EP 3026 GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

Chapter (1)
Representation of Power Systems

(1) Three parts of a single phase electric system are designated A,B and C are
connected to each other through transformer as shown in fig. The transformer are rate as
follows; A-B 100,00 KVA , 13.8 – 138 KV leakage reactance 10 % B-C 100,00 KVA, 69
– 138 KV ,leakage reactance 8% If the base in circuit B is chosen as 100,00 KVA, 138
KV , find the per unit impedance of the 300Ω resistive load in circuit C referred to circuit
C,B and A . Draw the impedance diagram neglecting magnetizing current transformer
resistance and impedance. Determine the voltage regulation if the voltage at the load is
66KV with the assumption that the voltage input to circuit A remain constant .

Solution,
1
Base voltage for circuit A = 138 x = 13.8 kV
10
1
Base voltage for circuit C = 138 x = 69 kV
2
(Base kV) 2 ×1000
Base voltage for circuit C =
Base kVA
69 2 ×1000
= = 476Ω
100,00
300
Per-unit impedance of load in circuit C = =0.63 p.u
476
138 2 ×1000
Base impedance of circuit B = =1400Ω
100,000
Impedance of load referred to circuit B = 300 x 2 2 =1200Ω
1200
Per- unit impedance of load in circuit B = o.63 p.u
1900
13.8 2 ×1000
Base impedance of circuit A = = 19Ω
100,00
Impedance of load referred to circuit A= 300 x 2 2 x 0.1 2 = 12Ω
 12
Per-unit impedance of load in circuit A= =0.63 p.u
19

66
Voltage at load = = 0.957 +jo p.u
69
0.957 + jo
Load current = = 1.52 + jo p.u
0.63 + jo
Voltage input = (1.52 + jo) (jo .1 +jo.08) + 0.957
= 0.957 + jo.274
=0.995p.u
0.995 − 0.957
Voltage regulation = 3.97%
0.957

(2) A300,00 KVA 13.8 KV 3Ǿ generator has a sub transient reactance of 15%. The
generator supplies two motors over a transmission line having transformer at both ends as
shown on the line diagram of fig. The motor have rated inputs of 200,00 and 100,00
KVA, both 12.5KV with X” = 20 % 3Ǿ. Transformer T 1 is rated 35,000 KVA, 13.2 Δ –
115 Υ KV with leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T 2 is composed of 3 single phase
transformer each rated 100,00 KVA, 12.5 – 67 KV with leakage reactance of 12%. Series
reactance of the transmission line is 80Ω. Draw the reactance diagram with all reactance
marked in per-unit. Select the generator rating as base in generator circuit.

Solution,
3∅ rating of T 2 = 3x 100,00 = 300,00 kVA
Line to line ration = 12.5 – 67 x √3 = 12.5 – 116 kV
A base of 300,00 kVA, 13.8 KV
115
In transmission line , 13.8 x = 120 kV
13.2
 12.5
In motor circuit, 120 x =12.9 kV
116
base kV(given) base kVA (new)
X = P.U Z given x ( )x
base kV(new) base kVA (given)

13.2 2 30000
Transformer, T 1 X = 0.1 x ( ) x = 0.0784 p.u
13.8 35000
12.5 2 30000
T 2 X = 0.1 x ( ) x =0.094 p.u
12.9 35000
120 2 ×1000
The base impedance of transmission line = = 480Ω
30000
80
Reactance of line = = 0.167 p.u
480
12.5 2 30000
Reactance of motor 1 = 0.2 x ( ) x = 0.282 p.u
12.9 20000
12.5 2 30000
Reactance of motor 2 = 0.2 x ( ) x = 0.563 p.u.
12.9 10000

(3) A generator rated 100 MVA , 13.2kV with X” = 20 % is connected through a Δ-Υ
transformer to a transmission line whose series reactance is 40Ω . The base chosen for
calculation is 200 MVA , 115KV in transmission line . Determine the generator and
transformer reactance in-per unit for reactance diagram (a) if the transformer is a 3∅ unit
rated 13.8Δ - 120Υ kV , 100MVA with X=8% and (b) if the transformer is composed of
three single phase each rated 13.8kV – 69kV, 35,000 kVA . Also determine the per- unit
reactance of the transmission line on the chosen base .
Solution,

Base 200MVA , 115kV in transmission line

13.8
Base voltage for generator circuit = 115 x = 13.225 kV
120
13.2 2 200
(a) For generator , p.u.z =j0.2x( ) x = j0.4 p.u
13.225 100
120 2 200
For transformer p.u.z (H.T) = j0.08 x ( ) x
115 100
= j0.1742 p.u
13.8 2 200
For transformer p.u.z (L.T) = j0.08 x ( ) x
13.225 100
= j0.1742 p.u
(b) 3∅ rating of Δ – Υ Transformer = 3 x 35,000 kVA
13.8Δ = 69 x 3 Υ
13.8
Base voltage for generator circuit = 115 x 13.28 kV
3 × 69
13.2 2 200
For generator , p.u z = j0.2 x ( ) x = j0.395 p.u
13.28 100
3 × 69 2 200
For transformer p.u z (H.T) = jo.08 x ( ) x = j0.1646 p.u
115 100
13.8 2 200
For transformer p.u z (L.T) = jo.08 x ( ) x =j0.164 p.u
13.28 3 × 35
base kV 2 ×100
Base impedance for transmission line =
base kVA
115 2 ×1000
= = 66.125Ω
200 ×1000
40
p.u z of transformer line = = j0.605 p.u
66.125
(4) A 15,000 KVA 8.5 three phase generator has a sub-transient reactance of 20% .It
is connected through a Δ – Υ transformer to a high voltage transmission lion having a
total series reactance of 70 ohms. At the load circuit of the line is a Υ – Υ step down
transformer. Both transformers bank are composed of single phase transformer connected
for three phase operation. Each of the three transformers composing each .Bank is rated
6,667 KVA, 10-100 KV with a reactance of 10%. The load represented as impedance is
drawing 10,000 KVA at 12.5KV and 80% power factor lagging. Draw a positive
sequence diagram showing all impedances in per-unit. Chose a base of 10,000 KVA,
12.5KV in the load circuit. Determine the voltage at the terminals of the generator.

