EXPERIMENT NO.

7
The Reynolds Number, Re , provides a us
OSBORNE REYNOLD’S DEMONSTRATION

I. INTRODUCTION

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
The Reynolds Number, Re , provides a us
OSBORNE REYNOLD’S DEMONSTRATION

I. INTRODUCTION

A flow can behave in very different ways depending upon which forces predominate
within it. Slow flows are dominated by viscous forces, tend to be well ordered and predictable
and are described as laminar. In laminar pipe flow, the fluid behaves as if concentric layers
(laminar) are sliding over each other with maximum velocity on the axis, zero velocity at the
tube wall and a parabolic velocity distribution.
Increasing the flow rate substantially will alter the flow behavior dramatically, as the
inertia of the fluid (due to its density) becomes more significant than the viscous forces; this is
then a turbulent flow.
eful way of characterizing the flow, it is defined as:
Re =vd /v
Where:

v is the kinematic visocity: v is the mean velocity in terms of the volume flow rate and d
is the diameter of the pipe.

It is common practice to take a Reynolds number of 2,000 as the value, which divides
laminar from turbulent flow. However, this does not take account of the transition region and it
may also be possible (with great care) to keep a flow laminar for Reynolds number up to
10,000 or more. Also, pipe flow with Reynolds number < 1,800 are inherently laminar.
II. OBJECTIVES

To observe laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow.

III. SKETCH OF APPARATUS

Hydraulics Bench
Reynold’s Apparatus
A mobile self-contained bench to
provide variable supply of water to
It is the apparatus that has glass
a series of interchangeable bench-
marbles inside it that when water is
mounting or floor-standing
filled up within the apparatus, the
hydraulic and fluid mechanics
behavior of these glass marbles tell
experiments. In the experiment, the
what type of flow exists in the
Reynolds apparatus was mounted
system.
on the hydraulics bench.
Thermometer Stopwatch

The thermometer is an apparatus Stopwatch is an instrument used to

that indicates the temperature of a determine the time elapsed of an
medium. In the experiment, the event. In the experiment,
thermometer was used to know the stopwatches were used to determine
temperature of the water present in the time elapsed to fill 1 liter of
the system water. Instead of using the usual
stopwatch, the students used
stopwatch app in their smartphones.

IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURE

1. Position the Reynold’s apparatus on a fixed, vibration-free surface (not the hydraulic
bench) and ensure that the base is horizontal, i.e. the test-section is then vertical.
Attach the bell-mouth entry and carefully add marbles to the head tank, placing them in
by hand. The bell-mouth and marbles produce an inflow to the test-section with a low
level of disturbances.
2. Connect the bench outflow connection to the head tank inlet pipe. Connect the head
tank overflow to the hydraulic bench volumetric tank. Attach the outflow tube to the
apparatus flow control valve and clamp the end of this tube at a fixed position above
the volumetric tank, allowing enough space for the insertion of the measuring cylinder.

NOTE: Movement of the outflow tube end during a test will cause changes in volume
flow rate, which is driven by the height difference between the head tank surface and
the outflow point.
 3. Start the pump. Slightly open the apparatus flow control valve, then open the bench
valve and allow the system to fill with water. Check particularly that the flow
visualization pipe is properly filled. Once the water level in the head tank reaches the
overflow tube, adjust the bench control valve to produce a low overflow rate.
4. Check that the dye control valve is closed. Add dye to the dye reservoir until it is
approximately two thirds full. Attach the hypodermic needle. Hold the dye assembly
over a sink, and open the valve, to check for free flow of the dye. Use the stylus
provided to clean the needle, if a steady flow of dye cannot be established. Then mount
the dye injector on the head tank and lower the injector until its outlet is just above the
bell mouth and centered on its axis.
5. Adjust the bench valve and apparatus flow control valve to return the overflow rate to a
slow trickle (if required), then allow the apparatus to stand for at least five minutes
before proceeding.

TAKING A SET OF RESULTS

1. With the apparatus flow control valve open slightly, and the bench valve adjusted to
produce a slow trickle through the overflow pipe, adjust the dye control valve until a slow flow
with clear dye indication is achieved. In order to observe the velocity profile in laminar flow,
close the bench valve to deposit a drop of dye at the bell mouth entry. When the outlet control
valve is opened observe the dye as it deforms to take up a three-dimensional parabolic profile.
2. Make sure the volume rate by timed collection, and measure the outflow temperature (the
temperature of the water gathered in the measuring cylinder). Determine the kinematic
viscosity from the data sheet provided, and check the Reynold’s number corresponding to this
flow type.
3. Increase the flow rate by opening the apparatus flow control valve and repeat the dye
injections to visualize transitional flow and then, at the highest flow rates, turbulent flow, as
characterized by continuous and very rapid mixing of the dye. As the test section flow rate is
reduced, adjust the bench valve to keep the overflow rate at a low level. Note that at
intermediate flows it is possible to have a laminar characteristic in the upper part of the test-
section, which develops into transitional flow lower down. This upper section behavior is
described as an “inlet length flow”, which means that the boundary layer has not yet extended
across the pipe radius.
V. RESULTS

