Concepcion Vs CA

7/6/2019 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 468
438 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Concepcion vs. Court of Appeals
*
G.R. No. 123450. August 31, 2005.
GERARDO B. CONCEPCION, petitioner, vs. COURT OF

APPEALS and MA. THERESA ALMONTE, respondents.
Family Code; Marriages; Filiation; The status and filiation of the child
cannot be compromised. Article 164 of the Family Code is clear. A child
who is conceived or born during the marriage of his parents is legitimate.—
The status and filiation of a child cannot be compromised. Article 164 of the
Family Code is clear. A child who is conceived or born during the marriage
of his parents is legitimate. As a guaranty in favor of the child and to protect
his status of legitimacy, Article 167 of the Family Code provides: Article
167. The child shall be considered legitimate although the mother may have
_______________
* THIRD DIVISION.
439
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 439
declared against its legitimacy or may have been sentenced as an adulteress.
Same; Same; Same; The law requires that every reasonable

presumption be made in favor of legitimacy.—The law requires that every
reasonable presumption be made in favor of legitimacy. We explained the
rationale of this rule in the recent case of Cabatania v. Court of Appeals:
The presumption of legitimacy does not only flow out of a declaration in the
statute but is based on the broad principles of natural justice and the
supposed virtue of the mother. It is grounded on the policy to protect the
innocent offspring from the odium of illegitimacy.
www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/0000016bc77c299aa073c64e003600fb002c009e/t/?o=False 1/18
Same; Same; Same; The presumption of legitimacy proceeds from the

sexual union in marriage, particularly during the period of conception. To
overthrow this presumption on the basis of Article 166 (1)(b) of the Family
Code, it must be shown beyond reasonable doubt that there was no access
that could have enable the husband to father the child.—The presumption
of legitimacy proceeds from the sexual union in marriage, particularly
during the period of conception. To overthrow this presumption on the basis
of Article 166 (1)(b) of the Family Code, it must be shown beyond
reasonable doubt that there was no access that could have enabled the
husband to father the child. Sexual intercourse is to be presumed where
personal access is not disproved, unless such presumption is rebutted by
evidence to the contrary.
Same; Same; Same; The presumption is quasi-conclusive and may be

refuted only by the evidence of physical impossibility of coitus between
husband and wife within the first 120 days of the 300 days which
immediately preceded the birth of the child.—The presumption is quasi-
conclusive and may be refuted only by the evidence of physical
impossibility of coitus between husband and wife within the first 120 days
of the 300 days which immediately preceded the birth of the child. To rebut
the presumption, the separation between the spouses must be such as to
make marital intimacy impossible. This may take place, for instance, when
they reside in different countries or provinces and they were never together
during the period of conception. Or, the husband was in prison during the
period of conception, unless it appears that sexual union took place through
the violation of prison regulations.
440
Same; Same; Same; Sexual union between spouses is assumed.

Evidence sufficient to defeat the assumption should be presented by him who
asserts the contrary.—Sexual union between spouses is assumed. Evidence
sufficient to defeat the assumption should be presented by him who asserts
the contrary. There is no such evidence here. Thus, the presumption of
legitimacy in favor of Jose Gerardo, as the issue of the marriage between
Ma. Theresa and Mario, stands.
Same; Same; Same; An assertion by the mother against the legitimacy

of her child cannot affect the legitimacy of a child born or conceived within
a valid marriage.—The import of Ma. Theresa’s statement is that Jose
Gerardo is not her legitimate son with Mario but her illegitimate son with
Gerardo. This declaration—an avowal by the mother that her child is
illegitimate—is the very declaration that is proscribed by Article 167 of the
Family Code. The language of the law is unmistakable. An assertion by the

mother against the legitimacy of her child cannot affect the legitimacy of a
child born or conceived within a valid marriage.
Same; Same; Same; For reasons of public decency and morality, a

married woman cannot say that she had no intercourse with her husband
and that her offspring is illegitimate. The proscription is in consonance with
the presumption in favor of family solidarity. It also promotes the intention
of the law to lean toward the legitimacy of the children.—For reasons of
public decency and morality, a married woman cannot say that she had no
intercourse with her husband and that her offspring is illegitimate. The
proscription is in consonance with the presumption in favor of family
solidarity. It also promotes the intention of the law to lean toward the
legitimacy of children.
Same; Same; Same; Public policy demands that there be no

