Biological concepts for curriculum mapping from 1st to 10th standard

textbook.

STANDARD – 1st

Basic Biological Concepts of 1st Standard :

Agobai- Dhagabai : In this poem Rain, Summer, winter seasons are explained.
In Rainy season Frog’s shouting explained on page No-2

Seeds : This poem how seed grows is explained on Page No.-3

My Game : On page No. 4&5 boys and girls are playing games e.g. Ball &
Table tennis, Chase and different plants are also given.

My Friend : On page No. 6 & 7 describes the information of friends some

friends are elder and some friends are small and also the explains some friends
have tail e.g. dog. Some friends flying in sky e.g. butterfly.

Some friend lives in water e.g. Fish. Some friends have does not legs e.g.
Snake.

Match the following : On the Page No. 10 & 11 living organisms are given eg.
Dog, fish, vegetables.

Rain : On the page No. 19. Information of the Rainy season is given.

Jopala gela udun : In this chapter ducks leg’s information is given and picture
of frog is also given.

Gamati Shodh : On page No. 23 different animals picture and different plant
picture is given.
Bazar : Picture of different vegetables, fruits are given picture of stalls are
given

Lote Baba : on the page No. 56. In this poem Bad habit of man is explained.

Gadi Ali Gadi Ali : In this poem Mango – from Kokan, Banana from Vasai,
Orange fromNagpur, Apple from Kasmir. The different Fruits and place where
they are produced in large amount is explained.

Weda Kokaru : Here poem is given based on Kokaru

Maza Bharat : On the page no. 73, lesson refers that Tri-colour is the national
flag of India. It tells that national bird is peacock while national animal is tiger.
Delhi is the capital of India. The lesson also refers Himalaya.

STANDERD – 2nd

1) Hattine Wachwale : Page No.- 1and 2 the picture are given. There are
picture of various animals such as Rabbit, Elephant and Fox are shown.

Project work is given to collect the pictures of animals. Domestic as well as

wild animals.

2) Gawtache Pate : page no. 3 beautifully describes grass butterfly, kit.

3) Aanandane Nachuya : On the page no. 5 describes garden, flowers beetle.

6) Udayala Shikayachay Mala : This is the story of chimani, chimana and

their small baby chiman. The project of lesson is to gather the pictures of
sparrows. Arrange exhibition of these pictures in the classroom.

9) Aathwadyacha Bajar : On page no.17, we can get information about

vegetables and fruits. We can also see various shops there.

12) Kombdichi pille shodhu ya : The lesson tells us to find the chicken from
hiding place.
14) Pawanchakki : Electricity is made by windmills. It runs flour mill. It
lighten the street lights wind mills are turned by the blowing wind.

15) Jau Phulanchya Jagat : The poem beautifully describes flowers,

butterflies, green grass, moon, sun and stars.

19) Months : Tells us information of greenery in the months as Chaitra,

Vaisshakh, Jeshtha, Aashadha. Marigold flowers has got importance in the
months like Ashwin, Kartik.

20) Prani Shodha : On the page no.41 different animals are shown with the
help of alphabets given in the chart students have to identify the animals.

21) Bhakarichi Goshta : Gradfather tells his grandson not to waste the food.
He tells importance of food in this lesson.

23) phulpakhare : Beautiful colours, shapes of butterflies are described in this

poem.

24) Aakankshache Pustak : The lesson experiences us woods, leaves, flowers

and birds. Nature and book come together and give us a great experience.

26) Dhwaja Unch Dharu : We will plant more trees, grow our farms also we
shall make our earth green. All this things are described

27) Wadhadiwasachi Bhet : Neeta and Ramesh saved their pocket money.
They spend their savings for the medicine of Samir’s grandmother.

29) Parisar Swachhata : Everyone should keep their surrounding clean. Also
everyone should use water carefully. This information is given in the lesson.

30) Ashi hi Mule : This topic is about personal health of children. This lesson
also describes good habits and good behavior of children.
31) Ase kase : Poem beautifully describes animals such as kangaroo, rabbit,
elephant, heron, peacock, ostrich.

34) Shabda Olkha , Wacha : Picture of elephant is drawn. Name of different

animals are written in this picture. The students are told to identify that names.

36) Jangalatil sahal : The lesson tells us about the animals and birds in the
forest. Also gives information about various fruits and plants having medicinal
value.

38) Hirvya Hirvya Zadawar : Lesson tells us usefulness of birds, sparrows,

trees, monkeys, soil.

