ETAP Workshop Notes

Traction simulation studies using E-TRAX

Purpose and Description
The purpose of the exercise is to demonstrate a typical traction simulation study for a small
traction network using ETAP’s ETRAX module.

Analysis will be carried out for a 2.3km long 4 station 25kV AC 50Hz single phase traction
power supply system as shown in the details following.

ETRAX module can be utilized to evaluate the performance of rolling stock over a rail
traction network and monitor the adequacy of catenary & traction transformers, voltage
profile over the catenary, overall reactive power consumption requirements of the network,
etc. Results of the ETRAX study is given at the end of the notes which includes simulation
plots of the following parameters with respect to time: -

• Tractive Effort

• Rolling Resistance, Grade Resistance, Curve Resistance, Acceleration

• Net Acceleration

• Speed

• Distance travelled

• kW and Amp

• Rolling Demand of Traction Transformer and Catenary

• Voltage profile along the Catenary

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Page 1
 ETAP Workshop Notes

Inputs Required

1. Rolling Stock data as entered in library (as given below)

• Tractive effort v/s speed
• Braking effort v/s speed
• Weight of each engine and trailer coaches
• Frontal dimension Area (W * H)
• Rolling resistance v/s speed in polynomial form
Davis Formula Frr = W * {A + (A1/(W/n)) + (A2/(sqrt(W/n))) + B*v + B1*v*W
+C*AF*v^2} kN
For Davis Formula refer Annex 1

2. Track Layout (as given below)

• Elevation and slopes of the track
• Acceleration & Deceleration speed limit
• Track bend and curvature
• Max Speed Limit

3. Traction Electrical Substation SLD (as given below)

4. Catenary and track impedance

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Page 2
 ETAP Workshop Notes

ROLLING STOCK COMPOSITION (TRAIN SET)

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Page 3
ETAP Rolling Stock library
Number of Cars 3 (2M+T)
Auxilary
Voltage 415 V
Power 180 kVA
Boogie
Number of Axles 12

Distance between Boogie Center 14600 mm

Brakes
Regenerative type Electric Regenerative Brake
and Electric / Pneumatic
Brake Blending

General
Line voltage AC25 kV
Total mass 191361 T
Tare weight 128051 T
Passenger mass（AW3） 63310 T
Max Axle load 16 T
Min Axle Load 15.9 T
Length 68032 mm
Width 2840 mm
Hieght 4200 mm
Continuous Rating
Power 5887.581699 kW
Shaft power kW
Tractive effort 225.2 kN
Speed 80 kmph
Max Tractive effort 225.2 kN
Max Speed 80 kmph
Efficiency 85
Power factor 90
Resistance Coefficients
Cross sectional Area m²
A 14.01 kN/tonne
B 0.264 (kN/tonne)* hr/km
C 0.00191 (kN/tonne)* (hr/km²)
Wheel Diameter
New 860 mm
Half worn 820 mm
Full worn 780 mm
Cross sectional Area m²
Inverter
Rated voltage 1.4 kV
Rated kVA 320 kVA
Current Limit 950 Apeak
Number of Pulses Asynchronous - 3P-1P

Quantity 2

Efficiency 0.99
Pantograph
Quantity 2
Make Faiveley
Type LX1800
Rectifier
Rated kV 0.951 kV
Rated kVA 601.032 kVA
Rated pf 0.98
Current Limit 2000 Apeak
Number of Pulses 25 Pulse
Rated DCV 1800 V
Quantity 2

Continuous Rating of Rectifier

Voltage 0.951 kV
Current 632 A
Efficiency 0.98
Traction motor
Make MELCO
Type MB-5182-A
Quantity 8 per train set
Insulation Class 200
Suspension Suspension
Ventilation Self-ventilated
Pole pairs 4 pole
Efficiency 92 %
Power factor 86 %
Rated Frequency 68 Hz
Rating -1 hour
Power 265 kW
Voltage 1.4 kV
Current 138 A
Speed 2003 rpm
SF
Rating-Continuous
Power 255 kW
Voltage 1.4 kV
kVA 186.2 kVA