Solution,

Choose base 10,000 kVA , 12.5 kV of the load circuit

100 × 3
Base kV for line = 12.5 x = 125 kW
10 × 3
10
Base kV for generator =125 x = 712 kV
3 ×100
8.5 2 10
For generator , p.u z = 0.2 x ( ) x = 0.1858 p.u
7.2 15
10 2 10,000
For transformer T 1 p.u z = 0.1 x ( ) x
7.2 3 × 6667
= 0.096 p.u
10 × 3 2 1,0000
For Transformer T 2 p.u z =0.1 x ( ) x
12.5 3 × 6667
=0.096 p.u
125 2 ×1000
Basic impedance of transmission line = = 1562.5Ω
100,00
70
p.u z For transmission line = =o.o448 p.u
1562.5
 j0.096 j0.0448 j0.096

j0.1858 j1

+
Eg
-

12.5
p.u voltage = = 1 p.u
12.5
p.u z = 0.8 + j0.6
1
p.u I =
0.8 + jo.6
1
generator terminal voltage = 1+ (j0.237)
0.8 + j 0.6

= 1.158 9.42 p.u

(5) The one line diagram of an unloaded power system in fig . reactance of the two
section of transmission line are shown on the diagram . The generator and transformers
are rated as follows;

Generator (1) ; 20,000 kVA , 6.9 kV , X″ = 0.15 p.u

(2) ; 10,000 kVA , 6.9 kV , X″ = 0.15 p.u
(3) ; 30,000 kVA , 13.8 kV , X″ = 0.15 p.u

Transformer (T 1 ) ; 25,000 kVA , 6.9 Δ – 115 Υ kV , X = 10%

(T 2 ) ; 12,500 kVA , 6.9 Δ – 115 Υ kV , X =10%
(T 3 ) ; single phase unit each rated 10,000 kVA 7.5 kV , X =10%

Draw the impedance diagram with all reactance marked in per unit and with
letters to indicate point corresponding to the one – line diagram , choose a base of
30,000kVA , 6.9 kV in the circuit of generator (1)
 A B J100Ω C E
1 3
20MVA Y 30MVA
6.9KV Y13.8KV
X” = 0.5 X” = 0.15
25MVA
6.9 -115V 115YKV
3 10MVA
X = 10% 6.9KV
12MVA 3 × 75Y − 3 × 7.5 kV
D
25MVA X = 10%
6.9 Y 2
X” = 10% 100MVA
6.9KV
X” = 0.15

Solution,
3∅ rating of T 3 = 3x10 MVA = 30 MVA
Line to line voltage ratio = 3 x 75 V 1 - 3 x 7.5 V 1 - 8 KV
Choose a base of 30 MVA , 6.9 kV
115
Base kV for transmission line = 6.9 x = 115 kV
6.9
6.9
Base kV for generator (2) = 115 x = 6.9 kV
115
3 × 7.5
Base kV for generator (3) = 115 = 11.5 kV
3 × 75
6.9 2 30
For generator (1), p.u z = j0.15 x ( ) × = j0.225 p.u
6.9 20
6.9 2 30
For generator (2), p.u z = j0.15 x ( ) × = j0.225 p.u
6.9 10
13.8 2 30
For generator (3), p.u z = j0.1 x ( ) × = j0.216 p.u
11.5 30
6.9 2 30
For Transformer T1 = j0.1 x ( ) × = j0.12 p.u
6.9 25
6.9 2 30
For Transformer T2 = j0.1 x ( ) × = j0.25 p.u
6.9 12
3 × 75 2 30
For Transformer T3 = j0.1 x ( ) × = j0.128 p.u
115 30
(base kV ) 2 × 1000
Base impedance of transmission line =
base kVA
 (115) 2 × 1000
=
30 × 1000
= 440.83 Ω
j100
For j100Ω line p.u z = = j 0.227 p.u
440.83

