MSC Maths

M.G.S.
UNIVERSITY,
BIKANER
SYLLABUS
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND COURSES OF STUDY
FACULTY OF ARTS / SCIENCE
M.A. / M.SC. MATHEMATICS
M.A./M.Sc. PREVIOUS EXAMINATION – 2021

M.A./M.Sc. FINAL EXAMINATION - 2022
© M.G.S. UNIVERSITY, BIKANER
1
The Ordiances Governing the examination in the Faculties of Arts, Fine Arts, Social Sciences, Science,
Commerce, Management, Engineering, Education and Law are contained in separate booklet. The
students are advised to the same.
2. Changes in Statutes / Ordinances / Rules/ Regulations / Syllabus and Books may from time to time,
be made by amendment or remaking, and a candidate shall, except in so far as the University
determines otherwise comply with any changes that applies to years he has not completed at the time
of change.
3. In each paper, 9 questions will be set, 3 questions from each section. Candidates have to answer five
questions in all taking at least one question from each section.
4. The syllabus is given in both the languages i.e. Hindi & English, if there is any discrepency, English
version will be authentic.
5. The list of text books/ Recommended books/Reference Books as approved by the various B.O.S. are
printed along with the English version only.
Note : The decision taken by the Academic Council shall be final.
2
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Each theory paper 3 Hrs. duration 100 Marks
Dissertation/Thesis/Survey Report/Field Work. If any 100 Marks
1. The number of paper and the maximum marks for each paper practical shall be shown in the syllabus for the
subject concerned. It will be necessary for a candidate to pass in the theory part as well as in the practical part
(Whenever Prescribed) of a subject/Paper separately.
2. A candidate for a pass at each of the Pervious and the Final Examination shall be required to obtain (i) atleast
36% marks in the aggregate of all the paper prescribed for the examination and (ii) atleast 36% marks in
practical (s) whenever prescribed the examination, provided that if a candidate fails to atleast 25% marks in each
individual paper work. Wherever prescribed, he shall be deemed to have failed at the examination not with
standing his having obtained the minimum percentage of marks required in the aggregate for the examination.
No division will be awarded at the Pervious Examination, Division hsall be awarded at the end of the Final
Examination combined marks obtained at the Pervious and the Final Examination taken together, as noted below
:
First Division 60% of the aggregate marks taken together
Second Division 40% of the Pervious and the final Examination.
All the rest shall be declared to have passed the examination.
3. If a candidate clears any paper (s) Practical(s)/Dissertation Prescribed at the Pervious and or/final Examination
after a continuous period of three years, then for the purpose of working out his division the minimum pass marks
only viz 25% (36% in the case of practical) shall be taken into account in respect of such paper(s) Particle(S)
Dissertation are cleared after the expiry of the aforesaid period of three year, provided that in case where a
candidate require more than 25% marks in order to reach the minimum aggregate as many marks out of those
actually secured by him will be taken into account as would enable him to make the deficiency in the requisite
minimum aggregate.
4. The Thesis/Dissertation/Survey Report/Field Work shall be typs & written and submitted in triplicate so as to
reach the office of the Register atleast 3 weeks before the commencement of the theory examinations. Only such
candidates shall be permitted to offer dissertation/Fields work/Survey Report/Thesis (if provided in the scheme of
examination) in lieu of a paper as have secured atleast 55% marks in the aggregate of all scheme and I and II
semester examination taken in the case of semester scheme, irrespective of the number of paper in which a
candidate actually appeared at the examination.
N.B. (i) Non-Collegiate candidates are not eligible to offer dissertation as per Provision of 170-A.
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M.A./M.SC. EXAMINATION
MATHEMATICS
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
There shall be 10 papers in all. Out of these Five shall be offered in previous and Five in final. Each paper
shall be of 100 marks and of 3 hours duration.
M. A. / M. Sc. (Previous) Examination, 2021
Papers Nomenclature Duration Max.Marks
I Advanced Abstract Algebra 3 Hrs. 100
II Analysis 3 Hrs. 100
III Mathematical Methods 3 Hrs. 100
IV Differential and Integral Equations 3 Hrs. 100
V Numerical Methods 3 Hrs. 100
Paper - I (ADVANCED ABSTRACT ALGEBRA)
Duration : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 100
Note : The paper consists of three sections
Section A : This section contain 10 questions of 02 Mark each (02 question from each unit) all questions
are compulsory
Section B : This section contain 05 questions of 04 Mark each (01 question from each unit) all questions
are compulsory
Section C : This section contain 05 questions of 20 Mark each (01 question from each unit) attempt any 03
questions
Unit I
Homomorphism theorems on groups, conjugate elements. Classes and class equation of a finite group,
Sylows Theorem, P-sylow subgroup, structure theorem for finite abelian groups. Field theory-Extension fields,
Algebraic and transcendental extensions, Separable and inseparable extensions
Unit II
Normal and subnormal series, Composition series, Jordan-Holder Theorem, Solvable group, Nilpotent groups.
Normal extensions, Perfect fields, Finite fields. Primitive elements, Algebraically closed fields.
Automorphisms of extensions. Galois extensions, Fundamental theorem of Galois theory.
Unit III
Vector space of a linear transformation, Matrix representation of a linear transformation, Change of Basis,
Similarity, eigen value and eigen vectors for a linear operator, Caley-Hamilton, theorem, diagonalization, minimal
4
Polynomial and equation. Polynomials over rational fields. The Einstien criterion, Polynormial rings over
commutative ring, unique factorization domain, Chain condition and rings.
Unit IV
Linear functionals, Dual and bidual of a vector space and their properties, Annhilators, Invariance, projections
and its properties, Adjoints of a linear transformation and its properties. Solution of polynomial equations by
radicals, insolvability of the general equation of degree 5 by radicals.
Unit V
Bilinear quadratic and hermition forms, Inner product spaces, Cauchy-Swarchz inequality, orthogonal
vectors, orthogonal complements, ortho-normal sets and bases. Bessel’s inequality for finite dimensional spaces,
Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process.
REFERENCES :
1. Maclane and Birkoff : Algebra, Macmillan & Co.
2. Hofman and Kunz. : Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India.
3. I.N. Herstein : Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern India Ltd.
4. I.S. Luthar and B.S. Passi, : Algebra Vol-I Groups, Vol-II Rings, Narosa Publishing House
5. Gokhroo et.al. : Advanced Abstract Algebra, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
6. Gokhroo et.al : Advanced Linear Algebra, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
7. Purohit, Pareek, Sharma, : Linear Algebra, Jaipur Publishing House
8. Bhattacharya, P.B. etc. : Basic Abstract Algebra (II ed.) Camb. Univ. Press India, 1997
9. P.M. Cohn : Algebra vol I,II & III, John Wiley & Sons, 1982-89, 91
10. D.S. Malik, J.N. Mordeson : Fundamental of Abstract Algebra