Current 133 A
Speed 2005 rpm
Gear Ratio 6.478
SF
Transformer
Make MELCO
Type ATM29A
Quantity 1
Cooling Forced Oil, Forced Air cooling
Primary Rating 2737 kVA
Secondary rating 2405 kVA
Tertiary Rating 332 kVA
Number of taps
Location of Taps
Primary Voltage 22.5 kV
Secondary Voltage 0.856 kV
Tertiary Voltage 0.342 kV
Primary Current 122 A
Secondary Current 702 A
Tertiary Current 485 A
Impedance Please refer 3.6 Impedance ohms
Voltages (22.5kV, 50Hz,
85°C)
X/R
 ETAP Workshop Notes

ETAP Rolling Stock data library (contd…)

Tractive Effort v/s Speed

Tractive effort (AW3: 188.8ton/train)

Speed (km/h) Tractive effort (kN/Train)
0 225.2
5 225.2
10 225.2
15 225.2
20 225.2
25 225.2
30 225.2
35 225.2
40 225.2
42 204
45 177.9
48 156.4
50 144.1
55 119.1
60 100.1
65 85.3
70 73.5
75 64.1
80 56.3
90 44.5

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Braking Effort v/s speed

Regenerative braking
Speed (km/h)
effort (kN/Train)
10 200
15 200
20 200
25 200
30 200
35 200
40 200
45 200
50 200
55 200
60 200
65 200
70 200
75 186.6
80 175
85 155
90 138.2

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 TRACK LAYOUT

646 Mtrs 600 Mtrs 405 Mtrs

PT 1A PT 2A PT 3A UP TRACK

PT 1B PT 2B PT 3B DN TRACK

STATION 1 STATION 2 STATION 3

PT
1005 M

4A
200 Mtrs 1041.7 Mtrs trs

PT
ST

4B
AT
IO
N
4
LEGENDS :-
FROM TO LENGTH (m)

: ELEVATION MARKER 5M HIGH Station 1 Station 2 200

Station 2 Station 3 1041.7

: BEND RADIUS MARKER
Station 3 Station 4 1005

: SPEED LIMIT MARKER

FILE NAME : ETRAX NOTES

 TRACK LAYOUT & TRACTION SUBSTATION SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

132kV, 20kA
X/R = 14
R
Y
B

21 MVA 21 MVA
132 / 27.5kV 132 / 27.5kV

Ph Ph

N N
SECTION SWITCH
TO RAIL TO RAIL
TRACK TRACK
25kV CATENARY UP TRACK

ISOLATOR

SECTION SWITCH

25kV CATENARY DN TRACK

ISOLATOR PANTOGRAPH

PANTOGRAPH
PT 1A UP TRACK PT 2A PT 3A PT 4A

PT 1B DN TRACK PT 2B PT 3B PT 4B

STATION 1 STATION 2 STATION 3 STATION 4

200 Mtrs 1041 Mtrs 1005 Mtrs

FILE NAME : ETRAX NOTES

 ETAP Workshop Notes

ETAP Warehouse Data

Catenary Data

Catenary Impedance
Raa 0.14 ohm/km
Rab 0.084 ohm/km
Xaa 0.4 ohm/km
Xab 0.24 ohm/km

The values of self and mutual impedances should be evaluated based on overhead catenary conductor
size, configuration, its distance from the ground and soil resistivity. In this case, the traction supply
comprises of single-phase double track 25kV AC network; above table indicates typical data for 150
sq.mm. CuAg contact wire.

Track Data

The above data indicates typical AC resistance per unit length @ 90deg for UIC60 track.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
PROCEDURE

Creating New Traction Simulation Model Using ETRAX

1. Open a new Project

2. Select library TEST.lib and warehouse Traction1.wh from the project folder.
Warehouse is a database utilized by ETRAX for entering catenary and track details.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Library file can be selected as below -

Similarly select warehouse -

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
3. To build the rail traction network, go to Geospatial View

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Part:1 Track modelling

4. Go through the traction elements available in the ‘Traction Editor Toolbar’ on the
right-hand side and select track segment.

5. Develop a track 1841m long as shown below. Once the track segment is placed on the
page, user can drag the cursor and accordingly adjust the length.

6. Tilt the track to achieve some bend and further increase the track length up to 400m.
Total length of track route is 2.23km.

