Clutch

A FABRICATION OF CLUTCH PLATE USING
AGAVE TEQUILANA
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
S.DINESH KUMAR -15BME175
J.K.KANI NAINA MOHAMMED -15BME206
M.SANJU -15BME207
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

COIMBATORE 641049.
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
APRIL 2019
i
KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,
COIMBATORE
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “FABRICATION OF CLUTCH PLATE
USING AGAVE TEQUILANA” is the bonafide work of “S.DINESH
KUMAR, M.SANJU,J.K.KANI NAINA MOHAMMED”, who carried out the
project work under my supervision during the year 2018-2019
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
DR.C.VELMURUGAN Dr.S.SIVA KUMAR
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR III
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ii
DECLARATION
We affirm that the project work titled “FABRICATION OF CLUTCH PLATE

USING AGAVE TEQUILANA” being submitted in partial fulfillment for the
award of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (B.E) is the original work carried
out by us. It has not formed the part of any other work submitted for award of any
degree or diploma, either in this or any other University.
Signature of candidate Signature of candidate

(S. DINESH KUMAR) (M.SANJU)
Signature of candidate
(J.K.KANI NAINA MOHAMMED)
I certify that the declaration made above by these candidates are true.
Signature of project guide
(Dr.S.SIVA KUMAR)
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We all whole heartedly thank our Chairman Dr. B.K KRISHNARAJ

VANAVARAYAR; our Correspondent Thiru. M.BALASUBRAMANIAM;
our Joint Correspondent Thiru. SHANKAR VANAVARAYAR, our advisor
Dr. M. GURUSAMY for providing us the required infrastructure at
KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY.
We express our gratitude to our beloved Principal Dr. J. SENTHIL, for his
invaluable support, motivation and guidance, and also for providing us all the
necessary facilities required for carrying out this project work.
We are grateful to our respected Head of the Department, Mechanical

Engineering, Dr. C. VELMURUGAN for his constant and continuous
motivation, review and cooperation throughout this project work.
We wish to record our profound happiness and gratitude to our Project

Coordinator Mr. T. KARUPPUSAMY and Project Guide Dr. S. SIVAKUMAR
for their constant and continuous effort, guidance and valuable time
Our sincere and hearty thanks to all the faculty members and staff of Mechanical
Engineering Department for their well wishes, timely help and support rendered
to us for doing this final year design work. We are very greatly indebted to our
family, relatives and our all friends without whom our life would not have been
shaped to this level.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

NO
1 ABSTRACT vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
1 INTODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to clutch plate 1
2 PROJECT OVERVIEW
2.1 problem identification 4
2.2 objective of the project 5
2.3 scope of the project 5
3 LITERATURE SURVEY
3.1 literature survey 6
4 METHODOLOGY
4.1 methodology 9
5 SELECTION OF MATERIAL
5.1 palm fiber 10
5.2 Aluminium 11
5.3 Epoxy resin 13
6 EXPERIMENT
6.1 press moulding 16
7 TESTING
v
7.1 wear test 18
7.2 Hardness test 19
7.3 Tensile test 20
7.4 Torsion test 21
7.5 Impact test 22
7.6 oil absorption 22
8 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
8.1 Wear 23
8.2 Tensile 38
8.3 Hardness 40
8.4 Impact 41
8.5 Torsion 42
8.6 Oil absorption 43
9 CONCLUSION
9.1 conclusion 44
10 ADVANTAGE AND APPLICATION 45
11 REFERRENCE 46
vi
ABSTRACT
In present year’s natural fibre composite material locate a major role in industries like
aerospace and automobile. The natural fibre is amplified by hook up with plastics.
The ample availability of natural fibres such as palm fibre, al powder ,coir, Ail
Vera, Palm fibre ramie, sisal, jute, banana, bagasse etc. Common matrix materials
include epoxy, phenolic, polyester, polyurethane vinyl ester etc.The composites
formed by fibres gained attention due to their light weight, renewability, low density,
high specific strength, non abrasivity , non toxicity and biodegradability etc.In this
paper discussed the Composite Plate by using palm fibre, Al powder with epoxy
composite and to evaluate the Mechanical properties of clutch plate (Tensile
strength, Hardness, Toughness).
Keywords: palm fiber, epoxy resin, aluminium powder, Tensile strength, Hardness,
Toughness.
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
No.
5.1 Properties of palm fiber 11
5.2 Properties of al powder 13
5.3 Properties of Epoxy resin 14
8.1 Hardness result specimen 1 40
8.4 Impact result specimen 1 41
8.7 Torsion result specimen 1 42
viii
8.10 Oil absorption result 43
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
No.
1.1 Clutch plate 1
2.1 Damage clutch plate 4
5.1 Palm fiber 10
5.3 Epoxy resin 13
6.1 Press moulding 16
7.1 Pin on disc 18
7.2 Shore hardness 19
7.3 Universal testing machine 20
7.4 Schematic diagram of torsion 21
7.5 Specimen 21
7.6 Charpy apparatus 22
ix
8.1 5% al 20N (wear, friction force, 𝑐𝑑 ) 23
8.3 5% al 60N(wear, friction force, 𝑐𝑑 ) 25
8.6 20% al 60N(wear, friction force, 𝑐𝑑 ) 28
8.7 5% al wear(20N vs 40N vs 60N) 29
8.8 20% al wear(20N vs 40N vs 60N) 30
8.9 5% al friction force(20N vs 40N vs 60N) 31
8.10 20% al friction force(20N vs 40N vs 60N) 32
8.11 5% al 𝑐𝑑 (20N vs 40N vs 60N) 33
8.12 20% al 𝑐𝑑 (20N vs 40N vs 60N) 34
8.13 Wear 20N(5% vs 20%) 35
8.14 Wear 40N(5% vs 20%) 36
x
8.15 Wear 60N(5% vs 20%) 37
8.16 Tensile test specimen 1 38
8.17 Tensile test specimen 2 39
xi
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
In order to converse natural resources and economize energy, reduction

