FORMULAS

Sr. No Formulas
1 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝐶𝑠 ∗ 𝐴1) + [𝐴2 ∗ (𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐶𝐿)]

2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶 = (𝐶𝑠 ∗ 𝐴1) + [𝐴2 ∗ (𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐶𝐿)]

3 𝐷 2Cs
=
𝐻 𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐶𝐿

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝐶𝑠 ∗ 𝐴1) + [𝐴2 ∗ (𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐶𝐿)]

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶 = (𝐶𝑠 ∗ 𝐴1) + [𝐴2 ∗ (𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐶𝐿)]

𝐷 2Cs
=
𝐻 𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐶𝐿

𝐶1 = 𝐾𝐷( 𝐻 – 0.3)

𝐷 4Cs
=
𝐻 𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐶𝐿

103 (𝐻 − 0.3)𝐷𝜌
𝑡= +𝐶
2fJ

𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑔 3
𝐻1 = 1500( )√( )
𝑃 𝐷

𝐷
𝑡 = + 𝐶
5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
1
𝐷 𝑃 2
sin 𝜃 = ( )
𝑡 0.202𝐸

𝜋𝐷
𝑁𝑜𝑟 =
2
𝜋𝐷
𝑠𝑜𝑐 =
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑐

1
 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑐
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑔 =
𝑁𝑔

360°
𝐿 = 2𝑅 𝑆𝑖𝑛( )
2 ∗ 𝑁𝑔
𝐿
𝑆𝑜𝑔 =
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝑆𝑜𝑐 + 𝑆𝑜𝑔
𝑆𝑜𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
(𝑊/𝑤𝑙) = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑆𝑜𝑎𝑣𝑔

𝑊𝐿𝑜 2
(𝐵. 𝑀. ) =
8
𝐵. 𝑀.
(𝑍𝑐𝑎𝑙 ) =
𝑓

𝑁𝑔 ∗ 𝐿
𝑁𝑖𝑟 =
1.75
𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑐
𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑔 =
𝑁𝑔
𝐿
𝑆𝑖𝑔 =
𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑔
𝜋𝐷𝐶
𝑆𝑝 =
𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 𝑆𝑝
𝑆𝑖𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
(𝑊/𝑤𝑙) = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑆𝑖𝑎𝑣𝑔

𝑊𝐿2
(𝐵. 𝑀. ) =
8
𝐵. 𝑀.
(𝑍𝑐𝑎𝑙 ) =
𝑓

Angle BAC = θ
Average rafter span = AB/2
Total rafters per girder = inner rafters + outer rafters
Total load on each girder =

2
 ½ [load per length of rafter] * [length of rafter] * [No. of rafters]
Load per length of rafter = greater of the values of load in case of inner and outer rafter
i.e. w/l

𝑊𝐿2
𝐵. 𝑀. =
8
𝐵. 𝑀.
𝑍𝑐𝑎𝑙 = ( )
𝑓

𝑝∗𝐷𝑖 𝑝∗𝐷0
1.) 𝑡 = =
200𝑓𝐽−𝑝 200𝑓𝐽+𝑝
𝑝∗𝐷𝑖 𝑝∗𝐷0
2.) 𝑡 = 400𝑓𝐽−𝑝 = 400𝑓𝐽+𝑝

𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖
ℎ𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖 − √(𝑅𝑖 − ) ∗ (𝑅𝑖 + − 2𝑟𝑖 )
2 2

1
𝐿′ = 𝐿 + 2 ∗ ∗ ℎ𝑖
3

𝐷0
𝐿𝑐 = 1.11 ∗ 𝐷0 ∗ √
𝑡
𝑝 ∗ 𝐷0
( > 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡)
2∗𝑓∗𝑡

2∗(𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
1.) 𝑈 = ∗ 100
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛
4∗𝑎
2.) 𝑈 = ∗ 100
𝐷0

10∗𝑝 2.5 100∗𝑡 1.5 2

𝐿 0.58∗( ) 38( ) 𝐷0 1.15𝑝 𝐾𝜎𝐿 3
𝜎 𝐷0
a.) For < 𝑜𝑟 < → 𝑡 = 100 ∗ [ + 0.053 ∗ (𝐷 ) ]
𝐷0 𝑝∗𝐾 𝐾𝜎 𝜎 0

