Semester Courses of M.A/M.Sc.

(Mathematics)

The course of M.A/M.Sc. (Mathematics) will be spread in two years - Previous &
Final. There will be four semester examinations and a viva-voce & project work examination
in each semester.

M.A./M.Sc. Previous (Mathematics)

(Effective from session 2017-2018)

The M.A./M.Sc. Previous (Mathematics) examination will consist of two semesters,

called first and second semesters. Their examinations will be held in the months of December
and May respectively. In each of these semester examinations there will be five compulsory
papers. Each paper will be of three hours’ duration and of 50 maximum marks, except where
stated otherwise. There will be a viva-voce and project work examination of 50 marks in each
semester.

Format of the Question Paper:-

There will be one compulsory question consisting of 5 parts of short answer type
question based on the whole course, out of which all parts will have to be answered. Besides,
there will be 6 questions in two sections, ordinarily consisting of two parts (a) and (b), out of
which 4 questions will have to be answered. Thus in all 5 questions will have to be attempted
and 7 questions will have to be set. All questions will carry equal marks, except where stated
otherwise.

First Semester

Compulsory Papers

Paper I : Groups and Canonical Forms

Paper II : Topology

Paper III : Differential and Integral Equations

Paper IV : Complex Analysis

Paper V : Real Analysis

1
 Second Semester

Compulsory Papers

Paper I : Fields and Modules

Paper II : Differential Geometry of Manifolds

Paper III : Partial Differential Equations

Paper IV : Operations Research

Paper V : Hydro Dynamics

Viva –Voce and Project Work: 50 marks

There will be a Viva-Voce and Project Work examination of 50 marks in each semester based
on all the papers of respective semester. Under the project, the candidate will present a
dissertation in his/her own handwriting. The dissertation will consist of at least one
theorem/article with proof and one problem with solution, relevant definitions with examples
and/or counter-examples, wherever necessary, from each paper of Mathematics studied in
First and Second semesters.

Distributions of marks are as follows:-

1. Attendance (To be verified by Head 05 marks a.91%-100%- 05marks,

in case of University and by Principal b.81%-90%- 04marks,
in case of college) c.75%-80%- 03marks

2. Presentation of at least 15 minutes 10 marks

to be evaluated by internal examiner

2. Class test in each paper 10 marks Average of all five tests to be

taken
3. Dissertation 05 marks

4. Viva-Voce 20 marks

2
 For viva-voce examination and evaluation of project work there will be a board of
examiners consisting of an external examiner and an internal examiner. The dissertation will
be forwarded by the Head of Department at the university centre and by the Principal of the
college at the college centre.

3
 M.A./M.Sc. Semester-I

Paper I- Groups and Canonical Forms

Groups : Conjugacy relation. Normaliser of an element. Class equation of a finite group.

Center of a group. Fundamental theorems on isomorphism of groups. Automorphisms. Inner
automorphism. Maximal subgroups. Composition series. Jordan-Holder theorem. Solvable
groups. Nilpotent groups. Commutator subgroups. External and iternal direct product of
groups. Cauchy’s theorem for finite group. Sylow’s theorem.

(4 questions)

Canonical forms: Similarity of linear transformations. Invariant subspaces. Reduction to

triangular forms .Nilpotent transformations. Index of nilpotency. Invariants of a nilpotent
transformation. The primary decomposition theorem. Jordan blocks and Jordan forms.
(2 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. I.N. Herstein : Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

2. P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpaul : Basic Abstract Algebra (Second
Edition), Cambridge University Press, Indian Edition.
3. Surjeet Singh and Qazi Zameeruddin: Modern Algebra, Vikas Publishing House. Pvt.
Ltd.
4. K.B. Datta : Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,.
5. S. Kumaresan : Linear Algebra, A Geometric Approach, Prentice Hall of India.
6. A.R. Vasishtha & A.K. Vasishtha : Modern Algebra, Krishna Prakashan Media (P)
Ltd., Meerut .
7. H.K.Pathak: Abstract Algebra, Shiksha Sahitya Prakashan.

4
 Paper II-Topology

Definition and examples of topological spaces. Closed sets. Closure. Dense subsets.
Neighbourhoods. Interior, exterior and boundary. Accumulation points and derived sets.
Bases and sub-bases. Subspaces and relative topology. Alternate methods of defining a
topology in terms of Kuratowski Closure operator and Neighbourhood Systems.

Continuous functions and homeomorphism. First and second countable spaces. Lindelof’s
theorems. Separable spaces. Second Countability and Separability.
(3 questions)

Separation axioms T0,T1,T2,T3,T4; their characterizations and basic properties. Urysohn

Lemma. Tietz extention theorem.

Compact sets and their properties. Finite intersection property, Bolzano Weierstrass
property. Continuous functions and compactness, Sequential compactness, countable
compactness and their comparison. One point compactification. Connected spaces.
Connectedness on the real line. Components. Locally connected Spaces.
(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. George F. Simmons : Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, Mc Graw-Hill

Book Company.
2. J.L. Kelley : General Topology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co., New York.
3. K.D. Joshi : Introduction to General Topology, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
4. James R Munkres : Topology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Willard : General Topology Addison-Wesley, Reading.