of wear has been the main focus of automobile manufacturers in the present
scenario. Weight reduction can be achieved primarily by the introduction of
better material, design optimization and better manufacturing processes. The
introduction of composite materials was made it possible to reduce the weight
of clutch plate without any reduction on wear capacity and stiffness. Since, the
composite materials have more elastics strain energy storage capacity and high
strength to weight ratio as compared with those are being replaced by composite
clutch plate.
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO CLUTCH PLATE

A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages the power
transmission, especially from driving shaft to driven shaft.
Fig 1.1 clutch plate
Clutches are used whenever the transmission of power or motion must be controlled
either in amount or over time (e.g., electric screwdrivers limit how much torque is
1
transmitted through use of a clutch clutches control whether automobiles transmit engine
power to the wheels). In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two
rotating shafts (drive shafts or line shafts).
In these devices, one shaft is typically attached to an engine or other power unit (the
driving member) while the other shaft (the driven member) provides output power for
work. While typically the motions involved are rotary, linear clutches are also possible.
In a torque-controlled drill, for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor and the other
drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so they may be locked together
and spin at the same speed (engaged), locked together but spinning at different speeds
(slipping), or unlocked and spinning at different speeds (disengaged).
Manufacturing
Modern clutch development focuses its attention on the simplification of the overall
assembly and or manufacturing method. For example, drive straps are now commonly
employed to transfer torque as well as lift the pressure plate upon disengagement of
vehicle drive. With regard to the manufacture of diaphragm springs, heat treatment is
crucial. Laser welding is becoming more common as a method of attaching the drive
plate to the disc ring with the laser typically being between 2-3KW and a feed rate
1m/minute.
Dampers
A clutch damper is a device that softens the response of the clutch

engagement/disengagement. In automotive applications, this is often provided by a
mechanism in the clutch disc centers. In addition to the damped disc centers, which
reduce driveline vibration, pre-dampers may be used to reduce gear rattle at idle by
changing the natural frequency of the disc. These weaker springs are compressed solely
by the radial vibrations of an idling engine. They are fully compressed and no longer in
use once the main damper springs take up drive.
2
Load
Mercedes truck examples: A clamp load of 33 kN is normal for a single plate 430.
The 400 Twin application offers a clamp load of a mere 23 kN. Bursts speeds are
typically around 5,000 rpm with the weakest point being the facing rivet.
Torque limiter
Also known as a slip clutch or safety clutch, this device allows a rotating shaft to
slip when higher than normal resistance is encountered on a machine. An example of a
safety clutch is the one mounted on the driving shaft of a large grass mower. The clutch
yields if the blades hit a rock, stump, or other immobile object, thus avoiding a
potentially damaging torque transfer to the engine, possibly twisting or fracturing the
crankshaft. Motor-driven mechanical calculators had these between the drive motor and
gear train, to limit damage when the mechanism jammed, as motors used in such
calculators had high stall torque and were capable of causing damage to the mechanism
if torque wasn't limited. Carefully designed clutches operate, but continue to transmit
maximum permitted torque, in such tools as controlled-torque screwdrivers.
3
CHAPTER 2
2.PROJECT OVERVIEW
2.1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The gearbox has two rotating shafts one that drives the motor and another that powers
a separate device. The clutch is the connector between the two shafts, which enables
them to spin at the same time, together. In addition, the clutch also decouples the two
shafts, which enables them to spin at different speeds.In a vehicle, the clutch is what is
used to regulate the power to the engine and to control the transfer of power from the
vehicle’s engine to both the transmission and the wheels. Essentially, the faster the
engine goes, the more adjustment is required before the clutch connects to the wheels,
which allows your vehicle to switch to a different gear.
Fig 2.1 Damage clutch plate
The clutch system in a car is based on friction between the flywheel and pressure plate,
and eventually these parts will begin to wear and the clutch will need replacing.
Nevertheless, there are common clutch problems, and if you can identify a problem
early, it could just save you a lot of money.
4
2.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
To reduce the wear of the clutch plate,the alternate for ceramics composite material
can be implemented. This project focuses on making clutch plate using palm fiber with
epoxy resin. It increase the life time of clutch and increase the wear capacity
2.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Our project scope is to reduce the wear rate and also eco friendly. natural fibre
takes longer to produce. Main scope of fibre composites is to produce the chemical free
product to the environment.
5
CHAPTER 3
3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
Investigation of surface characteristics and tribological behavior of