compromise on the status and filiation of a child. Otherwise, the child will
be at the mercy of those who may be so minded to exploit his
defenselessness.—Public policy demands that there be no compromise on
the status and filiation of a child. Otherwise, the child will be at the mercy of
those who may be so minded to exploit his defenselessness. The reliance of
Gerardo on Jose Gerardo’s birth certificate is misplaced. It has no
evidentiary value in this case because it was not offered in evidence before
the trial court. The rule is that the court shall not consider any evidence
which has not been formally offered.
441
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 441
Same; Same; Same; Proof of filiation is necessary only when the

legitimacy of the child is being questioned, or when the status of a child
born after 300 days following the termination of marriage is sought to be
established.—The law itself establishes the status of a child from the
moment of his birth. Although a record of birth or birth certificate may be
used as primary evidence of the filiation of a child, as the status of a child is
determined by the law itself, proof of filiation is necessary only when the
legitimacy of the child is being questioned, or when the status of a child
born after 300 days following the termination of marriage is sought to be
established.
Same; Same; Same; A record of birth is merely prima facie evidence of

the facts contained therein. As prima facie evidence, the statements in the
record of birth may be rebutted by more preponderant evidence. It is not
conclusive evidence with respect to the truthfulness of the statements made
therein by the interested parties.—A record of birth is merely prima facie

evidence of the facts contained therein. As prima facie evidence, the
statements in the record of birth may be rebutted by more preponderant
evidence. It is not conclusive evidence with respect to the truthfulness of the
statements made therein by the interested parties. Between the certificate of
birth which is prima facie evidence of Jose Gerardo’s illegitimacy and the
quasi-conclusive presumption of law (rebuttable only by proof beyond
reasonable doubt) of his legitimacy, the latter shall prevail. Not only does it
bear more weight, it is also more conducive to the best interests of the child
and in consonance with the purpose of the law.
Same; Same; Same; A person’s surname or family name identifies the

family to which he belongs and is passed on from parent to child.—As a
legitimate child, Jose Gerardo shall have the right to bear the surnames of
his father Mario and mother Ma. Theresa, in conformity with the provisions
of the Civil Code on surnames. A person’s surname or family name
identifies the family to which he belongs and is passed on from parent to
child. Hence, Gerardo cannot impose his surname on Jose Gerardo who is,
in the eyes of the law, not related to him in any way.
Same; Same; Same; In case of annulment or declaration of absolute

nullity of marriage, Article 49 of the Family Code grants visi-tation rights to
a parent who is deprived of custody of his children.—In case of annulment
or declaration of absolute nullity of marriage,
442
Article 49 of the Family Code grants visitation rights to a parent who is

deprived of custody of his children. Such visitation rights flow from the
natural right of both parent and child to each other’s company. There being
no such parent-child relationship between them, Gerardo has no legally
demandable right to visit Jose Gerardo.
Same; Same; Same; The State as parens patriae affords special

protection to children from abuse, exploitation and other conditions
prejudicial to their development. It is mandated to provide protection to
those of tender years.—The State as parens patriae affords special
protection to children from abuse, exploitation and other conditions
prejudicial to their development. It is mandated to provide protection to
those of tender years. Through its laws, the State safeguards them from
every one, even their own parents, to the end that their eventual
development as responsible citizens and members of society shall not be
impeded, distracted or impaired by family acrimony. This is especially
significant where, as in this case, the issue concerns their filiation as it

strikes at their very identity and lineage.
PETITION for review on certiorari of the resolutions of the Court of

Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

Juan Orendain P. Buted for petitioner.
Stephen L. Monsanto for respondents.
CORONA, J.:
The child, by reason of his mental and physical immaturity, needs

special safeguard and care, including appropriate legal protection
1
before as well as after birth. In case of assault on his rights by those
who take advantage of his innocence and vulnerability, the law will
rise in his defense with the single-minded purpose of upholding only
his best interests.
_______________
1 Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
443
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 443