5
 Paper III-Differential and Integral Equations

Solution of Differential Equations in ascending and descending power series,

Hypergeometric Differential Equations, Papperitz symbol, Pochhammer symbol,
Hypergeometric Function, Solution of Gauss’s Hypergeometric Differential Equation,
Differentiation of Hypergeometric Functions.
Legendre’s Differential Equation, Legendre’s Functions, Generating Function for 𝑃𝑛 (x),
Laplace Definite Integrals for 𝑃𝑛 (x), Orthogonal Properties of Legendre’s Polynomials,
Recurrence Formulae, Beltrami Result, Christoffel’s Expansion and Summation formulae,
Rodrigue’s Formula for 𝑃𝑛 (x).
Bessel’s Differential Equation, Bessel’s Functions, Generating Function for 𝐽𝑛 (x),
Differential Equations Reducible to Bessel’s Differential Equations, Orthogonality of
Bessel’s Functions.
(3 questions)

Integral Equation, Linear Integral Equations, Types of Linear Integral Equations, Types of
Kernels, Conversion of differential equations to integral equations, 𝐿2 kernels and 𝐿2
Functions, Eigen values and eigen functions, Solution of Volterra Integral Equations by
Successive Approximations and Successive Substitution Methods.
Fredholm Integral Equations of First and Second kinds, Solution of Fredholm Integral
Equations by Successive Approximations and Successive Substitution Methods, Neumann
Series, Volterra solution of Fredholm Integral Equation of second kind, Reduction of
Volterra Integral Equation into differential equation, Reduction of Volterra Integral Equation
of first kind into Volterra Integral Equation of second kind.
(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-
1. Differential and Integral Equations by B.P. Parashar
2. Series Solution and Special Functions by V. S. Verma
3. Fundamentals of Integral Equations by V. S. Verma

6
 Paper IV-Complex Analysis

Analytic continuation. Uniqueness of analytic continuation. Power series method of analytic

continuation. Branches of many-valued function. Singularities of an analytic function.
Riemann surfaces. Gamma function. Zeta Function. Principle of reflection. Hadamard’s
multiplication theorem. Functions with natural boundaries.

(3 questions)

Maximum-modulus theorem. Schwarz’s lemma. Vitali’s convergence theorem. Hadamard’s

three-circles theorem. Mean values of |f(z)|. Borel-Cartheodory theorem. Pharagmen-
Lindelof theorem.

Conformal representation. Linear (bilinear) transformations involving circles and half-planes.

Transformations w=z2, w=(z+1/z)/2, w = log z, w = tan2 (z/2) Simple function and its
properties. The “1/4 theorem”.

Radius of convergence of the power series. Analyticity of sum of power series. Position of
the singularities.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. E.C. Titchmarsh: Theory of Functions, Oxford University Press, London.

2. Mark J. Ablowitz and A.S. Fokas: Complex Variables: Introduction and Applications,
Cambridge University Press, South Asian Edition, 1998.
3. R.V. Churchill & J.W. Brown. Complex Variables and Applications, 5th Edition
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.
4. Shanti Narayan: Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, S. Chand & Co., New
Delhi.
5. H.K.Pathak: Complex Analysis, Shiksha Sahitya Prakashan

7
 Paper V-Real Analysis

Definition and Existence of Riemann- Stieltjes integrals. Properties of the integral,

integration and differentiation, the fundamental theorem of calculus, integration of vector
valued functions. Rectifiable curves. Rearrangements of terms of a series, Riemann’s
theorem. Sequences and series of functions of real numbers. Pointwise convergence and
uniform convergence. Cauchy Criterion of uniform convergence. Weierstrass M- test, Abel’s
and Dirichlet’s tests for uniform convergence. Uniform convergence and continuity. Uniform
convergence and integration. Uniform convergence and differentiation. Weierstrass
approximation theorem,Power series, uniqueness theorem for power series, Abel’s and
Tauber’s theorem.

(4 questions)

Functions of several variables, linear transformations, Derivatives in an open subset of R n,

Chain rule , Partial derivatives, interchange of the order of differentiation, derivative of
higher orders, Taylor’s theorem, Inverse function theorem, Implicit function theorem,
Jacobians, extremum problems with constraints, Lagrange’s multiplier method.

(2 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. Walter Rudin: Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd edition), McGraw-Hill,

Kogakusha, 1976 International Student Edition.
2. H. L. Royden : Real Analysis, Macmillan Pub. Co. Inc. New York, 4th Edition, 1993.
3. Richard Johnson Baugh: Foundation of Mathematical Analysis.
4. H.K.Pathak : Real Analysis, Shiksha Sahitya Prakashan

8
 M.A./M.Sc. Semester-II

Paper I- Fields and Modules

Field theory: Extension fields. Algebraic and transcendental extensions. Splitting field.
Separable and inseparable extensions. Normal extension. Perfect fields. Finite fields.
Antomorphisms of extensions. Galois group. Fundamental theorem of Galois theory.
Construction with ruler and compass. Solution of polynomial equations by radicals.
Insolvability of the general equation of degree 5 by radicals.

(4 questions)

Modules : Cyclic modules. Simple modules . Semi-simple modules. Schuler’s lemma. Free
modules. Noetherian and artinian modules. Hilbert basis theorem.

(2 questions)

Books Recommended:

1. I.N. Herstein : Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

2. P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpaul : Basic Abstract Algebra (Second
Edition), Cambridge University Press, Indian Edition.
3. Surjeet Singh and Qazi Zameeruddin: Modern Algebra, Vikas Publishing House. Pvt.
Ltd.,.
4. K.B. Datta : Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. S. Kumaresan : Linear Algebra, A Geometric Approach, Prentice Hall of India.
6. A.R. Vasishtha & A.K. Vasishtha : Modern Algebra, Krishna Prakashan Media (P)
Ltd., Meerut .
7. H.K.Pathak: Abstract Algebra, Shiksha Sahitya Prakashan.

9
 Paper II- Differential Geometry of Manifolds

Definition and examples of differentiable manifold. Differentiable functions. Differentiable

curves .Tangent space .Vector fields. Lie bracket. Invariant view point of connections .
Covariant differentiation . Torsion. Curvature . Parallelism . Difference tensor of two
connections. Lie derivative.

(3 questions)

Riemannian Manifold. Riemannian connection. Riemannian curvature tensor and Ricci

tensor. Idenitities of Bianchi. Sectional curvature.

Exterior product of two vectors. Exterior algebra of order r .Exterior derivative .Cartans’s
structural equations. Submanifolds. Normals. Induced connection. Gauss formulae.
Weingarten formulae. Lines of curvature. Mean curvature. Equations of Gauss and Codazzi.
(3 questions)

Books Recommended:

1.B.B. Sinha : An Introduction to Modern Differential Geometry, Kalyani Publishers, New

Delhi,
2.N.J. Hickls : Notes on Differential Geometry.
3.K. Yano and M. Kon: Structure of Manifolds, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd.,1984.