3
 10𝑝 5/2 100𝑡 3/2
𝐿 14.4 14.6 0.58( ) 14.4 38( ) 14.6
𝜎 𝐷0
b.) For 𝐷 > 1 or > ; 𝑜𝑟 > 1 ; 𝑜𝑟 >
0 100𝑡 𝑝𝐾 (𝑝𝐾)6 𝐾𝜎 100𝑡
(𝑝𝐾)6 √𝐷 √𝐷
0 0

𝐷0 1 3.5𝑝𝐷0
𝑡 = 1.03 ∗ ∗ (𝑝𝐾)3 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛
100 200𝜎

0 𝐷 0.075𝑝𝐿𝐾 2/5
In all other case 𝑡 = 100 [ ]
𝐷0

𝑝𝐷0
𝑡=
80𝜎

𝑡
1 2 2𝑛2 − 1 − 𝔲 2𝜖 𝑡 3 2𝜖 𝐷
𝑂
𝑃𝑐 = [𝑛 − 1 + 2 ] ( ) +
2) 𝐷 2
3 2𝐿 (1 − 𝔲 𝑂 2𝐿
𝑛2 (𝜋𝐷 ) − 1 (𝑛2 − 1) [𝑛2 + 1]
𝑂 𝜋𝐷𝑂

In case of shell where ends are closed:-

2 𝑡
1 2 𝜋𝐷𝑂 2 2𝜖 𝑡 3 2𝜖 𝐷 1
𝑂
𝑃𝑐 = [𝑛 + ( ) ] ( ) + 2 ∗
3 2𝐿 (1 − 𝔲2 ) 𝐷𝑂 2𝐿 2 1 𝜋𝐷 2
[𝑛2 + 𝜋𝐷 + 𝐿] (𝑛2 + 2) ( 2𝐿𝑂 )
𝑂

5
𝑡 2
2.42𝑡 (𝐷 )
𝑂
𝑃𝑐 = 3 ∗ 1
(1 − 𝔲2 )4 1 −0.45 𝑡 2
{(𝐷 ) (𝐷 ) }
𝑂 𝑂

8𝜖𝑡 2
𝑃𝑐 = ( )
√3(1 − 𝔲2 ) 𝐷𝑂

2𝜖 𝑡
𝐹𝐶 = ( )
√3(1 − 𝔲2 ) 𝐷𝑂

4
 𝑡 𝑚
𝑃 = 𝐾𝐸 ( )
𝐷𝑂

𝐷𝑂
Case 1:- >5
𝐿

𝑡
P=2F(𝐷 )
𝑂

𝐷𝑂
Case2:- ≤5
𝐿

𝑡 1
P=2F(𝐷 ) ∗ 𝐷
𝑂 1.5𝑈(1−0.2∗ 𝑂 )
𝐿
1+( 𝑡 )
[ 100
𝐷𝑂 ]

24𝐸𝐼
𝑃 = 𝑃𝐶 (𝐿) =
𝐷𝑂 3

𝑝𝑐 ∗ 𝐷03 ∗ 𝐿
𝐼=
24 ∗ 𝐸
𝑡 ∗ 𝐷02 ∗ 𝐿
𝐼=( )∗𝑓
12 ∗ 𝐸

𝐴𝑠
𝑡𝑒 = 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑠 ≥ 3𝑡 2
𝐿
𝐴
𝐷0 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ (𝑡 + 𝐿𝑠 )
𝐼= ∗𝑓 𝐼 ≥ 2𝑡 4
12 ∗ 𝐸

𝐷 2
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥1 = 0.31𝑃 ( )
𝑡

𝜋 𝑃 𝐷2
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥1 = 0.0554 ( )
4 𝐸 𝑡3

5
 𝜋 𝐷 2
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥2 = 0.24 ( ) 𝑃 ( )
4 𝑡

𝜋 𝑃 𝐷2
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥2 = 0.0136 ( )
4 𝐸 𝑡3

𝑃
𝑡𝐹 = 𝐶 × 𝐷𝑒 × √
𝑓

𝑃 × 𝐶 × 𝐷0
𝑡𝑇 =
2×𝑓×𝐽

𝑃 × 𝑉 × 𝐷0
𝑡𝐸 =
2×𝑓×𝐽

1
𝑉= (2 + 𝑘 2 )
6

𝑃 × 𝐷0
𝑡𝐻 =
4 × 𝑓𝑡

𝑟𝑖3 𝑟𝑜3 𝑟𝑜3 𝑟𝑖3

𝑓𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 ( ) (1 + ) − 𝑃𝑜 ( ) (1 + )
𝑟𝑜3 − 𝑟𝑖3 2𝑟 3 𝑟𝑜3 − 𝑟𝑖3 2𝑟 3

