ME8595 - Thermal Engineering II - Unit III
ME8595 - Thermal Engineering II - Unit III
ME8595 - Thermal Engineering II - Unit III
3. Higher and greater range of speeds is possible than in case of a steam engine.
4. Steam turbines are very much suitable in large thermal stations where we
need higher outputs
CLASSIFICATION
• With respect to the action of steam
(iii) Turbines with by pass governing – first stage & intermedi stage
• Main difference between these turbines lies in the way in which the steam is
expanded while it moves through them.
• In the former type steam expands in the nozzles and its pressure does not
alter as it moves over the blades.
• In the latter type the steam expands continuously as it passes over the
blades and thus there is gradual fall in the pressure during expansion.
Simple impulse turbine
• Top portion of the figure exhibits a longitudinal section
through the upper half of the turbine
• Middle portion shows one set of nozzles which is followed
by a ring of moving blades
• Lower part indicates changes in pressure and velocity
during the steam flow through the turbine.
• This turbine is called ‘simple’ impulse turbine since the
expansion of steam takes place in one set of the nozzles.
• As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls
from steam chest pressure to condenser pressure (atm
pressure if non-condensing turbine).
• Due to this relatively higher ratio of steam expansion in the
nozzles the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity.
Impulse turbine
• Velocity of steam leaving the moving blades is a large
portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving
the nozzle.
• Example:
• The fixed blades, which are the same shape as the moving
blades, are mounted to the outer casing where the rotor
revolves and are set to guide the steam into the moving blades.
• (1) The steam enters
through a section of
curved blades in a fixed
position.
• (2) The steam then
enters the set of moving
blades and creates
enough reactive force to
rotate them,
• (3) The steam exits the
section of rotating blades.
• (4) The direction of
rotation.
Reaction turbine
• Gradual pressure drop takes place continuously over the
fixed and moving blades
• Fixed blades alter the direction of steam as well as allow it
expand to a larger velocity.
• As the steam passes over the moving blades its kinetic
energy is absorbed by them
1. Velocity compounding
2. Pressure compounding
3. Pressure velocity compounding
4. Reaction turbine.
velocity compounded
• The velocity compounded Impulse turbine was first proposed by C G Curtis to
solve the problem of single stage Impulse turbine for use of high pressure and
temperature steam.
• The rings of moving blades are separated by rings of fixed blades. The moving
blades are keyed to the turbine shaft and the fixed blades are fixed to the casing.
• The high pressure steam coming from the boiler is expanded in the nozzle first. The
Nozzle converts the pressure energy of the steam into kinetic energy
• It is interesting to note that the total enthalpy drop and hence the pressure drop
occurs in the nozzle. Hence, the pressure thereafter remains constant.
• This high velocity steam is directed on to the first set (ring) of moving blades. As
the steam flows over the blades, due the shape of the blades, it imparts some of its
momentum to the blades and losses some velocity.
• Only a part of the high kinetic energy is absorbed by these
blades. The remainder is exhausted on to the next ring of
fixed blade.
• The function of the fixed blades is to redirect the steam
leaving from the first ring moving blades to the second ring of
moving blades. There is no change in the velocity of the
steam as it passes through the fixed blades.
• The steam then enters the next ring of moving blades; this
process is repeated until practically all the energy of the
steam has been absorbed.
ADVANTAGES
• Velocity compounded impulse turbine requires a
comparatively small number of stages due to relatively
large heat drop per stage.
• Due to small number of stages the initial cost is less.
• In two or three row wheel, the steam temperature is
sufficiently low, hence a cast iron cylinder may be used ,
thus saving material cost.
DISADVANTAGES
• The velocity compounded impulse turbine has low
efficiency and high steam consumption.
PRESSURE COMPOUNDED
• The pressure compounded Impulse turbine is also called as Rateau
turbine, after its inventor. This is used to solve the problem of high
blade velocity in the single-stage impulse turbine.
• It consists of alternate rings of nozzles and turbine blades. The nozzles
are fitted to the casing and the blades are keyed to the turbine shaft.
• In this type of compounding the steam is expanded in a number of
stages, instead of just one (nozzle) in the velocity compounding.
• It is done by the fixed blades which act as nozzles. The steam expands
equally in all rows of fixed blade. The steam coming from the boiler is
fed to the first set of fixed blades i.e. the nozzle ring. The steam is
partially expanded in the nozzle ring.
• Hence, there is a partial decrease in pressure of the incoming steam.
This leads to an increase in the velocity of the steam. Therefore the
pressure decreases and velocity increases partially in the nozzle.
• This is then passed over the set of moving blades. As the steam flows
over the moving blades nearly all its velocity is absorbed. However, the
pressure remains constant during this process.
• After this it is passed into the nozzle ring and is again partially
expanded. Then it is fed into the next set of moving blades, and this
process is repeated until the condenser pressure is reached.
• It is a three stage pressure compounded impulse turbine. Each stage
consists of one ring of fixed blades, which act as nozzles, and one ring
of moving blades. As shown in the figure pressure drop takes place in
the nozzles and is distributed in many stages.
A
By pass governing
• The total amount of steam entering the turbine passes through the valve
A which is under the control of speed governor.
• B is a nozzle box or steam chest .
• For all loads greater than the economic load , a by pass valve c is
opened, allowing steam to pass from the first stage nozzle box in to the
steam belt D and so in to the nozzle of downstream stage.
• The valve c is designed such that it is not opened until the lift of the
valve a diminishes.
• The by pass valve c remains under control of a speed governor for all
loads within its range.
ENERGY LOSSES IN STEAM TURBINES
• Increase in heat energy required for doing mechanical work in actual
practice as compared to the theoretical value is termed as energy loss
• The losses which appear in an actual turbine may be divided into two
following groups:
1. Internal losses: Losses directly connected with the steam conditions while
in its flow through turbine.
They may be further classified as :
(i) Losses in regulating valves
(ii) Losses in nozzles (guide blades)
(iii) Losses in moving blades
(a) Losses due to trailing edge wake
(b) Impingement losses
(c) Losses due to leakage of steam through the annular space
(d) Frictional losses
(e) Losses due to turning of the steam jet in the blades ;
(f) Losses due to shrouding
(iv) Leaving velocity losses (exit velocity).
(v) Losses due to friction of disc carrying the blades and windage losses.
(vi) Losses due to clearance between the rotor and guide blade discs.
(vii) Losses due to clearance between the rotor and guide blade discs.
(viii) Losses in exhaust piping etc.
2. External Losses