10
 Paper III- Partial Differential Equations

Partial Differential Equations of the First Order : Origin of first order partial differential
equations. Lagrange’s solution of first order linear partial differential equation. Non-linear
partial differential equations of the first order. Cauchy’s method of characteristics, Charpit’s
method and Jacobi’s method.

(3 questions)

Partial Differential Equations of Second and Higher Orders : Origin of second order
partial differential equations. Higher order partial differential equations with constant
coefficients. Equations with variable coefficients. Classification of second order partial
differential equations. Canonical forms. Solution of non-linear second order partial
differential equations by Monge’s method. Method of separation of variables for solving
Laplace, wave and diffusion equations.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:

1. V.S.Verma : A Text Book of Partial Differential Equations

2. A.R. Forsyth : A Treatise on Differential Equations
3. I.N. Sneddon : Elements of Partial Differential Equations.

11
 Paper IV- Operations Research

Origin and development of OR. Objective, nature, definition and scope of OR. Phases of
OR Methods.

Network analysis: Basic concepts and definition. Network drawing and analysis Critical
path method. Labelling method. Methods based on time estimates to find critical path.
Concept of slack and float. Resource levelling and time-cost trade-off analysis. Time-cost
optimization procedure. Project crashing. PERT. Requirements for application of PERT
technique. Practical limitations in using PERT. Diffferences in PERT and CPM. Shortest path
problem. Minimum spanning tree problem. Maximum flow problem. Minimum cost flow
problem.

(3 questions)

Sequencing Problems :Assumptions for seqnencing problem. Processing n jobs on two

machines, n jobs on three machines, 2 jobs on m machines.

Non-Linear Programming:Introduction and defintions. Formulation of non-Linear

programming problems, General non-linear programming problems. Constrained
optimization with equality constraints. Constrained optimization with inequality constaints.
Saddle point problems Saddle points and NLPP.

Goal Programming:Introduction and definition. Concept of goal programming. Difference

between linear programming approach and goal programming approach. Goal programming
model formulation. Methods of solution of goal programming problem. Graphical method
and Simplex method.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:

1. H.A. Taha: Operations Research – An Introduction, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.,

New York.
2. Kanti Swarup, P.K. Gupta, Man Mohan: Operations Research, Sultan Chand and
Sons, New Delhi.
3. B.S. Goel, S.K. Mittal: Operations Research, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.
4. P.K. Gupta, D.S. Hira: Operatons Research – An Introduction, S. Chand & Company
Ltd., New Delhi.
5. S.S. Rao: Optimization Theory and Applications, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
6. J.K. Sharma: Operations Research – Theory and Applications, Macmillan India Ltd.
7. S.D. Sharma: Operations Research, Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Company.

12
 Paper V- Hydro Dynamics

Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. Equation of continuity. Boundary surfaces. Stream Lines.
Path lines and streak lines. Velocity potential. Irrotational and rotational motions. Lagrange’s
and Euler’s equations of motion. Pressure equation. Bernoulli’s theorem. Impulsive actions.
Flow and circulation. Permanence of irrotational motion. Stream function. Irrotational motion
in two-dimensions. Complex velocity potential. Sources, sinks, doublets and their images.

(3 questions)

Two-dimensional irrotational motion produced by motion of circular and elliptic cylinders in

a liquid. Kinetic energy of liquid. Milne-Thomson circle theorem. Theorem of Blasius.
Stoke’s stream function. Motion of a sphere through a liquid. Vortex motion. Vortex lines.
Kelvin’s proof of permanence. Motion due to circular and rectilinear vortices.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:

1. B.G. Verma: Hydrodynamics, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 1995.

2. W.H. Besaint and A.S. Ramsey: A Treatise on Hydrodynamics, Part II, C.B.S.
Publishers, Delhi, 1988.
3. F. Chorlton: Text Book of Fluid Dynamics, C.B.S. Publishers, Delhi, 1985.

13
 M.A./ M.Sc. Final (Mathematics)
(Effective from session 2018-2019)
The M.A./M.Sc. Final (Mathematics) will consist of two semesters, called third and
fourth semesters. Their examinations will be held in the months of December and May
respectively. In each of these semester examinations there will be three compulsory papers
and two optional papers selected from each group of optional papers. Each paper will be of
three hours’ duration and of 50 maximum marks, except where stated otherwise. There will
be a viva-voce and project work examination of 50 marks in each semester.
Format of the Question Paper.
There will be one compulsory question consisting of 5 parts of short answer type
question based on the whole course, out of which all parts will have to be answered. Besides,
there will be 6 questions in two sections, ordinarily consisting of two parts (a) and (b), out of
which 4 questions will have to be answered. Thus in all 5 questions will have to be attempted
and 7 questions will have to be set. All questions will carry equal marks, except where stated
otherwise.
Third Semester
Compulsory Papers
Paper I : Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
Paper II : Banach Spaces
Paper III : Fluid Dynamics
Optional Papers
Any one of the following will have to be opted from each group
Group-1
Paper IV (a) : Riemannian Geometry
Paper IV (b) : General Relativity and Gravitation
Paper IV (c) : Complex Manifolds
Paper IV (d) : Advanced Topology
Group-2
Paper V (a) : Discrete Mathematics
Paper V (b) : Mathematical Modelling
Paper V (c) : Numerical Solution of Differential Equations
Paper V (d) : Algorithm and Data Structure

Fourth Semester
Compulsory Papers
Paper I : Measure Theory
Paper II : Hilbert Spaces
Paper III : Analytical Dynamics

14
Optional Papers
Any one of the following will have to be opted from each group
Group-1
Paper IV (a) : Finsler Geometry
Paper IV (b) : Cosmology
Paper IV (c) : Contact Manifolds
Paper IV (d) : Wavelet Analysis
Group-2
Paper V (a) : Information Theory
Paper V (b) : Bio Mathematics
Paper V (c) : Magneto Hydrodynamics
Paper V (d) : Computational Mathematics

Viva –Voce and Project Work: 50 marks

There will be a Viva-Voce and Project Work of 50 marks in each semester examination based
on all the papers of respective semester. Under the project, the candidate will present a
dissertation in his/her own handwriting. The dissertation will consist of at least one
theorem/article with proof and one problem with solution, relevant definitions with examples
and/or counter-examples, wherever necessary, from each paper of Mathematics studied in
third and fourth semesters.