clutch plate materials The surface characteristics and tribological behavior of
clutch plate materials strongly affect the lifetime of the clutch and influence the
dynamic behavior of the entire vehicle. The friction coefficient between the friction
plate and the separator plate decreases with the number of engagement cycles. As a
result, the transmission torque decreases with time. In this study, the surface
characteristics of clutch plate materials have been investigated since it is closely
related to friction.mA UMT2 micro-tribometer was used to measure the friction
characteristics of various clutch plate materials under dry and lubricated conditions.
The effect of the loading and the sliding speed on the friction coefficient has been
investigated. The correlation between the surface characteristics and the friction
behavior of clutch materials was explored. The tested samples were analyzed to
quantify the wear volume. The completion of the study provided a better
understanding of the relationship between the material structure and the
performance of clutch plates and can be used as a reference for clutch material
selection and transmission design.
Lightweight construction materials: Mortar reinforced with date-palm mesh

fibres Nowadays, research on sustainable buildings is devoted to materials which offer
advantages in terms of recyclability, low cost, environmentally-friendly features, no
toxicity, biodegradability and good mechanical performance. The lightweight
construction materials composed by a cement-based matrix reinforced with vegetal
fibres are able to satisfy the above statements. In the present paper, the physical,
mechanical and fracture properties of a cement-based mortar reinforced with date-palm
mesh (DPM) fibres is experimentally analysed. The results obtained show that the
positive effect of such fibres on the ductility/weight mortar performance increases by
increasing the fibre content.
6
Estimation of torque transmitted by clutch during shifting process for dry dual
clutch transmission The key toward realizing no-impact gear shifting for dual clutch
transmission (DCT) lies in the coordination control between the engine and dual
clutches, as well as the accurate closed-loop control of torque transmitted by each clutch
and the output torque of the engine. However, the implementation and control precision
of closed-loop control are completely dependent on the effective measurement or
estimation of the instant transmission torque of the clutch. The torque transmitted by a
twin clutch during the upshifting process is estimated by applying the unscented
Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm. Then, the torque estimation algorithm is verified using
a DCT prototype vehicle installed with a torque sensor on the drive half-shaft. The
experimental results show that the designed UKF torque estimation algorithm can
estimate the transmission torques of two clutches in real time; further, it can be directly
used for DCT shift control and improving the shifting quality.
Properties of Coconut, Oil Palm and Bagasse Fibres: As Potential The use of natural
fibres in composite materials is attracting research interest worldwide due to the fibres
ability to increase the strength, reduce environmental impact and reduce cost of the
material. In this study the properties of coconut husk fibre, oil palm fruit fibre and
sugarcane bagasse fibre have been investigated. Experiments on length and diameter,
specific weight, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, moisture content and water
absorption tests on the fibres have been conducted to determine their properties for
possible use as reinforcement in composite. It was found that different fibres have
different properties and behave similarly in wet and damp conditions. The study
concludes that all the fibres possess properties that are acceptable as natural fibres to be
used as reinforcement in soil blocks
7
Effect of alumina nano-particle size and weight content on the corrosion resistance
of A606 aluminum in chloride/sulphate solution Aluminum matrix composites are a
class of light weight high performance materials with extensive applications in military
aerospace, automobile, space, biotechnology, semi-conductor, nuclear, sports and
recreational industries. The composites such as silicon carbide, alumina, titanium oxide,
boron carbide etc. are added within the aluminum substrate through specialized
processes. They are usually nonmetallic reinforcement particles which improves the
thermal conductivity of the base metal in addition to excellent abrasion resistance, creep
resistance, abrasion resistance and excellent stiffness and strength to weight ratio.
Investigating Behaviour of Multi-Clutch Plate Frictional Materials Clutch plays an