𝑫𝒐 𝑫𝒐
𝒉𝒐 = 𝑹𝒐 − √(𝑹𝒐 − ) × (𝑹𝒐 + − 𝟐𝒓𝒐 )
𝟐 𝟐

𝑃𝐷𝑜
𝑡𝐶 = (𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2𝑓𝐽
𝑃𝐷
𝑘 1
𝑡𝐶 = 2𝑓𝐽−𝑃 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 (away from junction)

6
 𝐷𝑜 𝑡
𝐿 = 0.5√
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

𝛼 𝑃
𝑡 = 0.5(𝐷𝑜 − 𝑟1 ) × √
9 𝑓

𝜎𝑒 = 𝜎𝑧
1
𝜎𝑒 = (𝜎𝜃2 − 𝜎𝜃 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧2 + 3𝜏 2 )2
𝑝𝐷 2
𝜎𝑧 = 4t (Di + t)
W
𝑑𝑙 =
(π ∗ t (Di + t)
4M
. 𝐵𝑀𝑙 = (π∗t (Di +t) Di)

(p ∗ (Di + t))
𝜎𝜃 =
2∗t
2∗τ
𝜏=
(π ∗ t (Di + t) ∗ Di)
At design conditions:
𝜎𝑒 ≤ 𝑓. 𝐽
𝜎𝑧 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒) ≤ 𝑓. 𝐽
𝑡
𝜎𝑧 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒) ≤ 0.125 ∗ 𝐸 ∗
𝐷
At test conditions:
𝜎𝑒 ≤ 1.3 ∗ 𝑓𝑎 ∗ 𝐽
𝜎𝑧 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒) ≤ 1.3 ∗ 𝑓𝑎 ∗ 𝐽
𝑡
𝜎𝑧 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒) ≤ 0.125 ∗ 𝐸𝑎 ∗ 𝐷
𝑜
fa
Test Pressure = 1.3 ∗ design pressure ∗
f

𝑝D2
σzp =
4t (Di + t)
Ws
𝜎𝑧𝑠 =
π ∗ t (Di + t)
𝑤𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 𝑋 ∗ 𝛾𝑠
Wi
𝜎𝑧𝑖 =
π ∗ t (Di + t)

7
 𝑤𝑖 = 𝜋 ∗ 𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑠 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠 ∗ 𝑋 ∗ 𝛾𝑖𝑛𝑠
W1
𝜎𝑧𝑙 =
π ∗ t (Di + t)
Wa
𝜎𝑧𝑎 =
π ∗ t (Di + t)
𝜎𝑧𝑤 = 𝜎𝑧𝑠 + 𝜎𝑧𝑖 + 𝜎𝑧𝑙 + 𝜎𝑧𝑎

1
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐶 𝜌𝑉 2 𝐴
2 𝐷 𝑤
.𝑝𝑤 = 0.05𝑉𝑤2
𝑃𝑏𝑤 = 𝐾1 𝐾2 𝑝1 ℎ1 𝐷0

𝑃𝑢𝑤 = 𝐾1 𝐾2 𝑝2 ℎ2 𝐷0

a. For vessel with H≤ 20m

𝐻
𝑀𝑤 = 𝑃𝑏𝑤 ∗
2
For vessels with H> 20m
ℎ1 ℎ2
𝑀𝑤 = 𝑃𝑏𝑤 ∗ + 𝑃𝑢𝑤 ∗ (ℎ1 + )
2 2
4 ∗ Mw
𝜎𝑧𝑤𝑚 =
π ∗ t (Di + t) ∗ Di

W
𝐹 =𝑎∗ = 𝐶𝑠 𝑊
g
Cs ∗ W ∗ X (2 ∗ H − X)
𝑉𝑠 =
H2
Cs ∗ W ∗ X2 (3 ∗ H − X)
𝑀𝑠 =
3 ∗ H2
4 ∗ Ms
𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑚 =
π ∗ t (Di + t) ∗ Di

S ∗ Vw
𝑓=
Do
𝑉𝑐 = 5 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝐷0
1
𝑁=
𝑇