j80
For j80Ω line p.u z = = j 0.181 p.u
440.83

(6) Draw the impedance diagram for the power system shown in fig;. Mark impedances
in per- unit- neglect resistance and use a base of 50,000 kVA, 138 kV in the 40 Ω
line. The rating of the generators, motors and transformers are,
Generator (1), 20,000 kVA, 13.2 kV, x ′′ = 15%
Generator (2), 20,000 kVA, 13.2 kV, x ′′ = 15%
Synchronous motor (3) 30,000 kVA, 6.9kV, X ′′ = 20%
Three phase Υ – Υ transformer 20,000 kVA, 13.8V 1 - 138 Υ kV, X = 10%
Three phase Υ – Δ transformer 15,000 kVA, 6.9 Δ - 138 Υ kV, X = 10%
All transformer are connected to step up the voltage of the generator to transmission line
voltage.
Solution,
Choose a base of 50MVA, 138kV in the 40Ω line
13.8
base kV for the generator (1) and (2) = 138 × = 13.8kV
138
6.9
base kV for synchronous motor = 138× = 6.9kV
138
13.8
base kV for the Y-Y transformer = 138 × = 13.8kV
138
6.9
base kV for the Y-Δ transformer = 138 × = 6.9kV
138
2
⎛ 13.2 ⎞ 50
for the generator (1) and (2) p.uz = J 0.15 × ⎜ ⎟ × = J0.343 p.u
⎝ 13.8 ⎠ 20
2
⎛ 6.9 ⎞ 50
for synchronous motor p.uz = J 0.2 × ⎜ ⎟ × = J0.333 p.u
⎝ 6.9 ⎠ 30
2
⎛ 13.8 ⎞ 50
for 3∅, Y-Y transformer p.uz = J 0.1 × ⎜ ⎟ × = J0.25 p.u
⎝ 13.8 ⎠ 20
2
⎛ 6.9 ⎞ 50
for 3∅, Y-Δ transformer p.uz = J 0.1 × ⎜ ⎟ × = J0.333 p.u
⎝ 6.9 ⎠ 15
J 40 × 50
for 40 Ω line p.uz = = J 0.105 p.u
(138)2
J 20 × 50
for 20 Ω line p.uz = = J 0.0525 p.u
(138)2
 Chapter (2)
Series impedance of transmission lines

(7) One circuit of a single phase transmission line is composed of three solid 0.25 cm
radius wires. The return circuit is composed of two 0.5 cm radius wires. The arrangement
of conductors is shown in fig. Find the inductance of the complete line in henrys per
meter (and in milli- henrys per mile).

Solution,
Dm
Lx = 2 × 10 −7 ln
Ds
Ds = 3 Daa Dab Dac Dbb Dba Dbc Dcc Dca Dcb
2

Daa = Dbb = Dcc = 0.7788r = 0.7788 x 0.25 x 10-2

Dab = Dbc = Dcb = Dba = 6m
Dac = Dca = 12m
∴Ds = 0.481 m

Dm = n Dad Dbd Dcd Dae Dbe Dce

m

Dad = Dbe = 4m
Dcd = 15m
Dae = Dbd = Dce = 177 m
Dm = 9 × 177 × 15 × 177 × 9 × 177
= 11.915 m
11.915
Lx = 2 x 10-7 ln = 6.419 x 10-7 H/m
0.481

For cord Y,
Ds = 2 Ddd Dee Dde Ded
2

Dde = Dee = 0.7788r

Dde = Ded = 6m
 ∴Ds = 0.153 m
Dm = 11.915
Dm
Ly = 2 x 10-7 ln = 8.71 x 10-7 H/m
Ds
L = Lx + Ly
= 15.129 x 10-7 H/m

(8) A three phase double – circuit line is composed of 300,000 (mil 26/7 ACSR ostrich
conductors arranged as shown in Fig. Find the 60 Hz inductive reactance in ohms per
mile per phase. ( Ds = 0.0229′)

Phase C (c -c )

Phase A (a -a )

Phase B (b -b )
Solution,

Dmeq
L = 2 × 10 −7 ln H/m
Ds
Phase A, a-a′
B, b-b′
C, c-c′

D PAB = n.m D ab D ab ′ D a ′b D a ′b ′
Dab = 10.1 ft = Ddb′
Dab′ = 21.9′ = Da′b
P
D AB = 2×2 10.12 × 21.9 2
= 14.8′
 P
DBC = n.m Dbc Dbc′ Db′c Db′c′
Dbc = 10.1 ft = Db′c′
Dbc′ = Db′c = 21.9′
P
DBC = 4 10.12 × 21.9 2
= 14.8′
D P
CA = n.m Dca Dac′ Da′c Ddc′
Dca = Dc′a′ = 20′
Dac′ = Da′c = 18′
P
D CA = 18.97 ′

P
Dmeq = 4 D AB
P
× DBC
P
× DCA
P

= 16.1′
For phase A,
b
DSA = Ds d a −a′
Ds = 0.0229′
da-a′ = 26.9′
∴ DSA b
= 0.785′

For phase B,
b
DSB = Ds d b−b′
db-b′ = 21′
∴ DSB b
= 0.693′

For phase B,
dc-c′ = 26.9′
∴ DSC b
= 0.785′

b
D Seq = 3 0.785 2 × 0.693
= 0.753′
P
Dmeq
L = 2 × 10 ln−7
b
H/m
DSeq
16.1
= 2 × 10 −7 ln
0.753
= 6.13 x 10-7 H/m/P
Xl = 2πfl
= 2π x 60 x 6.13 x 10-7 x 1609
= 0.372 Ω/mi/P
(9) A single phase 60 Hz power line is supported on a horizontal cross arm. Spacing
between conductors is 2.5m. A telephone line is supported on a horizontal cross arm
1.8m directly power line with a spacing of 1.0m between the centers of its conductors.
Find the mutual inductance between the power line and telephone circuits and the 60 Hz
voltage per kilometer induced in the telephone line if the current in the power line is
150A.