NAME: AÑOSA, JERALOU C. DATE: May 16, 2016

SUBJECT & SECTION: CE142P – A1 GROUP NO. 1
SEAT NO.

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

OSBORNE REYNOLD’S DEMONSTRATION

GROUP NO. TRIAL V t Temp. ν Qt v Re

(m3) (sec) (0C) (m2/s) (m3/s) (m/s)
1 0.001 32.78 24 0.911x10-6 3.051 x10-5 0.196 3032.477
1 2 0.001 23.75 24 0.911x10-6 4.211 x10-5 0.271 4185.456
3 0.001 7.99 24 0.911x10-6 1.269 x10-4 0.817 12614.441

4
VI. SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Given:

V = 0.001 m3
t = 32.78 s
d = 14.06 mm = 0.01406 m
Temp. = 24 oC

Equations:

V
Qt =
t
A=π r 2
vd
ℜ=
v

Solution:

V 0.001 m3 3
−5 m
Q= = =3.05 x 10
t 32.55 s s

Q
Q= Av → v=
A

π π
A= d 2= ( 0.01406 m )2=1.553 x 10−4 m 2
4 4

Q 3.072 x 10−3 m 3 /s m
v= = −4 2
=0.196
A 1.553 x 10 m s

m
vd
ℜ= =
(s
0.198 )
( 0.01406 m )
=3032.477
2
v −6 m
( 0.0911 x 10 )
s
VII. CONCLUSION

The title of our first experiment is Osborne Reynold’s Demonstration. This experiment is used to
demonstrate the quantitative difference of laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow.

It was observed that a capillary tube connected to a small reservoir containing water soluble
dye is provided at the center of the flared entrance of the glass tube for injecting a dye solution in the
form of a fine or thin filament into the stream of water. At low flow rates like low water velocities, the
filament/thread of colored water maintained at the axis of the tube; it flowed intact along with the main
stream without any lateral mixing. This indicates that flow was in the form of parallel streams which did
not interfere with each other which means the fluid flowed in parallel, straight lines. This type of flow
pattern is called streamline or laminar. The laminar flow is characterized by the absence of bulk
movement at right angles to the main stream direction (lateral movement). As the flow rate/velocity
was increased, a definite velocity called the critical velocity was reached, oscillations appeared in the
colored filament/thread and at this velocity the thread of colored water became wavy, gradually
disappeared and the entire mass of water in the tube became uniformly colored. In other words, the
individual particles instead of flowing in an orderly manner parallel to the axis of the tube, moved
erratically in the form of cross-currents and eddies which resulted into complete mixing. This type of
pattern is known as turbulent. The turbulent flow is characterized by the rapid movement of fluid in the
form of eddies in random directions across the tube. In between laminar and turbulent flow, there
exists a transition region wherein the oscillations in the flow were unstable and any disturbance would
quickly disappear. The motion is laminar or turbulent according as the value of Re is less than or
greater than a certain value. If experiments are made with increasing rate of flow, the value of Re
depends on the degree of care which is taken to eliminate disturbances in the supply or along the pipe.
On the other hand. If experiments are made with decreasing flow, transition from turbulent to laminar
flow takes place at a value of Re which is very much less dependent on initial disturbances.

It is therefore concluded that for the condition given by Reynold’s number, for Re less than
about 2000 the flow in the pipe is laminar and all the fluid travels in a direction parallel to the pipe axis.
Above this value of Re small disturbances will normally grow forming turbulent eddies so that,
superimposed on the axial flow, there are circulating eddies of many sizes with velocities up to about
one-tenth of the axial velocity for a smooth pipe. The effect of these turbulent eddies is to mix the flow
and to create a turbulent profile in the pipe which is more uniform.
 Overall, the experiment succeeded in meeting the mentioned objective which is to observe
laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow since through experimentation, we attained desired
values.