STANDRED – 3rd

1) Our Environment :

Things in our surrounding

Living Non-living

Animals Plants

Plant, birds, air, water, trees these are living & non leaving things.

The needs of all living things are fulfilled by things in their environment.

2) So many kinds of Animals :

Parrot, Snake, Deer, Elephant, Cow, Eagle, Fish, Buffalos, Frog, Donkey, Rat,
Spider, Bullocks, Butterflies these pictures and their information is given.

3) Animal Shelter :

In this chapter shelter of animals is give Birds – nests, Bats – tall trees, Tiger –
caverns, Honey bees – honey combs
8) Our need for water :

Water is very important in our lives

9) Where does water come from

Resources given

10) More about water

Pure water

Has no Has no Has no Is transparent

Colour smell taste

States of water, Solid, liquid, gases

11) Our need for air

Inhalation, Exhaltion, Respiration

12) Our Need for food

Domestic animals gives oil cake/Ambon

Plants prepare their own food.

13) Our Diet – New term Diet

Food intake differ on different ways Variety in food.

Bhakari, chapattis, the people in kokan have lot of fish in their diet, sprouted
pulse, buttermilk

14) Inside the kitchen :

How we prepare food items.

A kerosene stove with burner , 2) kerosene stove with wick

Some solar cookers, 2) An electric hot plate

15) Our body

Head, Torso, Arm, Leg

New terms – organ, External organs

Movements of the body

Neck, arms, waist, legs

16) Sensory organ

Eyes, Ears, Nose, Tongue & Skin

Co-ordination in our movements

Overcoming disability

1) If we can not see well – we use spectacles

2) A person who can not hear well can use hearings.

17) Pearly Teeth, Healthy body

Taking care of our teeth

Wash our hands before we eat

Keeping our body clean

22) Who fulfils our needs

Types of occupations, the importance of agriculture, Agro-based occupations.

23) Growing up and growing old

In this topic growth of baby as well as growth of plants is given.

26) As we go from the third to the fourth standard. In this chapter
environment and their components are given.

STANDERD – 4th

Part 1st Book

1) The life cycle of Animals

The growth of Animals, A chicken is born from an egg.

New term hatch – when a hen sits on her eggs to warm then, she is said to be
hatching.

i) Metamorphosis in butterfly

Moult – To shed old skin to make way from new growth.

Hen – egg – hatch the egg & hen sits on her egg - fully grown chicks brecks
egg shell & comes outside.

ii) Life cycle of butterfly

Egg - caterpillar (larva), chrysalis (pupa) & - Adult – caterpillar – larva emerges
from the egg & It is called caterpillar.

2) The inter – relationships between living things.

The needs of living things are met in their environment.

Plants – useful to us e.g. Betelvin, Flame of the forest (plants) Fenugreek,

vasaka (Adulsa, carry leaf plant)

Butterflies feed in the nectar of flowers.

Arboreal – The world comes from the latin word arbor which means trees
Arboreal means ‘living in trees.’
3) Storage of water

Well waters tanks in forts, draw-wals, rivers & bunds old reservoirs, old tanks.

Recent systems – Dams, Bore wells, Pan poi

4) Water safe for Drinking

When sugar dissolves the water taste sweet. The things that float are lighter
than water. The things that sink are heavier than water.

Filtration – safe drinking water

Micro – very small

Organism – living thing

Micro organism – A living thing that can not be seen by naked eyes or with a
magnifying glass.

Micro scope – an instrument for looking at very very small things which can
not see with our eyes.

Boiling – the waters kills the micro organisms in it & prevent disorders

5) Water for every household

Care of drinking water, water supply for human settlement, water tank at a
height. Water supplied by transporting it by means of tankers.

Use water without wastage.

6) Varity of food

Rice, Bhakari, Idli, these are given. Agriculture is the main occupation. In the
plateau region of Maharashtra Hurda, lahya, bhakari, glugyra, papad, sandage,
ambil, dhapate, dhirade etc. are all preparations of jowar enjoyed in that region.
Fruits now available all year round.

i) Availability of water through out the year

ii) Availability of improved seeds
iii) Impurity fruits & vegetables from varieties part of the word
Faster transport facilities food items very according to the region.

7) Food & Nutrition

Need of food, Meant by diet, What are the reasons for radiation in diet. Variety
in foodstuffs. eg. Chikoo, chilli, Jowar, Radish, Eggs, Clover, Grand nuts,
Seasames, Bajara, lemon, Chiken, Black pepper, Bittorgourd, Clovers.

