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    Physical Science SHS 1.2 Stellar Evolution and The Formation of Heavier Elements PDF

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    Ezekiel Lapitan
    The document discusses stellar nucleosynthesis and evolution. It explains that heavier elements are formed through nuclear fusion reactions inside stars. As a star ages it undergoes different evolutionary phases, with the core fusing lighter elements into heavier ones. Eventually a massive star may explode as a supernova, forming elements heavier than iron through neutron capture. Low-mass stars eventually become white dwarfs while high-mass stars may become multiple-shelled red giants before exploding.

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    Physical Science SHS 1.2 Stellar Evolution and The Formation of Heavier Elements PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ezekiel Lapitan
    1K views26 pages
    The document discusses stellar nucleosynthesis and evolution. It explains that heavier elements are formed through nuclear fusion reactions inside stars. As a star ages it undergoes different evolutionary phases, with the core fusing lighter elements into heavier ones. Eventually a massive star may explode as a supernova, forming elements heavier than iron through neutron capture. Low-mass stars eventually become white dwarfs while high-mass stars may become multiple-shelled red giants before exploding.

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    Physical Science SHS 1.2 Stellar Evolution and the Formation of Heavier Elements.pdf

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    The document discusses stellar nucleosynthesis and evolution. It explains that heavier elements are formed through nuclear fusion reactions inside stars. As a star ages it undergoes different evolutionary phases, with the core fusing lighter elements into heavier ones. Eventually a massive star may explode as a supernova, forming elements heavier than iron through neutron capture. Low-mass stars eventually become white dwarfs while high-mass stars may become multiple-shelled red giants before exploding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views26 pages

    Physical Science SHS 1.2 Stellar Evolution and The Formation of Heavier Elements PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ezekiel Lapitan
    The document discusses stellar nucleosynthesis and evolution. It explains that heavier elements are formed through nuclear fusion reactions inside stars. As a star ages it undergoes different evolutionary phases, with the core fusing lighter elements into heavier ones. Eventually a massive star may explode as a supernova, forming elements heavier than iron through neutron capture. Low-mass stars eventually become white dwarfs while high-mass stars may become multiple-shelled red giants before exploding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Objective give evidence for and

    explain the formation of


    At the end 1 heavier elements during
    of the star formation and
    lesson, you evolution.
    should be
    able to:
    Learn about It!

    Big Bang Nucleosynthesis


    The BBN did not give rise to elements heavier than beryllium
    • Drop in temperature resulted in insufficient energy levels
    for fusion reactions to push through
    • Nucleosynthesis continued with the expansion of the
    universe
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Formation
    The star formation theory states that stars formed when
    gravity acted on the particles expanding with the universe.
    • Stellar nurseries form from dense molecular regions
    • Protostars are formed when these regions collapse.
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Nucleosynthesis
    • Elements associated with both living and nonliving things
    mostly originated from stars
    • Processes that occurred inside stars were responsible for
    the formation of these elements
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Nucleosynthesis
    • Elements heavier than beryllium were formed through
    stellar nucleosynthesis
    • H and He produced from BBN started to combine in
    nuclear fusion reactions
    • Very high amounts of energy were released in the form
    of light, heat and radiation.
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Stellar evolution refers to the process in which a star changes
    through its lifetime
    • The abundances of elements a star contains change as it
    evolves
    • The course of evolution is determined by its mass
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    All stars are formed from stellar nurseries called nebulae
    • A nebula breaks into smaller fragments as it further
    collapses before contracting into a protostar, or a very hot
    stellar core that continues to gather gas and dust as it
    contracts and increases in temperature
    • Nuclear reactions like the proton-proton fusion reactions
    occur at a temperature of around 10 million K
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Protostars evolve into main sequence stars upon reaching
    gravitational equilibrium
    • Nuclear reactions form subatomic particles called
    neutrinos and positrons
    • An increase in pressure brought about by positrons and
    neutrinos halt the contraction of the protostar
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    The sun is believed to be in the middle of the main sequence
    phase of stellar evolution
    • It will remain as such for at least five billion years
    • Red dwarf stars stay on the main sequence phase for at
    least 100 billion years due to the slow rate of hydrogen
    fusion
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Not all protostars become main sequence stars
    • Brown dwarf stars are only able to fuel deuterium fusion
    reactions
    • They cool gradually and have an average lifespan of less
    than a billion years
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Main sequence stars evolve into red giant stars when all
    hydrogen atoms in their cores get depleted
    1. Helium becomes the major component of the core.
    • Proton-proton chain reactions use hydrogen to produce
    helium
    • Hydrogen fusion moves to the outer shell and the core's
    surface
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Main sequence stars evolve into red giant stars when all
    hydrogen atoms in their cores get depleted
    2. Fusion stops when all hydrogen atoms in the core are used
    up
    • Pressure in the core decreases
    3. Helium atoms or alpha particles are converted to carbon
    via the alpha fusion processes
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Main sequence stars evolve into red giant stars when all
    hydrogen atoms in their cores get depleted
    4. Temperature can increase to approximately 10 million K
    • Pressure also increases
    • Hydrogen is pushed away from the core
    • The resulting expansion eventually transforms the main
    sequence star to a red giant
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Main sequence stars evolve into red giant stars when all
    hydrogen atoms in their cores get depleted