φa φb

Solution,
Dad
Due to Ia, flux leakage ψ cd = 2 × 10 −7 I a ln
Dac
Dad = Dbc = 1.8 2 + (1.25 + 0.5) 2 = 2.51m
Dac = Dbd = 1.82 + (1.25 − 0.5) 2 = 1.95m
2.51
Due to Ia, ψ cd = +2 × 10 −7 I a ln
1.95
2.51
Due to Ib, ψ bd = −2 × 10 −7 I a ln
1.95

Since Ia and Ib are 180° out of phase, the total flux (due to both Ia and Ib)
2.51
ψ cd ( total ) = 4 × 10 −7 I a ln
1.95

ψ cd 2.51
Mutual inductance, M = = 4 × 10 −7 I a ln
Ia 1.95
= 1.0098 x 10-7 H/m

60 Hz telephone circuit V/km for 150A

Vcd = 2πf MIa
= 2π x 60 x 1.0098 x 10-7 x 150 x 103
= 5.71 V/km
(10) Find the GRM of each of the unconventional conductors shown in Fig: in terms of
the radius of the individual strands.

Solution;
(a)

Daa = Dbb =Dcc = Ddd = 0.7788r

Dab = Dad = Dbc = Dcd = Dda = Ddc = Dba = Dcb = 2r
Dac = Dca = Dbd = Ddb = 8 r
∴ Ds = GMR = 16
(0.7788r) 4 (2r) 8 ( 8r) 4 = 1.7228r

(b)

Daa = Dbb =Dcc = Ddd = 0.7788r

Dab = Dad = Dbc = Dcd = Dda = Ddc = Dba = Dcb = 2r
Dac = Dca = 2
2r 2 − r 2 = 2
3r
∴ Ds = GMR = 16
(0.7788r) 4 (2r)10 ( 2 3r) 4 = 1.692r

(c)

Daa = Dbb =Dcc = 0.7788r

Dab = Dbc = Dba = Dcb = 2r
Dac = Dca = 4r
∴ GMR = 9
(0.7788r ) 3 ( 2r ) 4 (4r ) 2 = 1.7037r
(d)
a

b f

c
e
d

Daa = Dbb =Dcc = Ddd = Dee = Dff = 0.7788r

Dab = Dba = Dbc = Dcb = Dcd = Ddc = Dde = Ded = Def = Dfe = Dfa = Daf
= Dfb = Dbf = Dbd = Ddb = Ddf = Dfd = 2r
Dac = Dca = Dae = Dea = Dce = Dec = 4r
Dad = Dda = ( 4r ) 2 − (2r ) 2 = 12r
Dbc = Dcb = Dcf = Dfc = 2
2r 2 − r 2 = 2
3r

∴ GMR = 36
(0.7788r) 6 (2r)18 (4r) 6 ( 12r) 2 ( 2 3r) 4 = 2.1r

(11) A three phase 60 Hz line has flat horizontal spacing. The conductors has a GRM of
0.0133 with 10m between adjacent conductors. Determine the inductive reactance per
phase in ohms per kilometer. What is the name of this conductor?

Solution,

Ds = 0.0133
Dm= 3 D12 D23 D13
D12 = D23 = 10m
∴ Dm = 12.6m
Dm
Inductance per phase, L = 2 x 10-7 ln
Ds
12.6
= 2 x 10-7 ln
0.0133
= 1.37 x 10-6 H/m
= 1.37 x 10-3 H/km
Inductive reactance = 2πfl
= 2π x 60 x 1.37 x 10-3
= 0.5167 Ω/km
(12) Calculate the inductive reactance in ohm per kilometer of a bundle 60 Hz three
phase line having three ACSR Rail conductors per bundle with 45cm between conductors
of the bundle. The spacing between bundle center is 9, 9 and 18 (Ds=0.0386′)

Solution,

D= 45cm, Ds = 0.0386′
D = Dsd = 0.0386 × 0.3048 × 0.45
b
s

= 0.0728m
Dm = 3
9 × 9 × 18 = 11.34m
11.34
∴ XL = 2π x 2 x 10-7 ln
0.0728
= 3.8 x 10-4 Ω/m
= 0.38 Ω/km

(13) A 60Hz three phase line composed of an ASCR Bluejay conductor per phase has flat
horizontal spacing of 11m between adjacent conductors. Compare the inductive reactance
in ohm per kilometer per phase of this line that of a line using a two conductor bundle of
ASCR 26/7 conductors having the same total cross sectional area of aluminium as the
single phase conductor line and 11m spacing measured from the center of the bundles.
The spacing between conductors in the bundle is 40cm.(Ds = 0.0415′)

Solution,

Ds = 0.0415′
For 30 lines, Deq = 3 11 × 11 × 22 = 13.86m
13.86
Inductive reactance, XL = 2π x 60 x 2 x 10-7 ln
0.0415 × 0.3048
= 5.27 x 10-4 Ω/m
= 0.527 Ω/km
For 2 bundle, 10 conductor, Dsb = 0.0415 × 0.3048 × 0.4 = 0.07113m
Dm = 11m
 11
XL = 2π x 60 x 2 x 10-7 ln
0.07113
= 3.8 x 10-4 Ω/m
= 0.38 Ω/km
0.527
Compare with two condition, =
0.38
20 horizontal conductor = 1.39 times of two bundle conductors.