& M. K. Sen MecGraw Hill International Edition, 1997
11. Vivek Sahai & Vikas Bist : Algebra, Narosa Publishing, 1999
12. Gopal Krishanan, N.S. (II ed. ) : University Algebra New Age International Publication
13. Gopal Krishanan, N.S. : University Algebra through 600 problems New Age International
Publication
14. B.S. Vatssa : Modern Algebra, 1999 New Age International Publication, (1999)
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Paper - II (ANALYSIS)
Duration: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 100
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit I
Countable and non countable sets, lebesgue measure of sets of real numbers. Measurable functions,
structure of measurable functions, weierstras’s theorem on the approximation of continuous functions by
polynomials.
Unit II
Lebesgue integral of measurable functions, lebesgue theorem on the passage to the limit under the integral
sign. Summable functions, the space of square summable functions, function of finite variation, stieltjes integral,
the indefinite lebesgue integral.
Unit III
Algebra of Complex numbers, Analytic functions, Cauchy-Reimann equations, Cauchy Theorem and integral
formula, Power series, Taylor’s and Laurents series, Morera’s Theorem, Lioville’s Theorem, Fundamental Theorem
of Algebra, exp, sine, Cosine functions, Maximum modulus principal, Swartz Lemma.
Unit IV
Classification of Singularities, Branch points, Reimann Theorem on removable Singularity, open mapping
theorem, casoratti-weirstrass theorem, meromorphic functions. The argument Principle, Roche’s Theorem
Unit V
Residues, cauchy’s residue theorem, Evaluation of Integrals, Branches of many value function with reference
a
to argz, logz and Z , ã definition and examples of Contour mapping. Analytic continuation.
REFERENCES :
1. T.M. Apostal : Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (1985)
2. Gabriel Klambauer : Mathematical Analysis, Mared Dekker Inc., New York (1975)
3. G-de Barra : Measure Theory and Integration, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 1981
4. P.K. Jain and V.P. Gupta : Lebesgue Measure and Integration, New Age
International Pub. Ltd., New Delhi (Reprint 2000)
5. Indra Kumar Rana : An Introduction to Measure and Integration, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi (1997)
6
6. G.N. Purohit : Advanced Analysis, Jaipur Publishing House, Jaipur
7. G.N. Purohit : Lebesgue Measure and Integration,
Jaipur Publishing House, Jaipur
8. T.S. Nahar : Advanced Analysis, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
9. T.S. Nahar : Measure Theory, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
10. S. Ponnusamy : Foundation of Complex Analysis,
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (1997)
11. Shanti Narain : Complex Analysis, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi
12. L.V. Ahlfords : Complex Analysis, McGraw Hill Co., 1979
13. Purohit and Goel : Complex Analysis, Jaipur Publishing House, Jaipur.
14. K.P. Gupta : Complex Analysis,
Krishana Prakashan Mandir, Meerut.
15. B. Choudhary : Complex Analysis, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
16. Gokhroo et.al : Complex Analysis, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
17. S.K. Sharma etc. : Complex Analytic Functions Theory and Applications New Age International
Publishers.
18. M.R.Speigel : Real variables (Lebesgue Measure and Integration) McGrawHill Co.
7
Paper - III (Mathematical Methods)
Duration: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 100
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit-I ( Special Functions )

Hyper Geometric and Confluence, Hyper geometric Functions. Hermite and Laguerre Polynomial,
their generating functions and general integral properties.
Unit-II (Special Functions )
Legendres polynomial . Associated Legendre’s functions. Bessel’s functions. Recurrence relations.

