A Duplex Stainless Steel 2205
A Duplex Stainless Steel 2205
A Duplex Stainless Steel 2205
2-1996
A Duplex Stainless Steel
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2205 PRODEC® respect to lateral differences in the
passive film on the respective phases.
A Duplex with Improved There were no significant lateral
differences for the major alloy
Machinability elements in the outer region of the
Summary passive layer. In the inner region,
Investigations of the metallographic there was a correlation with the Cr
structure, corrosion resistance, weld- content and the underlying phase
ability and machinability of the structure. On the metal side of the
duplex stainless steel Avesta Sheffield oxide/metal interface, a pronounced
2205 PRODEC ®, which has an im- enrichment of nickel was found on
proved machinability compared to a top of the austenite and the ferrite,
standard 2205 duplex stainless steel, suggesting that the metal region
have been performed. Machinability closest to the oxide/metal interface
was characterised by determination consists of a continuous, austenite-
of critical cutting speeds for a certain like, structure.
level of tool wear in four different To be continued on page 9.
machining tests. The parent metal has
been characterized metallographi- 60 Years of Duplex
cally and by corrosion testing involv-
ing pitting susceptibility determined
Stainless Steel
by the electrochemically based Applications
critical pitting temperature determina-
tion in 1M NaCI in the Avesta Cell Abstract
and critical crevice corrosion tem- In this paper the history of wrought
perature in water containing 3000 duplex stainless steel development
ppm chloride at a potentiostatically and applications is described. Ferritic-
controlled potential of 300 mV vs austenitic stainless steels were intro-
SCE. Stress corrosion cracking (SCO duced only a few decades after
susceptibility was determined in 40% stainless steels were developed. The
CaCI2, solution at 100°C. Welds have paper gives details from the first
been characterized mechanically. duplex stainless steels in the 1930's to
Largely, the properties of the 2205 the super duplex stainless steel devel-
PRODEC® material are similar to opment during the 1980's.
standard 2205, though some di- During the years much effort has
minished corrosion resistance was been devoted to production and
observed. This could mainly be welding metallurgy as well as cor-
explained by the lower nitrogen rosion research of the duplex stainless
content in the 2205 PRODEC® ma- steels. Therefore, duplex stainless
terial compared with the standard steels are to-day established in a
2205 duplex stainless steel. wide product range. Numerous im-
To be continued on page 2. portant applications are exemplified.
In most cases the selection of a
duplex steel has been a result of the AVESTA SHEFFIELD
CORROSION MANAGEMENT
The Lateral combination high strength—excellent
corrosion resistance. In the pulp & AND APPLICATION
Homogeneity of Passive paper industry the most interesting ENGINEERING
Films use is as vessel material in digesters.
For CPI, the duplex steels are currently
Summary used in heat exchangers. The largest
The lateral homogeneity of passive application of duplex steels exists in
films formed on the austenitic-ferritic the oil & gas/offshore industry.
stainless steel 2205 in a neutral 1M Hundreds of kms of pipelines are
NaCI solution have been investigated installed and are still being installed.
using high lateral resolution AES and An increased use of duplex steels is
XPS. The samples were polarised at foreseen in areas where the strength
different constant potentials for 60 is of prime importance.
minutes and then characterised with To be continued on page ]7.
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Mechanical
properties
The general mechanical properties of
duplex stainless steel type 2205,
which includes the PRODEC®
modification, as well as those for
austenitic stainless steel 316L are
given in Table 2. The actual mech-
anical properties of the materials
tested are listed together with the
relevant test results.
Experimental
Machinability testing
Figure 3. Figure 4.
Turning 2205 PRODEC ®, as-polished. (200x) 316F (free machining grade),
The turning test was an ISO type as-polished. (200x)
longitudinal turning test using a
Coromant S4 SPUN 120304 Table 2.
cemented carbide insert. The feed Typical minimum mechanical properties.
rate (f) used was 0.1 mm/turn and a
Minimum values
depth of cut (ap) of 1.0 mm. Machin-
Rp 0.2 (20°C) Rp 0.2 (100°C) Rm (20°C) A5 (20°C)
ability was evaluated as the V30 value,
Material MPa MPa MPa %
which is defined as the highest cutting
speed that gives a maximum flank 2205 480 360 680 25
wear of 0.3 mm after 30 minutes of 2205 PRODEC® 480 360 680 25
cutting. 316L 210 164 490 45
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Figure 7. Figure 8.