VIII. APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING

a) APPLICATION OF OSBORNE’S REYNOLD’S THEORY OF HEAT TRANSFER TROUGH A

PIPE
It applies Osborne Reynolds's theory of heat transfer according to which there is a complete
analogy between the transfer of heat and momentum so that if a hot sheet is moved edgewise
through a fluid the distributions of temperature and momentum in the water are identical. The
assumption underlying the theory is that any portion of the fluid which comes sufficiently near
the heated surface to be moved forward with the speed of the hot surface is also heated to the
temperature of the surface, or, alternatively, a portion which is moved forward at a fraction, /3,
times the speed of the plate is also heated through a temperature equal to /3 times the
difference in temperature between the plate and the fluid. In this manner Reynolds's theoretical
coefficientt of heat transfer, KR, may be calculated. The observed heat transfer coefficient is
represented by Messrs Eagle and Ferguson as Ka and their results are expressed in the form F
= KR/KC, where F is a fraction determined under a variety of different conditions of experiment.
This crude form of Reynolds's theory suffers from two possible main sources of error: (A) The
heated surface may raise the velocity of any portion of the fluid near it through a greater
fraction of its own velocity than it raises the temperature expressed as a fraction of its own
temperature, the initial temperature of the fluid being taken as zero. This might be expected to
give rise to large errors in cases where the thermal conductivity is specially low. (B) The effect
of local pressure differences, which are inherent in all turbulent motion and alter the momentum
of the fluid at any point without altering its temperature, is neglected. The essential assumption
in Reynolds's theory is that these local pressure differences have no effect on the average
distribution of velocity.

b) THEORY OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION AND APPLICATION OF THE REYNOLD’S

1 EQUATION FOR THE HEAD DISK INTERFACE

In order to study the dynamics of the head disk interface during the operational state of
a disk drive, one needs to solve the equation of motion of the disk drive together with the time-
dependent Reynolds equation for the hyrdrodynamic lubrication of the head disk interface.
Hydrodynamic lubrication can be present if two surfaces in relative motion are separated by a
small distance. The governing equation for the flying behavior of a slider air bearing in a hard
 disk drive is the compressible Reynolds equation. Osborne Reynolds f3] was the first to derive a
differential equation for incompressible hydro-dynamic lubrication by relating pressure, surface
velocities, and film thickness.

c) ANALYSIS OF TURBULENCE OF A FLOW

Osborne Reynolds was the first to carefully observe and quantify the change in flow
behavior as it changed from laminar to turbulent regimes. He in-jected dye into a laminar fluid
flow in the laboratory, marked the transition to turbulence by taking note of the dye motion,
and correlated the change with a combination of average flow parameters. In the experiment,
the channel height h, the mean flow velocity U, and the density of the fluid could be changed.
In addition to different densities, different fluids can have varied resistance to flow. This
characteristic can be depicted by the constant viscosity is. Reynolds found transition to be a
function of the non-dimensional combination pUhl Is. This important parameter is called the
Reynolds number. The procedure called dynamic similarity exploits the power of dimensionless
numbers to describe flow phenomena. In addition to recognizing the important parameters and
forces involved in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, Reynolds provided the basic
equations for the analysis of turbulence.
IX. REFERENCES

A. Laboratory Manual by Uy, Tan, and Monjardin

B. Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere By Robert A. Brown
C. Hydraulics: Laboratory Manual By S. K. Likhi
D. Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today By Jack Allen, Donald Malcolm McDowell,
J. D.
E. Thermal-Fluid Sciences: An Integrated Approach, Volume 1 By Stephen Turns

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
The Reynolds Number, Re , provides a us
OSBORNE REYNOLD’S DEMONSTRATION

I. INTRODUCTION

A flow can behave in very different ways depending upon which forces predominate
within it. Slow flows are dominated by viscous forces, tend to be well ordered and predictable
and are described as laminar. In laminar pipe flow, the fluid behaves as if concentric layers
(laminar) are sliding over each other with maximum velocity on the axis, zero velocity at the
tube wall and a parabolic velocity distribution.
Increasing the flow rate substantially will alter the flow behavior dramatically, as the
inertia of the fluid (due to its density) becomes more significant than the viscous forces; this is
then a turbulent flow.
eful way of characterizing the flow, it is defined as:
Re =vd /v
Where:
 v is the kinematic visocity: v is the mean velocity in terms of the volume flow rate and d
is the diameter of the pipe.

It is common practice to take a Reynolds number of 2,000 as the value, which divides
laminar from turbulent flow. However, this does not take account of the transition region and it
may also be possible (with great care) to keep a flow laminar for Reynolds number up to
10,000 or more. Also, pipe flow with Reynolds number < 1,800 are inherently laminar.

II. OBJECTIVES

To observe laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow.

