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    Steady - State, One - Dimensional Conduction

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    مصطفى العبادي
    1) Steady-state heat conduction can involve a volumetric heat generation term. For a plane wall with uniform generation, the temperature distribution is quadratic. 2) For a plane wall with symmetric boundary conditions and uniform generation, the temperature gradient is largest at the center and increases linearly with distance from the center. 3) For a solid sphere or cylinder with uniform internal heat generation and convection cooling at the surface, the temperature varies cubically within the body.

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    Steady - State, One - Dimensional Conduction

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    مصطفى العبادي
    44 views16 pages
    1) Steady-state heat conduction can involve a volumetric heat generation term. For a plane wall with uniform generation, the temperature distribution is quadratic. 2) For a plane wall with symmetric boundary conditions and uniform generation, the temperature gradient is largest at the center and increases linearly with distance from the center. 3) For a solid sphere or cylinder with uniform internal heat generation and convection cooling at the surface, the temperature varies cubically within the body.

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    1) Steady-state heat conduction can involve a volumetric heat generation term. For a plane wall with uniform generation, the temperature distribution is quadratic. 2) For a plane wall with symmetric boundary conditions and uniform generation, the temperature gradient is largest at the center and increases linearly with distance from the center. 3) For a solid sphere or cylinder with uniform internal heat generation and convection cooling at the surface, the temperature varies cubically within the body.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views16 pages

    Steady - State, One - Dimensional Conduction

    Uploaded by

    مصطفى العبادي
    1) Steady-state heat conduction can involve a volumetric heat generation term. For a plane wall with uniform generation, the temperature distribution is quadratic. 2) For a plane wall with symmetric boundary conditions and uniform generation, the temperature gradient is largest at the center and increases linearly with distance from the center. 3) For a solid sphere or cylinder with uniform internal heat generation and convection cooling at the surface, the temperature varies cubically within the body.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    Steady-State, One-Dimensional

    Conduction

    Chapter Three
    Section 3.5, Appendix C
    3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation
    • Involves a local (volumetric) source of thermal energy due to conversion
    from another form of energy in a conducting medium.

    • The source may be uniformly distributed, as in the conversion from


    electrical to thermal energy (Ohmic heating):
    •
    • EgI 2 Re
    q= = (3.38)
    ∀ ∀
    or it may be non-uniformly distributed, as in the absorption of radiation
    passing through a semi-transparent medium. For a plane wall,

    q ∝ exp ( −α x )
    •

    • Generation affects the temperature distribution in the medium and causes


    the heat rate to vary with location, thereby precluding (排除) inclusion of
    the medium in a thermal circuit.
    The Plane Wall
    • Consider one-dimensional, steady-state conduction in a plane wall of
    constant k, uniform generation, and asymmetric surface conditions:

    • Heat Equation:
    •
    d ⎛ dT ⎞ •
    dT q 2

    ⎜k ⎟ + q = 0 → + =0 (3.39)
    dx ⎝ dx ⎠ dx 2
    k

    Is the heat flux q ′′ independent of x?

    • General Solution:

    = − ⎜ q/ 2k ⎞⎟ x 2 + C1 x + C2
    ⎛ •
    T ( x)
    ⎝ ⎠

    What is the form of the temperature distribution for


    • • •
    q = 0? q > 0? q < 0?
    •
    How does the temperature distribution change with increasing q ?
    Symmetric Surface Conditions or One Surface Insulated:
    • What is the temperature gradient at the
    centerline or the insulated surface?
    • Why does the magnitude of the temperature
    gradient increase with increasing x?

    • Temperature Distribution:
    •
    q L2 ⎛ x 2 ⎞
    T ( x) = ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ + Ts (3.42)
    2k ⎝ L ⎠

    • How do we determine Ts?


    Overall energy balance on the wall →
    • i
    − E out + E g = 0
    •
    −hAs (Ts − T∞ ) + q As L = 0
    •
    qL
    Ts = T∞ + (3.46)
    h
    • How do we determine the heat rate at x = L?
    Radial Systems
    Cylindrical (Tube) Wall Spherical Wall (Shell)

    Solid Cylinder (Circular Rod) Solid Sphere

    • Heat Equations:
    Cylindrical Spherical
    1 d ⎛ dT ⎞ • 1 d ⎛ 2 dT ⎞ •
    ⎜ kr ⎟+q =0 ⎜ kr ⎟+q =0
    r dr ⎝ dr ⎠ r dr ⎝
    2
    dr ⎠
    • Solution for Uniform Generation in a Solid Sphere of Constant k with
    Convection Cooling:
    Temperature Distribution Surface Temperature
    •
    dT q r3 Overall energy balance:
    kr 2
    =− + C1
    dr 3 i i
    •
    q ro
    •
    2
    − E out + Eg = 0 → Ts = T∞ +
    q r C1 3h
    T =− − + C2
    6k r Or from a surface energy balance:
    i i
    dT
    |r =0 = 0 → C1 = 0 E in − E out = 0
    dr
    → qcond ( ro ) = qconv
    •
    q ro 2
    T ( ro ) = Ts → C2 = Ts +
    •
    6k •

    q ro 2 ⎛ r 2 ⎞ q ro
    T (r ) = → Ts = T∞ +
    ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ + Ts 3h
    6k ⎝ ro ⎠

    • A summary of temperature distributions is provided in Appendix C for plane,


    cylindrical and spherical walls, as well as for solid cylinders and spheres. Note
    how boundary conditions are specified and how they are used to obtain surface
    temperatures.

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