Tool wear turning with cemented carbide inserts. Tool life at different cutting speeds during face milling
with coated cemented carbide inserts.
60% compared to the standard Welding The ferrite content in the root bead
material when using a coated tool The impression of the weldability of was in general higher than in the
with chip breaker. Normally uncoated the steels was in general good and weld face for both materials. In the
tools would not be used for the face no differences were observed be- two cases of SAW and SMAW
milling of duplex steels, but even for tween standard 2205 and 2205 welding, the ferrite content was
this type of tool a significant improve- PRODEC® except in the case of slightly higher in the weld face of the
ment of is obtained, see Table 4. plasma welding, where the arc PRODEC® material compared to the
The slot milling results are similar to seemed to be somewhat unstable standard material. However, such
the face milling results (uncoated when welding the PRODEC ® material. differences in ferrite content are
tool). The PRODEC® material shows Results from the evaluation of the hardly of practical importance. This is
an improvement by almost 20% in welds with regard to ferrite content illustrated by the similar mechanical
machinability rating, V4000 , see and mechanical properties are listed properties between standard and
Table 4. This improvement is valid in Table 5. PRODEC® material, except for the
over a wide range of cutting speeds Plasma+SAW weld. For the
as illustrated in Figure 9.
Table 5.
Finally the drilling test showed a
Ferrite content and mechanical properties of welded standard 2205 and
dramatic increase in machinability
2205 PRODEC ®
rating, V2000, by nearly 50% as seen
in Table 4. The drilling results are Impact tough-
shown in more detail in Figure 10, Weld metal Ferrite content Yield stress Tensile stress Ductility ness, -40°C
where the improved machinability of Face/Root bead Rp0.2 (MPa) Rm IMPa) A5 (%) (J/cm )
2
the PRODEC® material is evident Stan- PRO- Stan- PRO- Stan- PRO Stan PRO- Stan- PRO-
compared to the standard 2205 dard DEC
®
dard DEC
®
dard DEC
9 -
dard DEC
®
dard DEC
®
material
Base material
(Surface/centre) 39/38 44/47 496 509 761 770 40 36 - -
Plasma+SAW 34/49 45/43 542 538 783 743 31 29 131 54
Plasma+SMAW 40/55 46/53 530 530 774 747 27 27 41 35
GMAW
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when using high basicity flux is that further discussed by Baker and Castle
the flux removes oxygen, silicates, (6). Davison et al. (1) also found a
Conclusions
sulphur etc. from the weld pool. minimal effect of the higher level of The following conclusions can be
Apparently, the slightly increased inclusions in austenitic PRODEC® drawn:
content of inclusions in the PRODEC® material on the CPT. ®
• 2205 PRODEC has a significantly
material, could not be dissolved by The high stress corrosion cracking improved machinability compared
the flux. resistance together with the high to standard 2205;
Weldability was found in general strength of the duplex stainless steels, • the mechanical properties of 2205
to be fully satisfactory for both compared to the standard austenitic PRODEC® are largely comparable
materials, although the plasma torch grades, are two of the major advan- to standard 2205;
showed signs of instability when tages, when using duplex stainless
welding the 2205 PRODEC ® material. steels. The results from the CaCI2 • the pitting and crevice corrosion
®
This can be attributed to the presence experiments indicate a slightly resistance of 2205 PRODEC is
slightly lower than for standard
of calcium containing inclusions diminished SCC resistance for the
2205;
typically found in PRODEC® material PRODEC® material, but the threshold
as documented by Davison et al. (1). stress level of 100% Rp0.2 still indi- • the stress corrosion resistance of
A detailed investigation of the cates an excellent stress corrosion 2205 PRODEC ® was found to be on
corrosion resistance of the welds is cracking resistance. The difference in the level of standard 2205;
presently in progress and will be threshold stress levels between stan- • the weldability of 2205 PRODEC®
presented elsewhere. dard 2205 and 2205 PRODEC® is was generally found to be similar to
The resistance to pitting corrosion hardly of any practical significance. standard 2205;
as indicated by the Critical Pitting A typical application of the new • the small differences in corrosion
®
Temperatures was found to be 2205 PRODEC is for tube sheets in resistance between 2205 PRODEC®
significantly higher than for austenitic tube and shell heat exchangers. and standard 2205 could mainly
316L materials. Alfonsson and These heat exchangers often contain be explained by the lower nitrogen
Qvarfort (4) found the CPT of various several hundred tubes, where each content in the PRODEC material.