Preserving the nourishment in food ingredients testing.

8) The value of food

The story of a bhakari. Seedlings growing in the field, other foodstuff

9) Air

The constituent of air that helps burning is called oxygen gas.

10) Clothes

Clothes – cotton – plants

Soap nuts, washing soda, hinganber, limestone etc are used to wash clothes.
These are all natural substances.

11) A look inside the body

Internal organ – inside of our body

External organ – outside of our body

Sensory organ eyes, ears, nose, tongue & skin

Special places for internal organs

1) Cavity : 1) Cranial cavity – inside head

2) Thoracic cavity – in the chest

3) pelvic cavity – inside the abdomen

4) Abdominal cavity – inside the abdomen

2) Oesophagus

3) Heart – heart contracts – the heart becomes smaller. The heart relaxes –

The heart returns to it’s original size

Pulse – heartbeet, Lungs, The brain

12) Home remedies for simple Illness

18) Changes in the family & neighborhood

A family grows when the new generation is born.

20) I’ll be responsible and sensitive

1) sound pollution

Responsibility towards people with special needs

2) Ramp

Do boond zindagike

3) Sign language used in India

23) Natural Disasters

1) Ultimately rains
 2) Floods

3) Earthquakes

4) Tsunami.

24) Are we Endangering our environment

Twenty years age – lot of field

Today – building

The progress made by human beings

Growth of the population

Ground water is drying up

Rahat gadge Mot Dam - hand pump

STANDARD – 5th

3) The Earth and it’s living word

The living world constitutes the biosphere, plants & animals and micro
organism are found everywhere on the earth

Land = 1/3, water = 2/3

4) Environmental Balance –

Environment, Food chain

A food web formed by the interlinking of several food chains

Grass – grass hopper – birds, Environmental balance

11) Our Home Environment

Construction or structure of the house the houses changes from region to region

1) Regions of heavy rainfall

2) Regions of medium rainfall

3) Regions of low rainfall

4) Desert regions

5) Marshy regions

6) Mountainous regions

7) Plains

Shelters on a foot path.

Use these pictures to discuss how environmental pollution attests

1) A launch of extracting sand

2) Quarrying

3) Forest fire

4) Felling trees and forests

5) Drawing excess water

6) Filling up ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, creeks and low lying areas to

reclaim land.

Some characteristics of eco friendly houses.

i) Minimum consumption of natural resources

ii) Use of non exhaustible sources of energy & solar energy
 iii) Recycling of water
iv) Recycling of garbage
v) Avoiding artificial material & artificial colours
vi) Provision for natural light and ventilation in the house

12) Food for All

Agriculture seasons, traditional agriculture. Improved methods of

agriculture, improved seeds, modern methods of irrigation, fertilizers, protection
of crop, storage of grain, food storage and conservation of environment these
points are included and also the green- revolution – Dr.M.S. swaminathan, food
security agricultural assistance program, organic farming.

13) Methods of preserving food

e.g. papad, kurdai, pickles and jams.

Food & micro-organism – micro organisms are present all around us in the air
as well as in water. Methods of food preservation – Drying, cooling, boiling,
palling, in airtight cans.

16) Water

In this chapter pollution of water, disposal of wastes water, purification of

water, water work famine, water management these points are included.

17) Clothes our necessity

In this chapter our clothing changed with time.

18) The environment and us

Deforestation, pollution – water pollution, soil pollution , air pollution these are
given
Food chain – the need to maintain environmental balance, our need and the
environment. Global efforts for protection of the environment, effect to
maintain biodiversity - Biodiversity parks, National parks, sanctuaries.

e.g. 1) Flamingo and their nests. 2) Great Indian bustard male denarius a boon
for all living creatures.

19) Constituents of food

1) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

2) Fats

3) Proteins starch sugars fibre

4) Vitamins – A, B, C, D, E, K

5) Minerals

Macro –Nutrients

Carbohydrates Fats Proteins

Essential micro nutrients

Vitamins Minerals (Fe, Ca, Na, K)

A,B,C,D,E,K

A balance diet

Food

Energy giving Body building Foods necessary for bodily

Food Food processes & resistance to
Diseases

Carbohydrates fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals

Nourishment & malnutrition are given in this chapter

21)Busy at work our internal organ :

1) Respiration – Exchange of gases takes place. The diaphragm & its movement
is given the effect of smoking, passive smoking

2) Digestion – The dimentary canal, digestive organ systems in the body, energy
for the body, circulation of blood.

