prxs- (pr’γt) prγt pǝrǝxs- (pārǝxs-) pǝrǝγd: to be left (over), remain 4
prxy pǝrxē: payment, wages 2
113 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM

prys- pr’γt pǝrēs- pǝrāγǝt: arrive 7

pryw = ’pryw (ǝ)pǝrew: together (with); postposition with instr.-abl. 6
przr parzǝr: very 14
ps- fršt, fšt pǝs- fǝršt, fǝšt: to ask, investigate 3
ps’k pǝsāk fem.: wreath, crown 2
pswc- pǝsōč-: to purify 6
pswxs- pswγt pǝsuxs- pǝsuγd: to be purified 11
psyδ pǝsēδ: diminishing 9
pš’k pǝšāk: abortion 15
pš’y- pǝšāy-: to throw 5
pšt’wn pǝštāwǝn: order, command 6
pšy pǝšī: after (+ loc.) 15
ptβnd pǝtβand: bond 14
ptβnd pǝtβand: link, tie, bond 11
ptβty pǝtǝβdy: burned, scorched 13
ptcxš- ptcγt (pcγt) pǝtčǝxš- (pǝtīčǝxš-) pǝtčǝγd: to receive, accept 8
ptγwδ- ptγwst pətγōδ- pǝtγust: hide, conceal 5
ptγwš- ptγwšt pǝtγōš- - pǝtγušt: to hear, heard 1
ptjy’mc pǝtǝžyāmǝč: *quarrel 4
ptk’r’ pǝtkārā: shape 8
ptm’k pǝtmāk: measure 8
ptmwk pǝtmōk: garment, dress 8
ptmwxs- (ptymwxs-) ptmwγt pǝtmuxs- (pǝtīmuxs) pǝtmuγd: to don, put on (a garment) 15
ptmync- ptmwγt pǝtmenǰ-(pǝtīmenǰ-) pǝtmuγd: to don, put on clothes 7
ptn pǝtǝn: *solitude, *privacy 13
ptnwy pǝtnǝwī: anew, again 13
ptr pǝtǝr: father 1
ptr’z- ptršt pǝtrāz- pǝtrǝšt: to erect 10
ptrk’n pǝtǝrkān: estate, inheritance 12
ptrwp pǝtrōp: *fortress 7
ptryδ- ptryst pǝtrēѳ- pǝtrist: to mix, mingle 7
ptryš- ptryšt pǝtrēš- pǝtrišt: to tear up 14
ptrysty, fem. ptrysc pǝtristē, pǝtrisč: mixed 3
pts’c- ptsγt pǝtsāč- pǝtsǝγd: to build, construct 5
pts’k pǝtsāk: construction 5
pts’k pǝtsāk: regulation 14
pts’r pǝtsār: again, once more 1
ptsγty, fem. ptsγtč’ pǝtsǝγdē, pǝtsǝγtč: prepared, constructed 3
ptst’t pǝtǝstāt: opposition, resistance 6
ptsxs- ptsγt pǝtsǝxs- pǝtsǝγd: to be constructed 15
ptsynd- pǝtsend- (pǝtīsend-): to agree 8
ptšk’f- pǝtškāf-: to smash 15
ptškwy- ptškw’t pǝtškwǝy- pǝtškwāt: to say 3
ptšm’r pǝtšmār: count 7
ptw’f- pǝtwāf-: to weave 11
ptxryn- ptxryt pǝtxrīn (pǝtīxrīn) pǝtxrīt: to hire, rent 4
ptxw’y- ptxwst pǝtxwāy- pǝtxust: to kill. 3
ptxwng pǝtxwang: murder 15
pty’m- ptymt pǝtyām- pǝtyamt: to end, stop (trans.) 11
pty’mcyk pǝtyāmčīk: final, 12
pty’p pǝtyāp: part, time (3 times) 4
pty’r pǝtyār: opposition, harm, counterpart 11
ptycy *pǝtīčī: facing 14
ptyms- ptymt pǝtyǝmǝs- (pǝtīyǝms-) pǝtyamt: to end, stop (intrans.) 5
ptyδy’ pǝtēδyā: offense 15
ptyδy’ pǝtēδyā: offense 9
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 114