(14) Six conductors of ASCR Drake constitute a 60Hz double circuit three phase line
arranged in Fig. The vertical spacing however is 14′ the longer horizontal distance is 32′
and the short horizontal distance are 25′. Find the inductance per phase per mile and the
six inductive reactance in ohm per mile. ( Ds = 0.0373′)

Solution;
Phase A, a-a′
B, b-b′
C, c-c′

For D AB
P

Dab = D a′b′ = 14 2 + 3.5 2 = 14.43′

Dab′ = D a′b = 14 2 + 28.5 2 = 31.753′
P
D AB = 4 14.432 × 31.7532
= 21.4′

For DBC
P

Dbc = D b′c′ = 14 2 + 3.5 2 = 14.43′

Dbc′ = Db′c = 14 2 + 28.5 2 = 31.753′
P
DBC = 21.4′

For DCA
P

Dca = Dc′a′ = 28′

 Dca′ = Dc′a = 25′
P
DCA = 4 28 2 × 25 2 = 26.46′

P
Dmeq = 4 D AB
P
× DBC
P
× DCA
P

= 22.97′
For phase A,
b
DSA = Ds d a−a′
da-a′ = 28 2 ×25 2 = 37.536′
∴ DSA b
= 1.183′

For phase B,
b
DSB = Ds d b−b′
db-b′ = 32′
∴ DSB b
= 1.092′

For phase C,
b
DSC = Ds d c−c′
dc-c′ = da-a′ = 37.536′
∴ DSC b
= 1.183′

b
DSeq = 3 1.183 2 × 1.092
= 1.152′
P
Dmeq
L = 2 × 10 ln−7
b
H/m
DSeq
22.97
= 2 × 10 − 7 ln
1.152
= 5.99 x 10-7 H/m
XL= 2πfl
= 2π x 60 x 5.99 x 10-7 Ω/m/Ph
= 2.256 x 10-4 x 1609
= 0.363 Ω/m/phase
 Chapter (3)
Capacitance of Transmission Line

(15) Find the capacitive reactance for 1 mi of the line as shown in Fig. If the length of the
line is 175 mi and the normal operating voltage is 220kV, find the capacitive reactance to
neutral for the entire length of the line, the charging current per mi and the total charging
megavolt-amperes. (r = 0.554″)
Xa’ = 0.912 × 106
20 20
Xd’ = 0.06831 log d

38
Solution,
0.554
Deq = 3
20 × 20 × 38 = 24.8′, r= = 0.0462′
12
2πk
Cn = F/m to neutral
Deq
ln( )
r
2π × 8.85 × 10 −12
= = 8.8466 x 10-12 F/m
24.8
ln( )
0.0462
= 8.8466 x 10-12 x 1609 F/mi
1 1
XC = =
2πfc 8.8466 x 10 - 12 x 1609
= 0.1864 x 106 Ω/mi
Xa′ = 0.0912 x 106
Xd′ = 0.06831 log d = 0.06831 log 24.8 = 0.0953 x 106
Xc = Xa′+ Xd′= 0.1865 x 106 Ω/mi to neutral

0.1865 × 10 6
For 175 mi, Xc = = 1066Ω to neutral
175
Ichg = 2πf CanVan
220 × 10 3
= 2π x 60 x x 8.8466 x 10-12 x 1069
3
= 0.681 A/mi
For 175 mi, Ichg = 0.681 x 175 = 119A
Reactive power, Q = 3 Vl Ichg
= 3 x 220 x 103 x 119 = 45.3 Mvars
(16) Find the 60Hz capacitive susceptance to neutral per mile per phase of the double
circuit line in ostrich. ( r = 0.0283′)

Solution,
r = 0.0283′
DAB = Dab Dab′ Da ′b Da ′b′
Dab = Da′b′ = 10 2 × 1.5 2 = 10.11
Dab′ = Da ′b = 10 2 × 19.5 2 = 21.9
DAB = 14.8′
DBC = DAB = 14.8′
DCA = 10 2 × 18 2 = 18.97′
Deq = D AB DBC DCA = 16.1′

b
DSA = rd a − a ′
da-a′ = 18 2 × 20 2
= 26.9
∴ DSA = 0.0283 × 26.9 = 0.873′
b

b
DSB = rd b−b′ = 0.0283 × 21 = 0.77′

b
DSC = rd c − c′ = 0.0283 × 26.9 =0.873′

b
DSeq = 3 DSA
b
× DSB
b
× DSC
b

= 0.837′
2πk
Cn =
Deq
ln( )
Ds
2π × 8.85 × 10 −12
=
16.1
ln( )
0.837
 = 1.8807 x 10-11 F/m
= 1.8807 x 10-11 x 1609 F/mi
1 1
BC = = = 2πfc
XC 1
2πfc
= 2π x 60 x 1.8807 x 10-11 x 1609
= 1.1407 x 10-5 mho/mi to neutral

(17) A three phase 60 Hz transmission line has its conductor arrange in a triangular
formation so that two of the distances between conductors are 25′ and third is 42′. The
conductors are ASCR . Osprey. Determine the capacitance to neutral in microfarad per
mile and the capacitive reactance to neutral in ohm-mile. If the line is 150mi long find the
capacitance to neutral and capacitive reactance of the line. ( D = 0.879 in) k = 8.85 x 10-12

Solution,

0.879
r= = 0.0366
2 × 12
2πk
Can = F/m
Dmeq
ln
r
Dmeq = 25 × 25 × 42 = 29.72′
3

2π × 8.85 × 10 −12
Cn= = 1.335 x 10-8 F/mi to neutral
29.72
ln
0.0366
1
Xc =
2πfC n
1× 10 −3
=
2π × 60 × 1.335 × 10 −8
= 198.69 kΩ - mi to neutral
For 150 mi,
Cn = 1.335 x 10-8 x 150 = 2.0025 μF to neutral
XCn= 1324.166 Ω
(18) Calculate the capacitive reactance in ohm – kilometer of a bundle 60 Hz, 30 line
having three ACSR Rail conductors per bundle with 45cm between conductors of the
bundle. The spacing between bundle centers is 9,9 and 18m.(D = 1.165in)k = 8.85 x 10-12