This is the story of petitioner Gerardo B. Concepcion and private

respondent Ma. Theresa Almonte, and a child named Jose Gerardo.2
Gerardo and Ma. Theresa were married on December 29, 1989.
After their marriage, they lived with Ma. Theresa’s parents in
3
Fairview, Quezon City. Almost a year 4later, on December 8, 1990,
Ma. Theresa gave birth to Jose Gerardo.
Gerardo and Ma. Theresa’s relationship turned out to be short-
lived, however. On December 19, 1991, Gerardo filed a petition to
have his5 marriage to Ma. Theresa annulled on the ground of
bigamy. He alleged that nine years before he married Ma. Theresa
on December 10, 1980, she had 6
married one Mario Gopiao, which
marriage was never annulled. Gerardo also found out that Mario 7
was still alive and was residing in Loyola Heights, Quezon City.
Ma. Theresa did not deny marrying Mario when she was twenty
years old. She, however, averred that8 the marriage was a sham and
that she never lived with Mario at all.
The trial court ruled that Ma. Theresa’s marriage to Mario was
valid and subsisting when she married Gerardo and annulled her
marriage to the latter for being bigamous. It declared Jose Gerardo
to be an illegitimate child as a result. The custody of the child was
awarded9
to Ma. Theresa while Gerardo was granted visitation
rights.
_______________
2 Marriage Contract, Annex “A,” Rollo, p. 41.

3 Decision, Annex “E,” Rollo, pp. 46-48.
4 Certificate of Live Birth, Annex “M,” Rollo, p. 127.
5 Petition, Annex “C,” Rollo, pp. 38-40.
6 Marriage Certificate, Annex “B-1,” Rollo, p. 43.
7 Supra at note 5.
8 Answer, Annex “D,” Rollo, pp. 44-45.
9 Penned by Judge (now Court of Appeals Justice) Delilah Vidallon-Magtolis, CC
No. 91-10935, Regional Trial Court, National Capital Judicial Region, Branch 107,
Quezon City, Annex “E,” Rollo, p. 46.
444

Ma. Theresa felt betrayed and humiliated when Gerardo had their
marriage annulled. She held him responsible for the ‘bastardization’
of Gerardo. She moved for the reconsideration of the above decision
“INSOFAR ONLY as that portion of the . . . decision which
grant(ed) to the petitioner so-called ‘visitation rights’. . . between
10
the
hours of 8 in the morning to 12:00 p.m. of any Sunday.” She
argued that there was nothing in the law granting “visitation rights in
11
favor of the putative father of an illegitimate child.” She further
maintained that Jose Gerardo’s surname should be changed from
Concepcion to Almonte, her maiden name, following the rule that an
illegitimate child shall use the mother’s surname.
Gerardo opposed the motion. He insisted on his visitation rights
and the retention of ‘Concepcion’ as Jose Gerardo’s surname.
Applying the “best interest of the child” principle, the trial court
denied Ma. Theresa’s motion and made the following observations:
“It is a pity that the parties herein seem to be using their son to get at or to
hurt the other, something they should never do if they want to assure the
normal development and well-being of the boy.
The Court allowed visitorial rights to the father knowing that the minor
needs a father, especially as he is a boy, who must have a father figure to
recognize—something that the mother alone cannot give. Moreover, the
Court believes that the emotional and psychological well-being of the boy
would be better served if he were allowed to maintain relationships with his
father.
There being no law which compels the Court to act one way or the other
on this matter, the Court invokes the provision of Art. 8, PD 603 as
amended, otherwise known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code, to wit:
_______________
10 Motion for Reconsideration, Annex “F,” Rollo, p. 49.

11 Id., p. 61.
445
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 445

“In all questions regarding the care, custody, education and property of the child, his
welfare shall be the paramount consideration.”
WHEREFORE, the respondent’s Motion for Reconsideration has to be, as it

12
is hereby DENIED.”
Ma. Theresa elevated the case to the Court of Appeals, assigning as

error the ruling of the trial court granting visitation rights to
Gerardo. She likewise opposed the continued use of Gerardo’s
surname (Concepcion) despite the fact that Jose Gerardo had already
been declared illegitimate and should therefore use her surname
(Almonte). The appellate court denied13
the petition and affirmed in
toto the decision of the trial court.
On the issue raised by Ma. Theresa that there was nothing in the
law that granted a putative father visitation rights over his
illegitimate child, the appellate court affirmed the “best interest of
the child” policy invoked by the court a quo. It ruled that “[a]t
bottom, it (was) the child’s welfare and not the convenience of the
parents which (was) the primary consideration in granting visitation
14
rights a few hours once a week.”
The appellate court likewise held that an illegitimate child cannot
use the mother’s surname motu proprio. The child, represented by
the mother, should file a separate proceeding for a change of name
under Rule 103 15
of the Rules of Court to effect the correction in the
civil registry.
_______________
12 Order, Annex “G,” Rollo, pp. 53-54.