LESSON 15
ptyn pǝtīn: separate(ly) 11

ptz’n- pǝtzān-: to know, recognize 9
ptzrn pǝtzarn: anger 13
pw-’rγ pū-arγ: priceless, valuable 11
pwrδnk purδank: leopard 8
pws- pwt pūs- pūt: to rot 8
pw-s’k pū-sāk: countless 9
pw-s’k pū-sāk:: countless 13
pw-skβty pū-skǝβdē: *helpless 7
pwt, plur. pwtyšt put (bud), putīšt: Buddha 2
pwt’ny putānē: Buddhist 4
pww wyδ’β pū-wiδāβ: without injury 13
pxry pǝxrē: planet 11
pxw’y- pxwst pǝxwāy- pǝxust: to cut off 14
py’t- pyst pyāt- pyast: to adorn 7
py’ty pyātē: adornment 7
pyδ pīδ: elephant 3
pyδ’r piδār in cn ... pyδ’r čən ... piδār: because of 12
pyn- pīn-: to open 5
pyrnm pērnǝm: before 13
pyrnms’r pērnǝmsār: before, in front of 5
pyšt pišt: but 14
pysws pēsōs: female archont, maker of Adam and Eve 15
r’β rāf: sickness 13
r’δ rāѳ fem.: road 12
r’δt’k rāѳ-tāk: guide 6
r’f rāf: illness 9
r’fkyn rāfkēn: diseased 12
r’γ rāγ: plain 9
r’k rāk: vein 11
r’mnd(y) rāmǝnd(ī): always 6
r’y- rāy-: to weep 15
rm rǝm: people 2
ršt rǝšt: straight 12
rtnβ’myk rǝtǝnβāmīk: (like) having the color of jewels 13
rtnyny rǝtnēnē: made of jewels (Skt. ratna) 10
rtu rǝtu: 10 seconds 5
rw’n rǝwān: soul 4
rw’nmyc rǝwānmēč: of the soul 14
rw’nsp’sy rǝwānspāsī: soul-service 15
rwβ *rūf: mouth 9
rwδ- rwst rōδ- rust: to grow 7
rwδny, fem. rwδync rōδenē, rōδēnč: of copper 12
rwrty’mync rurtyāmēnč: of insolence 9
rwstm Rustǝm: proper name 3
rwxšn ruxšǝn: light (adjective) 2
rwxšn’γrδmn ruxšnāγǝrǝδmǝn fem.: the Light Paradise 2
rwxšny’k ruxšnyāk: light 3
rxš Rǝxš: name of Rustam’s horse 2
ryj rēž: pleasure 13
rymny rēmǝnē: soiled, dirty 10
ryš- rēš-: to tear 15
ryt rēt: face 15
ryt rēt: face, respect (in many respects) 8
rytry’ *rētǝryā: *decline 13
s’c- sāč-: it is proper, necessary (for sb. to do); impersonal verb 3
115 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM

s’k sāk: number 7

s’n sān: enemy 6
s’r sār: toward; postposition + gen.-dat.; but kū ... sār “to, toward” + acc. 4
s’rβγ sārβǝγ: tower 4
s’t sāt: all, everything 3
s’t sāt: every, all 5
sfryn- sfryn’t sfrīn- (sīfrīn-) sfrīnāt: to create 4
sfrywn sǝfrīwǝn: creation 5
sγtm’n sǝγdǝmān: all 6
sk’wy skāwī: height 8
sm’n smān: heaven 6
sm’nxšyδ smānxšēδ: Ruler of Heaven, Rex Honoris 11
smwtr sǝmutr: ocean (Sanskrit samudra) 13
smwtryk sǝmutrīk: of the ocean 13
smyrγr sǝmīrγǝr: Mt. Sumeru, the mountain in the middle of the world 12
sn- st sǝn- sǝt: to rise, go up 11
sp’s > ’sp’s
spyn’w’ spēnāwā: *depravity 10
srδng sǝrѳang: chief, leader 9
st- sǝt-: a hundred 2
stβt stǝβd: hard, harsh, fierce 6
stryc, plur. stryšt strīč, strīšt: female, woman 2
swβtγwš suβd-γōš: whose ears are pierced, having pierced ears 13
swγδyk Suγδīk: Sogdian 3
swmb- swβt súmb- suβd: to bore 3
sy’k sǝyāk fem.: shade, shadow 2
sym sēm: fearful 7
syn- st sēn- sǝt: to raise, lead up 6
š’twx šātux: glad, happy 1
š’twxy’ šātuxyā: happiness 4
š’ykn šāykǝn: palace 9
šf’r šǝfār: shame 6
šklwn šǝklōn: male archont (prince of darkness), maker of Adam and Eve 15
škr šǝkǝr: sugar 6
škr- škrt šǝkǝr- (šīkǝr-) šǝkart: to lead, pursue 4
škwrδ škúrѳ: difficult 14
škwy, fem. šwkc šǝkǝwē, šukč: dry 3
šm’r- šǝmār-: to think 13
šm’r- šm’rt = ’šm’r- ’šm’rt 9
šm’r’kyn šǝmārkēn:thoughtful 13
šmn šǝmǝn: Buddhist monk 3
šmn’nc šǝmǝnānč fem.: Buddist nun 12
šmnkw’ny šǝmnǝkwānē/¢ǝmǝnkuwānē: belonging to Šimnu (Ahrimen, Satan) 6
šmnw šǝmnu: Ahrimen, Satan 5
šnyš- šǝnēš-: to cover 15
štyk štīk = ǝštīk 10
šw- xrt šǝw- xart: to go 3
šwnyy šōnē: that (dem. pron., lesson 3) 14
šyr šir: good 2
šyr šīr: well, very 3
šyr’k širāk fem.: goodness 2
šyr’kty širāktī: beneficence 11
šyrβr’n šīrβǝrān: happy 14
šyrkty širǝktē: having done good, pious 13
šyrm’ny šīrmānē: good-spirited, happy 15
šyrn’m šīrnām: fame 4
šyrng’ry širǝngārē: pious, beneficent 12
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LESSON 15
šyrš’yr šīr-šīr: extremely < šīr “very” 5

šyrxwzy šīrxōzē: well-wisher, friend 10
t’ry tārī (tāriy): darkness 4
t’w tāw: might 12
t’wndky’ tāwǝndkyā: might 10
t’wndy tāwandē: mighty, strong 7
tγw tǝγu: you (thou) 3
tkwš- tǝkōš- (tīkōš-): to look (at) 4
tm tǝm: darkness 6
tmb’r > tnb’r
tmb’rmync tambārmēnč: of the body 12
tmyk tǝmīk: of darkness, pertaining to Hell 11
tnb’r, tmb’r tambār fem.: body 4
tnygyrd tǝnīgird: bodily (Parthian word) 8
trγtz’yy trǝγdzāyē: depressed 14
trny’ tarnyā: submissiveness 14
trs’k tǝrsāk: Christian 3
trš- tǝrš-: to flee 6
twj- twγt tōž- tuγd: to pay, redeem 7
twkyn *tōkēn: pond, lake 10
twty tuti = ǝti 15
txyz tǝxēz: (sun-)rise 15
tym tīm: again 5
tys- tγt tīs- tǝγǝt: to enter 7
w’β- wγt wāβ uγd: to say 4
w’c- wγt wāč- uγd: to release, send 4
w’crn wāčǝrǝn: bazaar 4
w’δ jywndy wāδ žīwandē: (Parth.) the Living Spirit 12
w’δ wāδ: place, seat 13
w’f wāf: so many 10
w’f- wāf-: to weave 11
w’f wāf:so much 8
w’fryδ wāfrēδ: just so much 8
w’fyδ wāfēδ: just so much 8
w’γwny wā-γōnē: of that kind 8
w’nw wānō: thus 3
w’nw ’ty wānō ǝti: so that, in order that 5
w’prm wā-pǝrǝm: so long 8
w’r- wār-: to rain 15
w’sty- < ’wsty- 11
w’šty- > ’wšt- 4
w’t wāt: wind 4
w’tδ’r wātδār: living being 10
w’tny wātenē: of wind, windy 12
w’xš wāxš: word 14
w’xšk wāxšǝk: spiritual 8
w’xšyk wāxšīk: spirit 13
wβ- ’kt- uβ- ǝkt-: to become 3
wβyw uβyu: both, as well as 8
wβyw ... wβyw uβyu ... uβyu: both ... and 8
wδ’s- (imperf. wyδ’s-) uδās- (wīδās-): to marvel, wonder 15
wδw uδu, uδǝw fem.: wife 5
wδyδ uδēδ: there 4
wδyr- wδrt uδēr- uδǝrt: to hold out, arrange 12
wγryš-, wyγryš- (wyγryš- ) wγr’t, wyγr’t uγrēš-, wiγrēš- (wīγrēš-) uγrāt, wiγrāt: to wake 8
wγš uγǝš: joy 7
117 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM

wγš-, impf. wyγwš- uγǝš- (wīγuš-): to rejoice 4

wγšndy uγšandē: joyous 3
wmrz- umǝrz-: to destroy 9
wn un (wǝn) fem.: tree 1
wn’r’m unārām: forest retreat(?) 15
wndn wandǝn: so much 8
wnyk unīk: *captive 4
-wr -wǝr: there 10
wrcwnkry určōnkǝrē: magical 10
wrcxwndqy’warčxundǝkyā: magic 8
wrm urǝm: quietness 9
wrnkyn urǝnkēn: believing, faithful 5
wrtn wartǝn: chariot 5
wš wǝš = ǝš: memory, mind 15
wštm’x uštǝmāx: Paradise 3
wtšn utǝšǝn: old, former 10
wty’ utyā: hardship; + βǝr- “to toil” + pǝr- (cf. γambǝn βǝr-) 9
wx’scn uxāsčǝn: troubled 14
wxr, wnxr wa(n)xǝr: voice 14
wxwn- uxun-: to call 15
wy’k wǝyāk: a place 15
wy’βr wyāβǝr: explanation, word 11
wy’βrny wyāβǝrnē: endowed with speech 14
wy’βrt wǝyāβart: speech, exposition 7
wyc’wky’ wičāwīkyā: testimony 12
wyδ’β wiδāβ : harm, damage, injury 13
wyδ’snyq wiδāsǝnīk: wondrous 5
wyδp’t(y) wēδpāt(ī) < wēδ + pāt(ī): that time, then 10
wyδp’ty wēδpātī: at that time, thereupon 7
wyδβ’γ wiδβāγ: discourse 15
wyδβz’t: discourse (?) 13
wyg’n wigān: destruction 9
wyγr’s- wyγr’t wiγrās- (wīγrās-) wiγrāt: to awake (intr.) 13
wyγryš- > wγryš-
wyγwš- wīγuš- > wγš- uγǝš-
wykn-, wyγn- wikǝn-, wiγǝn-: to destroy 9
wyn- wyt wēn wīt: to see 3
wyn’ wīnā fem.: lute, vin≥ā 2
wyn’wcyk wēnāwčīk: visible 15
wyncyk wēnčīk: visible 14
wysp wisp: every, each, all 5
wyspγrβ’k wisp-γǝrβāk: knowing all, omniscient 13
wyspγwny wispγōnē: of all kinds 12
wysprtnyny wispǝrtǝnēnē: studded with jewels (Sanskrit ratna) 14
wyspsprγmy wispǝspǝrγǝmē: all (covered with) flowers 13
wyspwhr ’d cnd’ṭyz’dg Wispuhr ad čandātī-zādag: the Prince and the Murderer’s Son (MPers. tale) 15
wyspzng’n wisp-zangān: all kinds of 8
wyst’w wistāw: oath; wistāw- kun-: to swear an oath 13
wyst’w- wistāw-: to swear 13
wyš wēš: pasture, grass 4
wyšprkr wēšpǝrkǝr: Spiritus vivens (Vaiiuš Uparōkairiia) 11
wyšpšy wišpǝšē (< wispǝšē): prince 10
wytr- witǝr- (wītǝr-): to depart 4
wyx wēx fem.: root 11
wyzr wizǝr: straight 12
wz- wšt uz- ušt: to fly 14
x’n’ xānā fem.: house 1
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 118
LESSON 15
x’w- xāw-: strike 9