45cm 45cm 45cm

9m 9m

Solution,
D = 1.165in
1.165 × 0.3048
r= = 0.0148m
24
2πk
Can =
Dmeq
ln b
DS
Dmeq = 3
9 × 9 × 18 = 11.34m
D = b
s rd = 0.0148 × 0.45 = 0.0816m
2π × 8.85 × 10 −12
Can =
11.34
ln
0.0816
= 11.27 x 10-12F/m
1
Xc =
2πfC n
1012 × 10 −3
=
2π × 60 × 11.27
= 0.2354 x 106 Ω km/P

(19) A 60 Hz 30 line composed of one ACSR Bluejay conductor per phase has flat
horizontal spacing of11m between adjacent conductors. Compare the capacitive reactance
in ohm kilometer per phase of this line with that of a line using a two conductor bundle of
ACSR 26/7 conductors having the same total cross sectional area of aluminum as the
single conductor line and the 11m spacing measured between bundles. The spacing
between conductors in the bundle is 40cm. (D = 1.259 in) k = 8.85 x 10-12

Solution,

D = 1.259 in
 1.259 × 0.3048
r= = 0.016m
2 × 12
d = 40cm = 0.4m
Deq = 3 11 × 11 × 22 = 13.86 m
D bs = rd = 0.016 × 0.4 = 0.08m
2πk 2π × 8.85 × 10 −12
Cn = =
Deq 13.86
ln b ln
DS 0.08
= 1.078 x 10-11 F/m to neutral
= 1.078 x 10-11 F/km to neutral
1
Xcn =
2πfc n
= 246 l kΩ- km to neutral
For same total cross-sectional area
1.293 × 0.3048
Finch, r =
2 × 12
2πk 2π × 8.85 × 10 −12
Cn = =
Deq 13.86
ln ln
r 0.01642
= 8.2523 x 10-9 F/km to neutral
1
Xcn = = 321.435 kΩ- km to neutral
2πfc n
Xcn (single conductor) > Xcn(bundled conductor)

(20) Six conductors of ACSR Drake constitute a 60 Hz double circuit three phase line
arranged as shown in Fig. The vertical spacing , however, is 14ft the longer horizontal
distance is 32 Hz and the short horizontal distance are 25 ft. Find the capacitive reactance
to neutral in ohm-miles and the charging current per mile per phase and per conductor at
138 kV. ( D = 1.108″)

Solution,

Xc = ?, Ichg = ?
 2πk
Cn =
Deq
ln b
DS
Phase A, a-a′
B, b-b′
C, c-c′

For phase A,
1.108
Radius, r = = 0.04617′
2 × 12
b
DSA = rd a − a ′
d a − a′ = 25 2 + 28 2 = 37.54′
b
DSA = 1.316′
b
DSA = DSC
b
= 1.316′

For phase B,
d b − b′ = 32′
b
DSB = 0.04617 × 32 = 1.2155′
DSb = 3 b
DSA b
DSB b
DSC = 1.282′

For D AB
P

Dab = D a ′b′ = 14 2 + 3.5 2 = 14.43′

Da′b = 14 2 + 28.5 2 = 31.753′
P
DBC = D AB
P
= 21.4′
Dca = 28ft = Dc′a′
Dca′ = 25 ft = Dc′a

P
DCA = 4 28 2 × 25 2 = 26.46′

DeqP = 4 D AB
P
× DBC
P
× DCA
P

= 22.97′
2π × 8.85 × 10 −12
Cn = = 19.27 x 10-12 F/m
22.97
ln
1.282
1 1012
Xc = =
2πfc n 2π × 60 × 19.27 × 1609
= 0.815 x 106 Ω-mi to neutral
 Ichg = 2πf VanCan
138 × 10 3
= 2π x 60 x x 19.27 x 10-12 x 1609
3
= 0.0978 A/mi

Chapter (4)
Sag Calculations and Some Features of Lighters of Lightning Protections

(21) A transmission line conductor at a river crossing is supported from two towers at
heights of 150′ and 300′ above water level. The horizontal distance between the towers is
1100′. If the tension in the conductor is 4260 lb and the conductor weights 0.594 lb/ft,
find the clearance between the conductor and the water at a point midway between the
towers. Assume Parabolic configuration.

Solution,

y1= 150ft, y2= 300ft, 2l = 1100ft, T = 4260 lb, Wc = 0.594 lb/ft

h = y2 - y1 = 300-150 = 150ft
Th
x1 = l-
2Wl
4260 × 150
= 550 - = -428 ft
110 × 0.594
Th
x2 = l+
2Wl
 4260 × 150
= 550 + = 1528 ft
110 × 0.594
x + x 2 428 + 1528
x= 1 = =978 ft
2 2
Wx12 0.594 × 428 2
d1 = ½ =
T 2 × 4260
= 12.77 ft
Wx 0.594 × 1528 2
2
2
D2 = ½ =
T 2 × 4260
= 162.77 ft
WX 2
0.594 × 978 2
d= = = 66.684′
2T 2 × 4260

From point B,
Δd = d2 – d = 162.77 – 66.684 = 96.093′
Clearance = y2 - Δd = 300 – 96.093 = 203.907′

(22) An overhead line has the following data. Span length 160m, conductor diameter
0.95cm, weight per unit length of the conductor 0.65 kg/m. Ultimate stress 4250 kg/cm2,
wind pressure 40 kg/cm2 of projected area. Factor of safety is 5. Calculate the sag.