3) Nervous system

4) The circulatory system other system in the body.

22) Growth and personality development

Growth, development, heredity – how many are very much taller or shorter than
their parents.

A good diet

1) Other factors that support growth and development.

2) Each one has a unique personality.

23) Infectious diseases and how to prevent them infectious disease –

Spread of infectious disease through air

- Spread of disease through air

- Spread of disease through water

- Spread of disease through food

- Spread of disease by in insect

- Spread of disease of direct contact

An epidemic of a disease

Prevention of infections diseases

Vaccination

Public health service facilities

25) Community health and hygiene

Community health, Importance of community health.

In this chapter what are the trait to the health of the community is given

Other ill effects and remedies are also given Alcoholism

Drugs, Tobacco and alcohol use an invitation to health

In this chapter certain habits are also mentioned three groups – good habits, bad
habits and pointless habit

Part Two

3) Life on Earth :

In this chapter 1) Formation of the earth, 2) Beginning of life on the earth,

3) The animal world on the earth these points are included.

4) Evolution :

In this chapter the concept of evolution, 2) The stages of evolution of

animals as follows

1) Invertebrates

2) Vertebrates Amphibians, Birds, reptiles, mammals.

3) Apes
5) Evolution of mankind :

In this chapter Homo habilis to Homo sapiens.

Sapiens, Homo sapiens, sapiens and civilization these points are included.

STANDARD - 6th

1) Natural resources – Air, Water and Land

Air – Air pollution

The process of soil formation

Formation of humus

The proportion of humus in the upper layer of good fertile soil is about 33% to
50% soil has both Biotic and Abiotic constituents . Ozone layer is a protective
shell of the earth.

2) The living world

Characteristics of living things are given such as

Growth – food is necessary for growth.

Respiration – Respiration is a characteristic of the living things

Excretion – Excretion is a characteristic of living things

Responsiveness to stimuli and movement, Reproduction

A definite life span – the lifespan of different animals & plants are different e.g.
the lifespan of dog is about 12 to 18 years. While the ostrich lives for 50 days.

A cellular structure – unicellular organism, multi cellular organism.

Useful living things, harmful living things.

Wild animals – wild animals that hunt other animals for food are called
predators e.g. tiger, lion, wolves, leopards.

3) Diversity in living things and their classification

- Diversity in plant, Structure of a plant

- The flower, the leaf, the stem the fruit, the root.

- Need for classification of plants

- Classification of plants – trees, shrubs, Herbs, Vines.

Life cycle of plants are classified as annuals, biennials perennials.

Plants classification - flowering plants, non flowering plants.

Diversity and classification in animals

Diversity in animals – e.g. structure of animals like a snake, a lizard, a tiger, a

fish an eagle, a hen, a crab, a housefly, earthworm, grasshopper.

Animal classification – unicellular, multi cellular

Vertebrates and invertebrates

Vertebrates – Animals with vertebral column

Invertebrates – without vertebrates column

According to the mode of reproduction

1) Oviparous animals – which lay eggs

2) Viviparous animals – which give birth to their young ones.

According to their habitat

1) Terrestrial – Animals

2) Aquatic – Animals

3) Amphibious – Animals

4) Aerial mode of life

4) Disaster management

Some disastrous events are given e.g. Earthquake, Flood, Storms, Forest fires

Disaster – A sudden event that causes large scale damage to life, property and
social aspects of a nation or society is called a distaster.

Disasters classification in two categories

Man made disaster

Natural disaster

Earthquake – Effect of earthquake is given flood & effect flood, storms, effect
of storms, forest fires, effect of forest fires.

Remedial and preventive measure also given.

First aid –

In day to day life some times we have to face disasters or accidents of varying
proportions on such occasions it is necessary to give some immediate aid even
before medical treatment becomes available.

1) External bleeding

2) Burns and scads – minor & serious burns remedies measures given

3) Sunstroke – Remedies measures are also given

4) Snakebite – Remedies measures also given

 5) Dog bite – Remedies measures given

7) Nutrition and Diet –

Nutrition and food stuffs

Energy giving nutrients – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Minerals and Vitamins.

Vitamins – 1) Water soluble vitamins – B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, B, C

2) Water insoluble vitamins – A, D, E, K

Vitamins – sources and functions

A balanced diet pyramid, Junk food.

Water, malnutrition, Adulteration of food.