8
 𝐻 3 𝑊 1
𝑇 = 6.35 ∗ 10−5 ∗ (𝐷 )2 ∗ ( 𝑡 )2 , in secs

ΣMe
𝑒=
ΣWe
𝛴𝑀𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒1 ∗ 𝑒1 + 𝑊𝑒2 ∗ 𝑒2 + … … … .
𝛴𝑊𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒1 + 𝑊𝑒2 + … … . .
4 ∗ ΣMe
𝜎𝑧𝑒 =
π ∗ t (Di + t) ∗ Di

Resulting tensile stress (on up wind side)

1. For internal pressure

𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧𝑝 − 𝜎𝑧𝑤 + (𝜎𝑧𝑤𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑚 )

2. For external pressure

𝜎𝑧 = (𝜎𝑧𝑤𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑚 ) − 𝜎𝑧𝑝 − 𝜎𝑧𝑤

Resulting compressive stress (on downwind side

i. For internal pressure

𝜎𝑧 = (𝜎𝑧𝑤𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑚 ) + 𝜎𝑧𝑤 − 𝜎𝑧𝑝
For external pressure

𝜎𝑧 = (𝜎𝑧𝑤𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑚) + 𝜎𝑧𝑤 + 𝜎𝑧𝑣

𝑑𝑜 (𝑦 − 𝑝𝑚)
= { }½
𝑑𝑖 (𝑦 − 𝑝(𝑚 + 1))
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
{4 (𝑑𝑜2 − 𝑑𝑖 2 ) 𝑦 } − { 4 𝑑𝑜2 𝑝} = (𝑑02 − 𝑑𝑖 2 )𝑝𝑚
4

𝑑𝑜 −𝑑𝑖
𝑁= 2

G = ( di + N )
6𝑡
Bs =2db + 𝑚+0.5 .

9
 mean diameter of gasket
No of Bolts = 2.5

C = B + 2(g1 +R )
𝑛∗𝐵𝑠
C= 𝜋

Gasket width = do – di

operating condition - Wm1 = H + Hp

Bolting up condition - Wm2 = πbGy

Am1 = Wm1 /sb

Am2 = Wm2 /Sa (Am is the greater value of Am1, Am2 )

2𝜋𝑦𝐺𝑁
Ab = 𝑆𝑎

For operating condition, W = Wm1

(Am1+ Ab)
For bolting-up condition, W = 𝑆b
2

Operating condition :- total Flange momentum

Mop =HDhD + HThT + HGhG , where HT = H - HD , HG = Hp . hD,,hT, hG are

obtained from Table 4.3

For Bolting up condition – total flange moment

(Am+ Ab) 𝐶−𝐺
Matm = WhG where W = 𝑆a ; hG =
2 2

Flange stress Mo = Mop or Mo = SFo/SFA ( whichever is greater)

For integral type and hub type flanges :-

Longitudinal hub stress – SH = fM/λg12

Radial flange stress – SR = (1.33te + 1)*M/λt2

𝑌𝑀
Tangential flange stress – ST = 𝑡 2 - ZSR where M = MoCf/B .

For loose type ring flanges :-

ST = YM/t2 ; SR = SH = 0 ; where M = MoCf/B .

Allowable flange stresses :- SH = 1.5 SFo ; SR = SFo ; ST = SFo

10
 1/2(SH + SR) = SFO ; 1/2(SH + ST) = SFO

𝜎𝑧 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝜎𝑧𝑤𝑚 – 𝜎𝑧𝑤𝑛

𝜎𝑧 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 ≤ 𝑓 𝐽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜶

𝜎𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝜎𝑧𝑤𝑚 – 𝜎𝑧𝑤

𝜎𝑧 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 ≤ 0.125 𝐸(𝑡/𝐷) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜶

𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 6.35 𝑥 10 − 5 (𝐻/𝐷) (𝑊 𝑚𝑖𝑛 / 𝑡)

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.35 𝑥 10 − 5 (𝐻/𝐷) (𝑊 𝑚𝑎𝑥 / 𝑡)

𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑀𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑠 )
𝜎𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
𝐴 𝑍
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋 (𝐷𝑜– 𝑙) 𝑙
2
𝑍, 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑅𝑚 𝑙

𝑅𝑚 = (𝐷𝑜 − 𝑙) / 2

𝜎𝑐 𝑏𝑙 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
6 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑏𝑡𝑏𝑝 2