III. SKETCH OF APPARATUS

Hydraulics Bench
Reynold’s Apparatus
A mobile self-contained bench to
provide variable supply of water to
It is the apparatus that has glass
Thermometer Stopwatch

The thermometer is an apparatus Stopwatch is an instrument used to

that indicates the temperature of a determine the time elapsed of an
medium. In the experiment, the event. In the experiment,
thermometer was used to know the stopwatches were used to determine
temperature of the water present in the time elapsed to fill 1 liter of
the system water. Instead of using the usual
stopwatch, the students used
stopwatch app in their smartphones.

IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURE

 6. Position the Reynold’s apparatus on a fixed, vibration-free surface (not the hydraulic
bench) and ensure that the base is horizontal, i.e. the test-section is then vertical.
Attach the bell-mouth entry and carefully add marbles to the head tank, placing them in
by hand. The bell-mouth and marbles produce an inflow to the test-section with a low
level of disturbances.
7. Connect the bench outflow connection to the head tank inlet pipe. Connect the head
tank overflow to the hydraulic bench volumetric tank. Attach the outflow tube to the
apparatus flow control valve and clamp the end of this tube at a fixed position above
the volumetric tank, allowing enough space for the insertion of the measuring cylinder.

NOTE: Movement of the outflow tube end during a test will cause changes in volume
flow rate, which is driven by the height difference between the head tank surface and
the outflow point.

8. Start the pump. Slightly open the apparatus flow control valve, then open the bench
valve and allow the system to fill with water. Check particularly that the flow
visualization pipe is properly filled. Once the water level in the head tank reaches the
overflow tube, adjust the bench control valve to produce a low overflow rate.
9. Check that the dye control valve is closed. Add dye to the dye reservoir until it is
approximately two thirds full. Attach the hypodermic needle. Hold the dye assembly
over a sink, and open the valve, to check for free flow of the dye. Use the stylus
provided to clean the needle, if a steady flow of dye cannot be established. Then mount
the dye injector on the head tank and lower the injector until its outlet is just above the
bell mouth and centered on its axis.
10.Adjust the bench valve and apparatus flow control valve to return the overflow rate to a
slow trickle (if required), then allow the apparatus to stand for at least five minutes
before proceeding.

TAKING A SET OF RESULTS

1. With the apparatus flow control valve open slightly, and the bench valve adjusted to
produce a slow trickle through the overflow pipe, adjust the dye control valve until a slow flow
with clear dye indication is achieved. In order to observe the velocity profile in laminar flow,
close the bench valve to deposit a drop of dye at the bell mouth entry. When the outlet control
valve is opened observe the dye as it deforms to take up a three-dimensional parabolic profile.
2. Make sure the volume rate by timed collection, and measure the outflow temperature (the
temperature of the water gathered in the measuring cylinder). Determine the kinematic
viscosity from the data sheet provided, and check the Reynold’s number corresponding to this
flow type.
3. Increase the flow rate by opening the apparatus flow control valve and repeat the dye
injections to visualize transitional flow and then, at the highest flow rates, turbulent flow, as
characterized by continuous and very rapid mixing of the dye. As the test section flow rate is
reduced, adjust the bench valve to keep the overflow rate at a low level. Note that at
intermediate flows it is possible to have a laminar characteristic in the upper part of the test-
section, which develops into transitional flow lower down. This upper section behavior is
described as an “inlet length flow”, which means that the boundary layer has not yet extended
across the pipe radius.
V. RESULTS

NAME: AÑOSA, JERALOU C. DATE: May 16, 2016

SUBJECT & SECTION: CE142P – A1 GROUP NO. 1
SEAT NO.

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

OSBORNE REYNOLD’S DEMONSTRATION

GROUP NO. TRIAL V t Temp. ν Qt v Re

(m3) (sec) (0C) (m2/s) (m3/s) (m/s)
1 0.001 32.78 24 0.911x10-6 3.051 x10-5 0.196 3032.477
1 2 0.001 23.75 24 0.911x10-6 4.211 x10-5 0.271 4185.456
3 0.001 7.99 24 0.911x10-6 1.269 x10-4 0.817 12614.441

4
VI. SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Given:

V = 0.001 m3
t = 32.78 s
d = 14.06 mm = 0.01406 m
Temp. = 24 oC

Equations:

V
Qt =
t
A=π r 2
vd
ℜ=
v

Solution:

V 0.001 m3 3
−5 m
Q= = =3.05 x 10
t 32.55 s s

Q
Q= Av → v=
A

π π
A= d 2= ( 0.01406 m )2=1.553 x 10−4 m 2
4 4

Q 3.072 x 10−3 m 3 /s m
v= = −4 2
=0.196
A 1.553 x 10 m s

m
vd
ℜ= =
(s
0.198 )
( 0.01406 m )
=3032.477
2
v −6 m
( 0.0911 x 10 )
s
VII. CONCLUSION

The title of our first experiment is Osborne Reynold’s Demonstration. This experiment is used to
demonstrate the quantitative difference of laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow.