How to avoid obesity

Food Items Adulterants

a) Milk - water, chemicals like urea, starch

b) Chilli powder - Brick power, powdered pumpkin

c) pepper corns - papaya seeds

d) Ice cream - washing soda, paper pulp

e) Rice - small white stones

f) Peanuts - Reddish pebbles/stones

8) Our skeletal system and the skin

Diagram of organ system and human skeleton is given information of fracture

and a boy with fractured bone is given
Types of Bone : 1) Flat bones 2) Small bones 3) Irregular bone 4) long
bones

• Human skeletal system – The system which gives a definite shape to the
body, provides support and protects the delicate organ inside the body is
called skeletal system. Diagrams of skeletons of various animals is
given. Diagram of parts of human skeletal system is given and explained.
• Human skeletal system can be divided into two parts 1) The axial
skeleton 2) The appendicle system
Axial skeleton consist of the – the skull the spine and the rib cage, these
are situated symmetrically along the central vertical axis of the body.
Appendicle skeleton – Is made up of the bones of the upper and lower
limbs (arms & legs) on either side of the central axis.
The axial skeleton – the skull – the skull is formed by the bones of the
head and face. The bones of the skull are flat and strong. There are
altogether 22 bones in the skull, 8 in head, 14 in the face. Except the
lower jaw, none of the bones of the skull can more.

Rib cage –

The cage like structure in the chest is called the rib cage. In the chest there is
one pairs of flat bones called sternum –Twelve pairs of flat bones called ribs are
joined to it sideways 25 bones form the rib cage. It is joined to the spine at the
back.

The appendicular system –

The body has two arms and two legs. The different parts of the arms &
legs have several bones which are connected together by joints.
In the human body the longest and strongest bone is the thigh bone or the
femur.
 There are three bones in each of the ears the stirrup is the smallest bone in
our body
Joints

Joints

Movable joint Immovable joint

Bones can move Bones cannot move
e.g. bones of arms & legs e.g. bones of the skull
(other than the lower jaw)

Types of joints
Hinge joint – This type of joint allows the movements of bones only in
one direction. It moves in a 1800 angle e.g. the elbow and knee joints.
Ball and socket joint – In this type of joint the bone can move in two or
more direction in a 3600 angle e.g. shoulder and hip joints.
Gliding joint – In this type of joint the bones can only slide over each
other e.g. wrist and ankle joint.

Structure of skin –

Skin – The outer most covering of the body is called skin. Sweat, sweat glands.

Wrinkles on the skin. This information is given.

STANDARD – 7th

1) The living word – Adaptation and classification

Adaptation, gradual changes occur in the body parts and also in the behavior of
organism which help them to adjust to their surroundings such changes are
called adaptation.
Adaptation in plants, Adaptation in desert plant, Adaptation in plants of snowy
region

Adaptation plants of forest regions , Adaptation on grassland plants

Adaptation for ingestion of food in plants e.g. Cuscuta

Adaptation in animals – e.g. Fish –fish breathe with gills instead of a nose.
Their eyes have transparent eyelids. Adaptation in forest and grassland animals.
Adaptation in desert animals – Deserts are characterized by severe scarcity of
water. Hence desert animals have thick skin to prevent loss of water.

Adaptation in animals of snowy region – eg. Yak, polar, bear. Adaptation in

aerial animals – Spindle shaped body of birds also minimizes the resistance of
air while flying.

Adaptation in reptiles – e.g. lizard

Adaptation for food in animals

Adaptation for blending with the surroundings

Darvins theory of evolution, classification of living organism, Binomial

nomenclature by carl Linnaeus.

2) Plants : Structure and Function :

Root – Formation of root – The part that grows from inside the seed towards the
soil is called the radical and the part that grows above the soil is called plumule
root hairs, root cap, tap root, fibrous roots, adventitious roots are explained
modified roots are aerial roots.

Stem – parts of a stem also given

Leaf –

Part of a leaf is given

The tip of the leaf is called the leaf apex, leaves of some plants have a stalk
called petiole. The portion of the leaf attached to the stem is called leaf base
small leaf like structures may be present near the leaf base. These are called
stipules.

Leaves are classified in two types

1) Simple leaves – Single undivided leaf blade

2) Compound leaves – leaf blade of leaves in some plants is divied into

many small parts called leaf lets.

Different types of leaves

1) Alternate

2) Decussate

3) Opposite

4) Whorled

Venation – 1) Reticulate venation

2) Parallel venation

Flower – parts of flowers – calyx, corolla, Androecium,

Gynoecium these are given

Fruit – Each fruit has different skin or shell, flesh part, seeds
4)Nutrition in living organism

Nutrition – The process of taking in and using food which takes place in living
organism is called nutrition –

1) To supply the energy for doing work.