Orthogonal properties.
Unit-III (Tensors)
Transformation of Coordinates, Covarient, Contravarient and mixed tensors. Invariants. Addition, subtraction
and multiplication of tensors. Contractions of tensors Quotient Law of tensors. Fundamental Tensors, Length of
Curve, Associated tensors.Christoffel symbols, Covariant Differentiation of tensors, Laws of covariant
differentiation
Unit-IV(Tensors)
Geodisics, Null Geodesics, Geodesics Coordinates Parallelism, Covarient derivatives, Reimann-christroffel

tensor, curvature tensor, Ricci tensor, Bianchi identity, Reimaan curvature, Flat space, space of constant
curvature.
Unit-V (Integral Transform)
Laplace Transform: Definition and properties, Rules of manipulation: Laplace Transform of derivatives,
Inverse Transform, Complex in version formula, Convolution theorem , Use of Laplace Transform to solve
differential equation with constant coefficient, Variable coefficients, Simultanens equations and simple Partial
differential equation.
REFERENCES :
1. Rainville E.D. : Special Functions Chapter :1,6,8,11 & 12
2. Sneddon I.N. : The use of Integral Transform , Mc-Graw Hill Co., 1966
3. Speigal M.R. : Theory and Problem of Laplace Transform , McGraw Hill Co.
4. Slater L.J : Confluent Hypergeometric Functions, Cambridge University Press,1966
5. L.J. Slater : Generalized Hypergeometric Functions, Cambridge University Press, 1966
6. Gokhroo et.al : Special Functions, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
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7. Gokhroo et.al : Transform Calculus, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
8. Berry Spain : Tensor Calculus
9. Bansal J.L. : Tensor Calculus, Jaipur Publication House, Jaipur.
10. Raj Bali : Tensor Calculus, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
Paper - IV ( Differential and Integral Equations )
Duration – 3 Hrs. Max Marks 100
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit-I ( Differential Equations )

Existence and uniqueness of solution of dy/dx = f(x,y), Cannonical forms and reduction to canonical
forms. Classification of second order PDE, Separation of variable for Heat Equation, Wave equations and
Laplace Equation.
Unit-II ( Differential Equations )
Linear Boundary value problem, (Eigen values eigen functions, normalized eigen functions eigen function
expansion, Rayleigh quotient), Strum Liouville Boundary value problem, Cauchy problem and characteristics,
Green’s function.
Unit-III ( Calulus of Variation )
Linear functionals, Minimal functional theorem, General Variations of a function, Euler-Lagranges equation,
Variational method for Boundary value problems in ordinary and partial differential equations.
Unit-IV ( Integral Equations )
Linear integral equations of first and second kind of Fredholm and Volterra types, Homogeneous Fredholm integral equations, Fredholm
integral equations with separable kernels, solution by successive substitutions and successive approximations
Unit-V ( Integral Equations )
Volterra integral equations and their solutions solutions by successive substitutions and successive
approximations, Classical Fredholm theory, The Fredholm alternative Helbert Schimdt theory of Symmetric
Kernels.
REFERENCES :
1. Lovitle W.V. : Integral Equation, Dover Publications
2. Kanwal R.P. : Linear Integral Equation Theory and Techneques, Academic Press, New York
3. Gokhroo et.al : Differential Equation and Calculus of variation, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
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4. Gokhroo et.al : Integral Equation, Navkar Publications, Ajmer
5. Fred A. Hinchey : Introduction to Applicable Mathematics Part-II, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
6. S.G. Mikhlin : Linear Integral Equation 1960 (Translated from Russian) Hindustan Book agency
7. A.N. Sneddon : Mixed Boundary Value Problem in Potential Theory, North Halland, 1966
8. Goyal et.al. : Integral Equation, jaipur publishing house jaipur
PAPER - V ( Numerical Methods )

Duration: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 100
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Note : scientific calculators (non programming ) are allowed
Unit-I
Iterative methods : Simple iteration, theory of iteration, acceleration of conversion, methods for multiple
and complex roots, Newton Raphson method for simultaneous equations, convergence of iteration process in the
case of several unknowns.
Unit-II
Solution of polynomial equations, polynomial evaluation, real and complex roots, synthetic division, the
Birge-Vieta, Baristow and Graffe’s root squaring methods, system of simultaneous equation (Linear) –direct
methods –Methods of determination. Gauss elimination, Gauss Jordan, Cholesky, Partition methods of successive,
approximate –conjugate Gracient, Gauss and Jacobi iteration, Gauss seidal iteration & Relaxation methods.
Unit-III
Eigen value problem, basic properties of eigen values and eigen vectors, power methods for finding all eigen
pairs of a matrix, complex eigen values.
Curve fitting and function approximation, least square error criterion, linear regression, polynomial fitting
and other curve fitting, approximation of functions by Taylor series and Chebyshev polynomials.
Unit-IV
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Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, Taylor series methods, Euler’s and modified Euler’s
method, Runge-Kutta method upto fourth order, multi step method (Predictor –Corrector Strategies), stability
analysis –single and multi step methods.
Unit-V
Difference methods for Boundary value problems, ordinary differential equations, boundary value problems,
shooting methods, finite difference methods, difference scheme for non linear boundary value problems of the
type.
Books recommended :
1- Jain, Iyengar & Jain : Numerical Analysis