13 Penned by Associate Justice Ramon A. Barcelona and concurred in by
Associate Justices Arturo B. Buena (a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court)
and Serafin V.C. Guingona. Decision dated September 29, 1994, CA-G.R. CV No.
40651, Court of Appeals, Third Division; CA Rollo, pp. 55-64.
14 Id.
15 Id.
446

Undaunted, Ma. Theresa moved for the reconsideration of the

adverse decision of the appellate court. She also filed a motion to set
the case for oral arguments so that she could better ventilate the
issues involved in the controversy.
After hearing the oral arguments of the respective counsels of the
parties, the appellate court resolved the motion for reconsideration.
It reversed its earlier ruling and held that Jose Gerardo was not the
son of Ma. Theresa by Gerardo but by Mario during her first
marriage:
“It is, therefore, undeniable—established by the evidence in this case—that

the appellant [Ma. Theresa] was married to Mario Gopiao, and that she had
never entered into a lawful marriage with the appellee [Gerardo] since the
so-called “marriage” with the latter was void ab initio. It was [Gerardo]
himself who had established these facts. In other words, [Ma. Theresa] was
legitimately married to Mario Gopiao when the child Jose Gerardo was born
on December 8, 1990. Therefore, the child Jose Gerardo—under the law—is
the legitimate child of the legal and subsisting marriage between [Ma.
Theresa] and Mario Gopiao; he cannot be deemed to be the illegitimate
child of the void and non-existent ‘marriage’ between [Ma. Theresa] and
[Gerardo], but is said by the law to be the child of the legitimate and
existing marriage between [Ma. Theresa] and Mario Gopiao (Art. 164,
Family Code). Consequently, [she] is right in firmly saying that [Gerardo]
can claim neither custody nor visitorial rights over the child Jose Gerardo.
Further, [Gerardo] cannot impose his name upon the child. Not only is it
without legal basis (even supposing the child to be his illegitimate child
[Art. 146, The Family Code]); it would tend to destroy the existing marriage
between [Ma. Theresa] and Gopiao, would prevent any possible
rapproachment between the married couple, and would mean a judicial seal
16
upon an illegitimate relationship.”
_______________
16 Penned by Associate Justice Ramon A. Barcelona and concurred in by

Associate Justices Arturo M. Buena and Conchita Carpio-Morales (now an Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court). Resolution dated September 14, 1995, CA-G.R. CV
No. 40651, Court of Appeals, Former Third Division; Rollo, Annex “A,” pp. 29-32.
447
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 447

The appellate court brushed aside the common admission of Gerardo

and Ma. Theresa that Jose Gerardo was their son. It gave little
weight to Jose Gerardo’s birth certificate showing that he was born a

little less than a year after Gerardo and Ma. Theresa were married:
“We are not unaware of the movant’s argument that various evidence exist
that appellee and the appellant have judicially admitted that the minor is
their natural child. But, in the same vein, We cannot overlook the fact that
Article 167 of the Family Code mandates:
“The child shall be considered legitimate although the mother may have declared
against its legitimacy or may have been sentenced as an adulteress.” (italics ours)
Thus, implicit from the above provision is the fact that a minor cannot be
deprived of his/her legitimate status on the bare declaration of the mother
and/or even much less, the supposed father. In fine, the law and only the
law determines who are the legitimate or illegitimate children for one’s
legitimacy or illegitimacy cannot ever be compromised. Not even the
birth certificate of the minor can change his status for the information
contained therein are merely supplied by the mother and/or the supposed
17
father. It should be what the law says and not what a parent says it is.
(Emphasis supplied)
Shocked and stunned, Gerardo moved for a reconsideration of the

18
above decision but the same was denied. Hence, this appeal.
19
The status and filiation of a child cannot be compromised.
Article 164 of the Family Code is clear. A child who is con-
_______________
17 Id.
18 Resolution dated January 10, 1996, CA-G.R. CV No. 40651, Court of Appeals,
Former Third Division; Rollo, Annex “B,” pp. 34-37.
19 Article 2035 (1), Civil Code; Baluyut v. Baluyut, G.R. No. 33659, 14 June 1990,
186 SCRA 506.
448

20
ceived or born during the marriage of his parents is legitimate.
21
As a guaranty in favor of the child and to protect his status of
legitimacy, Article 167 of the Family Code provides:
Article 167. The child shall be considered legitimate although the mother
may have declared against its legitimacy or may have been sentenced as an
adulteress.
The law requires that every reasonable presumption be made in