316L heats to be around 15°C. A tube is welded into a drilled hole in
significantly higher CPT of around the tube sheet. The improved ma-
®
40°C was found for the PRODEC chinability of the PRODEC® grade
base material. CPT values in this will increase the productivity of the
range are mostly observed for stan- drilling process significantly. Often,
dard 2205 material in connection 2205 is chosen for this application
with low nitrogen contents (~0.13% because of the risk of stress corrosion
References
1. Davison R. M., Alfonsson E., Runnsjö G.:
N). The CPT of 46-51 °C found for the often present in tube heat exchangers
"Characterization of Stainless steel plates for
standard 2205 material is typical for due to high operating temperatures.
Paper Machine Headbox Applications",
material containing around 0.17% Since the SCC resistance of the 2205 Proc. CORROSION/90, April 23-27, (1990),
nitrogen. The trend observed on the PRODEC® is on the level with stan- Paper No. 542.
CPTs was also seen for the Critical dard 2205 as discussed above, the 2. Qvarfort R., Alfonsson E.: "An Improved Cell
Crevice corrosion Temperature. advantage of using 2205 PRODEC ® for Electrochemical Pitting Corrosion
The small reduction in pitting in such cases is obvious. Testing", Proc. 11th Scandinavian Corrosion
resistance found for 2205 PRODEC® Another typical application of 2205 Congress, Stavanger, June, (1989), Paper
coompared to standard 2205 using PRODEC® is wrought flanges, where No. F-79.
the critical pitting temperature as a the improved machinability can be 3. Gartland P. O., Steinsmo V., Drugli J. M.,
criterion is small enough to be ex- utilised during the fabrication of the Solheim P.: "High Alloyed Stainless Steels for
plained solely by the lower alloying flanges to lower the production cost. Chlorinated Seawater Applications—A
Summary of Test Results for Eleven Austenitic
content of nitrogen. No significant The slightly diminished crevice
and Duplex Materials", Proc. CORROSION/
effect of the higher content of corrosion resistance of the
93, May, (1993), Paper No. 646.
inclusions in the PRODEC® material 2205 PRODEC ® material should of
4. Alfonsson E., Qvarfort R.: Materials Science
could thus be detected. This might course be considered when choosing
Forum, 111-112, (1992), p. 483-491.
seem contradictory to the well estab- the material, but the corrosivity of the
5. Stewart J., Williams, D. E., Corros. Sci., Vol.
lished fact that inclusions, especially environments, where duplex stainless
33, (1992), p. 457.
sulphides, are detrimental to the steel type 2205 are used, are seldom
6. Baker M. A., Castle J. E.: Corros. Sci., Vol. 34,
pitting resistance of stainless steel. excessively critical with respect to
No. 4, (1993), pp. 667-682.
However, neither the amount of in- crevice corrosion—otherwise, higher
clusions nor the total sulphur content alloyed stainless steels should be
®
of a stainless steel will influence the used. However, 2205 PRODEC can
pitting resistance significantly pro- still tolerate far more aggressive This paper was first presented at the
vided the size of the inclusions is be- environments than austenitic stainless Duplex Stainless Steel '94 conference in
low a certain critical level, as shown steel type 316L. Glasgow, UK, 1994. Reprinted with kind
by Stewart and Williams (5) and permission of The Welding Institute.