2- Jain M.K. : Numerical Solution of differential equations.
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M. A. / M. Sc. (Final) Examination, 2022
Papers Nomenclature Duration Max.Marks
Compulsory Papers
VI Topology and Functional Analysis 3 Hrs. 100
VII Continuum Mechanics 3 Hrs. 100
Optional Papers (Any THREE of the following ) :
Opt Paper I Generalized Hyper-
geometric Functions 3 Hrs. 100
Opt Paper II Advance Discrete Mathematics 3 Hrs. 100
Opt Paper III Mechanics 3 Hrs. 100
Opt Paper IV Fluid Dynamics 3 Hrs. 100
Opt Paper V Operations Research 3 Hrs. 100
Opt Paper VI Topology 3 Hrs. 100
Opt Paper VII Mathematical theory of
Statistics 3 Hrs. 100
Opt Paper VIII Computer Applications
(Only for regular students) 3 Hrs. 100
Opt Paper IX Relativity and Cosmology 3 Hrs. 100
Paper - VI (Topology and Functional Analysis )

3 Hrs. duration 100 Marks
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit I ( Topology )
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Topological spaces: Neighbour hood and neighbourhood system, coarser and finer topologies,
relative topologies, equivalent definitions of topologies. open and closed functions, Continuity and
topological equivalence:. Homeomorphic spaces, topological properties, topologies induced by functions.
Unit II( Topology )
Separation axioms: T1 space, Hausdorff spaces, regular spaces, Functions that separate points.
Completely regular spaces sequentially compact sets, countably compact sets. Locally compact spaces,
compactness in metric spaces.
Unit III ( Banach Spaces )
Normed Vector spaces, Banach Spaces and their examples, Continuous linear transformations,
The Hahn-Banach theorem and its application, The open mapping theorem , the closed graph theorem
,the uniform boundedness theorem.
Unit IV ( Hilbert Spaces )
Inner product spaces, Hilbert space and their examples, Cauchy Schwarz’s inequality, Parallelogram Law,
Orthogonal complements, Orthonormal sets. Bessel’s inequality,Gram Schmidt orthogonlization process, Riesz
representation theorem
Unit V ( Hilbert Spaces )
Adjoint of an operator, Self adjoint, Normal and Unitary Operators and their properties, Projections.
Recommended:
1. L.A. Luesternik and : Elements of Functional Analysis,
L.J. Soboler Hindustan Publishing Company (1974).
2. A.E. Taylor : Introduction to Functional Analysis (1958), John Wiley and Sons.
3. J.Dieudonne : Foundations of Modern Analysis (1969), Academic Press.
4. Kosaku Yosida : Functional Analysis (1974), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. B. Choudhary : Functional Analysis with Application (1989), Wiley Eastern Limited and Sudarshan
Nanda
6. Nahar, T.S : Metric Spaces, Navkar Publications, AJMER
7. Nahar, T.S. : Functional Analysis, Navkar Publications, AJMER
8. Sharma, J.N.. : Functional Analysis, Krishana Prakashan Mandir, Meerut
9. S.Lipsechutz : General topology. The any problem, MCgraw Hill Co. (ch.V,VI,X,Xi)
10. G.F.Summous : Introduction of topology and modern Analysis.
Paper - VII ( Continuum Mechanics )
13
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit I
Cartesian Tensors, Index notations and transformation, Laws of Cartesian tensors, Addition, Subtraction and
multiplication of Cartesian tensor, Gradient of a scalar function, Divergence of a vector function and curl of a
vector function using the Index notation, The identity stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
Unit II
The continuum approach classification of continuous media, Body forces and surface forces, Components of
stress tensor, Force and moment equation of equilibrium, The stress quardric, Principle stresses and Principle axes,
Stress invariants and the stress deviator tensor, Maximum shearing stress.
Unit III
Lagrangian and Eulerian description of deformation of flow, the comoving derivative, Velocity and
acceleration, The continuity equation.
Strain tensors, The linear rotation tensor and rotation vector, Analysis of rotation displacement, Geometrical
meaning of the components of the linear strain tensor, Principle axis theory for the linear strain tensor, properties
of Linear strain tensors, The linear cubical dilatation, Compatibility equations for the linear strain components.
Unit IV
The rate of strain tensors and the vorticity tensor, The rate of rotation vector and the vorticity, Properties of
the rate of strain tensor, Rate of cubical dilatation.
Law of conservation of mass and Eulerain Continuity equation, The momentum integral theorem and the
equation of motion, Kinetic equation of state, The first and the second law of thermodynamics and the dissipation
function.
Unit V
Application: (Linear elasticity): Assumption and basic equations, Generalized Hooke’s Law for an isotropic
Homogeneous solid, Compatibility equations. Classification of types of problems in linear elasticity, The Principle of
superposition, The strain energy function, The uniqueness theorem P.I. Relationship and the work kinetic energy
equation,
Irrotational flow and the velocity potential, Kinetic equation of state and the First Law of Thermodynamics.
The equation of continuity, the equations of motion, Vorticity-Strema Surface for inviscid flow, Bernoulli’s
equations, Irrotational flow and the velocity potential, Similarity parameters and fluid flow.
Books for Reference :
1. D. Frederic and T.S. Chang : Continuum Mechanics, Ally and Bacon. Inc. Boston.
2. Mase. G.E. : Continuum Mechanics (Schaum series)
3. Sommefield A. : Mechanics Deformable bodies.
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4. Mortone E. gurtin : AnIntroduction to Continuum Mechanics, (Academic Press)
5. Sharma, K.D. : Continuum Mechanics, Navkar Publications, AJMER
15
Optional Papers (ANY THREE of the following)
Opt. PAPER - I (Generalized Hypergeometric Functions)
Duration 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 100
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
UNIT- 1
Generalized Hypergeometric Functions: Definition, Convergence conditions for pFq differential
equation and its solution, Watson’s, Dixon’s, Whipple’s and Saalschutz theorems for the series 3F2 with
unit argument, Fundamental theorem due to thomae.
UNIT-2
Contour integral representation for pFq, Euler’s type integrals involving pFq. Special cases, Product
formulas due to Ramanujan, Preece and Bailey.
Meijer’s G function: Definition, Nature and convergence conditions for the contours, special cases,
Identities.
UNIT-3
Transformation formulas, differentiation formulas, recurrence relations, Contiguous functions,
relations. Simple finite and infinite integrals involving G-function, Mellin and Laplace transforms of G-
function.
UNIT-4
H-function: Definition, Convergence conditions, Series representations, Special cases,
Transformation formulas, Identities, Differentiation formulas, Multiplication formulas.
UNIT-5
Recurrence relations, Contiguous function relations, finite and infinite integrals involving H-functions.
Books Recommended :
1. Bailey, W. N., : Generalised Hypergeometric Series,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1935)
2. Mathai A.M.and : Generalised Hypergeometric functions with applications in
3. R.K.Saxena, Statistics and Physical Sciences, Lecture Notes in Mathematics,
348 Springer verlag, New York, (1973). (Chapters 1 to 4 ).
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4. Mathai A.M.and other : The H-fuction with applications in Statistics.
5. Saxena, R.K disciplines, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, (1978) (Chapters 1to3)
6. Raninville E.D. : Special functions, The MacMaillan Co., (1960)
7. Saran, N.,Sharma, S.D. et.al. : Special functions, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut. Chapter 4
Opt. Paper II (Advance Discrete Mathematics)