2) Growth and development of the body

3) To replace the damaged cells and repair tissues

4) To fight diseases

Autotrophic nutrition – Some organism can produce their own food and thus
nourish themselves. This is called autotrophic nutrition.

Heterotrophic Nutrition – Some organism depend on other organisms, plants

or animals for their food. This is called heterotrophic nutrition.

Photosynthesis – definition of photosynthesis is given

6CO2 + 6H2O sunlight C6H12O6 + 6CO2

Chlorophyll

Carbon dioxide + Water Food (glucose) + Oxygen

Transport system in plants – xylem & phloem is explained

Biological fixation of nitrogen-

Two different types of micro-organism

1) Rhizobium – These micro-organism absorb atmospheric nitrogen and

convert it into its nitrate a compound.

2) Azatobacter – These micro-organism present in the soil. They also convert

atmospheric nitrogen into nitrats
Atmospheric fixation of nitrogen –

1) lightening occur in the rainy seasons.

Symbiotic Nutrition –

Two or more different types of plants live together to fulfill their needs of
nutrition, protection, support etc. with each other help. This type of nutrition is
called symbiotic nutrition.

e.g. Lichen

Fungi and algae live together. The fungi provide water, minerals as well as
shelter to algae in reture algae provides food to the fungi.

• Heterotrophic plants – do not contain chlorophyll, yellow, wire like.

• Insectivorous plants – Some plants feed upon insects to obtain nutrients.
These insectivorous plants generally grow in the soil or water deficient in
nitrogen compounds eg. Drosera burmanii.
• Saprophytic plants –
Plants which obtain food from dead and decaying bodies of other
organism is called saprophytic plants. eg. Various types of fungi like
mushrooms and yeast are saprophytes.
In this chapter role of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc is given
• Nutrition in Animals –

Step in nutrition

1) Ingestion – food is taken into the body

2) Digestion – Conversion of food into simple soluble forms

3) Absorption – Transfer of soluble food to the blood.

 4) Assimilation – Utilization of absorbed food by cells & tissues for energy
production growth and repair.

5) Egestion – Removal of waste products and undigested food from body.

• Types of Nutrition in animals

A) Holozoic Nutrition –

e.g. Amoeba – It can take in food through any part of surface of its unicellular
body. It surrounds the food particles from all sides to take it into the cell.

• Insects – have mouth parts for ingestion of food. Insects like the
cockroach and grasshopper which nibble have jaw like mouthparts.
Butterflies suck food a tube like proboscis, musquitoes bedbugs use a
needle – like mouth part to pierce and a tube like mouth part to suck
blood or other fluid.
• According to the types of food, animals can be classified as
1) Herbivores – Herbivores use plants directly as their food eg. Grazing
animals, granivores (seed eater) frugivores (fruit eaters) etc.
2) Carnivores – Animals that depend on other animals for their food are
carnivores. Carnivores are indirectly dependent on plants for food.
3) Omnivores – Animals that obtain their food from both plants and
animals called omnivores. eg. Monkey, Chimpanzee, Human etc.
4) Scavengers – obtain their food from dead bodies of animals for
example, vulture, crow, hyena etc.
5) Decomposers – are some microbes which obtain their food by
decomposing dead bodies of organisms or other materials.
B) Saprozoic Nutrition –

Some insects, unicellular animals etc. obtain the nutrients by absorbing

the liquid organic material from the dead bodies of the other animals or from the
environment eg. Houseflies, ants spiders etc.

C) Parasitic nutrition –

Some animals depend upon other animals for food. They can obtain the
food only from animals on whom they are dependent. This is called as parasitic
nutrition.

1) Ectoparasitic nutrition –

Some animals live on the body surface of other animals & obtain their
food by sucking their blood. This is called ectoparasitic nutrition.

2) Endoparasitic nutrition –

Animals like tapeworm & round worms live inside the body of other
animals and obtain their food. This is called endoparasitic nutrition.

5) Food safety

Food spoilage, factors responsible for food spoilage.