3𝜎𝑐 𝑙 2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
𝑡𝑏𝑝

Assuming𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓

3𝜎𝑐
𝑡𝑏𝑝 = 𝑙 √ , from stress
𝑓

6 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑡𝑏𝑝 = √
𝑓

11
 3𝜎𝑐 (𝐿 − 1.7𝑡 2 )
≤ 𝑓
𝑡2
𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛 (Mw or Ms )
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −
𝐴 Z
Mweight Wmin R
j= =
(Ms or Mw ) (Ms or Mw )

A
Pbolt = σmin
n

12
Tables

𝐷0 /𝐿 K M
0 .733 3.00
0.1 0.185 2.60
.02 0.224 2.56
0.3 0.229 2.47
0.4 0.246 2.43
0.6 0.516 2.49
0.8 0.660 2.48
1.0 0.879 2.49
1.5 1.572 2.52
2.0 2.364 2.54
3.0 5.144 2.61
4.0 9.037 2.62
5.0 10.359 2.58

𝑑 ⁄√𝑡 𝐷0
ℎ𝐸 /𝐷0 0..5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
0.15 1.67 1.86 2.15 2.65 3.10 3.60
0.20 1.28 1.45 1.85 2.30 2.75 3.25
0.25 1.00 1.15 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.95
0.30 0.83 1.00 1.45 1.88 2.28 2.70
0.50 0.60 0.80 1.10 1.50 1.85 2.15

t/D0
ℎ𝐸 ⁄𝐷0 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.04
0.15 4.55 2.66 2.15 1.95 1.75
0.20 2.30 1.70 1.45 1.37 1.32
0.25 1.38 1.14 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.30 0.92 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77
0.40 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59
0.50 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55

13
Nature of region Wind pressure (kN/ m2)
At H= 20m At H= 100m
Coastal area 0.7-1.0 1.5-2.0
Area with moderate wind 0.4 1.0

Seismic zone Seismic coefficient, Cs

T<0.4 0.4<T<1 T>1.0
Mild 0.05 0.02/T 0.02
Medium 0.1 0.04/T 0.04
Severe 0.2 0.08/T 0.08

l/b Mx(x=b/2 My(x=b/2

y=l) y=l)
0 0 -0.500σcl2
1/3 0.0078σcb2 -0.428σcl2
1/2 0.0293σcb2 -0.319σcl2
2/3 0.0558σcb2 -0.227σcl2
1 0.0972σcb2 -0.119σcl2
3/2 0.123σcb2 -0.124σcl2
2 0.131σcb2 -0.125σc
3 0.133σcb2 -0.125σc

14
 Abbreviations

A1 = area of cylindrical shell (πDH)

A2 = area of vessel bottom or area of roof (πD2 /4)

Cs= Annual cost of fabrication of shell

CB = cost of fabrication of bottom

CL= cost of land

CR= cost of fabrication of roof

 Small capacity storage Tank:-

o Shell thickness is independent of D & H
o If D(H - 0.3) < 168 (lap welded)
o D(H - 0.3) <191 (Butt welded)
 Large capacity storage Tank :-
o Shell thickness is dependent on D & H
o If D(H - 0.3) > 168 (lap welded)
o D(H - 0.3) > 191 (Butt welded)

P(ext load) = sum of imposed load + Dead load

Nor = No. of rafters on outer periphery

Norc = corrected no. of outer rafter multiple of Ng

Soc = corrected outer rafter spacing

Ng = no. of girders

Norg = no. of outer rafters on girder

R= inner circle radius of polygon = 0.25 of tank diameter

L = Length of sides of polygon

Sog = outer rafter spacing on girder

Soavg = average outer after spacing

Lo = radius of tank - L

Nir = no. of inner rafter

Nirc = corrected no. of inner rafter

15
Nirg = no.of inner rafters on each girder

Sig = inner rafter spacing on girder

Sp = inner rafter spacing on crown plate

Dc = crowm plate diameter

Siavg = average inner rafter spacing

W/wl) = Weight of rafter

B.M. = Bending moment

Zcal = Section modulus

f = allowable stress

t=min thickness of shell plates exclusive of corrosion allowance in mm

p=design pressure in kgf/cm2

Di=inside diameter of shell in mm

D0=outside diameter of shell in mm

f=allowable stress in kgf/mm2

J=joint factor

E=modulus of elasticity of the material at the operating conditions in kgf/mm2

Ri= inner crown radius

ri=inner knuckle radius

D0=Outer dia of vessel

hi =inside depth of the end

Lc = critical length

U= % out of roundness.

a=Depth of dent or flat spot.