Distribution of marks are as follows:-

1. Attendance (To be verified by head 05 a.91%-100%- 05marks,

In case of University and Principal b.81%-90%- 04marks,
In case of college) c.75%-80%- 03marks
2. Presentation of at least 15 minutes 10
to be evaluated by internal examiner

3 Class test in each paper 10 Average of all five tests to be taken

4. Dissertation and Viva-Voce 05

5. Viva-Voce 20

For viva-voce examination and evaluation of project work there will be a board of examiners
consisting of an external examiner and an internal examiner. The dissertation will be
forwarded by the Head of Department at the university centre and by the Principal of the
college at the college centre.

15
 M.A./M.Sc. Semester-III

Paper – I Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Harmonic oscillators. Effect of disturbing force. Damped and forced oscillations. Motion of a
rigid body in two dimensions under finite and impulsive forces. Kinetic energy and moment
of momentum in two dimensions. Rolling spheres and cylinders. Conservation of energy and
momentum.

(3 questions)

Motion of a billiard ball. Equations of motion and their applications in three dimensions.
Motion of a system of particles. Moving axes. Equations of motion in most general form.
Momentum of a rigid body. Euler’s equations of motion. Moment of momentum about
instantaneous axis. Kinetic energy of a rigid body. Motion relation to earth’s surface.
(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. S.L. Loney: An Elementary Treatise on the Dynamics of a Particle and of Rigid

Bodies, Macmillan India Ltd., 1982.
2. A.S. Ramsey: Dynamics Part-II, The English Language Book Society and Cambridge
University Press, 1972.
3. J.L. Synge and B.A. Griffith: Principles of Mechanics, McGraw Hill International
Book Company, 1982.

16
 Paper – II Banach Spaces

Normed linear spaces, Banach spaces, their examples including Rn ,Cn , lp (n), 1≤p <∞, c0
,c, lp , 1≤p <∞, P [a,b], C[a,b]. Joint continuity of addition and scalar multiplication.
Summable sequences and completeness. Subsapaces, Quotient spaces of normed linear space
and its completeness.

Continuous and bounded linear operators and their basic properties. Normed linear space of
bounded linear operators and its completeness. Various forms of and operator norm.
(3 questions)

Isometric isomorphism, Topological isomorphism. Equivalent norms. Finite dimensional

normed spaces and compactness. Riesz Theorem, Bounded linear functionals Dual spaces.
Form of dual spaces (Rn)*, (Cn)*,co*, l1* , lp*, 1<p <∞.

Hahn- Banach theorem for real and complex normed linear spaces and its simple
consequences. Open mapping theorem and its simple consequences. Product normed space.
Closed graph theorem. Uniform boundedness. Banach-Steinhaus theorem. Embedding and
Reflexivity

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:

1. P.K. Jain, O.P. Ahuja and K. Ahmad: Functional Analysis, New Age International (P)
Ltd. and Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1997.
2. B. Choudhary and S. Nanda: Functional Analysis with Applications, Wiley Eastern
Ltd., 1989.
3. I.J Maddox: Functional Analysis, Cambridge University Press (1970).
4. G.F. Simmons: Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1963.
5. K. Chandrashekhara Rao. Functional Analysis, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi

17
 Paper III Fluid Dynamics

Wave motion in a gas. Speed of Sound. Equation of motion of a gas. Subsonic, sonic and
supersonic flows of a gas. Isentropic gas flows. Flow through nozzle. Shock formation.
Elementary analysis of normal and oblique shock waves. Derivation of speed of shock
formed by sudden movement of piston in a gas at rest.

(3 questions)

Stress components in a real fluid. Relations between Cartesian components of stress. Rate
of strain quadric. Principal stresses. Relations between stress and rate of strain. Coefficient of
viscosity. Navier-Stokes equations of motion. Steady viscous flow between parallel planes
and through tubes of uniform circular cross-sections. Steady flow between concentric rotating
cylinders. Diffusion of vorticity. Energy dissipation due to viscosity. Reynolds number.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. F. Chorlton: Text Book of Fluid Dynamics, C.B.S. Publishers, Delhi, 1985

18
 Paper IV (a) Riemannian Geometry

Hypersurfaces : Unit normal. Generalised convariant differentiation. Gauss’s formulae.

Curvature of a curve in a hypersurface. Normal curvature. Mean curvature. Principal normal
curvature. Lines of curvature. Conjugate and asymptotic directions. Tensor derivative of the
unit normal. Gauss characteristic equation and Mainardi-Codazzi equations. Totally geodesic
hypersurfaces.

Subspaces: Unit normals. Gauss’s formulae. Change from one set of normals to another.
Curvature of a curve in subspace. Conjugate and asymptotic directions. Generalisation of
Dupin’s theorem. Derived vector of a unit normal. Lines of curvature for a given normal.

(3 questions)

Lie derivative: Infinitesimal transformation. The notion of Lie derivative. Lie derivative of
metric tensor and connection. Motion and affine motion in Riemannian spaces.