22
favor of legitimacy. We explained the rationale of this rule in the
23
recent case of Cabatania v. Court of Appeals:
“The presumption of legitimacy does not only flow out of a declaration in

the statute but is based on the broad principles of natural justice and the
supposed virtue of the mother. It is grounded on the policy to protect the
innocent offspring from the odium of illegitimacy.”
_______________
20 Further, under Article 54 of the Family Code, a child who was conceived or
born before the judgment of annulment or of absolute nullity of the marriage on the
ground of psychological incapacity has become final and executory shall be
considered legitimate. It also provides that a child who was born from a subsequent
void marriage as a result of the failure of the contracting parties to comply with the
mandatory provisions of Articles 52 and 53 of the Family Code shall likewise be
considered legitimate.
21 Tolentino, Arturo, Civil Code of the Philippines with the Family Code,
Commentaries and Jurisprudence, vol. I, 1990 edition, p. 528.
22 Bowers v. Bailey, 237 Iowa 295, 21 N.W. 2d 773.
23 G.R. No. 124814, October 21, 2004, 441 SCRA 96.
449
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 449

24
Gerardo invokes Article 166 (1)(b) of the Family Code. He cannot.
He has no standing in law to dispute the status of Jose
25
Gerardo. Only
Ma. Theresa’s husband Mario or, in a proper case, his heirs, who
can contest the legitimacy of the child Jose Gerardo born to his
26
wife. Impugning the legitimacy of a child is a strictly personal
27
right
of the husband or, in exceptional cases, his heirs. Since the
marriage of Gerardo and Ma. Theresa was void from the very
beginning, he never became her husband and thus never acquired
any right to impugn the legitimacy of her child.
_______________
24 In particular, Article 166 (1)(b) provides:
Article 166. Legitimacy of a child may be impugned only on the following grounds:
(1) That it was physically impossible for the husband to have sexual intercourse with his
wife within the first 120 days of the 300 days which immediately preceded the birth of
the child because of:
x x x x x x x x x
(b) the fact that the husband and wife were living separately in such a way that sexual
intercourse was not possible; or
x x x x x x x x x
25 Article 171 provides for the instances where the heirs of the husband may
impugn the filiation of the child. Thus:
Article 171. The heirs of the husband may impugn the filiation of the child within the period
prescribed in the preceding article only in the following cases:
(1) If the husband should die before the expiration of the period fixed for bringing his
action;
(2) If he should die after the filing of the complaint without having desisted therefrom; or
(3) If the child was born after the death of the husband.
26 Macadangdang v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-49542, 12 September 1980,

100 SCRA 73; Article 170, Family Code.
27 Liyao, Jr. v. Liyao, 428 Phil. 628; 378 SCRA 563 (2002).
450

The presumption of legitimacy proceeds from the sexual union 28

in
marriage, particularly during the period of conception. To
overthrow this presumption on the basis of Article 166 (1)(b) of the
Family Code, it must be shown beyond reasonable doubt that there
was no access that could have enabled the husband to father the
29
child. Sexual intercourse is to be presumed where personal access
is not disproved,
30
unless such presumption is rebutted by evidence to
the contrary.
The presumption is quasi-conclusive and may be refuted only by
the evidence of physical impossibility of coitus between husband
and wife within the first 120 days of the 300 days which
31
immediately preceded the birth of the child.
To rebut the presumption, the separation between 32the spouses
must be such as to make marital intimacy impossible. This may
take place, for instance, when they reside in different countries or
provinces and
33
they were never together during the period of
conception. Or, the husband was in prison during the period of
conception, unless it appears that sexual union took place through
34
the violation of prison regulations.
Here, during the period that Gerardo and Ma. Theresa were living
together in Fairview, Quezon City, Mario was living in Loyola
Heights which is also in Quezon City. Fairview and Loyola Heights
are only a scant four kilometers apart.
Not only did both Ma. Theresa and Mario reside in the same city
but also that no evidence at all was presented to disprove personal
access between them. Considering these cir-
_______________
28 Supra at note 21 citing People v. Giberson, 197 Phil. 509; 111 SCRA 532
(1982).
29 Supra at note 26.
30 Id. citing Tolentino supra.
31 Id.
32 Id.
33 Id. citing Estate of Benito Marcelo, 60 Phil. 442 (1934).
34 Id. citing 1 Manresa 492-500.
451
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 451