Duration : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 100
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit I
Formal logic-Structures symbolic representation, propositional logic, equivalence, Contradictions
and tautologies, Argument and validity, predicates and quantifiers. Semi groups and monoids-definition
and examples of semi group and monoid, congruence relations and semi groups, and sub monoids, direct
products, basic homomorphism theorem.
Unit II
Lattices: Lattices as partially ordered sets, their properties, lattices as algebraic system, sub lattices,
direct products and homomorphism, some special lattices e.g. complete, complemented and distributive
lattices. join-irreducible elements, atoms.
Boolean Algebras: Boolean Algebras as lattices. Various Boolean identities, the switching algebra
example, sub algebras, and minterms and maxterms Boolean forms and their quivalence, minimization of
Boolean functions, application of Boolean algebra to switching theory (using AND,OR, NOT gates), the
Karnaugh map method.
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Unit III
Graph theory: definition of undirected graphs, direct graphs, paths, circuits, cycles and sub graphs,
induced sub graphs, degree of a vertex, weighted undirected graphs, matrix representations of graphs ,
connectivity, strong connectivity, complete and complete bipartite graphs, isomorphic graphs, planar
graphs and their property, Euler’s formula for connected planar graphs, Eulers theorem on the existence
of Eulerian path and circuts, Kuratowski’s theorem (Statement only) and its use , cut sets , fundamental
cut sets and cyles, Dijksta’ algorithm and Warshall’s algorithm
Unit IV
Tree , Spanning tree, Minimal spanning trees and Kruskal and Prim algorithms, binary search tree.
Tree traversals. Notation of syntax analysis, polish notation, conversions of infix expression to polish
notations. The reverse polish notation.
Unit V
Introductory computability theory: finite State machines and their transition table, diagrams.
Equivalence of finite state machine. Reduced machine homomorphism. Finite automaton. Acceptors non-
deterministic finite automata and equivalence of its power to that of deterministic finite automata. Moore
and mealy machines. Turning machine and partial recursive functions.
Grammars and languages: Phrase structure grammars, rewriting rules, derivations and sentential
forms. Language generated by a grammar, regular, context free and context sensitive grammar sand
languages, regular sets and regular expressions and the pumping lemma, Kleen’s theorem.
Books Recommended:
1. J.P. Tremblay and R. Mamohar :Discrete mathematical structures with applications to Computer
Science, McGraw Hill Book Co. 1997
2. Seymour, Lepschtz : Finite Mathematics Intonations edition, 1983 McGraw Hill Book Co.
New York
3. C.L. Liv : Elements of Discrete Mathematics McGraw Hill Book Co. New York
4. N.Deo : Graph Theory with Application to Engineering Computer
Science.Prentice hall of India.
Opt. Paper III ( Mechanics )
3 Hrs duration Max. Marks 100
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit I
18
Moment and product of Inertia, parallel axes. Momental Ellipsoid, D’Alembert’s principle. Motion about a
fixed axis, General equation of motion of a rigid body, Moment about a fixed axis, The compound pandulum,
Centre of percussion.
Unit II
Motion of a rigid body in two dimensions under finite and impulsive forces, Conservation of Momentum
and Energy.Lagrange’s equations, Initial Motions, Generalized coordinates, Holonimic and Non-
holonomic systerms. Scleronomic and Rheonomic systems. Generalized potential
Unit III
Lagrange’s equation of first kind, Lagrange’s equations of second kind. Hamilton’s variables. Hamilton cononical
equations cyclic coordinates, Poisson’s Bracket. Poisson’s identity. Jacobi-Poisson Theorem. Hamilton Jacobi
Equations.
Unit IV
( Partial Differantial Equations )
Examples of PDE. Classification. Nonlinear first order PDE, Transport Equation - Initial value Problem. Non-
homogeneous Equation.
Unit V
( Partial Differantial Equations )
Laplace’s Equation-Fundamental Solution. Mean Value Formulas. Heat Equation -Fundamental Solution, Mean
Value Formula, Properties of Solutions. Wave Equation - Fundamental Solution, Solution by spherical means (polar
forms), Non-homogeneous wave equations.
Books Recommended :
1. Classical Mechanics : Goldstien
2. Engineering Mathematics : Erwin Kreyszig
3. Dynamics of Rigid Bodies : M. Ray
4. Rigid Body Dynamics : Gokhroo et.al.
5. Advanced Differential Equations : M.D. Raisinghania
Opt. Paper IV ( Fluid Dynamics )
are compulsory
are compulsory
19
questions
Unit I
Kinematic of ideal fluid, Lagrange’s and Euler’s method, Equation of continuity in cartesian, Polar and
cylinderical co-ordinales, Boundary surfaces, stream lines, Path lines, Velocity potential, Rotational and Irrotational
motion, Equation of motion, Bernoulli’s theorem, D’Alember’s paradox, Euler’s momentum theorem, Helmholtz,
Cauchy’s integrals, Motion due to impulsive forces.
Unit II
Motion in two dimensions, Stream function, Irrotational motion, Complex potential, Sources, Sinks, Doublets
and images, Motion of circular and elliptical cylinder, Motion of a sphere
Unit III
Viscosity, Analysis of stress, Relation between stress and rate of strain, Dynamical similarity and inspection
and dimensional analysis, Buckinghemt theorem, Physical importance of non-dimensional parameters, Reynolds
number, Fruoude number, Mach number, Prandtl number and Grashoff number, Navier- Stoke’s equations, some
exact solutions of Navier-stoke’s equations, Plane couete flow, Plane posiseulle flow, Generalised plane couetel
flow, Hagan-Poiseuille flow, Flow in tubes in uniform cross-section
Unit IV
Flow in convergent and divergent channels, Stagnation point flows, Flow due to a rotating disc, Flow due to a
plan wall suddently set in motion (stokes first problem), Flow due to an oscillating plane wall (Stoke’s second
problem), Starting flow in a pipe
Unit V
Theory of very slow motion, Stoke’s flow pas a sphere, Oseen’s flow past a sphere, Lubricandtion theory.
Books Recommended :
1. A Text book on Hydrodynamics : M.Ray
2. A Treatise on Hydrodynamics : Ram Say and Besant
3. Viscous Fluid Dynamics : J.L.Bansal
4. Fluid Dynamics : Shanti Swaroop
20
Opt. Paper V ( Operations Research)
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit I
The theory of simplex method, Simplex algorithm, Duality, Degeneracy, Variation of the simplex