Solution
21 =160cm, diameter = 0.95cm, Wc = 0.65Kg /m, muximun stress 4250Kg/cm2,
Wwind = 40 Kg / cm2, S.F = 5, Sag, d = ?
max imum stress
S.F =
working stress
4250
Working stress = = 850 Kg / cm2
5
πd 2 π × 0.95 2
Working tension = 850 × = 850 × = 602.5 kg
4 4
Wwind = 40kg/cm2 × 0.95 cm = 38kg/cm = 0.38kg/m
W = Wv 2 + Wn2 = 0.65 2 + 0.38 2 = 0.7529 kg / m
1 WL2 0.7529 × 80 2
d = = = 3.998m
2 T 2 × 602.5

(23) A transmission line conductor having a diameter of 19.5mm weights 0.85kg/m. The
span is 275m. The wind pressure is 39 kg/m2 of projected area with ice coating of 13mm.
The ultimate strength of the conductor is 8000kg . Calculate the maximum sag if the
factor of safety is 2 and ice weights 910 kg/m3.
Solution
Diameter = 195mm, Wc = 0.85 kg/m, 2L = 275m, wind Pressure = 39mm Mun
strength = 8,00kg, Max sag d = ?, p.f = 2, ice weight = 910kg/m3 overall diameter
= dia + 2L
= 1.95 + 2.6 = 4.55cm
Projected area per wire length = (4.55 × 10-2)m × 1m = 4.55× 10-2 m2 wind load = 39kg
/m2 ×10-2 m2 = 1.775kg/m
[ ]
The area of section of ice = π (r + t ) 2 − π r 2
= 1.327 × 10-3m2
Ice load = 910kg/ m2 × 1.327 × 10-3m2 = 1.20757 kg/ m
W= ( Wc + Wice ) 2 + Wwind
2

= (0.85 + 1.20757) 2 + (1.775) 2 = 2.717kg / m

max imumstree 8000
Working stress = = = 4000 kg
s.f 2
WL 2 2.717(275 / 2) 2
Max sag, d = =
2T 2 × 4000
= 6.421m

(24) Consider an insulator made up of three porcelain disks as in Fig. Let the capacitance
from the insulator hardware to the line conductor be considered negligible . Let the
capacitive susceptances at a given frequency have the values shown in Fig. The lines in
Fig represent metal. Find the proportion of voltage across disk.
Solution,

Let V1-4 = E and V1-2 = V

I1-2 = 9Bv
I2 = 3Bv
I2-3 = I1-2+ I2 = 9Bv + 3Bv = 128V
I 12Bv 4
V2-3 = 2−3 = = V
9B 9B 3
4 7
V1-3 = V1-2 + V2 – 3 = v + V= V
3 3
7 14
I3 = V1-3 × 2B = V × 2B = BV
3 3
14 50
I3-4 = I2-3 + I3 = 12BV + BV = BV
3 3
I 50 1 50 113
V3-4 = 2−3 = BV × = V= V
9B 3 9B 27 27
But, V1-4 = E

113
V=E
27
113
∴ V= E = 0.239E
27

∴ V1-2= V= 0.239E

4 4
V2-3= V = × 0.239E = 0.319E
3 3
50 50
V3-4= V= × 0.239E = 0.442E
27 27
V1-4= E
(25) Find the proportion of voltage on each disk of the 3 disk suspension insulator shown
in Fig.

Solution,
Let V1-4 = E and V1-2 = V
I1-2 = 9 BV
I2 = 3 BV
I2’ = B × V2-4 = B (V1-4 - V1-2)
= B (E-V)
= BE – BV
∴ I2-3 = I1-2 + I2 – I2’
= 9BV + 3 BV – (BE + BV)
= 13BV – BE
13 BV − BE 13V − E
V2-3 = =
8B 9
13V − E 22V − E
V1-3 = V1-2 + V2-3 = V + =
9 9
22V − E 44BV − 2BE
I3 = 2BV1-3 = 2B × =
9 9
I3′ = B × V3-4
= B × (V1-4 – V1-3)
22V − E
= B × (E - )
9
10BV − 22EV
=
9
 I3-4= I2-3 + I3 – I3′
44BV − 2BE 10BV − 22EV
=(13VV – BE) + ( )-( )
9 9
183BV − 21EV
=
9
I 3−4 183BV − 21EV 1 183V − 21E
V3-4 = = × = =E
9B 9 9B 81
∴ 81E + 30E = 381V
381
E= V = 3.432 V
111
V1−2 V
= = 29.14 %
V1−4 3.432V
V2−3 13V − 3.432V
= = 30.9 %
V1−4 93.432V
V3−4 183V − 21(3.432V)
= = 39.9 %
V1−4 81 × 3.432V

(26) Find the unstressed length at -20°F a 400,000 cmil copper conductor in a span
between two supports 400ft apart and of equal height. The maximum tension in
conductor is to be 6500lb. The weight of the conductor is 1.25lb per ft and of its ice load
0.75lb per ft . The wind load, with ice present, is 1.0lb per ft. Take the modulus of
elasticity to be 15,000,000 lb per sq-in use short parabolic formula.