Food wastage

• Quantitative wastage of food – wrong methods of farming like hand

sowing of seeds, inadequate threshing improper storage and wrong
methods of distribution are some reasons for quantitative wastages of
food.
• Qualitative wastage of food – Using wrong methods of protecting food,
excessive use of food preservatives over cooking, washing the vegetables
 after cutting them, mishandling of fruits like grapes & mangoes,
miscalculation of the time required to transport food from producers to
consumers.
• What can you do to prevent food wastage and spoilage.
• 16th oct. world food day to work towards food security and avoid food
wastage.
• Food storage and preservation

1) Food protect

2) Food preservation

• National institutions Food and Drug administration Authority of India

(FSSAI) has been established as per the food safety and standardization
Act-2006.

• Methods of food protection.

Use of inert gas
Use of preservatives
1) Natural preservatives
Methods of food
Freezing 2) Chemical preservatives
protection
Pasteurisation
Smoking Irradiation
Use of insecticides

Food staff & Adulterant is given

Milk, red chilly powder, Ice Cream, Rava, turmeric powder.

10) Disaster management

Various news items about disasters is given

1) Famine, causes of famine, how we responsible for Famine, What can we do
to ease the severity of a Famine.

• Large scale tree plantation

No famine, no land erosion

2) Cloud burst

3) Flood – protective measures in view of flood

4) lightning

Lightening strikes open ground maximum times. What precautions will

you take during thunder storms?

Volcano –effect of a volcano

Tsunami – Destructive effect of tsunami.

Storms –

à13th Oct International Day for Disaster Reduction

11) Cell structure and Micro organism

Cell – tissue – organ – organ system – Body

Robert Hooke – discovered cell

Measurement and observation of cells

Various cells structure is given

• Plant cell and Animals cell are given

The cell has four main parts cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and cell
organelles.
 • Micro –organism –

Occurrence of micro organism

Observation & measurement of micro organisms

Nature of micro organisms

Growth of micro organisms

• Fermentation – The chemical process of conservation of one type

of carbon compound into another type of carbon compound by the
action of micro organisms is called fermentation

Useful micro organisms – eg. yogurt, In medicines

• Antibiotics – Antibiotics are produced with the help of specific

microbes. eg. Tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera, etc.

Harmful micro organisms

Pathogens – Disease – producing micro organisms Swachha Bharat Abhiyan

12) The Muscular system and digestive system in human beings

Muscular system

Muscles – muscles are bundles of fibres that can contract and relax as required.

Types of muscles

1) Voluntary muscles

2) Involuntary muscles

On the basis of voluntary and involuntary muscles can be classified into

following types

1) Skeletal muscles
2) Heart or cardiac muscles

3) Smooth muscles

Digestive system –

Teeth

Incisors

Types of teeth canines

Pre –molars

Molars

Each tooth is covered by a hard substance called enamel. Enamel is made up of

calcium salt

1) Mouth 9) Salivary glands

2) Pharynx/Throat Digestive 8) Oesophagus

3) Liver System 7) Pancreas

4) Small intestine 6) Stomach

5) large intestine

Important Glands of the digestive system, their secretion and functions

• Health Rish
• Effect of tobacco, alcohol, smoking on the digestive system
• Actively is given – eg. my Role
• 31st May is world No. Tobacco day and 7th April is world Health
day.
 STANDARD – 8th

1) Living world and classification of microbes

Biodiversity and need of classification
Five kingdom system of classification are given & this characteristics are also
given
Living organism

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Unicellular Unicellular Multi cellular

Kingdom 1- Monera Kingdom 2- Protista

Kingdom 3 Kingdom 4 Kingdom 5

Fungi plantae Animalia

Classification of microbes

Micro organism

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Bacteria Protista Fungi Algae

2) Health and Diseases

Health – Condition of disturbances in physiological or physiological processes

of body is called disease.

Each disease has its own specific symptoms

Types of disease

According to duration According to reasons

1) Chromic disease Hereditary Acquired disease

2) Acute disease disease

Infectious disease Non-Infectitious

eg. Common cold, flu, denge disease
eg. diabetes, hart disease

chart of infectious disease, Name of disease, pathogens, mode of infection,

symptoms, prevention and treatment are given

Misuse of medicines, Generic medicines, Lifestyle and disease

8) Pollution –

In this chapter various problems of environments are given

Pollution – Contamination of natural environment that will be harmful to

ecosystem is called pollution.