method
Unit II
Dual Simplex method, Revised simplex method, Sensitivity analysis (Post optimal solution)
Unit III
Integer programming, Bounded variable problem, Convex function, Saddle point.
Unit IV
Conditions for non-linear programming problem, Kuhn Tucker conditions for optimization for non-
linear programming problem.
Convex programming with separable convex objectives.
Unit V
Quadratic programming method for quadratic programmes due to Wolfe and Frank, Duality theorem
for quadratic programming,
Dynamic programming its notion and formulation.
Books Recommended :
1. Hadley : Linear Programming
2. Gass : Linear Programming
3. Hadley : Non-linear Programming
4. Satty : Mathematical Methods of
Operational Research
5. Sadieni, Friendmand and Yaspann : Operations Research
21
6. Bellmen R. : Dynamic Programming
7. Vajda : Mathematical Programming
Opt. Paper – VI (Topology )
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit I
Topological spaces, Subspaces, Open sets, Closed sets, Neighbourhood system,Continous
mapping and Homeomorphism bases, and sub basis, Cauchy’s sequences
Unit II
Nets, Filters,Complete Metric spaces, Product spaces, Quotient spaces, Compact and locally
compact spaces, Tychonoff’s One point compactifications. Separation axioms, Normal spaces
Unit III
Connected and locally connected spaces, Continuity and connectedness and compactness,
Hausdra spaces,
Unit IV
Regular spaces, Topological groups, Closed subgroups and the topology on the Spaces of right /
left cosets
Unit V
Locally compact group and compact groups. Left / Right Haar measures on locally compact groups,
existence and uniqueness of left / right Haar measure.
Books Recommended :
1. Topological Spaces. : Kowalsky
2. General Topology. : Kelly
3. Introduction to Topology : G.F. Simmons and
Mordern Analysis
4. Introduction to General Topology : K.D. Joshi
5. General Topology. : Gautam and Santi Naryan
22
Opt. Paper VII ( Mathematical theory of Statistics )
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit I
Sample spaces, Combination of events, Statistical independence, Conditional probability-Bays
theorem Repeated trials, Random Variable, Distribution function, Probability function, Density function,
Mathematical expectation, Generating function (mfg and pgf) continuous probability distribution
characteristic function, Fourier’s Inversion, Cheby-Shev and Kolomogrovea inequality, Weak and Strong
laws of large numbers,
Unit II
Normal, Hyper-geometric, Rectangular, Negative Binominal, Beta, Gamma and Cauchy’s
distribution.
Methods of least square and curve fitting, correlation and regression coefficient.
Unit III
Index numbers, Introduction, Price-relatives, Quantity relatives, Value relatives, Link and Chain
relatives, Aggregate methods, Fisher’s Ideal Index, Change of the base period of the index numbers.
Elementary sampling theory, Distribution of means of samples from Binomial, Cauchy, Rectangular and
normal distributions, Distribution of second order moments in samples from normal population, Exact
2
distributions of X , t, z and F, Statistics in samples from a normal population, Their simple properties and
applications.
Unit IV
Test of significance of difference between two means and two standard deviations for large samples
with modification for small samples and taken from normal population.
Association of attributes, Analysis of variance, simple cases (one criteria and two criteria of
classification), Elementary statistical
Unit V
Theory of Estimation, Fisher’s criteria for the best estimator, Consistent, Efficient and sufficient
estimator, Method of Maximum Likelihood estimators and other methods of estimation, Method of least
squares.
Books Recommended :
23
1. Kapur and Saxena : Mathematical Theory of Statistics.
2. Weatherburn : A First Course in Mathematical Statistics.
3. M.G. Kendall : The Advanced Theory of Statistics.
4. Uspensky : Introduction of Mathematical Probability.
Opt. Paper VIII ( Computer Applications )
( To be offered by Regular Students only )
3 Hrs duration Theory Paper Max. Marks 70
2 Hrs duration Practical Max. Marks 30
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
24
Unit I
Introduction to computers, computer organization, Input-Output devices, memory systems.
Hardware and Software. Operating system. Computer languages, system software and application
software, algorithems and flow charts.
Unit II
Programming languages and problems solving on computers. Object Oriented System, Difference
Between Procedural and Object Oriented Languages, Object Oriented Paradigm, Inheritance,
Polymorphism, Abstraction, Encapsulation, Benefits and Application of Oops.
(Programming with C++ )
Unit III
Introduction to C++, Character set,Constant,Variables and Data Types,Operator, Arithmetic
Expression, Operator Precedence and Associatively, Input, conditional Statements, Conditional Operator,
Scope of Variables, Type Conversion.
Unit IV
Iteration: While, do while, for, Break, Continue, Goto Function-standard and User-Defined Function,
Recursive function, Passing By Value And Reference, Pointers and Functions, Reference and Functions.
Array: One Two And Multidimensional, Passing Array to a Function.
Unit V
Class: Definitions, Declaring Members and Methods in Functions, Functions Returning Objects,
Static Data Members and Methods, Inline Function, Offline (Outline), Function Overloading and
Overriding. Constructors-Needs and its Usage
Types of Constructors, Destructor, Pointer to Object, Pointers to Members, Dynamic Class Objects,
Friend Functions and its Usage, Inheritance-Needs of Inheritance, Usage, Type of Inheritance.
P R A C T I C A L
Note: 1. Each candidate is required to appear in the Practical examination to be conducted by
internal and external examiners. External examiner will be appointed by the University through BOS and
internal examiner will be appointed by the Head of the Department / Principal of the College.
2. Each candidate has to prepare his / her practical record.
3. Each candidate has to pass in Theory and Practical examinations separately.
Simple C++ Programming of problems of numerical analysis, solution of quadratic equations, mean
and standard deviation, fitting of curves, correlation coefficient, applications into matrices, sorting of
numerical character string data etc.
Distribution of Marks:
Two Practicals - 10 Marks each = 20 Marks
Practical Record = 05 Marks
Viva - Voce = 05 Marks
Total Marks = 30 Marks
Opt. Paper IX ( Relativity and Cosmology )