Solution,
Unstressed length, Lu = ? (at – 20° F)
π
A= 400,000 mil = 400,000 × × 10- 6 in2
4
2L= 400ft
T = 6500 lb
We= 1.25 lb/ft
Wice=0.75 lb/ft
Wwind=1.0 lb/ft
E= 15,000,000 lb/in2
T
Stretch= 2L ( )
AE
6500
= 400 ( )
π −6 6
400,000 × ×10 ×15 ×10
4
= 0.5517
W= Wh 2 + Wv 2 = 12 + (1.25 + 0.75) 2 = 2.2361 lb/ft
 1 WL 2
2P= 2L [1 + ( ) ]
6 T
= 400.3156 ′
∴ Lu = 2P – Stretch
= 400,3156 – 0.5517
= 399.7639 ′ (at -20° F)

27. The unstressed length at 32˚ F of a 450,000 cmil copper conductor is 600 ft. The
supports are at equal height and are 600 ft apart. Find the temperature at which the
conductor has a sag of 14 ft, with no ice and no wind. The weight of conductor is 39 lb/ft.
Take the characteristics of copper cable to be as Wc = 1.39 lb/ft, E = 15 × 106 lb/in2 , α =
0.000,0095 use the parabolic formula.

Solution;
Lu1 = 600′ (32° F)
π
A=450,000 cmil = 450,000 × × 10- 6 in2
4
2L= 600′
D=14′
Wc = 1.39 lb/ft, t2 = ?
6 2
E= 15 × 10 lb/in
∝ = 0.000,0095
1 Wl2
d=
2 T
Lu= 2P – stretch
2lt
Stretch=
AE
1 WL 2
2P= 2L [1+ ( ) ]
6 T
1 1.39 × 3002
d= ×
2 T
1.39 × 3002
T= = 4467.8571 lb
28
1 1.39 × 300 2
2P= 600 [1 + ( ) ]
6 4467.8571
= 600.8711
2 × 300 × 4467.8571
stretch = = 0.5057
π −6 6
45,0000 × ×10 ×15×10
4
Lu2 = 600.8711 – 0.5057 = 600.3654′
Lu2 = Lu1 [1 + ∝ (t2 – t1)]
600.3654= 600[1 + 0.000,0095 (t2 -32)]
t2 = 96.1° F
28. At a river crossing an overhead transmission line has a span of 560 m with the
two supports of lowest conductor at 15 m and 95 m above the water level. The weight of
the conductor is 0.394 kg/m. If the tension is adjusted to 1200 kg, determine the clearance
of the conductors above the water level at a point 215 m the base of the higher tower.

Solution;

p2

d2

y2
d
p1

d1
y1 x 215 m
x1 x2

560 m

2L = 560 m, y2= 95 m, y1=15 m, w=0.394 kg/m,T=1200kg

h = y2-y1=95 – 15= 80 m
Th 560 1200 × 80
x1 = L - = - = - 155 m
2wL 2 0.394 × 560
Th
x2 = L + = 280 + 435 =715 m
2wL
x = x2 – 215 = 715 – 215 = 500m
Wx 2 2 0.394(715) 2
d2 = = = 83.926 m
2T 2 ×1200
Wx 2 0.394 × 5002
d= = = 41.042 m
2T 2 ×1200
Δd = d2 – d= 83.926 – 41.042 = 42.884 m
clearance = y2 - Δd = 95 – 42.884 = 52.116 m
29. An overhead transmission line at a river crossing is supported from two towers at
heights of 40 m and 90 m above water level the horizontal distance between the towers
being 400 m. If the maximum allowable tension is 2000 kg, find clearance between the
conductor and water level at a point midway between the towers. Weight of the
conductor is 1 kg/m.

Solution;
B

y2
d p

d2

d1
d
y1
x1 x 215 m
x2

2L

y1=40m, y2= 90 m, u=400 m, T= 2000 kg, w=1 kg/m

h= y2 – y1 = 90 – 40 = 50 m
Th 2000 × 50
x1 = 1 - = 200 - = - 50m
2wL 1× 400
Th 2000 × 50
x2 = l + = 200 + = 450 m
2wL 1× 400
x + x 2 50 + 450
x= 1 = = 250 m
2 2
wx 2 1× 4502
d2= = = 15.625 m
2T 2 × 2000
Δd = d2 – d= 50.625 – 15.625 = 35 m
clearance =y2 - Δd
= 90 – 35 = 55 m
30. In fig: let there be 4 disks, the capacitive susceptance of the two connectors across
each disk being 10 B. The susceptance of each metal connector to ground is 4 B. Find the
ratio of the voltage across the bottom disk to the voltage from line to ground.

Solution,
V4 −5
=?
V1−5
V1-2 = V
I1-2 = 10 BV
I1 = 4 BV
I2-3 = I1-2 + I2 = 14BV
I 7
V2-3 = 2 −3 = V
10B 5
12
V1-3 = V1-2 + V2-3 = V
5
48
I2 =V13 × 4B = V
5
48 118
I3-4 = V+ 14BV = V
5 5
118 BV 118
V3-4 = × = V
5 108 50
12 118 238
V1-4 = V + = V
5 50 50
 238 × 4
I3 =V1-4 × 48 = BV
50
⎛ 238 × 4 118 ⎞ 2132
I4-5 = I3-4 + I3 = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ BV = BV
⎝ 50 5 ⎠ 50
2132 BV 2123
V4-5 = × = V
50 108 500
V4 − 5 2132V × 500
= = 0.4725
V1−5 500 × 4512V
⎡ 238V 2123 4512 V ⎤
⎢ Where V1−5 = V1− 4 + V4 − 5 = 50 + 500 = 500 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

By
TU(MawLaMyaing)
yanaungoo@gmail.com
057-27630