7. Select Train station from the traction element toolbar and create train station on ends of
the track and name it as Station 1.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

8. Similarly form 4 station and place it on the track.

9. Place the platform on each Train station. For this select the track segment and from the
traction toolbar select ‘platform’ element and place it where track ends in station 1
area.
Note: The platform element will be visible on the toolbar only after selecting the track
segment.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

10. Follow the same procedure and place the second platform on track in station 2 area.

11. Select the track segment between platform1 and platform2 and select the ‘Measure
selection’ tool from the top toolbar

Note the length of selected track segment

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
12. As per the data mentioned in Track layout diagram on Pg. 9, the length between
station1 and station is 200m. To achieve this length adjust the location of platform 2.
Select platform 2 alone and drag it to the right-hand side; this will stretch the track.
Repeat step10 and check whether the length of track segment has increased to 200m.

13. Repeat step 9 –step 11 for station 3 and station 4 and model the tracks as per track
segment lengths mentioned in Track Layout diagram on Pg. 9.

After preparation of tracks, platforms and station layout, assign following limit as per the
layout drawings
 Speed Limit,
 Curve radius,
 Elevation
Also assign acceleration/deceleration limit in ETRAX editor.
14. Model a speed limiter of 80kmph on track segment length between every 2 stations. From
the toolbar select speed limit and place it on the track. The speed limit represents the
maximum operating speed of the train on the track. This data could be obtained from vendor
or as project specification.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

For this example, consider a speed limit of 80kmph for both Passenger Train and freight
trains

15. For modelling a bend on track between station3 and station4, take bend radius marker from
the traction toolbar and insert it on either side of the bend.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Click on the marker and open the “Bend Radius” tab, to check the bend radius evaluated by
ETRAX.

16. To make track curve smooth right click on the bend radius marker and select ‘Re-shape
Edge along the Curve’.

17. Similarly take elevation marker from the traction toolbar and insert it at some distance away
from the station 2.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

18. Now in the distribution view and insert an element ‘insulator with isolator’ on track
segment between Station 2 and station 3.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

19. The above procedure needs to be repeated for the second track (Down Track)

The complete track layout in geospatial view

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Part: 2 ETRAX editor

After completion of track modelling, complete track data needs to be

assimilated along with selection of rolling stock & time table. This can
be done using the ETRAX editor as demonstrated below.
Go to ETRAX module and see the toolbar appearing on right-hand side
 Track group – Create group of components between two
platforms. Each platform to platform section will form separate
track groups and this will be applicable for each of the UP and
DOWN track.
 Track Route – Creates track routes on which train timetable can
be assigned. Each Track Route will be combination of Track
groups created above. This will be applicable for each of the UP
and DOWN track.
 Train Schedule – Creates timetable for ‘n’ number of trains on
each Track route based on Start time, Number of trains, headway
(time span between two trains) and Dwell Time at each station. In
this example number of trains considered is 10, start time at
8:00:00 , Headway time as 3min and Dwell time of 30s
 Train Configuration - Select Rolling stock configuration (in this
example 3-car train 2M +1T configuration) data for which will be taken from library
details of which are been covered in previous sections of this note. Train configuration
will also include assigning of Rolling stock acceleration/deceleration limit (1 m/s2)
 Train Assign – assign above created Train configuration to the Train schedule. This
involves listing of all trains from train configuration and assigning each train with
type of Rolling stock and coaches. In this example only one type of train configuration
(2M + 1T) is assigned for all 10 trains in the train schedule. In actual practice each
train in the train schedule may be assigned a different train configuration such as
EMU, freight train, etc.)

20. Go to ETRAX analysis module and open ETRAX editor and go to the first page ‘Track
Group’. Click on new to form a new track group. Then select the track and observe the track
group has been updated with the two platforms, track and speed limit lying on the track.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

21. Now click on ‘Add elements’ and select the platform from where you wish to start the train.

Similarly form Track groups for other tracks between Station 2 to Station 3, Station 3 to
Station 4.

22. Go to next Page ‘Track Route’ and click on new to form a track Route. Update the track
Route by selecting the Platform1 and observe Track group1 to Track group5 has been update
under Track Route.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

23. Go to next page ‘time schedule’ and Create a new timetable for the Track Route1. Create
new Timetable and put Headway time as 3 min and Dwell Time as 0.5 min (30sec). Enable
the timetable for Monday.

Acceleration rate 1m/s²

Deceleration rate 1m/s²
Headway 3min
Dwell Time 30s

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Based on the above details entered ETAP will generate a schedule automatically as shown below.

24. Go to Next page and create a new Train Configuration and from Rolling stock Library
select the following Rolling Stock.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Put acceleration and deceleration limit as 1m/s² each and set the quantity as 1. Although the selected
train has a 2M+1T configuration, the quantity entered here is one.

