Plastic Deformation of Materials: Concepts

APL 102
IIT Delhi
F Area=A
N
1  D Shear stress
2
Area = As b
F
Plastic Deformation of Materials
Concepts: slip systems; critical resolved shear stress (CRSS); Schmid law; theoretical shear strength;
Lecture 28
Recap
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Plastic deformation of Materials
 Externally, permanent shape change begins at sy
 Internally, what happens?
Remains same Crystal structure Becomes random/
Mechanisms of Plastic deformation change amorphous
Twinning: occurs when slip is difficult, How slip can lead to shape change?
e.g. Low T
Focus on Slip: Because slip is the most
common and easy mechanism of deformation
at different T  
b
Slip Planes, Slip Directions, Slip Systems

Slip systems (combination of slip plane and slip direction)
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Slip systems in common

crystal classes
Slip Systems
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Crystal Slip Slip Slip

Plane Direction Systems
FCC {111} <110> 4x3=12
(4 planes) (3 per plane)
BCC {110} <111> 6x2=12
HCP {0001} <11 0> 3x1=3
(1 plane) (3 per plane)
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Slip Systems in FCC Crystal
z (111)
x
Slip Systems
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Crystal Slip Slip Slip

Plane Direction Systems
FCC {111} <110> 4x3=12
BCC {110} <111> 6x2=12
HCP {0001} <11 0> 3x1=3
(1 plane) (3 per plane)
Generally speaking, as we come down the tendency of material to exhibit limited

plasticity increases, which can be attributed to limited slip systems
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Slip lines in the

microstructure of
plastically deformed Cu
Microstructure Laboratory experiment

Refer W. D. Callister
Tensile vs Shear Stress
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 Plastic deformation takes place by slip
 Slip requires shear stress

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Question for thought
Then, how does plastic deformation take place during

a tensile test?
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s
σ: Applied tensile stress
N: Slip plane normal (close packed plane)
N
D: Slip direction (close packed direction)
1  D
2
1: angle between σ and N
2 =angle between σ and D
Is there any shear stress on the slip plane in the

slip direction due to the applied tensile stress?
s
Resolved Shear stress
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F Area=A
s = F/ A
FD = F cos 2
N
As = A/cos 1
1  D
2
F F cos 2
 RSS  D 
AS A
Area = As
cos 1
F
 cos 1 cos 2
A
F  RSS  s cos 1 cos 2 Schmid’s Law:
cos 1 cos 2 Schmid’s factor
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F F
No resolved shear stress on

planes parallel or perpendicular
to the loading axis
F F
cos 2 = 0 cos 1 = 0
Critical Resolved Shear Stress
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Erich Schmid
 RSS  RSS  s cos 1 cos 2 (1935)
s discovered that
if a crystal is
 CRSS stressed, slip
N begins when the
1 
2
D shear stress on a
slip system
reaches a critical
cos 1 cos 2 value, τCRSS
Elastic deformation sy Plastic s

deformation
s  CRSS  s y cos 1 cos 2

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Minimum value of the resolved shear stress ( RSS )

at which plastic deformation begins in the material
 CRSS  s y cos 1 cos 2
Stress less than above then no plastic deformation

Active slip system
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 RSS
cos 1a cos  2a
Slip system with highest Schmid

 CRSS factor is the active slip system
Slip systems with high Schmid

cos  cos  2
1
b b
factor would achieve CRSS value
at much lower yield stress
sy s
 CRSS  s y cos 1 cos 2

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Magnitude of
Critical Resolved Shear
Stress
Theory (Frenkel 1926)
Experiment
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Theoretical Potential
energy
Theoretical estimation of
Critical resolved shear
shear Stress: Also known
as ideal or theoretical
strength Strength of the crystal
Shear stress    G / 2
 CRSS
b/2 b
a
Theoretical shear strength
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As a first approximation the  2x 

stress-displacement curve can be    m Sin 
 b 
written as
At small values of displacement x
Hooke’s law should apply
  G  G
a
 2x 
 For small values of x/b  m 
 b 
Hence the maximum shear G b
m 
stress at which slip should occur 2 a
G
If b ~ a m 
2
Theoretical shear strength
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Theoretical strength of crystal is fraction of shear modulus
 The shear modulus of metals is in the range 20 – 150 GPa
G
m  The theoretical shear stress will be
2 in the range 3 – 30 GPa
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Theory Experiment Ratio

(GPa) (MPa) Theory/Exp
Fe (BCC) 12 15 800
Cu (FCC) 7 0.5 14,000
Zn (HCP) 5 0.3 17,000
 Actual shear stress is 0.5 – 15 MPa

 i.e. (Shear stress)theoretical > 1000 * (Shear stress)experimental !!!!
Several orders of magnitude difference

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Real crystals are significantly
weaker than what is predicted
from the model
Why???
This can be explained by

Dislocations in crystals
Announcement
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 Mid-Semester feedback is open in ‘Moodle’

Give your sincere feedback!
 Minor II Syllabus: After minor I topics (i.e. from Thermodynamics) to

27th September lecture topic (i.e. Deformation behaviour)
 Minor II Exam Schedule:

Date: 06th October (Friday)
Location: LH – 121 & LH – 310
Time: 2:30 pm – 3:30 pm
 Quiz and Rechecked Minor 1 copies will be placed in UG Materials lab.

Please collect them from today afternoon.

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APL 102

Slip Planes, Slip Directions, Slip Systems

Slip systems in common

Crystal Slip Slip Slip

Crystal Slip Slip Slip

Generally speaking, as we come down the tendency of material to exhibit limited

Slip lines in the

Microstructure Laboratory experiment

 Plastic deformation takes place by slip

 Slip requires shear stress

Then, how does plastic deformation take place during

N: Slip plane normal (close packed plane)

2 =angle between σ and D

Is there any shear stress on the slip plane in the

No resolved shear stress on

Elastic deformation sy Plastic s

s  CRSS  s y cos 1 cos 2

Minimum value of the resolved shear stress ( RSS )

 CRSS  s y cos 1 cos 2

Stress less than above then no plastic deformation

Slip system with highest Schmid

Slip systems with high Schmid

 CRSS  s y cos 1 cos 2

As a first approximation the  2x 

Theoretical strength of crystal is fraction of shear modulus

 The shear modulus of metals is in the range 20 – 150 GPa

Theory Experiment Ratio

Cu (FCC) 7 0.5 14,000

Zn (HCP) 5 0.3 17,000

 Actual shear stress is 0.5 – 15 MPa

Several orders of magnitude difference

This can be explained by

 Mid-Semester feedback is open in ‘Moodle’

 Minor II Syllabus: After minor I topics (i.e. from Thermodynamics) to

 Minor II Exam Schedule:

 Quiz and Rechecked Minor 1 copies will be placed in UG Materials lab.

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