essential part in automobile transmission in modern high-speed vehicle. Clutch are
devices which are highly required as it used to control comfort, economy and sportiness
Clutch are mainly use to engage and disengage the engine input shaft to output shaft, so
that the vehicle shaft may be stopped or start without affecting the driving shaft.
Currently used material of friction disc used in analysis are cork and kevlar fibre. During
engagement and dis engagement of clutch plate deteriorate and get erode at every cycle.
The aim of the research is to study the effect of axial force offered by the spring for
engagement using theory’s based on uniform pressure and uniform wear.
Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Aluminium Powder filled Glass

Epoxy Composites Mechanical and tribological characteristics of glass epoxy
composites with aluminium particulate (5-15 wt%) filler are experimentally
investigated. Mechanical test is conducted on INSTRON 8801 whereas tribological
characterization is done using a pin on disc type friction and wear monitor as per ASTM
standards. Friction and wear of 5 and 10 wt% aluminium content composites are less
than unfilled glass epoxy composite. Glass epoxy composite with 5 wt% aluminium has
the lowest frictional and wear characteristics whereas composite having 15 wt%
aluminium shows the highest friction and wear.
8
CHAPTER 4
4.1 METHODOLOGY
Problem identification in car clutch

plate
Concept Generation
Material selection
Selection epoxy resin
Purchase of components
Press moulding
Fabrication
Testing
Documentation
9
CHAPTER 5
5. SELECTION OF MATERIAL
This chapter describes the details of processing of the composites and the
experimental procedures followed for their mechanical characterization. The
materials used in this work are
➢ PALM FIBER
➢ ALUMINIUM POWDER
➢ EPOXY
5.1. PALM FIBER
These fibers are known for their high durability and their resistance to sea water.
Traditionally, palm fibers were used to make ropes for ship cordages which were
proven to have good properties in sea water.
Other than that, the preparation for palm fibbers is effortless as the fibers do not
require any secondary processes such as water retting or mechanical decorticating
process to yield the fiber. This is due to the fact that the fibbers, originally
wrapped around the palm trunk from the bottom to the upper part of the tree as
shown in Figure, are in the form of natural woven fiber.
Fig 5.1 palm fiber

The use of palm fiber has moved to another successive level specifically to
various engineering applications. For example, it has been used in road
constructions for soil stabilization as a substitute for geo textile fiberglass
10
reinforcement. Apart from that, in certain circumstances, it is also being used for
underwater and underground cables. Fibers in random original orientation mean
that they are in their original layered shape straight from the tree trunk.
PROPERTIES OF PALM FIBER

• The mechanical (tensile strength)
• Flexural stress
• Micro hardness
• Physical (bulk density and water absorbtion
PROPERTIES VALUE
Density 1.2-1.3 g/cm³
Tensile strength 220-240 MPa
Young’s modulus 2.5-5.40 GPa
Elongation 2-4.50 %
Table 5.1 properties of palm fiber
5.2 ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is a light metal ( = 2.7 g/cc); is easily machinable has wide variety
of surface finishes; good electrical and thermal conductivities; highly reflective
to heat and light.
➢ Versatile metal - can be cast, rolled, stamped, drawn, spun, roll-formed,

hammered, extruded and forged into many shapes. Aluminium can be
riveted, welded, brazed, or resin bonded.
11
➢ Corrosion resistant - no protective coating needed, however it is often
anodized to improve surface finish, appearance.
➢ Al and its alloys - high strength-to-weight ratio (high specific strength)
owing to low density.
➢ Such materials are widely used in aerospace and automotive applications
where weight savings are needed for better fuel efficiency and
performance.
➢ Al-Li alloys are lightest among all Al alloys and find wide applications in
the aerospace industry.
PROPERTIES OF AL-ALLOY
(i) Heat treatable and age hardenable.
(ii) High strength efficiency due to high strength to weight ratio
(iii) Good weldability
(iv) Good corrosion resistance
(v) Good thermal conductivity
APPLICATIONS OF AL- ALLOY
Alloy 6063 is perhaps the most widely used because of its extrudability, it is not
only the first choice for many architectural and structural members, but it has
been the choice for the Audi automotive space frame members. A good example
of its structural use was the aluminum bridge. (Gilbert Kaufman, 2000). The alloy
has versatile application as given below
• Pressure vessels
• Pipelines
• Cryogenic tanks
• Door beams, seat tracks, racks, rails
12
• Electrical cable towers
• Petroleum and Chemical Industry Components (The excellent combination
of high strength combined with superior corrosion resistance plus
weldability makes a number of aluminum alloys ideal for chemical
industry applications, even some involving very corrosive fluids)
MATERIAL PROPERITIES OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY
Properties Value
Elastic Modulus 69000 N/mm2
Poisson's Ratio 0.33
Thermal Expansions Co-efficient 2.4x10-5 /K
Thermal Conductivity 170 w/mk
Specific Heat 1300 J/kg k
Table 5.2 properties of al powder
5.3 EPOXY RESIN