25
are compulsory
are compulsory
questions
Unit– I
Relative Character of space and time, Principle of Relativity and its postulates, Derivation of special Lorentz
transformation equations, Composition of Parallel velocities, Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction formula, Time dilation,
Simultaneity, Relativistic transformation formulae for velocity, Lorentz contraction factor, Particle acceleration,
Velocity of light as fundamental velocity, relativistic aberration and its deduction to Newtonian theory.
Unit-II
Variation of mass with velocity, Equivalence of mass and energy, Transformation formulae for mass, Momentum
and energy, Problems on conservation of mass, Momentum and energy, Relativistic Lagrangian and Hamiltonian,
Minkowski space, Space-like, Time-like and Light-like intervals, Null come, Relativity and Causality, Proper time,
World line of a particle.
Unit-III
Principles of Equivalence and General Covariance, Geodesic postulate, Mach’s principle, Newtonian approximation
of equation of motion, Einstein’s field equation for matter and empty space, Reduction of Einstein’s field equation
to Poisson’s equation, Schwarzschild exterior metric, its isotropic form and singularity, Relativistic differential
equation for orbit of the planet.
Unit-IV
Three crucial tests in general Relativity and their detailed descriptions, Analogues of Kepler’s laws in General
Relativity, Trace of Einstein tensor and energy-momentum tensor for perfect fluid, proof of its expression for
perfect fluid, Schwarzs child interior metric and boundary conditions, Radar Echodelay (Fourth test).
Unit-V
Lorentz invariance of Maxwell’s equations and their tensor form, Lorentz force on charged particle, Energy-
momentum tensor for electromagnetic field, Reissner-Nordstrom metric for spherically charged particle.
26
Cosmology- Einstein’s field equation with cosmological term, static cosmological models(Einstein and de-Sitter)
and their physical and geometrical properties, Red shift in non-static form of de-sitter line-element, Einstein-space,
Hubble’s law, Weyl’s postulate.
Reference Books:
1. J.V. Narlikar, Lectures on General Relativity and Cosmology, Macmillan Co. Ltd. India, N. Delhi, 1978
2. C. Moller, The theory of Relativity, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1952.
3. P.G. Bergmann, Introduction to the Theory of Relativity, Prentice Hall of India, 1969.
4. J.I. Anderson, Principles of Relativity Physics, Academic Press, 1967.
5. W. Rindler, Essential Relativity, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969.
6. V.A. Ugarov, Special theory of Relativity, Mir Publishers, 1979.
7. Raj Bali, Theory of Relativity, Jaipur Publishing House, Jaipur.
8. Goyal and Gupta, Theory of Relativity, Krishna Prakashan Mandir, Meerut.
27

