CHEPTER-1

D.C. MOTOR
1.1 Introduction:-
A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric power. Two examples of pure DC designs are
Michael Faraday's homopolar motor (which is uncommon), and the ball bearing motor, which is (so far) a
novelty. By far the most common DC motor types are the brushed and brushless types, which use internal
and external commutation respectively to create an oscillating AC current from the DC source—so they
are not purely DC machines in a strict sense.

1.2 Construction:-

Figure 1.1 D.C. Motor Construction

 DC motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy. A DC Motor uses direct current - in other
words, the direction of current flows in one direction.
 A DC Motor usually consists of: An armature core, an air gap, poles, and a yoke which form the
magnetic circuit; an armature winding, a field winding, brushes and a commutator which form the
electric circuit; and a frame, end bells, bearings, brush supports and a shaft which provide the
mechanical support.

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 1.3 Working:-
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will
experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external
magnetic field. As we are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and

South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal
configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-
carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

Figure 1.2 Working of D.C. Motor

The direct current (DC) motor is one of the first machines devised to covert electrical power into
mechanical power. Permanent magnet (PM) direct current converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy through the interaction of two magnetic fields. One field is produced by a permanent magnet
assembly; the other field is produced by an electrical current flowing in the motor winding. These two
fields result in a torque which tends to rotate the rotor. As the rotor turns, the current in winding is
commutated to produce a continuous torque output. The stationary electromagnetic field of the motor can
also be wire-wound like the armature (called a wound-field motor) or can made up of permanent magnets
(called permanent magnet motor).

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 In either style (wound-field or permanent magnet) the commutator acts as half of a mechanical
switch and rotates with armature as it turns. The commutator is composed of conductive segments (called
bars), usually made of copper, which represent the termination of individual coils of wire distributed
around the armature. The second half of the mechanical switch is completed by the brushes. These
brushes typically remain stationary with the motor’s housing but ride (or brush) on the rotating
commutator. As electrical energy is passed through the brushes and consequently through the armature a
torsional force is generated as a reaction between the motor’s field and armature causing the motor’s
armature to turn. As the armature turns, the brushes switch to adjacent bars on commutator. This
switching action transfers the electrical energy to an adjacent winding on the armature which in turn
perpetuates the torsional motion of the armature.

1.4 Constructional Detail of D.C. Motor:-

Figure 1.3 Construction of D.C.Motor

1.5 Rated Parameter of D.C.Motor:-

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CHEPTER-2
555 TIMER IC

2.1 Pin Diagram of 555 Timer IC:-

2.2 Block Diagram of 555 Timer IC:-

Figure 2.1 Internal Block Diagram of IC 555

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2.3 Pin Connections And its Functions:

 Pin1: Ground. All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
 Pin2: Trigger. The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the external trigger pulse applied
to this pin. The output is low if the voltage at this pin is greater than 2/3 VCC. When a negative going
pulse of amplitude greater than 1/3 VCC is applied to this pin, comparator 2 output goes low, which
intern switches the output of the timer high. The output remains high as long as the trigger terminal is
held at a low voltage.
 Pin3: Output. There are two ways by which a load can be connected to the output terminal: either
between pin 3 and ground or between pin3 and supply voltage +VCC. When the output is low the load
current flows through the load connected between pin3 and +VCC into the output terminal and is called
sink current. The current through the grounded load is zero when the output is low. For this reason the
load connected between pin 3 and +VCC is called the normally on load and that connected between pin
3 and ground is called normally off-load. On the other hand, when the output is high the current
through the load connected between pin 3 and +VCC is zero. The output terminal supplies current to
the normally off load. This current is called source current. The maximum value of sink or source
current is 200mA.
 Pin4: Reset. The 555 timer can be reset (disabled) by applying a negative pulse to this pin. When the
reset function is not in use, the reset terminal should be connected to +VCC to avoid any possibility of
false triggering.
 Pin5: Control Voltage. An external voltage applied to this terminal changes the threshold as well as
trigger voltage. Thus by imposing a voltage on this pin or by connecting a pot between this pin and
ground, the pulse width of the output waveform can be varied. When not used, the control pin should
be bypassed to ground with a 0.01µF Capacitor to prevent any noise problems.
 Pin6: Threshold. This is the non-inverting input of comparator 1, which monitors the voltage across
the external capacitor. When the voltage at this pin is greater than or equal to the threshold voltage
2/3 VCC, the output of comparator 1 goes high, which inturn switches the output of the timer low.
 Pin7: Discharge. This pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor Q1. When the output is
high Q1 is OFF and acts as an open circuit to external capacitor C connected across it. On the other
hand, when the output is low, Q1 is saturated and acts as a short circuit, shorting out the external
capacitor C to ground.
 Pin8: +VCC. The supply voltage of +5V to + 18V is applied to this pin with respect to ground.