Epoxy Resins Epoxy resins have been commercially available since the early
1950’s and are now used in a wide range of industries and applications.
Fig 5.3 Epoxy resin
13
Epoxies are classified in the plastics industry as thermosetting resins and they
achieve the thermo set state by means of an addition reaction with a suitable
curing agent.
The curing agent used will determine whether the epoxy cures at ambient or
elevated temperatures and also influence physical properties such as toughness
and flexibility
PROPERTIES OF EPOXY
Table 5.3 properties Epoxy resin
Performance Properties
Performance properties held by epoxy are:
➢ Biocompatibility
➢ Environmentally friendly
➢ Flame resistant
➢ Food Safe
14
It has excellent gap filling properties. Epoxy is resistant to cold, radiation, and
steam. The superior performance of epoxy remains when exposed to adverse
environmental conditions.
15
CHAPTER 6
6 EXPERIMENT
6.1 PRESS MOULDING
Fig 6.1 press moulding
Construction of press Moulding machine are shown in fig 6.1
➢ First switch ON the machine and run to standard pressure and

temperature.
➢ Fill the mould with mixer (resin + aluminium powder + palm fiber)
First mixer
Resin = 100 grams (62.5%)
Aluminium powder = 20 grams (12.5%)
Palm fiber = 40 grams (25%)
Second mixer
Resin = 100 grams (68.9%)

Aluminium powder = 5 grams (3.4%)
Palm fiber = 40 grams (27.5%)
16
➢ Then the mould is placed on the movable table
➢ Using plunger to move up the movable table slighty touch the fixed table.
➢ After few minutes set the pressure (20 kg/𝑐𝑚2 ), maintain the pressure till 60
minutes.
➢ After 20 minutes set the temperature (150⁰c),maintain the temperature till 40
minutes.
➢ Then, taken out the mould and remove the moulding piece.
17
CHAPTER 7
7 TESTING
➢ Wear test
➢ Hardness test
➢ Tensile strength
➢ Torsional
➢ Impact
➢ Oil absorbtion
7.1 WEAR TEST
The experimental setup used for carrying out the study is a pin-on disc type tribometer
and a receiver linked to computer through Winducom 2010 software. This is used for
the measurements of frictional force, wear, coefficient of friction on materials like
metals, ceramics, composites and coatings, polymers, etc. by making the specimen to
slide over its disc. The specifications of the tribometer is given below (Table 1).
Make and model DUCOM, TR-20LE-PTM

Disc speed range 200-2000 rpm
Normal load range 1N-200N
Frictional force range 0-200N
Wear range ±2mm
Table 7.1 specification of pin on disc
Fig 7.1 pin on disc

18
7.2 HARDNESS TEST
Fig 7.2 shore hardness
First the indentor is pressed with the test preforce to a penetration depth in
the specimen.
➢ The additional test force is applied for a dwell period define in

accordance with the standard, where by the indenter penetrates into
the specimen to a maximum indention depth of h1. The test pre-force
plus the additional test force gives the total test force (also referred to
as total force or main load)
➢ After the dwell period, the additional test force is removed, the
indenter move up by the elastic propotion of the penetration depth in
the total test force and remains at the level of the residual indention
depth.
19
7.3 TENSILE TEST
Fig 7.3 universal tensile machine
Universal tensile testing machine
Maximum load capacity =5kN
Material strength testing ,using the tensile or tension test method , involve
supplying an ever-increasing loads to a test sample up to the point of failure.
The process creates a stress/strain curve showing how the material react
throughout the tensile test. The data generated during tensile testing is used
to determine mechanical properties of material and provides the following
quantitative measurements.
20
7.4 TORSION TEST
Fig 7.4 schematic diagram of torsion
Torsion test twist a material or test component to a specified degree, with a