x’x xāx: well (of water) 15
x’xsry xāxsǝrē: spring 9
xδwk xǝδūk: resentment 13
xnγr xanγǝr: sword 14
xns xans: firm, strong, secure 5
xnsy’ xansyā: firmness 9
xr xǝr: donkey 13
xrγwšy xǝrγōšē: hare” 13
xryc xrīč: purchase 12
xšyβt xǝšiβd: milk 15
xšyšpt (ǝ)xšēšpǝt: Lord of the Realm 10
xtw xǝtu: judge 3
xty’k xǝtyāk fem.: judgement 3
xw’cn’k xwāčǝnāk: sickly 9
xw’kr xwākǝr: merchant 13
xw’r xwār fem.: sister 5
xwβn xuβn: sleep 8
xwδnyk Xuδǝnīk: Khotanese 4
xwj- xwšt xōž- xušt: to desire, require, ask for (from somebody = c-) 4
xwnx, hwnx xōnǝx: that 3
xwny xōnē: that 3
xwp xōp: good, skillful 14
xwr- xwrt xur- xurt: to eat 4
xwrmztyk, fem. xwrmztyc xurmǝzdīk, -īč: Ohrmazdian 3
xwrn xurn: blood 15
xwrsn xūrsǝn: sunrise, east 12
xwrt xwart: food 4
xwrtxyz xūrtǝxēz: sunset, west 12
xwsnd xusand: happy, content 12
xwsnd xusand: happy, content 7
xwsnd xwsand: satisfied 11
xwšty xuštē: teacher 15
xwt xut: self 4
xwt’w xutāw: lord, king 1
xwtšy xutǝšē: *structure 7
xwyc xwēč: pain 13
xwycq’wy xwēčkāwī fem.: explanation 4
xwymny xwēmǝnē ?: *self-existent 8
xwyn- xwen-: to be called 3
xwyr- xwēr-: to feed 11
xwyštr xwēštǝr: elder 8
xyδ xēδ: that 3
xypδ xēpǝѳ: own 6
xypδ’wnd xēpѳāwǝnd: master, lord, owner 2
y’β- yāβ-: to wander, rove 14
y’xy yāxē: brave 3
yδw *iδū: *shape 7
ykš yakš: yaks≥a 11
yp’k ipāk: anger 13
yp’kβry ipāk-βǝrē: angry 12
ytkw itku: bridge 15
yw’r iwār: but 6
yw’r iwār: separation 9
ywkfswk yōk fǝsōk: teaching 14
ywny yōnē: this 3
119 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM

ywnyδ yōnēѳ: at once, right away 3

ywxn yuxn fem.: blood 15
yxny ixǝnē: *remainder (?) 7
yxs’ ixsa: perfume 15
yxwn ixōn: blood 9
yxwyn ixwēn: separate (from), excluded (from) 13
z’kδny zākδǝnē: womb 11
z’m’ty zāmātē: son-in-law 5
z’n- zān-: to know 7
z’rcnwky’ zārčǝnūkyā: pity, mercy 14
z’ryy-sy- zārē-say-: to be pitiful 14
z’ty zātē: son 3
z’wr zāwǝr: power 10
z’wrkyn zāwǝrkēn: powerful 2
z’y zāy fem.: earth 3
z’yxyzy zāyxēzē: creeping on the earth 13
zβ’k zǝbāk: 15
zβnd zǝβand: *quarrel 10
zmb zamb: shore 13
zn- z’t zǝn- zāt: to bear (children) 6
zng’n -zǝngān: of ... kinds 10
zprtkry zǝpartkǝrē: purifying (or zǝpartkǝrī: purification) 15
zrγwny zǝrγōnē, fem. zǝrγōnǝč: green 7
zrw’βγ zǝrwā-βǝγ: God Zurwān, the Father of Greatness 1
zrxs- zrγt zǝrǝxs- (*zīrǝxs-) zǝrǝγd : to be delivered 5
zrxs- zrγt zǝrǝxs- zǝrǝγd: to be saved, delivered 13
zrync- zrγt zǝrēnǰ- zǝrǝγd: to deliver 6
zryš- zryšt zrēš- zri.st: to tear asunder 14
zwrnyy zurnē: time, moment 13
zwrt- zwst zǝwart- zust: to turn (back), return 3
zy’n zǝyān: *offspring, children 6
zyn zēn: weapon, armor 5
zyn- zyt zin- zit: to take (from: c-); passive: to be deprived (of: c-) 12
zynyxw’ry zēnī-xwārī: protection 6
zyrn zérn: gold 1
zyrnkry zérnkǝrē: goldsmith 11
zyrnynyy zérnenē: of gold 14
zyrnβ’m zērǝnβām: having the color of gold, gold-colored 13
zywr zēwǝr: adornment 8
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 120

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What alphabets are used to write Sogdian?

What alphabets are used to write Sogdian?

Prods Oktor Skjærvø

An Introduction To Manichean Sogdian

Copyright © 2007 by Prods Oktor Skjærvø

The picture above is from www.askasia.org/teachers/images/image.php?no=827&review=yes

The Sogdians and their language.

The “Ancient Letters.”

The letters from Mount Mug.

The graffiti on the Karakorum highway.

Kirghizia, Bugut, Karabalgasun, and Ladakh.

Benveniste, E., Textes Sogdiens, Paris, 1940.

italics transcribed letter or word (roughly: “as pronounced”)

TABLE OF SCRIPTS USED FOR SOGDIAN

Phonemes Sogdian 1 Manichean Christian

THE MANICHEAN SOGDIAN SCRIPT.

THE MANICHEAN ALPHABET

Notes on the table.

TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION.

ACCENT AND THE RHYTHMIC LAW—LIGHT AND HEAVY STEMS.

3. Nasalized and rhotacized vowels.

Examples of nominative singular forms of light- and heavy-stem nouns:

Light stems Heavy stems

Note: Heavy stems with ir and ur are very rare.

In loanwords we also find l and h.

The fricatives are pronounced as follows: f as in English; ѳ as English th in thing; x as German ch in

SPECIAL SCRIBAL HABITS.

1. Read and transcribe the following words:

†w∫ †ra©rm y†rm dnaw

Learn the following words by heart:

’’ykwn āyəkōn: eternally nwkr nūkər: now

TABLE OF CORRESPONDENCES SOUND ~ SPELLING

Transcription Spelling Transcription Spelling

Consonant declensions. Light stems

Consonant declensions. Heavy stems

Note: The vocative ending -a is borrowed from the light stems.

Consonant declensions. Light stems

Numerative rəmá <rm’> uné <wny>

Consonant declensions. Heavy stems

Numerative mēѳ <myδ> žəwān <jw’n>, žəwāne <jw’ny>

Numerative murtē <mwrty>

PRONOUNS. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.

masc. fem. = plur. masc.-fem.

1. Write out the noun paradigms in Manichean script.

<xw xypδ’wnd> dnwalpyx wx <xww prxyy> yyxrp wwx

4. Translate into Sogdian and write in Manichean script:

The other Buddhas.

’kty’ əkətyā/əktəyā: act, deed

Light fem. stems:

Heavy fem. stems:

nom. ēδ <’yδ> xēδ <xyδ

ēnē “this” yōnē “this” xōnē “that, yonder”

Most of these pronouns can be governed by prepositions:

č- “from, with”: čēmēδ <cymyδ> čēwēδ(ī) <cywyδ(y)> čēwēšən <cywyšn>

č- “from, with”: čēmənd <cymnt> čēwənd <cywnt>

Light stems Heavy stems

“TO BE, BECOME.”