Hypersufaces in Euclidean space: Hyperplanes. Hyperspheres. Central quadric

hypersurfaces. Reciprocal quadric hypersurfaces. Conjugate radii. Any hypersurface in
Euclidean spaces. Riemannian curvature of a hypershpere. Geodesics in a space of positive
constant curvature.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. C.E. Weatherburn: An Introduction to Riemannian Geometry and the Tensor

Calculus, Cambridge University Press, 1966.
2. K. Yano: The Theory of Lie Derivatives an its Applications, North Holland
Publishing Company, Amsterdam,1957.
3. R. S. Mishra: A Course in Tensors with Applications to Riemannian Geometry,
Pothishala (Pvt.) Ltd., 1965.

19
 Paper IV (b) General Relativity and Gravitation

Basics of Tensor, Tensor density, Levi-Civita tensor, Riemannian metric, Parallel transport
and Geodesic, Geodesic Deviation. Riemannian curvature tensor, Parallel propagation and
Riemannian curvature tensor, Ricci tensor, Bianchi identities, Conformal curvature tensor,
Conformal Invariance, Exterior Derivatives, Lie derivatives. Minkowski Space time, Curved
Space time.
(2 questions)
Introduction to General Relativity, Principal of Equivalence, Principal of General covariance,
Mach’s Principle, Non-Euclidean character of rotating disc, geodesic postulate, Newtonian
approximation of equation of motion, Search for Einstein’s field equation, Gravitational field
in empty space, Clock Paradox, Schwarzschild exterior solution, Singularities in
Schwarzschild line element, Isotropic form of Schwarzschild exterior line element, Planetary
orbits, Three Crucial tests in General Relativity, Radar Echo Delay (Fourth test), Analogous
to Kepler’s Law, Energy momentum tensor, Formula for energy momentum tensor for perfect
fluid, Schwarzschild internal solution, Boundary conditions, Action Principle, Derivation of
Einstein’s field equation from variational principle, Energy momentum pseudo tensor,
Birkhoff’s theorem, Reissner- Nordstrom Solution ,Vaidya metric, The Vaidya metric in Null
Co-ordinates.
(4 Questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. K. D. Krori : Fundamentals of Special and General Relativity; PHI Publication, 2010.

2. S. R. Roy and Raj Bali : Theory of Relativity; Jaipur Publishing House, 2008.
3. Steven Weinberg : Gravitation and Cosmology : Principles and applications of
General Relativity; Wiley Publ.,2005.
4. J. V. Narlikar : An Introductions to Relativity; Cambridge University Press, 2010.
5. I.B. Khriplovich : General Relativity; Springer Science + business media, 2005.

20
 Paper IV (c) Complex Manifolds

Almost Complex Manifolds : Elementary notions, Nijenhuis tensor Eigen values of F,

Integrability conditions, Contravariant and covariant analytic vectors, F-connection.

Almost Hermit Manifolds: Definition, Almost analytic vector fields. Curvature tensor. Linear
connections.

(3 questions)

Kaehler Manifolds: Definition. Curvature tensor. Affine connection. Properties of projective,

conformal, concircular and conharmonic curvature tensors. Contravariant almost analytic
vector. Nearly Kaehler Manifolds: Introduction, Curvature identities, Almost analytic
vectors.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. R.S. Mishra: Structure on differentiable manifold and their application, Chandrama

Prakashan, Allahabad, 1984.
2. K. Yano and M. Kon: Structures of Manifolds, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., 1984.

21
 Paper IV (d) Advanced Topology

Separated sets. Connectedness in terms of separated sets. Characterization of connected sets

in terms of open sets and closed sets. Closure of a connected set. Union of connected sets.
Connected sets in R. Continuity of a function and connectedness. Components and partition
of space.
Inadequacy of sequential convergence. Directed sets, nets and subnets and their examples
Convergence of a net, charaterisation of open sets, closed sets, closure, cluster point and limit
point of a set in terms of net convergence. Hausdorffness and continuity of a function in
terms of nets.

(2 questions)

Definition of filter and its examples. Neighborhood filter. Comparison of filters. Filter base
and subbase. Convergence of a filter. Ultrafilters. Continuous functions and filters.Net based
on filter and filter based on net.

Quotient topology, quotient space, quotient map, quotient space X/R, Finite product space,
projection mapping.

Tychonoff product topology in terms standard subbase and its characterizations in terms of
projection maps, continuous functions, Product of T0,T1,T2, spaces. Connectedness and
compactness, first and second countability for product spaces.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. George F. Simmons : Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, Mc Graw-Hill

Book Company 1963.
2. J.L. Kelley : General Topology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co., New York 1995.
3. K.D. Joshi : Introduction to General Topology, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1983.
4. James R Munkres : Topology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
5. S. Willard : General Topology Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1970.

22
 Paper V (a) Discrete Mathematics

Semigroups & Monoids: Definition and examples of Semigroups and Monoids.

Homomorphism of Semigroups and Monoids. Congruence relation and Quotient Semigroups.
Subsemigroup and Submonoids. Direct products. Basic homomorphism theorem.

Lattices: Lattices as partially ordered sets. Their properties. Lattices as Algebraic Systems.
Sublattices. Direct products and Homomorphisms. Some Special Lattices e.g., Complete,
Complemented and Distributive Lattices.

(3 questions)

Boolean Algebras: Boolean Algebras as Lattices, Various Boolean Identities. The Switching
Algebra example. Subalgebras. Direct Products and Homomorphisms. Join-irreducible
elements, Atoms and Minterms. Boolean Forms and their Euivalence.

Graph Theory: Definition of Graphs, Paths, Circuits, Cycles & Subgraphs. Induced
Subgraphs. Degree of a vertex. Connectivity. Planar graphs and their properties. Trees.
Euler’s Formula for connected planar graphs.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. C.L. Liu: Elements of Discrete Mathematics (Second Edition), McGraw Hill,

International Edition, Computer Science Series, 1986.
2. J.P. Tremblay & R. Manohar: Discrete Mathematical Structures with Applications to
Computer Science, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1997.
3. N. Dew. Graph Theory with Application to Engineering and Computer Sciences,
Prentice Hall of India.

