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Lesson 16. Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions

The document defines trigonometric and hyperbolic trigonometric functions for complex numbers. It extends definitions of cosine, sine, and tangent using exponential functions of iz, and similarly extends hyperbolic cosine, sine, and tangent to complex numbers. The identities and properties of these functions follow from properties of the exponential function. Functions like cosine and sine are periodic while hyperbolic functions are periodic with respect to the imaginary axis.

Uploaded by

Aneek M. Noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Lesson 16. Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions

The document defines trigonometric and hyperbolic trigonometric functions for complex numbers. It extends definitions of cosine, sine, and tangent using exponential functions of iz, and similarly extends hyperbolic cosine, sine, and tangent to complex numbers. The identities and properties of these functions follow from properties of the exponential function. Functions like cosine and sine are periodic while hyperbolic functions are periodic with respect to the imaginary axis.

Uploaded by

Aneek M. Noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 16.

Trigonometric and hyperbolic


trigonometric functions

If z = x is real then exp(iz) = cos x + i sin x,


eix + e−ix eix − e−ix
thus cos x = and sin x = .
2 2i
We extend this to arbitrary complex z and define
eiz + e−iz eiz − e−iz sin z
cos z = , sin z = , tan z = .
2 2i cos z
This implies eiz = cos z + i sin z for all z.

Similarly, we extend the hyperbolic functions to arbi-


trary complex z and define
ez + e−z ez − e−z sinh z
cosh z = , sinh z = , tanh z = .
2 2 cosh z
1
The identities for trigonometric and hyperbolic trigono-
metric functions follow from the properties of ez , e.g.,
e2iz − e−2iz
sin 2z = 2 sin z cos z because =
2i
( )( )
eiz − e−iz eiz + e−iz e2iz + 1 − 1 − e−2iz
2 =2 .
2i 2 4i
Similarly,
e2iz + 2 + e−2iz e2iz − 2 + e−2iz
2
cos z + sin z = 2
− = 1.
4 4

2 e2iz + 2 + e−2iz e2iz − 2 + e−2iz


2
cos z−sin z = + = cos 2z.
4 4
e2z + 2 + e−2z e2z − 2 + e−2z
cosh z − sinh z =
2 2
− = 1.
4 4

2
Functions sin z and cos z are 2π-periodic.

Functions sinh z and cosh z are 2πi-periodic.

Derivatives are the same as in calculus:


1
(sin z)′ = cos z, (cos z)′ = − sin z, (tan z)′ = 2
.
cos z
1
(sinh z)′ = cosh z, (cosh z)′ = sinh z, (tanh z)′ = 2
.
cosh z

3
Real and imaginary part of sin z and cos z.

1 ( ix−y −ix+y
)
cos z = e +e =
2
1 −y 1
e (cos x + i sin x) + ey (cos x − i sin x) =
2 2
cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y.

Similarly, sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y.

In particular, cos x cosh y, cos x sinh y, sin x cosh y, sin x sinh y


are harmonic (this can be easily verified directly).

4
Zeros of trigonometric functions.

cos z = 0 ⇒ e−iz = −eiz ⇒ e2iz = −1 ⇒ 2iz = πi + 2kπi.


Thus cos z = 0 ⇔ z = π2 + kπ where k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .
All zeros of cos z are real, same as zeros of cos x.

Similarly, sin z = 0 ⇔ z = kπ where k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .


All zeros of sin z are real, same as zeros of sin x.

Example. Find all solutions of cos z = 2.


iz −iz
( )2
iz iz iz
√
e +e =4⇒ e − 4e + 1 = 0 ⇒ e = 2 ± 3.
√ √
Thus iz = ln(2 ± 3) + 2kπi and z = 2kπ − i ln(2 ± 3)
for k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . .

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