The rolling stock library data considered for this exercise represents complete train set i.e. rolling
stock parameters such as power consumption, tractive effort, weight, length are representative of
complete train set comprising of 2 Motor Coaches and 1 Trailer Coach (2M+1T). Hence the
quantity in the above page shall be entered as 1.
It should be noted that e-TraX also facilitates modelling of individual Motor Coaches/
Engines/Locomotives and Trailer Coaches in the Rolling Stock library (based on actual vendor
data) and can form combinations of motor and trailer coaches in this Train Configuration page by
adding more than 1 elements and entering quantity as desired.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Close the eTraX editor and in the distribution view select the complete track and Right Click to
assign track and catenary warehouse

Select Line Warehouse LINEZ-WH1 as shown below -

To check how the impedance data looks inside the warehouse

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Similarly by right-clicking on the track select Track Warehouse

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

25. Select the complete traction model in geospatial view and click on create OLV button in the
Traction elements toolbar. This step will create equivalent one-line diagram of the traction
model in the ‘One Line View’ OLV page.

26. Go to One Line Diagrams and click on ‘Zoom to Fit Page’ button and observe the traction
model developed in geospatial view has been transferred to OLV.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Part: 3 TSS modelling

27. Take a Grid/Utility component and enter data as mentioned below

o Rated kV: 132kV
o Short circuit kA: 40kA
o X/R: 14
28. Connect a phase adapter to the grid through a 132kV bus
bar and select output phase as “AB”. This can be selected
by double clicking the phase adapter component &
selecting the option from the drop-down menu as shown. This indicates that the traction
transformer draws its supply from A-B (or R-Y) phases. Similarly, the feeder to second
traction transformer can be selected from B-C (or Y-B) phases.
29. Model a two winding transformer 132/25kV 20MVA with typical %Z and % X/R. On the
‘Info’ page make sure to check Traction transformer checkbox.

30. Connect an HVCB on the secondary of the Transformer and develop the 25kV traction supply
bus. From this bus, take the supply connection to one node of the insulator+isolator block as

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
shown. Note that the isolator position can be set to ‘Open’ or ‘Close’ based on the desired
operating mode.
31. Similarly, develop the SLD for the second feeder & second bus as shown above.
32. Once the second feeder is modelled, the user can switch between dual-transformer (with bus-
breaker open) or single-transformer operation using the configuration manager.

Part-4 Traction Simulation

33. In ETRAX Analysis module Go to Edit case study

34. In the schedules page, for Track Route1 select schedule ‘TEST-Mrng” from the dropdown
list. Also check Update Check box for the selected Time schedule.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Note that a simulation time step of 1 second has been selected which ensures that calculation
is performed for every second over the schedule. The plot time step has been set to 10 sec,
which means the response plots will be displayed for values evaluated every 10 seconds. For
observing values at every second, the user can choose 1 second as the plot step.
Simulate the case by clicking on ETRAX Analysis button

35. Once the case is simulated a Time Slider appears. Move the the slider and observe the
movement of Trains along the track

Observe the speed, distance travelled and Tractive effort being display while the train is
moving along the track
36. Go to Display Options and check ‘Show Units’ and ‘Branch Losses’. Data of each train can
be displayed on screen by toggling desired parameters in the display options.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

37. Go to Plot manager and plot the following for any one trip
(i) Speed
(ii) Distance travelled
(iii) Net Acceleration
(iv) Rolling Resistance
(v) Tractive Effort
(vi) KW
(vii) Amp

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

ANNEX 1
E-TRAX Theory Methodology and Formulas

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Schematic Diagram of Electric Locomotive

A
electric locomotive takes power supply from a overhead catenary line through a pantograph. The supply voltage is
brought down with the help of step down transformer located in the locomotive itself. The low ac voltage so
obtained is converted dc using rectifier/converter. This voltage is then fed to traction motors and auxiliary supply
Typical Speed Time Curve

Initially during a constant acceleration is maintained. As the speed increases and approaches max operational value the
acceleration gradually decreases. Once the train achieves its max operating speed it made to run at this speed constantly
for some time and ten power to the motor is cut off so that train runs under its momentum the speed gradually falls due
to friction and windage. During coasting kinetic energy of the train is utilized which would otherwise be wasted during
retardation. To bring the train to rest brakes are applied.