It was observed that a capillary tube connected to a small reservoir containing water soluble
dye is provided at the center of the flared entrance of the glass tube for injecting a dye solution in the
form of a fine or thin filament into the stream of water. At low flow rates like low water velocities, the
filament/thread of colored water maintained at the axis of the tube; it flowed intact along with the main
stream without any lateral mixing. This indicates that flow was in the form of parallel streams which did
not interfere with each other which means the fluid flowed in parallel, straight lines. This type of flow
pattern is called streamline or laminar. The laminar flow is characterized by the absence of bulk
movement at right angles to the main stream direction (lateral movement). As the flow rate/velocity
was increased, a definite velocity called the critical velocity was reached, oscillations appeared in the
colored filament/thread and at this velocity the thread of colored water became wavy, gradually
disappeared and the entire mass of water in the tube became uniformly colored. In other words, the
individual particles instead of flowing in an orderly manner parallel to the axis of the tube, moved
erratically in the form of cross-currents and eddies which resulted into complete mixing. This type of
pattern is known as turbulent. The turbulent flow is characterized by the rapid movement of fluid in the
form of eddies in random directions across the tube. In between laminar and turbulent flow, there
exists a transition region wherein the oscillations in the flow were unstable and any disturbance would
quickly disappear. The motion is laminar or turbulent according as the value of Re is less than or
greater than a certain value. If experiments are made with increasing rate of flow, the value of Re
depends on the degree of care which is taken to eliminate disturbances in the supply or along the pipe.
On the other hand. If experiments are made with decreasing flow, transition from turbulent to laminar
flow takes place at a value of Re which is very much less dependent on initial disturbances.

It is therefore concluded that for the condition given by Reynold’s number, for Re less than
about 2000 the flow in the pipe is laminar and all the fluid travels in a direction parallel to the pipe axis.
Above this value of Re small disturbances will normally grow forming turbulent eddies so that,
superimposed on the axial flow, there are circulating eddies of many sizes with velocities up to about
one-tenth of the axial velocity for a smooth pipe. The effect of these turbulent eddies is to mix the flow
and to create a turbulent profile in the pipe which is more uniform.
 Overall, the experiment succeeded in meeting the mentioned objective which is to observe
laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow since through experimentation, we attained desired
values.

VIII. APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING

d) APPLICATION OF OSBORNE’S REYNOLD’S THEORY OF HEAT TRANSFER TROUGH A

PIPE
It applies Osborne Reynolds's theory of heat transfer according to which there is a complete
analogy between the transfer of heat and momentum so that if a hot sheet is moved edgewise
through a fluid the distributions of temperature and momentum in the water are identical. The
assumption underlying the theory is that any portion of the fluid which comes sufficiently near
the heated surface to be moved forward with the speed of the hot surface is also heated to the
temperature of the surface, or, alternatively, a portion which is moved forward at a fraction, /3,
times the speed of the plate is also heated through a temperature equal to /3 times the
difference in temperature between the plate and the fluid. In this manner Reynolds's theoretical
coefficientt of heat transfer, KR, may be calculated. The observed heat transfer coefficient is
represented by Messrs Eagle and Ferguson as Ka and their results are expressed in the form F
= KR/KC, where F is a fraction determined under a variety of different conditions of experiment.
This crude form of Reynolds's theory suffers from two possible main sources of error: (A) The
heated surface may raise the velocity of any portion of the fluid near it through a greater
fraction of its own velocity than it raises the temperature expressed as a fraction of its own
temperature, the initial temperature of the fluid being taken as zero. This might be expected to
give rise to large errors in cases where the thermal conductivity is specially low. (B) The effect
of local pressure differences, which are inherent in all turbulent motion and alter the momentum
of the fluid at any point without altering its temperature, is neglected. The essential assumption
in Reynolds's theory is that these local pressure differences have no effect on the average
distribution of velocity.

e) THEORY OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION AND APPLICATION OF THE REYNOLD’S

1 EQUATION FOR THE HEAD DISK INTERFACE

In order to study the dynamics of the head disk interface during the operational state of
a disk drive, one needs to solve the equation of motion of the disk drive together with the time-
dependent Reynolds equation for the hyrdrodynamic lubrication of the head disk interface.
Hydrodynamic lubrication can be present if two surfaces in relative motion are separated by a
small distance. The governing equation for the flying behavior of a slider air bearing in a hard
 disk drive is the compressible Reynolds equation. Osborne Reynolds f3] was the first to derive a
differential equation for incompressible hydro-dynamic lubrication by relating pressure, surface
velocities, and film thickness.