specified force, or until the material fails in torsion. The twisting force of a
torsion test is applied to the test sampled by anchoring one end so that it
cannot move or rotate and applying a moment to the other end so that the
sample is rotated about its axis. The rotating moment may be rotated in
opposite directions. The force and mechanics found in this test are similar
to those found in a piece of string that has one end held in a hand and the
other end twisted by the other.
Fig 7.5 specimen
Dia=10mm
Thickness=10mm
Width=14mm
21
7.5 IMPACT TEST
Fig 7.6 charpy apparatus
The impact test is a method for evaluating the toughness and notch
sensitivity of engineering materials. It is used to test the toughness of
metals. But similar test are used for polymer, ceramics, composites.
7.6 OIL ABSORPTION TEST
To find out the oil absorption capacity of the material.
Note the initial weight of material.
Dip the workpiece in oil.
Then take weight of material in time interval of 15 minutes.
22
CHAPTER 8
8 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
8.1 WEAR TEST:
fig 8.1 al 5% and 20N(wear,friction force, 𝑐𝑑 )
The palm fibre sample1 is wear tested for 20N of load. Speed and time is kept
constant as 300rpm and 300 seconds. For the specimen, The graphs for wear, frictional
force and coefficient of friction as a function of time is shown in fig.8.1 for the specimen
first the wear should gradually increased corresponding to time and wear relationship.
After 10 seconds the wear should increase proportionally to time. after 300 seconds
• THE WEAR RATE = 29µm ,

• FRICTIONAL FORCE = 14N,
• COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION = 0.7
23
Fig 8.2 al 5% and 40N (wear,friction force, 𝑐𝑑 )
The palm fibre sample1 is wear tested for 40N of load. Speed and time is kept constant
as 300rpm and 300 seconds. For the specimen, The graphs for wear, frictional force and
coefficient of friction as a function of time is shown in fig.8.2 for the specimen first the
wear should gradually increased corresponding to time and wear relationship. After 10
seconds the wear should increase proportionally to time. after 300 seconds

24
wear should gradually increased corresponding to time and wear relationship. when
load increses the wear rate also increased, After 300 seconds

25
load decreases the wear rate also decreases, After 300 seconds
• THE WEAR RATE = 37 µm ,

• FRICTIONAL FORCE = 5.5N,
26
load decreases the wear rate increase, After 300 seconds
• THE WEAR RATE = 23 µm

• FRICTIONAL FORCE = 10.1N
27
load increase the wear rate also increases, After 300 seconds
• THE WEAR RATE = 19 µm

• FRICTIONAL FORCE = 14N
28
Fig 8.7 5% al wear (20N vs 40N vs 60N)
The palm fibre sample1 is wear tested for 20N,40N,60N of load. Speed and time is kept
constant as 300rpm and 300 seconds. For the specimen, The graphs for wear as a
function of time is shown in fig.8.7 for the specimen first the wear should gradually
increased corresponding to time and wear relationship. when load increases the wear
rate also increases, After 300 seconds
• THE WEAR RATE

20N = 29µm
40N = 38µm
60N = 50µm
29
Fig 8.8 20% al wear (20N vs 40N vs 60N)
The palm fibre sample2 is wear tested for 20N,40N,60N of load. Speed and time is
kept constant as 300rpm and 300 seconds. For the specimen, The graphs for wear as a
increased corresponding to time and wear relationship. when load increases the wear
rate also decreases, After 300 seconds
• THE WEAR RATE

20N = 37µm
40N = 23µm
60N = 19µm
30
Fig 8.9 5% al frictional force (20N vs 40N vs 60N)
The palm fibre sample1 is frictional force tested for 20N,40N,60N of load. Speed and
time is kept constant as 300rpm and 300 seconds. For the specimen, The graphs for
frictional force as a function of time is shown in fig.8.9 for the specimen first the
frictional force should gradually increased corresponding to time and frictional force
relationship. when load increases the frictional force rate also decreases, After 300
seconds
• THE FRICTIONAL FORCE RATE

20N = 14N
40N = 27N
60N =37N
31
Fig 8.10 20% al frictional force (20N vs 40N vs 60N)
The palm fibre sample1 is frictional force tested for 20N,40N,60N of load. Speed and
time is kept constant as 300rpm and 300 seconds. For the specimen, The graphs for
frictional force as a function of time is shown in fig.8.10 for the specimen first the
frictional force should gradually increased corresponding to time and frictional force
relationship. when load increases the frictional force rate also increases, After 300
seconds
• THE FRICTIONAL FORCE RATE

20N = 5.5N
40N = 10.1N
60N = 14N
32
Fig 8.11 5% al 𝑐𝑑 (20N vs 40N vs 60N)
The palm fibre sample1 is coefficient of friction tested for 20N,40N,60N of load. Speed
and time is kept constant as 300rpm and 300 seconds. For the specimen, The graphs for
coefficient of friction as a function of time is shown in fig.8.11 for the specimen first
the coefficient of friction should gradually increased corresponding to time and
coefficient of friction relationship. when load increases the coefficient of friction rate
also decreases, After 300 seconds
• THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION RATE