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2.4 Monostable Operation 555 Timer IC:-

Initially when the circuit is in the stable state i.e., when the output is low, transistor Q1 is ON
and the capacitor C is shorted out to ground. Upon the application of a negative trigger pulse to pin 2,
transistor Q1 is turned OFF, which releases the short circuit across the external capacitor C and drives the
output high. The capacitor C now starts charging up towards V CC through R. When the voltage across the
capacitor equals 2/3 VCC, comparator 1’s output switches from low to high, which in turn drives the output
to its low state via the output of the flip-flop. At the same time the output of the flip-flop turns transistor
Q1 ON and hence the capacitor C rapidly discharges through the transistor. The output of the monostable
remains low until a trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats.

The pulse width of the trigger input must be smaller than the expected pulse width of the
output waveform. Also the trigger pulse must be a negative going input signal with amplitude larger than
1/3 VCC.

Figure 2.2 Monostable Mode of IC 555

The time during which the output remains high is given by,

t = 1.1RC second

Where, R is in Ohms and C is in Farads.

Once triggered, the circuit’s output will remain in the high state until the set time, t elapses.
The output will not change its state even if an input trigger is applied again during this time interval t. The
circuit can be reset during the timing cycle by applying negative pulse to the reset terminal. The output
will remain in the low state until a trigger is again applied.

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CHEPTER-3

PROJECT INTRODUCTION

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING SINGLE SWITCH

3.1 Simulation of Circuit:-

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 Figure 3.1 Simulation of Minor Project
3.2 Circuit Diagram:-

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 Figure 3.2 Minor Project Circuit Diagram

3.3 Specification of Component:-

Component NO.

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  DC motor: 9 Volts 1

 IC-4017-DECADE COUNTER 1

 IC-555 3

 RESISTER:-
R1: 10k
R2: 47k
R3: 680 ohm
R4: 680 ohm
R5: 680 ohm
R6: 10 k
R7: 10k

 CAPACITER:-
C1: 10uf, 25 V
C2: 0.1uf, 25V

3.4 Working of Circuit:-

 Initially, the circuit is in reset condition with Q0 output of IC2 being high. Since Q1 and Q3 outputs
of IC2 are low, the outputs of IC3 and IC4 are high and the motor doesn’t rotate. LED1 glows to
indicate that the motor is in stop condition.

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 As press the switch S1, the timer 555 (IC1) provides a pulse to decade counter CD4017 (IC2), which
advances its output by one and its high state shifts from Q0 to Q1. When Q1 goes high, the output of
IC3 at pin 3 goes low, so the motor starts running in clockwise (forward) direction. The forward
rotation of the motor is indicated by Led 2.

 Now when press S1 again, the high output of IC2 shifts from Q1 to Q2. The low Q1 output of IC2
makes pin 3 of IC3 high and the motor doesn’t rotate. LED1glows (via diode D2) to indicate that the
motor is in stop condition.

 When the switch S1 is pressed once again, the high output of IC2 shifts from Q2 to Q3. The high Q3
output of IC2 makes pin 3 of IC4 low and the motor starts running in anti-clockwise (reverse)
direction. LED3 glows to indicate that the motor is running in reverse direction.

 As the switch (S1) is pressed again, the high output of IC2 shifts from Q3 to Q4. Since Q4 is
connected to reset pin 15, it resets decade counter CD4017 and its Q0 output goes high, so the motor
does not rotate. LED1 glows via diode D1 to indicate that the motor is in stop condition. Thereafter,
the cycle repeats.

 For not allowing the motor to run in reverse direction, removed the timer IC4 along with resistors R5
and R7 and LED3 and connect ‘b’ terminal of the motor to +Vcc. Similarly if we do not want to
operate the motor to run in forward direction, we removed timer IC3 along with resistors R4 and R6
and LED2 and connect ‘a’ terminal of the motor to +Vcc. we utilized a 9V regulated power supply
for a 9V DC motor.
 Regarding the connection, we have wired the Timer IC1 as a monostable multivibrator to avoid false
triggering of the motor, while pressing the switch S1. Its time period is approximately 11
milliseconds (ms).

3.4 Hardware Fabrication of Project:-

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 Figure 3.3 Hardware Fabrication of Project
CONCLUSION:-

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 Bidirectional control of DC motor is obtained using single switch satisfactorily. The develop
circuit is simple and cost effective. This circuit for control DC motor is used for small rating motors only.
But by amplifying the output signal of IC 555 we can use it for large rating motor. It is used for many
applications like paper mill, metal manufacturing companies also it is applicable for plugging method of
breaking operation of DC motor.

REFERENCES:

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 www.electronicsforyou.com
 www.irf.com
 www.electrosofts.com
 www.nxp.com
 www.semiconductors.philips.com
 Fundamentals of Electrical Drives , by Gopal K. Dubey
 Electricals machines – I , by R.P Ajwalia
 A Text Book of Electrical Technology, by B.L.Theraja – A.K.Theraja
 Power Electronics circuits, Devices, and Applications , by Muhammad H. Rashid
 Fundamentals of Digital circuits , by A. Anand Kumar
 Op-Amps and Linear integrated Circuits,by Ramakant A. Gayakwad

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