f) ANALYSIS OF TURBULENCE OF A FLOW

Osborne Reynolds was the first to carefully observe and quantify the change in flow
behavior as it changed from laminar to turbulent regimes. He in-jected dye into a laminar fluid
flow in the laboratory, marked the transition to turbulence by taking note of the dye motion,
and correlated the change with a combination of average flow parameters. In the experiment,
the channel height h, the mean flow velocity U, and the density of the fluid could be changed.
In addition to different densities, different fluids can have varied resistance to flow. This
characteristic can be depicted by the constant viscosity is. Reynolds found transition to be a
function of the non-dimensional combination pUhl Is. This important parameter is called the
Reynolds number. The procedure called dynamic similarity exploits the power of dimensionless
numbers to describe flow phenomena. In addition to recognizing the important parameters and
forces involved in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, Reynolds provided the basic
equations for the analysis of turbulence.
IX. REFERENCES

F. Laboratory Manual by Uy, Tan, and Monjardin

G. Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere By Robert A. Brown
H. Hydraulics: Laboratory Manual By S. K. Likhi
I. Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today By Jack Allen, Donald Malcolm McDowell,
J. D.
J. Thermal-Fluid Sciences: An Integrated Approach, Volume 1 By Stephen Turns

A flow can behave in very different ways depending upon which forces predominate
within it. Slow flows are dominated by viscous forces, tend to be well ordered and predictable
and are described as laminar. In laminar pipe flow, the fluid behaves as if concentric layers
(laminar) are sliding over each other with maximum velocity on the axis, zero velocity at the
tube wall and a parabolic velocity distribution.
Increasing the flow rate substantially will alter the flow behavior dramatically, as the
inertia of the fluid (due to its density) becomes more significant than the viscous forces; this is
then a turbulent flow.
eful way of characterizing the flow, it is defined as:
Re =vd /v
Where:

v is the kinematic visocity: v is the mean velocity in terms of the volume flow rate and d
is the diameter of the pipe.

It is common practice to take a Reynolds number of 2,000 as the value, which divides
laminar from turbulent flow. However, this does not take account of the transition region and it
may also be possible (with great care) to keep a flow laminar for Reynolds number up to
10,000 or more. Also, pipe flow with Reynolds number < 1,800 are inherently laminar.

II. OBJECTIVES

To observe laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow.

III. SKETCH OF APPARATUS

Hydraulics Bench
Reynold’s Apparatus
A mobile self-contained bench to
provide variable supply of water to
It is the apparatus that has glass
a series of interchangeable bench-
marbles inside it that when water is
mounting or floor-standing
filled up within the apparatus, the
hydraulic and fluid mechanics
behavior of these glass marbles tell
experiments. In the experiment, the
what type of flow exists in the
Reynolds apparatus was mounted
system.
on the hydraulics bench.
Thermometer Stopwatch

The thermometer is an apparatus Stopwatch is an instrument used to

that indicates the temperature of a determine the time elapsed of an
medium. In the experiment, the event. In the experiment,
thermometer was used to know the stopwatches were used to determine
temperature of the water present in the time elapsed to fill 1 liter of
the system water. Instead of using the usual
stopwatch, the students used
stopwatch app in their smartphones.

IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURE

11.Position the Reynold’s apparatus on a fixed, vibration-free surface (not the hydraulic
bench) and ensure that the base is horizontal, i.e. the test-section is then vertical.
Attach the bell-mouth entry and carefully add marbles to the head tank, placing them in
by hand. The bell-mouth and marbles produce an inflow to the test-section with a low
level of disturbances.
 12.Connect the bench outflow connection to the head tank inlet pipe. Connect the head
tank overflow to the hydraulic bench volumetric tank. Attach the outflow tube to the
apparatus flow control valve and clamp the end of this tube at a fixed position above
the volumetric tank, allowing enough space for the insertion of the measuring cylinder.

NOTE: Movement of the outflow tube end during a test will cause changes in volume
flow rate, which is driven by the height difference between the head tank surface and
the outflow point.