23
 Paper V (b) Mathematical Modeling

Mathematical Modelling: Need, techniques, classification and simple illustrations of

mathematical modelling. Limitations of mathematical modelling.

Mathematical Modelling Through Ordinary Differential Equations of First Order:

Linear and Non-linear Growth and Decay models. Compartment models. Mathematical
modelling of geometrical problems through ordinary differential equations of first order.
(3
questions)

Mathematical Modelling Through System of Ordinary Differential Equations of First

Order: Mathematical modelling in Population Dynamics. Mathematical modelling of
epidemics. Compartment models. Mathematical modelling in Economics. Mathematical
models in Medicine.
Mathematical Modelling Through Ordinary Differential Equations of Second Order:
Mathematical modelling through linear differential equations of second order, Application of
Differential Equation in Cardiography.

Mathematical Modelling Through Partial Differential Equations: Situations giving rise

to partial differential equation models. Application of Partial Differential Equation in Nuclear
Reactors.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. J.N. Kapur: Mathematical Modelling, New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi.
2. Zafar Ahsan : Differential Equations and Their Applications, PH I learning Private
Limited, New Delhi.

24
 Paper V (c) Numerical Solution of Differential Equations
Numerical Solution of parabolic partial differential equations (PDE) in one space: two and
three levels explicit and implicit differences schemes. Convergence and stability analysis.

Numerical solution parabolic PDE of second order on two spaces dimension: Implicit
methods, alternating direction implicit (ADI) methods. Non-linear initial BVP (boundary
valued problems).

Differences schemes for parabolic PDE in spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems in one
dimension.

(3 questions)

Numerical solution of hyperbolic PDE in one and two spaces dimension: explicit and implicit
schemes: ADI methods. Differences schemes for first order equations.

Numerical solutions of elliptical equations, approximations of Laplace and bi-harmonic

operators. Solutions of Dirichlet, Neuman and mixed type problems.

Finite element methods: Linear, triangular elements and rectangular elements.

(3 questions)

Recommended Books:

1. M. K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyenger and R. K. Jain: Computational Methods for Partial

differential equations, Wiley Eastern, 1994.
2. M. K. Jain, Numerical Solution Differential Equation, 2nd Edition, Wiley Eastern.
3. S. S. Sastry, Introductory Methods of Numerical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India,
2002.
4. D .V. Griffiths and I. M. Smith, Numerical Methods of Engineers, Oxford University
Press, 1003.
5. C. F. General and P.O. Wheatley: Applied Numerical Analysis, Addison-Wiley, 1998.

25
 Paper V (d) Algorithm and Data Structure
Fundamentals of C Programming, Structures, Pointers. Introduction to the concepts of an
abstract data structures and its implementation.

Mathematical Basis: Asymptotic notation, Summations, Recursion formulas.

(3 questions)

Basic data structures: Stacks, queues, lists, tress, priority queues, tables.

Searching Methods: Binary search Tree.

Sorting: General Background, Insertion sorts, Merge sorts and Heap sort.

(3 questions)

Recommended Books:

1 Y. Langsam, M.J. Augenstein, A. M. Tanenbaum: Data Structures using C and C++,

PHI, New Delhi, 2002.
2 T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. C. Rivest: Algorithms, PHI New Delhi, 2001.
3 B.W. Kernighan, D. M. Ritche: The C Programming Language, 2nd Edition, Prentice
Hall, 1989.

26
 M.A./M.Sc. Semester-IV

Paper I Measure Theory

Lebesgue’s outer measure λ and its properties. Length of an interval and Lebesgue outer
measure. Lebesgue measurable sets in R and σ-algebra of Lebesgue measurable sets Mλ in R
Lebesgue measurability of open sets, closed sets and Borel sets. Labesgue measure on R.
Example of a Non-Lebesgue measurable set. Cantor’s set and its Labesgue measure.

General outer measure μ. Caratheodory’s definition of μ-measurable sets. σ-algebra of μ-

measurable sets Mμ. Definition of a measure. Measurable space and a measure space.
(2 questions)

Definition of a measurable function. Equivalent conditions for measurable function. Sum and
product of measurable functions. Composition of a measurable and a continuous function.
Sequences of measurable functions. Measurability of supremum function, infimun function,
limit superior function, limit inferior function and limit function. Simple measurable
functions and their properties. A non-negative measurable function as the limit of a sequence
of non-negative simple measurable functions. Concept of almost everywhere (a.e.). Lebesgue
theorem.
Convergence in Measure and its properties. F. Riesz theorem and Egorov theorem.
Convergence almost everywhere, almost uniform convergence and their inter-relations.
Lebesgue Integration of a simple measurable function on R and its properties. Lebesgue
Integration of a bounded measurable function on a set E with finite Lebesgue measure, i.e. λ
(E) <∞, and its properties. Bounded convergence theorem, Lebesgue integration and Riemann
integration. Integration on a measure space. Integration of a non-negative measurable
function on a measure space. Lebesgue integral of general measurable function and its
properties. Space of Lebesgue integrable functions.

(4 questions)

Books Recommended:-
1 Walter Rudin: Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd edition), McGraw-Hill,
Kogakusha, 1976 International Student Edition.
2 H. L. Royden : Real Analysis, Macmillan Pub. Co. Inc. New York, 4th Edition, 1993.
3. Richard Johnson Baugh; Foundation of Mathematical Analysis.
4. G. de Barra : Measure theory and Integration, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1981.
5. E. Hewitt & K. Strumberg: Real and Abstract Analysis, Springer – Verlag, New York,
1969.

27
 Paper II - Hilbert Spaces

Inner product spaces, their basic properties and examples, Schwartz inequality. Norm induced
by inner product, Continuity of inner product, Hilbert spaces and their examples.
Parallelogram equality, polarization identity. Characterization of inner product in terms of
norm. Separable Hilbert spaces and their examples

Orthogonal vectors. Orthogonal complement. Projection theorem. Projection operators.

Orthogonal sets and their advantage over its linearly independent sets. Complete orthonormal
sets.

