DC Motor Speed Control Using PWM
DC Motor Speed Control Using PWM
Volume 3, Issue 2, February – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
DC Motor Speed Control Using PWM
K. Priyanka1, A. Mariyammal2
1,2
Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering,
Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women(Autonomous),
Tiruchengode.
Abstract:-Dc motor are mostly used in industries so we Switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total
used to control the speed of the motor by using PWM. In power supplied to the load.fig:1 represents the PWM.
this paper, to control the speed of DC motor using Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM) method. Microcontroller
AT89S52 is used to generate PWM. L293D IC is used to
drive the motor which is made up of two H-Bridge. 555 IC
is used with opto coupler to sense the speed of DC motor.
Rectifier circuit is used for power supply to circuit and
motor. This paper shows that precise and accurate control
of small DC motors without using costly components.
Keywords:-PWM , Microcontroller, DC Motor.
I. INTRODUCTION
In our project we use PWM to control the speed of the DC
motor and Using Atmel AT89S52 microcontroller generate the
PWM wave for speed control of DC motor, we need a
variable-voltage DC power source to control the speed of the
DC motor. When the DC motor is on, it takes certain time to
reach at full speed. Then, the power source is on, the DC Figure 1. PWM Wave
motor starts gaining speed and if we switch off the power
source before it reaches at rated speed, it starts to goes down. B. Power Supply
In quick Way switching on and switching off are done, the
motor rotate at a lower speed between zero and rated speed. Power supply is the major source of the electrical base and we
we used PWM method so it switches the motor „on‟ and „off‟ use step down transformer from 230v AC to 12v DC and after
with a pulse wave. The main objective of this paper is to we use full wave bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC source
become easy with the implementation of hardware of Atmel for the components.fig:2 represents the power supply and
AT89S52 microcontroller based speed control of DC motor, bridge rectifier.
L293D IC is used to provide to motor and infrared sensor is
used to count the speed which are interface with 555 IC, it
give senses of occurring overload to the operator at overload
condition and speed display on LCD screen. For the required
speed the speed controller takes signal represent and to drive a
motor at a constant speed.
II. DESCRIPTION
A. Pulse Width Modulation
pulse width modulation is a modulation technique used to
encode a message into a pulsing signal. The average value of
voltage fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch
between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer
Figure 2. Power Supply With Bridge Rectifier
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Volume 3, Issue 2, February – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
C. Motor Driving IC D. IR Sensor
L293D is a typical motor driver or motor driver IC which In this IR detector and transmitter circuit the IC 555 is
allow DC motor to drive on either direction. L293D is a 16- working under MONOSTABLE mode. It is an electronic
pin IC which can control a set of two DC motor in any instrument which is used to sense certain characteristics of its
direction. Dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit(IC). surroundings by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation.
It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being
which allows the voltage to be flown in either direction. emitted by an object and detecting motion.
Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.
Figure 5. IR Sensor
E. LCD Display
Here we use 16*2 LCD is interface with AT89S52. LCD 16*2
is used as output by the controller to display data to user. The
Figure 3. Motor Driving IC 16*2 LCD display have 16 number of data can be written on 2
lines. The data may be latter (A-Z) or number (0-9) or any
symbols.
Figure 6. LCD Display
F. Microcontroller AT89S52
We use AT89S52 for their low cost, due to their industry
standard instruction set, fast programming time.
Microcontroller means a small computer on a single integrated
Figure 4. 555 Timer circuit.
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Volume 3, Issue 2, February – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
Figure 9. Regulator
I. Components Required
• Capacitors 3- 104 pF
It is a device used to store an electric charge.
• Resistors 2- 220 to 1KΩ.
It is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
III. WORKING
The working is done by first a AC source is given via the
power supply and by using the step down transformer the AC
source is covert into the DC source and we use full wave
Figure 7. Microcontroller AT89S52 bridge rectifier to convert the AC to DC in low voltage so that
the motor will run at low voltage and regulator is used to give
G. Bridge Rectifier the whole setup or components the regulated voltage 5V and
microcontroller is used to generate the pulse width wave.
A bridge rectifier is a type of full wave rectifier which uses When applying PWM controlling method, keep in mind that
four or more diodes to efficiently convert AC to DC using a motor is as low pass system. PWM method is the high
frequency avoided and we know that large motor is mainly
inductive so avoid high frequency, hence will not perform
well using high frequencies. This method work on low
frequency so lower frequency is better than higher frequency.
motor driving IC will drive the microcontroller for minimum
amount of current and it will switch on and switch off motor at
a required speed. IR sensor will count the speed of the motor ,
which is interference with 555 timer and it will detected by
RPM. Microcontroller is used to generate the pulse width and
it will show the speed of the motor and it will control the
speed by indicating in the LCD display .microcontroller
generate pulse width modulation signal it gives to the motor
driving IC L293D and it increases the voltage of the source
and motor regain their speed at desired. By using the pulse
width modulation we can easily find the speed at required load
and it is calculated but the speed will be at zero stage to rated
speed only.
Figure 8. Bridge Rectifier Now a day PWM technique are using in fuzzy logic control
system, so PWM method is very efficient and reliable method
H. Regulator to control the speed of motor so it future is also bright in the
modern era with fuzzy logic.
A device used to control things such a speed of the motor,
time, temperature in a room etc.,
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Volume 3, Issue 2, February – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
Figure 10. Block Diagram
IV. CONCLUSION [6]. In System Programming (ISP) for ATMEL chips,
http://www.ikalogic.com/isp.php.
Hence , the speed control of the motor is controlled by the [7]. http://www.8051microcontrollers.com/8051-tutorials-a/
PWM which is generated via microcontroller and it is program m ming -microcontroller-j-25
• Low cost .
• It is reliable one.
• It is efficient and long lasting.
• The speed will be in constant at different loads.
• It is more comfortable to use in industries for speed
control of the motors.
Our project is discussed on base of the pulse width
modulation.
REFERENCES
[1]. http://www.ijert.org/view-pdf/1641/speed-control-of-dc-
motor-using-analog-pwm-technique
http://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol3_issue1/DP31778783.p
df
[2]. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/zalewski/CDA4170/files/Pres
entation Tim.pdf
[3]. Pulse width modulator module (PWMM), ATmega8L
data sheet.
[4]. Peter Spasov, “Microcontroller Technology: The
68HC11”
[5]. Prentice Hall, 5th edition, 2004.