13.Start the pump. Slightly open the apparatus flow control valve, then open the bench
valve and allow the system to fill with water. Check particularly that the flow
visualization pipe is properly filled. Once the water level in the head tank reaches the
overflow tube, adjust the bench control valve to produce a low overflow rate.
14.Check that the dye control valve is closed. Add dye to the dye reservoir until it is
approximately two thirds full. Attach the hypodermic needle. Hold the dye assembly
over a sink, and open the valve, to check for free flow of the dye. Use the stylus
provided to clean the needle, if a steady flow of dye cannot be established. Then mount
the dye injector on the head tank and lower the injector until its outlet is just above the
bell mouth and centered on its axis.
15.Adjust the bench valve and apparatus flow control valve to return the overflow rate to a
slow trickle (if required), then allow the apparatus to stand for at least five minutes
before proceeding.

TAKING A SET OF RESULTS

1. With the apparatus flow control valve open slightly, and the bench valve adjusted to
produce a slow trickle through the overflow pipe, adjust the dye control valve until a slow flow
with clear dye indication is achieved. In order to observe the velocity profile in laminar flow,
close the bench valve to deposit a drop of dye at the bell mouth entry. When the outlet control
valve is opened observe the dye as it deforms to take up a three-dimensional parabolic profile.
2. Make sure the volume rate by timed collection, and measure the outflow temperature (the
temperature of the water gathered in the measuring cylinder). Determine the kinematic
viscosity from the data sheet provided, and check the Reynold’s number corresponding to this
flow type.
3. Increase the flow rate by opening the apparatus flow control valve and repeat the dye
injections to visualize transitional flow and then, at the highest flow rates, turbulent flow, as
characterized by continuous and very rapid mixing of the dye. As the test section flow rate is
reduced, adjust the bench valve to keep the overflow rate at a low level. Note that at
intermediate flows it is possible to have a laminar characteristic in the upper part of the test-
section, which develops into transitional flow lower down. This upper section behavior is
described as an “inlet length flow”, which means that the boundary layer has not yet extended
across the pipe radius.
V. RESULTS

NAME: AÑOSA, JERALOU C. DATE: May 16, 2016

SUBJECT & SECTION: CE142P – A1 GROUP NO. 1
SEAT NO.

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

OSBORNE REYNOLD’S DEMONSTRATION

GROUP NO. TRIAL V t Temp. ν Qt v Re

(m3) (sec) (0C) (m2/s) (m3/s) (m/s)
1 0.001 32.78 24 0.911x10-6 3.051 x10-5 0.196 3032.477
1 2 0.001 23.75 24 0.911x10-6 4.211 x10-5 0.271 4185.456
3 0.001 7.99 24 0.911x10-6 1.269 x10-4 0.817 12614.441

4
VI. SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Given:

V = 0.001 m3
t = 32.78 s
d = 14.06 mm = 0.01406 m
Temp. = 24 oC

Equations:

V
Qt =
t
A=π r 2
vd
ℜ=
v

Solution:

V 0.001 m3 3
−5 m
Q= = =3.05 x 10
t 32.55 s s

Q
Q= Av → v=
A

π π
A= d 2= ( 0.01406 m )2=1.553 x 10−4 m 2
4 4

Q 3.072 x 10−3 m 3 /s m
v= = −4 2
=0.196
A 1.553 x 10 m s

m
vd
ℜ= =
(s
0.198 )
( 0.01406 m )
=3032.477
2
v −6 m
( 0.0911 x 10 )
s
VII. CONCLUSION

The title of our first experiment is Osborne Reynold’s Demonstration. This experiment is used to
demonstrate the quantitative difference of laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow.

It was observed that a capillary tube connected to a small reservoir containing water soluble
dye is provided at the center of the flared entrance of the glass tube for injecting a dye solution in the
form of a fine or thin filament into the stream of water. At low flow rates like low water velocities, the
filament/thread of colored water maintained at the axis of the tube; it flowed intact along with the main
stream without any lateral mixing. This indicates that flow was in the form of parallel streams which did
not interfere with each other which means the fluid flowed in parallel, straight lines. This type of flow
pattern is called streamline or laminar. The laminar flow is characterized by the absence of bulk
movement at right angles to the main stream direction (lateral movement). As the flow rate/velocity
was increased, a definite velocity called the critical velocity was reached, oscillations appeared in the
colored filament/thread and at this velocity the thread of colored water became wavy, gradually
disappeared and the entire mass of water in the tube became uniformly colored. In other words, the
individual particles instead of flowing in an orderly manner parallel to the axis of the tube, moved
erratically in the form of cross-currents and eddies which resulted into complete mixing. This type of
pattern is known as turbulent. The turbulent flow is characterized by the rapid movement of fluid in the
form of eddies in random directions across the tube. In between laminar and turbulent flow, there
exists a transition region wherein the oscillations in the flow were unstable and any disturbance would
quickly disappear. The motion is laminar or turbulent according as the value of Re is less than or
greater than a certain value. If experiments are made with increasing rate of flow, the value of Re
depends on the degree of care which is taken to eliminate disturbances in the supply or along the pipe.
On the other hand. If experiments are made with decreasing flow, transition from turbulent to laminar
flow takes place at a value of Re which is very much less dependent on initial disturbances.