(3 questions)

Bessel’s generalized inequality. Parseval’s Relation. Grahm-Schmidt orthogonalization

process. Fourier series representation

Bounded linear functionals on Hilbert spaces. Riesz-Frechet representation theorem.Dual

spaces.Inner product structure of dual spaces. Reflexivity of Hilbert spaces.

Hilbert adjoint operators. Shift operators. Special cases of Hilbert adjoint operoters self
adjoint operators, positive operator, normal operators, unitary operators. Orthogonal
projection operators.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. P.K. Jain, O.P. Ahuja and K. Ahmad: Functional Analysis, New Age International (P)
Ltd. and Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1997.
2. B. Choudhary.& S. Nanda: Functional Analysis with Applications, Wiley Eastern
Ltd., 1989.
3. I.J Maddox: Functional Analysis, Cambridge University Press (1970).
4. G.F. Simmons: Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1963.
5. K. Chandrashekhara Rao. Functional Analysis, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi

28
 Paper III- Analytical Dynamics

Classification of dynamical systems. Generalized coordinates. Holonomic and non-

holonomic systems, Kinetic energy. Generalized components of momentum. Generalized
Components of the effective and applied forces. Lagrange’s equations. Examples, Energy
equation from Lagrange’s equation. Reciprocal relations. Lagrange’s equation for impulsive
motion. Ignoration of coordinates. The Routhian functin. Euler’s equation from Lagrange’s
equation.

(3 questions)

Hamilton’s equations of motion. Application of Hamiltonian methods. Natural motions. The

space of events. Action. Hamilton’s principle. Principle of least action. Hamilton-Jocobi
equation. Hamilton characteristic function. Generating function. Canonical transformations.
Phase space. Bilinear invariants. Poisson brackets, Lagrange brackets. Invariance of Lagrange
brackets and Poisson brackets under canonical transformations. Small oscillations.
Langrange’s equation of small oscillations. Lagrange’s determinants. Normal modes and
normal coordinates and their stationary properties.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. S.L. Loney: An Elementary Treatise on the Dynamics of a Particle and a Rigid Body,
Macmillan India Ltd., 1982.
2. A.S. Ramsey: Dynamics part-II, The English Language Book Society and Cambridge
University Press, 1972.
3. .J.L. Synge and B.A. Griffith: Principles of Mechanics, McGraw Hill International
Book Company, 1982

29
 Paper IV (a)- Finsler Geometry

Finsler metric function. Its properties. Tangent space. Indicatrix. Metric tensor and C-tensor
Homogeneity properties of gij and Cijk . Dual tangent space. Geodesics. δ-differentiation.
Partial δ-differentiation. Properties of partial δ-differentiation.

(3 questions)

Fundamental postulates of Cartan. Cartan’s covariant derivatives and their properties.

Geometry of paths. Berwald’s covariant derivative and its properties.

Commutation formula resulting from partial δ-differentiation. Other commutation formulae.

Three curvature tensors of Cartan. Identities satisfied by curvature tensors including Bianchi
identities.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. H. Rund: The Differential Geometry of Finsler Spaces, Springer-Verlag, 1959.

2. M. Matsumoto: Foundations of Finsler Geometry and special Finsler spaces,
Kaiseisha Press, Saikawa, Otsu, 520 Japan, 1986.

30
 Paper IV (b)- Cosmology

Static cosmological models, Properties of Einstein Universe, Properties of de-Sitter

Universe, Non-Static cosmological models, Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW)
cosmological models, Geometrical features of FRW metric, Observable parameters in FRW
metric, Particles Horizon, Event Horizon, Einstein’s field equation and dynamics of the
universe, Cosmologies with a non zero Λ.

(3 questions)

Origin and Evolution of Universe, Creation of matter, C Field Theory, Cosmological

equations, explosive Creation, The large number hypothesis, Observable parameters of the
Steady State Theory.

Gravitational Collapse, Gravitational Collapse of a Homogeneous Dust ball, Black Holes

(Strong Gravitational fields), The Kerr metric or the Rotating black Holes, Ker-Newmann
metric.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. K. D. Krori : Fundamentals of Special and General Relativity; PHI Publication, 2010.

2. S. R. Roy and Raj Bali : Theory of Relativity; Jaipur Publishing House, 2008.
3. Steven Weinberg : Gravitation and Cosmology : Principles and applications of
General Relativity; Wiley Publ.,2005.
4. J. V. Narlikar : An Introductions to Relativity; Cambridge University Press, 2010.
5. I.B. Khriplovich : General Relativity; Springer Science + business media, 2005.

31
 Paper IV (c)- Contact Manifolds

Almost Contact Manifolds : Definition. Eigen values of F. Intergrability conditions of πm,

πm and π1 . Lie derivative. Normal contact structure. Affinily almost cosymplectic manifold.

(3 questions)

Almost Grayan Manifolds: Introduction. D-conformal transformation. Particular affine

connections. Almost Sasakian manifold. Quasi-Sasakian manifold.
Sasakian Manifolds: K-contact Riemannian manifold and its properties, Sasakian manifold
and its properties. Properties of projective, conformal, concircular and con- harmonic
curvatures in Sasakian manifold. Cosymplectic structure.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. R.S. Mishra: Structures on differentiable manifold and their applications, Chandrama

Prakashan, Allahabad, 1984.
2. K. Yano and M. Kon: Structure of Manifolds, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., 1984.

32
 Paper IV (d)- Wavelet Analysis

Wavelet Transform and its Basic Properties : Introduction. Continuous wavelet transform
and examples. Basic properties of wavelet transform. Discrete wavelet transform.
Orthonormal wavelets.