cumstances, the separation between Ma. Theresa and her lawful

husband, Mario, was certainly not such as to make it physically
impossible for them to engage in the marital act.
Sexual union between spouses is assumed. Evidence sufficient to
defeat the assumption should be presented by him who asserts the
contrary. There is no such evidence here. Thus, the presumption of
legitimacy in favor of Jose Gerardo, as the issue of the marriage
between Ma. Theresa and Mario, stands.
35
Gerardo relies on Ma. Theresa’s statement in her answer to the
36
petition for annulment of marriage that she never lived with Mario.
He claims this was an admission that there was never any sexual
relation between her and Mario, an admission that was binding on
her.
Gerardo’s argument is without merit.
First, the import of Ma. Theresa’s statement is that Jose Gerardo
is not her legitimate son with Mario but her illegitimate son with
Gerardo. This declaration—an avowal by the mother that her child is
illegitimate—is the very declaration that is proscribed by Article 167
of the Family Code.
The language of the law is unmistakable. An assertion by the
mother against the legitimacy of her child cannot affect the
legitimacy of a child born or conceived within a valid marriage.
Second, even assuming the truth of her statement, it does not
mean that there was never an instance where Ma. Theresa could
have been together with Mario or that there occurred absolutely no
intercourse between them. All she said was that she never lived with
Mario. She never claimed that nothing ever happened between them.
Telling is the fact that both of them were living in Quezon City
during the time material to Jose Gerardo’s conception
_______________
35 Supra at note 8.
36 Supra at note 5.
452

and birth. Far from foreclosing the possibility of marital intimacy,

their proximity to each other only serves to reinforce such
possibility. Thus, the impossibility of physical access was never
established beyond reasonable doubt.
Third, to give credence to Ma. Theresa’s statement is to allow her
to arrogate unto herself a right exclusively lodged in the husband, or
37
in a proper case, his heirs. A mother has no right to disavow a child
38
because maternity is never uncertain. Hence, Ma. Theresa is not
permitted by law to question Jose Gerardo’s legitimacy.
Finally, for reasons of public decency and morality, a married
woman cannot say that she had no intercourse with her husband and
39
that her offspring is illegitimate. The proscription is in consonance
with the presumption in favor of family solidarity. It also promotes
40
the intention of the law to lean toward the legitimacy of children.
Gerardo’s insistence that the filiation of Jose Gerardo was never
an issue both in the trial court and in the appellate
_______________
37 Supra at note 26. See also Articles 170 and 171, Family Code.
38 Id.
39 People ex rel. Gonzales v. Monroe, 43 Ill. App 2d 1, 192 N.E. 2d 691.
40 Cf. Article 220 of the Civil Code. It provides:
Art. 220. In case of doubt, all presumptions favor the solidarity of the family. Thus, every
intendment of law or fact leans toward the validity of marriage, the indissolubility of the
marriage bonds, the legitimacy of children, the community of property during marriage, the
authority of parents over the children, and the validity of defense for any member of the family
in case of unlawful aggression.
While this provision of the Civil Code may have been omitted in the Family Code, the
principles they contain are valid norms in family relations and in cases involving family
members. They are even already embodied in jurisprudence (Tolentino, supra, p. 506).
453
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 453

court does not hold water. The fact that both Ma. Theresa and
Gerardo admitted and agreed that Jose Gerardo was born to them
was immaterial. That was, in effect, an agreement that the child was
illegitimate. If the Court were to validate that stipulation, then it
would be tantamount to allowing the mother to make a declaration

against the legitimacy of her child and consenting to the denial of
filiation of the child by persons other than her husband. These are
the very acts from which the law seeks to shield the child.
Public policy demands that there be no compromise on the status
41
and filiation of a child. Otherwise, the child will be at the mercy of
those who may be so minded to exploit his defenselessness.
The reliance of Gerardo on Jose Gerardo’s birth certificate is
misplaced. It has no evidentiary value in this case because it was not
offered in evidence before the trial court. The rule is that the court
shall not consider any evidence which has not been formally
42
offered.
Moreover, the law itself establishes the status of a child from the
43
moment of his birth. Although a record of birth or birth certificate
44
may be used as primary evidence of the filiation of a child, as the
status of a child is determined by the
_______________
41 Supra at note 19.