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M.G.S.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND COURSES OF STUDY

FACULTY OF ARTS / SCIENCE

M.A. / M.SC. MATHEMATICS

M.A./M.Sc. PREVIOUS EXAMINATION – 2021

© M.G.S. UNIVERSITY, BIKANER

Note : The decision taken by the Academic Council shall be final.

Each theory paper 3 Hrs. duration 100 Marks

Dissertation/Thesis/Survey Report/Field Work. If any 100 Marks

First Division 60% of the aggregate marks taken together

Second Division 40% of the Pervious and the final Examination.

All the rest shall be declared to have passed the examination.

M. A. / M. Sc. (Previous) Examination, 2021

Papers Nomenclature Duration Max.Marks

I Advanced Abstract Algebra 3 Hrs. 100

II Analysis 3 Hrs. 100

III Mathematical Methods 3 Hrs. 100

IV Differential and Integral Equations 3 Hrs. 100

V Numerical Methods 3 Hrs. 100

Paper - I (ADVANCED ABSTRACT ALGEBRA)

Duration : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 100

Note : The paper consists of three sections

2. Hofman and Kunz. : Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India.

3. I.N. Herstein : Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern India Ltd.

5. Gokhroo et.al. : Advanced Abstract Algebra, Navkar Publications, Ajmer

6. Gokhroo et.al : Advanced Linear Algebra, Navkar Publications, Ajmer

7. Purohit, Pareek, Sharma, : Linear Algebra, Jaipur Publishing House

10. D.S. Malik, J.N. Mordeson : Fundamental of Abstract Algebra

Duration: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 100

Note : The paper consists of three sections

International Pub. Ltd., New Delhi (Reprint 2000)

7. G.N. Purohit : Lebesgue Measure and Integration,

Jaipur Publishing House, Jaipur

8. T.S. Nahar : Advanced Analysis, Navkar Publications, Ajmer

9. T.S. Nahar : Measure Theory, Navkar Publications, Ajmer

10. S. Ponnusamy : Foundation of Complex Analysis,

Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (1997)

12. L.V. Ahlfords : Complex Analysis, McGraw Hill Co., 1979

14. K.P. Gupta : Complex Analysis,

Krishana Prakashan Mandir, Meerut.

15. B. Choudhary : Complex Analysis, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.

16. Gokhroo et.al : Complex Analysis, Navkar Publications, Ajmer

Duration: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 100

Note : The paper consists of three sections

Unit-I ( Special Functions )

Unit-II (Special Functions )

Legendres polynomial . Associated Legendre’s functions. Bessel’s functions. Recurrence relations.

Geodisics, Null Geodesics, Geodesics Coordinates Parallelism, Covarient derivatives, Reimann-christroffel

Unit-V (Integral Transform)

1. Rainville E.D. : Special Functions Chapter :1,6,8,11 & 12

4. Slater L.J : Confluent Hypergeometric Functions, Cambridge University Press,1966

5. L.J. Slater : Generalized Hypergeometric Functions, Cambridge University Press, 1966

6. Gokhroo et.al : Special Functions, Navkar Publications, Ajmer

8. Berry Spain : Tensor Calculus

9. Bansal J.L. : Tensor Calculus, Jaipur Publication House, Jaipur.

10. Raj Bali : Tensor Calculus, Navkar Publications, Ajmer

Paper - IV ( Differential and Integral Equations )

Duration – 3 Hrs. Max Marks 100

Note : The paper consists of three sections