(3 questions)

Different Ways of Constructing Wavelets: Orthonormal bases generated by a single

2
function. Balaon-Low theorem. Smooth projections on L (R). Local sine and cosine bases
and the construction of some wavelets.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. Eugenio Hernandez and Guido Weiss: A First Course of Wavelets, CRC Press, New
York, 1996.
2. C.K. Chui: An Introduction to Wavelets, Academic Press,1992.
3. I. Daubechies: Ten Lectures on Wavelets, CB5-NSF Regional Conference in Applied
Mathematics, 61, SIAM 1992.
4. Y. Mayer: Wavelets, algorithms and applications (Translated by R.D. Rayan, SIAM,
1993).
5. M. V. Wikerhauser: Adopted wavelet analysis from theory of software, Wellesley,
MA, A,K. Peters, 1994.

33
 Paper V (a)- Information Theory

Measure of Information-Axiom for a measure of uncertainty. The Shannon entropy and

its properties. Joint and conditional entropies. Transformation and its properties.
Noiseless coding- Ingredients of noiseless coding problem. Uniquely decipherable codes.
Necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of instantaneous codes.Construction of
optimal codes.
Discrete Memoryless Channel-Classification of channels. Information processed by a
channel. Calculation of channel capacity. Decoding schemes. The ideal observer .The
fundamental theorem of information theory and its strong and weak converses.
Continuous Channels-The time-discrete Gaussian channel. Uncertainty of an absolutely
continuous variable. The converse of the coding theorem for time-discrete Gassian channel.
The time-continuous Gaussian channel. Band-limited channels.
(3 questions)

Some imuitive properties of a measure of entropy-

Symmetric,normalization,expansibility,boundedness,recursivity,maximality,stability,additivit
y,subadditivity,nonnegativity,continuity,branching etc. and interconnections among them.
Axiomatic charachterization of the Shannon entropy due to Shannon and Fadeev.
Information functions, the fundamental equation of information, information functions
continuous at the origin, nonnegative bounded information functions, measurable information
functionsand entropy. Axiomatic charachterisations of the Shannon entropy due to Tverberg
and Leo. The general solution of fundamental equation of equation of information.
Derivations and their role in the study of information functions.
The branching property.Some charechterizations of the Shannon entropy based upon the
branching property. Entropies with sum property.The Shannon inequality.Subadditive,
additive entropies.
The Renji entropies. Entropies and mean values. Average entropies and their equality,
optimal coding and the Renji entropies.Charechterization of some measures of average code
length.
(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. R. Ash, Information Theory, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1965.

2. F.M. Reza, An introduction to Information Theory, MacGraw-Hill Book
Company Inc., 1961.
3. J. Aczel and Z .Daroczy, On measures of information and their
charechterizations, Academic Press, New York.

34
 Paper V (b)- Bio Mathematics

Introduction, Definition and Scope of Bio-Mathematics, Role of Mathematics in Biosciences.

Basic concepts of Fluid Dynamics, Bio-Fluid Dynamics, Basic concepts about blood,
Cardiovascular system and blood flows, Blood flow through artery with mild stenosis, Two-
layered flow in a tube with mild stenosis, Pulsatile Flow of Blood. Peristaltic flow in tubes
and channels.

(3 questions)

Human Respiratory System, Gas exchange and air flow in human lungs. Consumption and
transport of Oxygen. Weibel’s model for flows in human lung airways. Comparison between
flows of blood and flows in lung airways. Diffusion. Fick’s laws of diffusion. Diffusion
equation and its solution. Modification of the diffusion equation. Diffusion in artificial
kidney. Hemodialyser. Types of Hemodialyser.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. J.N. Kapur: Mathematical Models in Biology and Medicine, Affiliated East-West

Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1985.
2. Y.C. Fung: Bio-Mechanics, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 1990.
3. Stanley E. Charm and George S. Kurland: Blood Flow and Microcirculation, John
Wiley & Sons, 1974.
4. S.A. Levin: Frontiers in Mathematical Biology, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
5. S.K. Pundir & R. Pundir : Biomathematics, Pragati Prakashan, 2010.

35
 Paper V (c)- Magneto Hydrodynamics

Maxwell equations. Electromagnetic field in a conductor. MHD approximations. Rate of flow

of charge. Important MHD parameters. Diffusion of magnetic field. Frozen-in-fields. Integral
of magnetic field equation. Analogy of magnetic field with vorticity. Alfven theorem.
Lorentz force and its transformations. Magnetic energy. Poynting vector theorems. Basic
equations of in viscid and viscous magnetohydrodynamics. Energy conservation law.

(3 questions)

Alfven waves. MHD waves in a compressible fluid. Equi-partition of energy of Alfven

waves. MHD boundary conditions. Equations of incompressible MHD flow. Parallel steady
flow. Steady parallel flow in a conservative field of force. One-dimensional steady viscous
MHD flow. Hartmann flow. Couette flow.

(3 questions)

Books Recommended:-

1. Alan Jeffery, Magnetohydrodynamics, Oliver and Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh, 1966.

2. F. Chorlton, Text Book on Fluid Dynamics, C.B.S. Publishers, Delhi,1985.
3. S.I. Pai, Magnetohydrodynamics and Plasma Dynamics, Springer-Verlag,1962.

36
 Paper V (d)- Computational Mathematics

Basics of LATEX, Basics of SciLab Programming, normal (composite) expression, symbols

and variables, Dynamic data typing, logical operators, Loops, Examples of functions of
Single arguments, Functions of several variables, Functions with multiple definitions,
Functions on lists and functional programming,

(3 Questions)

Nest Family, Operators on functions, Writing efficient programs: some techniques and
applications, Solving Physical problems: Differential equations, basics of data analysis with
SciLab, Graphics, 2D, 3D Graphics.

(3 Questions)

Recommended Books:-

1. SCILAB (A Free Software To MATLAB), Achuthsankar S Nair, S. Chand Publishing,

2012.

2. Scilab: A Practical Introduction to Programming and Problem Solving, Tejas B.

Sheth , CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.
3. Modeling and Simulation in Scilab/Scicos with ScicosLab 4.4, Campbell, Stephen
L., Chancelier, Jean-Philippe, Nikoukhah, Ramine, Springer, 2010.

37
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