42 Section 34, Rule 132, Rules of Court.
43 Tolentino, supra, p. 539; Sempio-Diy, Alicia, Handbook on the Family Code of
the Philippines, 1995 edition, p. 275.
44 Articles 172 and 175, Family Code. Article 172 states:
Article 172. The filiation of legitimate children is established by any of the following:
(1) The record of birth appearing in the civil register or a final judgment; or
(2) An admission of legitimate filiation in a public document or a private handwritten
instrument and signed by the parent concerned.
In the absence of the foregoing evidence, the legitimate filiation shall be proved by:
454

law itself, proof of filiation is necessary only when the legitimacy of

the child is being questioned, or when the status of a child born after
300 days following the termination of marriage is sought to be
45
established.
Here, the status of Jose Gerardo as a legitimate child was not
under attack as it could not be contested collaterally and, even then,
only by the husband or, in extraordinary cases, his heirs. Hence, the
presentation of proof of legitimacy in this case was improper and
uncalled for.
In addition, a record of46birth is merely prima facie evidence of
the facts contained therein. As prima facie evidence, the statements
in the record of birth may be rebutted by more preponderant

evidence. It is not conclusive evidence with respect to the
truthfulness of the statements made therein by the interested
47
parties. Between the certificate of birth which is prima facie
evidence of Jose Gerardo’s illegitimacy and the quasi-conclusive
presumption of law (rebuttable only by proof beyond reasonable
doubt) of his legitimacy, the latter shall prevail. Not only does it bear
more weight, it is also more conducive to the best interests of the
child and in consonance with the purpose of the law.
It perplexes us why both Gerardo and Ma. Theresa would
doggedly press for Jose Gerardo’s illegitimacy while claiming
_______________
(1) The open and continuous possession of the status of a legitimate child; or
(2) Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court and special laws.
On the other hand, Article 175 provides:

Article 175. Illegitimate children may establish their illegitimate filiation in the same way
and on the same evidence as legitimate children.
x x x x x x x x x
45 Cf. Article 169, Family Code.

46 Article 410, Civil Code.
47 Dupilas v. Cabacungan, 36 Phil. 254 (1917).
455
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 455

that they both had the child’s interests at heart. The law, reason and
common sense dictate that a legitimate status is more favorable to
the child. In the eyes of the law, the legitimate child enjoys a
preferred and superior status. He is entitled to bear the surnames of
48
both his father and mother, full support and full inheritance. On the
other hand, an illegitimate child is bound to use the surname and be
under the parental authority only of his mother. He can claim
support only from a more limited group and 49his legitime is only half
of that of his legitimate counterpart. Moreover (without
unwittingly exacerbating the discrimination against him), in the eyes
of society, a ‘bastard’ is usually regarded as bearing a stigma or
mark of dishonor. Needless to state, the legitimacy presumptively
vested by law upon Jose Gerardo favors his interest.
It is unfortunate that Jose Gerardo was used as a pawn in the
bitter squabble between the very persons who were passionately
declaring their concern for him. The paradox was
_______________
48 Article 174, Family Code provides:
Article 174. Legitimate children shall have the right:
(1) To bear the surnames of the father and the mother, in conformity with the provisions of
the Civil Code on Surnames;
(2) To receive support from their parents, their ascendants, and in proper cases, their
brothers and sisters, in conformity with the provisions of this Code on Support; and
(3) To be entitled to the legitime and other successional rights granted to them by the Civil
Code.
49 Article 176, Family Code states:
Article 176. Illegitimate children shall use the surname and shall be under the parental authority
of their mother, and shall be entitled to support in conformity with this Code. The legitime of
each illegitimate child shall consist of one-half of the legitime of a legitimate child. Except for
this modification, all other provisions in the Civil Code governing successional rights shall
remain in force.
456

that he was made to suffer supposedly for his own sake. This
madness should end.
This case has been pending for a very long time already. What is
specially tragic is that an innocent child is involved. Jose Gerardo
was barely a year old when these proceedings began. He is now
almost fifteen and all this time he has been a victim of incessant
bickering. The law now comes to his aid to write finis to the
controversy which has unfairly hounded him since his infancy.
Having only his best interests in mind, we uphold the
presumption of his legitimacy.
As a legitimate child, Jose Gerardo shall have the right to bear
the surnames of his father Mario and mother Ma. Theresa,50 in
conformity with the provisions of the Civil Code on surnames. A
person’s surname or family name identifies the family to which he
51
belongs and is passed on from parent to child. Hence, Gerardo
cannot impose his surname on Jose Gerardo who is, in the eyes of
the law, not related to him in any way.
The matter of changing Jose Gerardo’s name and effecting the
corrections of the entries in the civil register regarding his paternity
and filiation should be threshed out in a separate proceeding.
In case of annulment or declaration of absolute nullity of
marriage, Article 49 of the Family Code grants visitation rights to a
parent who is deprived of custody of his children. Such visitation
rights flow from the natural right of both parent and child to each
other’s company. There being no such parent-child relationship
between them, Gerardo has no legally demandable right to visit Jose
Gerardo.
_______________
50 Id.
51 In the Matter of the Adoption of Stephanie Nathy Astorga Garcia, G.R. No.
148311, 31 March 2005, 454 SCRA 541.
457
VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 457