D0= Diameter of dent or flat spot

16
U=15% for new vessel.

𝔲 = 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

n= number of lobes form at buckling

𝜖= modulus of elasticity

𝐹𝐶 = 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

P&K are function of D & L

t= corroded thickness of vessel

𝐷𝑂 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙

L=Space between rings

P=Load on combined shell and stiffner per unit circumferential length

t=corroded shell thickness

f=allowable stress

𝑡𝑒 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙

I= Required moment of inertia of stiffener ring

fmax1= Maximum stress at the centre(simply supported)

Wmax1= Maximum deflection at the centre(simply supported)

Wmax2= Maximum stress at the centre( fully fixed)

fmax2= Maximum stress at the centre(fully fixed)

tF = thickness of flat head

tT = thickness of torispherical head

ℎ 𝑑 ℎ 𝑡
C depends on 𝐷𝐸 and or 𝐷𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
0 √𝑡𝐷0 0 𝑜

17
 𝐷2 𝐷0 𝑟0
ℎ𝐸 =effective outside height of the end and equal to least of ℎ0 or 4𝑅0 or √
0 2

V = stress intensity factor

tE = thickness of elliptical head

tH = thickness of hemispherical head

tC = thickness of conical head

𝑓𝑡 = uniform stress distribution factor

P = design pressure in Kgf/c𝑚2 ;

E = modulus of elasticity Kgf/c𝑚2 ;

K = ratio of elastic modulus of the material at the design metal temperature to the elastic
modulus at room temperature;

𝛼 = half apex angle;

𝐷𝑘 = the inside diameter of the cone or conical head at the point of consideration in mm;

𝑟1 = inside radius of the transition knuckle which shall be taken as 0.01𝐷𝑘 in the case of conical
section in mm;

𝐷𝑖 , 𝐷𝑜 = inner and outer diameters of the end in mm;

ℎ𝐸 = effective outside height of the end in mm;

ℎ𝑖 , ℎ𝑜 = inside and outside height of the head in mm;

𝑟𝑖 , 𝑟𝑜 = inside and outside knuckle radius in mm;

𝑅𝑖 , 𝑅𝑜 = inner and outer crown radius in mm;

f = allowable stress value in Kgf/c𝑚2 ;

J = joint efficiency factor;

d = diameter of the largest uncompensated opening in the head in mm;

C = shape factor which is depend upon method of attachment to the shell;

𝑆𝑟 = length of the straight flange;

18
𝜎𝑒 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

σz = resultant longitudinal stress comprising of axial, tensile or compressive stress due to

pressure
dl = Dead Load
bml= longitudinal bending moment
σθ = hoop stress
τ = shear stress
p = Internal or external pressure (design or test condition)
t = Shell thickness (before adding corrosion allowance)
Di = Internal diameter of shell
M = Longitudinal bending moment due to wind action, seismic forces and eccentric
loads,
Τ = torque about vessel axis
W = dead load
f = allowable stress at design temperature
fa = allowable stress at test temperature
ta = actual shell thickness at time of test
E = young modulus at design temperature
Ea = young modulus at test temperature
Do = outside diameter of shell
J = weld joint efficiency factor, if circumferential weld is falling at the point under
consideration.

σzp = axial stress (tensile or compressive )due to pressure

For σzp

D = Di for internal pressure

= Do for vacuum (should include insulation thickness if insulated)

𝜎𝑧𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑋 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

Ws = weight of shell for a length X meter,

t = shell thickness at the point under consideration.

𝛾𝑠 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝜎𝑧𝑖
= 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑋 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝

Wi = weight of insulation up to a distance X meter from top

19
t = shell thickness at the point under consideration.

tins = thickness of insulation

Dins = mean diameter of insulation

ϒins = density of insulation material

Wl = weight of liquid supported for a distance X meter from top

𝜎𝑧𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 due to weight of attatchment like trays ,overhead

condenser, top head and ladders for a distance X meter from top

Wa = weight of all attachments up to a distance X meter from top.

Pw = wind load on vessel

CD = drag coefficient,

ρ = density of air,

Vw = wind velocity,

A = projected area normal to the direction of wind

pw = minimum wind pressure to be used for moment calculation, N/m2,

Vw = maximum wind velocity experienced by the region under worst weather condition, km/ hr.