It is therefore concluded that for the condition given by Reynold’s number, for Re less than
about 2000 the flow in the pipe is laminar and all the fluid travels in a direction parallel to the pipe axis.
Above this value of Re small disturbances will normally grow forming turbulent eddies so that,
superimposed on the axial flow, there are circulating eddies of many sizes with velocities up to about
one-tenth of the axial velocity for a smooth pipe. The effect of these turbulent eddies is to mix the flow
and to create a turbulent profile in the pipe which is more uniform.
 Overall, the experiment succeeded in meeting the mentioned objective which is to observe
laminar, transitional, and turbulent pipe flow since through experimentation, we attained desired
values.

VIII. APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING

g) APPLICATION OF OSBORNE’S REYNOLD’S THEORY OF HEAT TRANSFER TROUGH A

PIPE
It applies Osborne Reynolds's theory of heat transfer according to which there is a complete
analogy between the transfer of heat and momentum so that if a hot sheet is moved edgewise
through a fluid the distributions of temperature and momentum in the water are identical. The
assumption underlying the theory is that any portion of the fluid which comes sufficiently near
the heated surface to be moved forward with the speed of the hot surface is also heated to the
temperature of the surface, or, alternatively, a portion which is moved forward at a fraction, /3,
times the speed of the plate is also heated through a temperature equal to /3 times the
difference in temperature between the plate and the fluid. In this manner Reynolds's theoretical
coefficientt of heat transfer, KR, may be calculated. The observed heat transfer coefficient is
represented by Messrs Eagle and Ferguson as Ka and their results are expressed in the form F
= KR/KC, where F is a fraction determined under a variety of different conditions of experiment.
This crude form of Reynolds's theory suffers from two possible main sources of error: (A) The
heated surface may raise the velocity of any portion of the fluid near it through a greater
fraction of its own velocity than it raises the temperature expressed as a fraction of its own
temperature, the initial temperature of the fluid being taken as zero. This might be expected to
give rise to large errors in cases where the thermal conductivity is specially low. (B) The effect
of local pressure differences, which are inherent in all turbulent motion and alter the momentum
of the fluid at any point without altering its temperature, is neglected. The essential assumption
in Reynolds's theory is that these local pressure differences have no effect on the average
distribution of velocity.

h) THEORY OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION AND APPLICATION OF THE REYNOLD’S

1 EQUATION FOR THE HEAD DISK INTERFACE

In order to study the dynamics of the head disk interface during the operational state of
a disk drive, one needs to solve the equation of motion of the disk drive together with the time-
dependent Reynolds equation for the hyrdrodynamic lubrication of the head disk interface.
Hydrodynamic lubrication can be present if two surfaces in relative motion are separated by a
small distance. The governing equation for the flying behavior of a slider air bearing in a hard
 disk drive is the compressible Reynolds equation. Osborne Reynolds f3] was the first to derive a
differential equation for incompressible hydro-dynamic lubrication by relating pressure, surface
velocities, and film thickness.

i) ANALYSIS OF TURBULENCE OF A FLOW

Osborne Reynolds was the first to carefully observe and quantify the change in flow
behavior as it changed from laminar to turbulent regimes. He in-jected dye into a laminar fluid
flow in the laboratory, marked the transition to turbulence by taking note of the dye motion,
and correlated the change with a combination of average flow parameters. In the experiment,
the channel height h, the mean flow velocity U, and the density of the fluid could be changed.
In addition to different densities, different fluids can have varied resistance to flow. This
characteristic can be depicted by the constant viscosity is. Reynolds found transition to be a
function of the non-dimensional combination pUhl Is. This important parameter is called the
Reynolds number. The procedure called dynamic similarity exploits the power of dimensionless
numbers to describe flow phenomena. In addition to recognizing the important parameters and
forces involved in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, Reynolds provided the basic
equations for the analysis of turbulence.
IX. REFERENCES

K. Laboratory Manual by Uy, Tan, and Monjardin

L. Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere By Robert A. Brown
M. Hydraulics: Laboratory Manual By S. K. Likhi
N. Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today By Jack Allen, Donald Malcolm McDowell,
J. D.
O. Thermal-Fluid Sciences: An Integrated Approach, Volume 1 By Stephen Turns