    Fusion of elements in a red giant


    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Low mass stars turn into white dwarf stars when the majority
    of helium in their cores are consumed
    1. Hot and inert carbon core eventually becomes the white
    dwarf
    • Lower amounts of helium in the core decrease the rate of
    the alpha processes
    • Outer shell expands into space, forming a planetary
    nebula
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Low mass stars turn into white dwarf stars when the majority
    of helium in their cores are consumed
    2. A white dwarf’s composition depends on its predecessor’s
    mass.
    • A sun-sized main sequence star lacks energy to fuse
    carbon and the white dwarf would mostly contain inert
    carbon and some oxygen
    • A smaller star will produce a white dwarf mostly
    composed of helium and a bit of hydrogen
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Massive stars evolve into multiple-shell red giant stars
    1. A high mass star can reach pressure and temperature
    levels favorable for carbon fusion
    2. It evolves through several stages where heavier elements
    are fused in the core and in the shells around it eventually
    forming multiple shells
    • Multiple elements formed in a series of reactions in the
    following order: carbon → oxygen → neon → silicon →
    iron
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Massive stars evolve into multiple-shell red giant stars
    3. Elements lighter than iron can be fused since the nucleus
    produced has a mass lower than the sum of their masses
    • Missing mass is released as energy
    4. Stellar nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron is not
    possible due to its energy requirement
    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Massive stars evolve into multiple-shell red giant stars

    A multiple-shell red giant


    Learn about It!

    Stellar Evolution
    Elements heavier than iron are formed after a supernova
    1. An exploding multiple-shell red giant is called a supernova
    • Happens when its core can no longer produce energy to
    resist gravity
    2. It releases massive quantities of high-energy neutrinos
    • Neutrinos break nucleons and release neutrons
    3. The generated neutrons are picked up by nearby stars
    • Key step in the formation of elements heavier than iron
    Learn about It!

    Proving Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis


    1. The discovery of interstellar gas and dust in the early 1900s
    2. The study of different stages of stellar evolution happening
    throughout the universe
    • Infrared radiation (IR) can be detected from different
    stages of stellar evolution
    • IR released by protostar is measured and compared to
    IR from nearby area with zero extinction
    • Approximation of energy, temperature and pressure
    from IR
    Key Points

    Stellar nucleosynthesis is the process by which elements


    1 are formed within stars.

    The star formation theory proposes that stars form due


    2 to the collapse of the dense regions of a molecular cloud.

    Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes


    3 during its lifetime.
    Check Your Understanding

    Identify what is being described by the following


    statements.
    1. This stellar core is formed as fragments from the collapsing
    of cloud contract.
    2. This new element is formed from He in a red giant star.
    3. It is the force that squeezes stars when mass, temperature
    or pressure is altered.
    Challenge Yourself

    Are nuclear fusion reactions of elements lighter


    than iron energy-requiring or energy-producing
    reactions? Why?
    Bibliography
    Clayton, D.D. 1968. Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis. Chicago, USA: University of
    Chicago Press.

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration. “The Big Bang.” Accessed December 8, 2016.
    http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/

    National Geographic. “Origins of the Universe—An Expanding World.” Accessed December 8, 2016.
    http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article/

    Overton, Tina, et al. 2010. Shriver and Atkins’ Inorganic Chemistry. 5th ed. London: Oxford University
    Press.

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