E-TRAX will evaluate this from station to station based on the input entered (See the result in the last section)

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Tractive Effort
Tractive effort is the force developed by the traction unit at the rim of the driving wheel for moving the unit and it’s
tailing loads
Ft = Fa + Frr ± Fgr+ Fcr kN
Where,
Ft = Tractive effort in kN
Fa = Acceleration resistance =force required for linear acceleration in kN
Frr = Rolling Resistance = Force required to overcome resistance to train motion in kN
Fgr = Grade Resistance = Force required to overcome gravitational force required to overcome ascending /
descending gradient in kN. +Fg for ascending gradient and –Fg for descending gradient.
Fcr = Curve Resistance = Force required to overcome a bend or curve on track in kN

1. Rolling Resistance Frr

Rolling Resistance is calculated using Davis equation

Frr = W * {A + (A1/(W/n)) + (A2/(sqrt(W/n))) + B*v + B1*v*W +C*AF*v^2} kN

W= Weight in tons
AF = Cross Sectional Area in m²
V = Speed in Km/hr
n = Number of Axles
A = bearing resistance coefficient
A1 = mass per axle rolling resistance coefficient to represent the journal or bearing resistance
A2 = mass per axle coefficient to represent resistance between wheel flange and rail
B = rolling resistance coefficient
C = air resistance coefficient
B1 = rolling resistance coefficient for EMU motor coach

From the data provided by the vendor following co-efficient have been considered.
A 1.4010E-02 kN/tonne
B 2.6400E-04 kn/tonne * hr/km
C 1.6000E-07 kn/tonne * (hr/km)^2
A1 0 kN
A2 0 kN/Tonne
B1 0 (kN/Tonne^2)* hr/km

2. Accelerating Force (Accelerating Resistance) Fa

Force required for giving linear acceleration to the train.

Fa = Me * a kN
Where,
Me = effective Mass of rotating parts which is 8-15% more than its stationary mass (Tonnes)
a = Acceleration in m/s²

Fa = Ft – all force resistances

Fa = Ft – (Frr + Fgr + Fcr)

By assigning acceleration limit Ft is adjusted by ETRAX to satisfy the following relation

 Fa(adjusted) = Me * alimit kN
 Fa(Adjusted) = Ft(adjusted) - (Frr + Fgr + Fcr)

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
3. Gradient Resistance Fg

Gradient resistance is amount of force on a train due to change in level grade. This force can be +ve or –ve
depending on up or down grade respectively.
Fg = 9.8 X M X sinθ kN
Where,
M = Net mass in Tonne
G = Gradient of a slope in % (which is worked out in e-TRAX editor)
Θ = ATAN (G/100) rad
4. Curve Resistance

Curve resistance is additional rolling resistance a train must overcome when travelling on a curved section of
a track. It is calculated from bend radius.

Fcr = 9.8 * (153 * S +100 * a)/R kN

(Refer user guide )

Where:-
S = Wheel diameter in m
A = Set constant at 2.896. Mean value of all fixed wheel bases with a< 3.3S in m
R = Curve radius in m
Fcr = Curve resistance in kN

Output Power at Driving Axles

Po = Ft * v watt
Where,
Ft = tractive effort in Newton
v = velocity in m/s
Energy Output
E = Po * t
Input Power at Driving Axles
Input Power Pi = Output power Po / Efficiency

Tractive effort Curve

The tractive effort curve is the amount if tractive effort force in Tons the train can generate as a function of train speed
in kmph. The tractive effort curve determines the maximum acceleration if it is below the acceleration limit.
Tractive effort (N) = 2650 X Input HP X Efficiency / kmph

Braking Effort Curve

The braking effort is the amount of braking force a train can generate as a function of speed in kmph. The braking
effort curve limits the maximum deceleration of the train if it is not below the deceleration limit.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

ANNEX 2
E-TRAX Simulation Results

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Train Speed

Distance Travelled

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Net Acceleration

Rolling Resistance

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 ETAP Workshop Notes
Tractive Effort

kW

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP / ETAP Automation and may not be reproduced, published or disclosed to others without
written authorization of ETAP / ETAP Automation. All Rights Reserved.

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 ETAP Workshop Notes

Amps

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP / ETAP Automation and may not be reproduced, published or disclosed to others without
written authorization of ETAP / ETAP Automation. All Rights Reserved.

39