20N = 0.7
40N = 0.67
60N =0.6
33
Fig 8.12 20% al 𝑐𝑑 (20N vs 40N vs 60N)
The palm fibre sample2 is coefficient of friction tested for 20N,40N,60N of load. Speed
and time is kept constant as 300rpm and 300 seconds. For the specimen, The graphs for
coefficient of friction as a function of time is shown in fig.8.12 for the specimen first
the coefficient of friction should gradually increased corresponding to time and
coefficient of friction relationship. when load increases the coefficient of friction rate
also decreases and increases(fluctuation), After 300 seconds
• THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION RATE

20N = 0.28
40N = 0.5
60N =0.26
34
Fig 8.13 wear 20N(5% vs 20%)
The palm fibre sample1& sample 2 is wear tested for 20N of load. Speed and time is
function of time is shown in fig.8.1.13 for the specimen first the wear should gradually
increased corresponding to time and wear relationship, the graph tolds that comparison
of sample 1&2 the sample 1 have a good wear resistant, After 300 seconds
• THE WEAR RATE

20N = 29µm(sample 1)
35
Fig 8.14 wear 40N(5% vs 20%)
• THE WEAR RATE

36
Fig 8.15 wear 60N(5% vs 20%)
• THE WEAR RATE

37
8.2.TENSILE TEST
8.2.1 Specimen1
Fig 8.16 Tensile test specimen 1
38
8.2.2 Specimen2
Fig 8.17 Tensile test specimen 2
39
8.3 HARDNESS TEST
8.3.1 Specimen-1
Identification impression (Hardness value in HRB)
1 45
2 45.6
3 45
Table 8.1 Hardness result specimen 1
8.3.2 Specimen-2
1 44
2 43.2
3 42
40
8.3.3specimen-3
1 51
2 52
3 51.5
8.4 IMPACT TEST
8.4.1 specimen-1
Identification Impact value in joules
1 7
Table 8.4 Impact result specimen 1
8.4.2 specimen-2
1 6.5
8.4.3 specimen-3
1 8
41
8.5 TORSION TEST
8.5.1 specimen-1
DATA POINT ANGLE OF TORSION(lb) STRAIN(ln/ln) STRESS(psi)

TWIST(RAD)
1 0.0873 2 0.0013 238
Table 8.7 Torsion result specimen 1
8.5.2 specimen-2

TWIST(RAD)
1 0.1745 3 0.0025 350
Table 8.8 torsion result specimen 2
8.5.3 specimen-3

TWIST(RAD)
1 0.2618 2.8 0.0038 280
Table 8.9 impact result specimen 3
42
8.6 OIL ABSORPTION TEST
Time in Weight in grams Weight in grams
(minutes) Piece 1 Piece 2
0 6 7
5 8 9
10 8 9
15 8 9
20 8 9
25 8 9
30 8 9
35 8 9
40 8 9
45 8 9
50 8 9
55 8 9
Table 8.10 oil absorption result
43
CHAPTER 9
9.1 CONCLUSION
Clutch plates used in automobile field are made by ceramic composites.

Clutch plate wears out in short period and non biodegradable. This project aims to
fabricate clutch plate by fibre composite by mixing palm fibre, Aluminium
powder and epoxy resin. The process employed to make the composites by the
process of press moulding. The fabricated clutch plate is of low cost and bio
degradable. The clutch plate is tested for tensile, torsion, hardness, wear rate,
impact load.
fig 9.1
44
CHAPTER 10
10 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION
10.1 ADVANTAGES
➢ As molded dimensional accuracy. Tight tolerance, repeatable moldings.

➢ Chemical Resistance.
➢ Consolidated Parts and Function.
➢ Corrosion Resistance.
➢ Design Flexibility.
➢ Durable.
➢ High Flexural Modulus to Carry Demanding Loads. High Impact
Strength.
➢ High Performance at Elevated Temperatures
10.2 APPLICATION
➢ Automobile components
➢ Corrosion resisting areas
➢ Tidal power plant components
45
11.REFERENCES
1. Gupta, M.K., Srivastava, R.K. and Bisaria, H. (2015) Potential of Jute

Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review.International Journal
of Fiber and Textile Research, 5, 30-38.
2. Akil, H.M., Omar, M.F., Mazuki, A.A.M., Safiee, S., Ishak, Z.A.M. and
Abu Bakar, A. (2011) Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review.
Materials and Design, 32, 4107-4121.
3. Shinoj, S., Visvanathan, R., Panigrahi, S. and Kochubabu, M. (2011) Oil
Palm Fiber (OPF) and Its Composites: A Review. Industrial Crops and
Products, 33, 7-22
4. Li, Y., Mai, Y.-W. and Ye, L. (2000) Sisal Fibre and Its Composites: A
Review of Recent Developments. Composites Science and Technology,
60, 2037-2055
5. M. Pettersson, L. Nielsen, Gear shifting by engine control, J. IEEE
Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 8 (3) (2000) 495–507.
6. M. Pettersson, L. Nielsen, Diesel engine speed control with handling of
driveline resonances, J. Control Eng. Pract. 11 (3) (2003) 319–328.
7. J. Baumann, D.D. Torkzadeh, A. Ramstein, et al., Model-based
predictive anti-jerk control, J. Control Eng. Pract. 14 (3) (2006) 259–
266.
8. K. Yi, B.K. Shin, et al., Estimation of turbine torque of automatic
transmissions using nonlinear observers, J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control
122 (2) (2000) 276–283.
9. J.J. Oh, S.B. Choi, Real-time estimation of transmitted torque on each
clutch for ground vehicles with dual clutch transmission, J. Mechatron.
20 (1) (2015) 24–36.
10. Z.G. Zhao, H.J. Chen, Z.X. Zhen, et al., Optimal torque coordinating
control of the launching with twin clutches simultaneously involved for
dry dualclutch transmission, Veh. Syst. Dyn. 52 (6) (2014) 776–801.
11. Z.G. Zhao, Slip mode variable structure coordinating control and real-
time optimization of launch for dry dual clutch transmission, J. Mech.
Eng. 48 (24) (2012) 87–105.
12. S.Z. Wen, Tribology Principle, 3rd, Tsinghua University Press, Beijing,
2008. Z.G. Zhao, H.J. Chen, Y.Y. Yang, et al., Shifting time FAHP
decision and coordinated and optimal control of torque for dry dual
clutch transmission, J. Automob. Technol. (4) (2014)
46
47

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A FABRICATION OF CLUTCH PLATE USING

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Certified that this project report “FABRICATION OF CLUTCH PLATE

USING AGAVE TEQUILANA” is the bonafide work of “S.DINESH

KUMAR, M.SANJU,J.K.KANI NAINA MOHAMMED”, who carried out the

project work under my supervision during the year 2018-2019

DR.C.VELMURUGAN Dr.S.SIVA KUMAR

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR III

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

We affirm that the project work titled “FABRICATION OF CLUTCH PLATE

Signature of candidate Signature of candidate

Signature of project guide

We all whole heartedly thank our Chairman Dr. B.K KRISHNARAJ

We are grateful to our respected Head of the Department, Mechanical

We wish to record our profound happiness and gratitude to our Project

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

5.1 Properties of palm fiber 11

5.2 Properties of al powder 13

5.3 Properties of Epoxy resin 14

8.1 Hardness result specimen 1 40

8.2 Hardness result specimen 2 40

8.3 Hardness result specimen 3 41

8.4 Impact result specimen 1 41

8.5 Impact result specimen 2 41

8.6 Impact result specimen 3 41

8.7 Torsion result specimen 1 42

8.8 Torsion result specimen 2 42

8.9 Torsion result specimen 3 42

1.1 Clutch plate 1

2.1 Damage clutch plate 4

5.1 Palm fiber 10

5.3 Epoxy resin 13

6.1 Press moulding 16

7.1 Pin on disc 18

7.2 Shore hardness 19

7.3 Universal testing machine 20

7.4 Schematic diagram of torsion 21

7.6 Charpy apparatus 22

8.2 5% al 40N (wear, friction force, 𝑐𝑑 ) 24

8.3 5% al 60N(wear, friction force, 𝑐𝑑 ) 25

8.4 20% al 20N (wear, friction force, 𝑐𝑑 ) 26

8.5 20% al 40N (wear, friction force, 𝑐𝑑 ) 27

8.6 20% al 60N(wear, friction force, 𝑐𝑑 ) 28

8.7 5% al wear(20N vs 40N vs 60N) 29

8.8 20% al wear(20N vs 40N vs 60N) 30

8.9 5% al friction force(20N vs 40N vs 60N) 31

8.10 20% al friction force(20N vs 40N vs 60N) 32

8.11 5% al 𝑐𝑑 (20N vs 40N vs 60N) 33

8.12 20% al 𝑐𝑑 (20N vs 40N vs 60N) 34

8.13 Wear 20N(5% vs 20%) 35

8.14 Wear 40N(5% vs 20%) 36

8.16 Tensile test specimen 1 38

8.17 Tensile test specimen 2 39

In order to converse natural resources and economize energy, reduction

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO CLUTCH PLATE

Fig 1.1 clutch plate

A clutch damper is a device that softens the response of the clutch

Fig 2.1 Damage clutch plate

2.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

Investigation of surface characteristics and tribological behavior of