Pbw = total force due to wind load acting on the bottom part of the vessel with height equal to or
less than 20m,

Puw = total force due to wind load acting on the upper part above 20m,

h1 = height of the bottom part of the vessel equal to or less than 20m,

h2 = height of the upper part above 20m,

p1 = wind pressure for bottom part of vessel (from table for H= 20)

p2 = wind pressure for upper part of vessel (to be determined for midpoint of upper part of
vessel by interpolation of data given in table)

Do = outside diameter including insulation

K1 = coefficient depending on shape factor

= 1.4 for flat plate 90° to wind

20
= 0.7 for cylindrical surface

K2 = coefficient depending up on the period of one cycle of vibration of vessel

= 1 (if period of vibration is 0.5 seconds or less)

= 2 (if period exceeds 0.5 seconds)

σzwm = longitudinal stress due to wind moment (compressive on down wind side and tensile on
up wind side),

Mw = bending moment due to wind load,

Di = inner diameter of shell,

t = corroded shell thickness

W = total weight of vessel,

𝑎
Cs = 𝑔 is termed as seismic coefficient

F = force on vessel

a = acceleration of earth

Vs =Shear load, at any horizontal plane in the tower X meters down from top Ms =Bending
moment at plane X resulting from shear forces above plane X

Maximum Vs and Ms are at X=H

σzsm =Resulting bending stress from seismic load is:

f = Frequency of vortex shedding

S = characteristic number = 0.2 for circular cylinders

Vw = wind velocity,

Do = outside diameter of vessel including insulation

Vw = critical wind velocity

T = Period of vibration

N = natural frequency

t = corroded wall thickness , m

W = total weight in kN
21
H = total tower height including skirt, in m

e = eccentricity, the distance from column axis to center of resultant reaction,

ΣMe = summation of moments of eccentric loads

ΣWe = summation of all eccentric loads.

A= outside. diameter of flange or, whereslotted holes extend to the outside of the flange, the
diameter to the bottom of the slots, mm2.
Ab = actual total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of thread or section of least diameter under
stress, mm2.
Am= total required cross-sectional area of bolts, taken as the greater of Am1 and A m2, mm2.
A m1 = total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of thread or sectiog of least diameter under
stress, required for the operating conditions, mm2 = Wm1/Sb.
A mr = total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of thread or section of least diameter under
stress, required for gasket seating, mm2 = Wm2/Sa
B = inside diameter of flange, mm.
CF = bolt pitch corre’ction f actor

𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
=√2(𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)+𝑡

U = factor involving K
Y = factor for integral-type flanges
VL= factor for loose-type flanges
W = flange design bolt load, for the operating conditions or gasket -seating, as may apply, kgf
Wm1 = minimum required bolt load for the operating conditions, kgf
Wm2 = minimum required bolt load for gasket seating, kgf
w = width, in mm, used to determine the basic gasket seating width bo, based upon the contact
width between the flange facing and the gasket
Y = factor involving K
y = gasket or joint-contact-surface unit seating load, kgf/mm’
Z = factor involving K

σz (tensile)= max tensile stress in the skirt wall

σz (compressive)= max compressive stress in the skirt wall

f = allowable stress of skirt material(usually at room temp)

J = circumferential weld-joint efficiency factor

= 1(if made of single length i.e. no circumferential joint)

= 0.7 (if double welded butt joint with full penetration)

22
E = modulus of elasticity

t = skirt thickness

D = skirt diameter

α = half the top angle of conical skirt

= 100(max)

= 00 for cylindrical skirt

T = period of vibration

Wmax = max weight of the vessel (including liquid content and attatchment)

A = area of comtact between bearing plate and concrete foundation

Mw = bending moment due to wind load

Ms = bending moment due to seismic load

Z = section modulus of area A

Mmax = max bending moment

l= outer radius of bearing plate minus outer radius of the skirt

σmax = max stress in an elemental strip of unit width

tbp = thickness of bearing plate without gussets

f= allowable stress

L = width of rolled angle

t = thickness of rolled angle

σmin = minimum stress

Wmin = minimum weight of the empty vessel i.e. without any internal attachments even

j= stability factor

Mweight = moment of minimum weight of vessel

R = moment arm for that weight of the vessel

= 0.42Do

23
D0 = outer diameter of bearing plate

Pbolt =load on one anchor bolt

n= number of anchor bolt

24