Our laws seek to promote the welfare of the child. Article 8 of PD

603, otherwise known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code, is clear
and unequivocal:
Article 8. Child’s Welfare Paramount.—In all questions regarding the care,

custody, education and property of the child, his welfare shall be the
paramount consideration.
Article 3 (1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of a

Child of which the Philippines is a signatory is similarly emphatic:
Article 3
1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or
private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities
or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary
consideration.
The State as parens patriae affords special protection to children

from abuse, exploitation and other conditions prejudicial to their
development. It is mandated to provide protection to those of tender
52
years. Through its laws, the State safeguards them from every one,
even their own parents, to the end that their eventual development as
responsible citizens and members of society shall not be impeded,
distracted or impaired by family acrimony. This is especially
significant where, as in this case, the issue concerns their filiation as
it strikes at their very identity and lineage.
WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby DENIED. The September
14, 1995 and January 10, 1996 resolutions of the Court of Appeals
in CA-G.R. CV No. 40651 are hereby AFFIRMED.
Costs against petitioner.
_______________
52 People v. Dolores, G.R. No. 76468, 20 August 1990, 188 SCRA 660.
458

Republic vs. Desierto
SO ORDERED.
Panganiban (Chairman), Sandoval-Gutierrez and Gar-cia,

JJ., concur.
Carpio-Morales, J.,No Part.
Petition denied, resolutions affirmed.
Note.—Paternity or filiation, or the lack of it, is a relationship

that must be judicially established. (Arbolario vs. Court of Appeals,
401 SCRA 360 [2003])
——o0o——
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7/6/2019 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 468

438 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

GERARDO B. CONCEPCION, petitioner, vs. COURT OF

VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 439

Concepcion vs. Court of Appeals

declared against its legitimacy or may have been sentenced as an adulteress.

Same; Same; Same; The law requires that every reasonable

Same; Same; Same; The presumption of legitimacy proceeds from the

Same; Same; Same; The presumption is quasi-conclusive and may be

440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Concepcion vs. Court of Appeals

Same; Same; Same; Sexual union between spouses is assumed.

Same; Same; Same; An assertion by the mother against the legitimacy

Family Code. The language of the law is unmistakable. An assertion by the

Same; Same; Same; For reasons of public decency and morality, a

Same; Same; Same; Public policy demands that there be no

VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 441

Concepcion vs. Court of Appeals

Same; Same; Same; Proof of ﬁliation is necessary only when the

Same; Same; Same; A record of birth is merely prima facie evidence of

therein by the interested parties.—A record of birth is merely prima facie

Same; Same; Same; A person’s surname or family name identiﬁes the

Same; Same; Same; In case of annulment or declaration of absolute

442 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Concepcion vs. Court of Appeals

Article 49 of the Family Code grants visitation rights to a parent who is

Same; Same; Same; The State as parens patriae affords special

signiﬁcant where, as in this case, the issue concerns their ﬁliation as it

PETITION for review on certiorari of the resolutions of the Court of

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

The child, by reason of his mental and physical immaturity, needs

1 Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child.

VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 443

This is the story of petitioner Gerardo B. Concepcion and private

2 Marriage Contract, Annex “A,” Rollo, p. 41.

444 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

10 Motion for Reconsideration, Annex “F,” Rollo, p. 49.

VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 445

WHEREFORE, the respondent’s Motion for Reconsideration has to be, as it

Ma. Theresa elevated the case to the Court of Appeals, assigning as

12 Order, Annex “G,” Rollo, pp. 53-54.

446 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Undaunted, Ma. Theresa moved for the reconsideration of the

“It is, therefore, undeniable—established by the evidence in this case—that

16 Penned by Associate Justice Ramon A. Barcelona and concurred in by

VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 447

The appellate court brushed aside the common admission of Gerardo

weight to Jose Gerardo’s birth certiﬁcate showing that he was born a

Shocked and stunned, Gerardo moved for a reconsideration of the

448 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

The law requires that every reasonable presumption be made in

“The presumption of legitimacy does not only ﬂow out of a declaration in

VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 449

24 In particular, Article 166 (1)(b) provides:

26 Macadangdang v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-49542, 12 September 1980,

450 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

The presumption of legitimacy proceeds from the sexual union 28

VOL. 468, AUGUST 31, 2005 451