Pollution-

Air pollution, Reasons of air pollution

Natural reasons Man made reasons

• Air pollutions – Source and effect

• Effect of air pollution on plants and animals
• Effect of air pollution on plants and animals
• Acid Rain, Effect of acid rain

Water pollution
Water pollutions Reasons of water pollution

Natural reasons Man made reasons

Effect of water pollution, Soil pollution

Effect of soil pollution

Relationship of soil pollution with air and water pollution

9) Disaster Management

Earthquake, Causes of an earthquake

Effect of an earthquake

Precautions to be taken at the time of earthquake

Fires –

Types of fires

1) class-A fire (solid substances)

2) Class B- (liquid solid substances)

3) Class C –fire (Gaseous substances)

4) Class D – fire (Chemical substances)

5) Class E – fire (Electrical)

Precautions and safety measures are also given first aid

Loud slides – Rift collapse

Causes of landslide, effect of landslide

Disaster relief – planning – If the plan is prepared, it will help any disaster relief
in the school.

Main points and things to be noted are given in chart

10) Cell and Cell Organelles

1) Structure of cell plant cell and animal cell

2) Components of a cell are given – cell wall plasma membrane, cell membrane

Activities that consume cellular energy

1) Endocytosis – To gulf/engulf food and other substances from outer

environment

2) Exocytosis – To excrete waste materials out of cell

Processes those that don’t consume cellular energy

1) Diffusion – Entry or exist of small molecules like O2 CO2

2) Osmosis – It is physical process with 3 possibilites

a) Isotonic solution

b) Hypotonic solution

c) Hypertonic solution

d) Cytoplasm

3) Cell organelles – Nucleus – Functions of nucleus endoplasmic reticulum,

function of endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi complex – Function of Golgi complex, Lysosomes functions of

lysosomes, mitochondria functions of mitochondria, vacuoles – functions of
vacuoles, chloroplast, functions of chloroplast are given.

11) Human Body and Organ System

1) External Respiration
a) Inspiration/ Inhalation – Air is taken in through nose and sent towards the
lungs through trachea.

b) Expiration / Exhalation – oxygen from the inspired air goes into blood. Blood
carries the CO2 from various part of the body

2) Internal respiration –

Exchange of gases between cells and tissues flud is called as internal respiration

3) Cellular respiration –

Dissolved nutrients like glucose are slowly burnt with the help of oxygen and
energy is released in the form of ATP.

C6H12O6 + 6CO2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38ATP)

Respiratory system : Structure and function

Nose, Pharynx, Wind pipe, Lungs

Exchange of gases in lungs

Blood circulatory system

Heart – structure and functions.

Structure of heart and blood circulation & functions are given

Blood vessels – Structure and functions, veins, capillaries

Blood circulation through heart/ Functioning of Heart

Blood

Plasma & Blood cells chart are given on page No.79

Function of Blood –
1) Transport of gases

2) Transport of nutrients

3) Transport of waste materials

4) Protection

5) Transport of enzyme and harmones

6) Thermoregulation

7) Maintaining the balance of minerals like Na, K in the body

8) If bleeding occurs at the injury, platelets and a protein called fibrinogen of

the blood form a cloth and seal the injury.

Human blood groups – A, B, O discovered cart Landsteiner in1990, AB

discovered Decastello and sturli in 1902.

From where Blood is supplied for blood transfusion – blood bank, blood donor,
blood recipient, Blood pressure

Blood pressure is measured with the help of sphygmomanometer. Hypertension

(High Blood pressure)

Hematology –

Branch of medical science that deals with the study of blood hematopoietic
organ and blood diseases is called as hematology.

18) Ecosystem

The structure which is formed due to these reciprocal relationship is called an

ecosystem

Components of Ecosystem
 Ecosystem

Abiotic factors Biotic factors

Physical chemical Autotrophs /Producers consumers Decomposers

Air, water, Plants Animals Microbes

vapour, minerals
Soil, suneight Primary Secondary Tertiary
Consumers Consumers Consumers

Inorganic substances Organic substances

Hydrogen, Oxygen proteins, Carbohydrates
Nitrogen, Calcium, Iron Lipids
Potassium,Sodium

Interaction among factors of an ecosystem

Land biomes –

a) grass land ecosystem

b) Evergreen forests

c) Aquatic ecosystem

a) Fresh water ecosystem

b) Marine water ecosystem

Diminishment of ecosystem due to interference.

Human activities responsible for diminishment of ecosystem. Increasing use of

resources due to increased population. Urbanization, Industrialization and
traffic, Tourism large dams, wars.
 STANDARD – 9th

Classification of plants

In this chapter classification of plant is given

Living organism

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Monera Unicellular Multicellular

Protista

With cell wall without cell wall

Autotrophs Heterotrops Animalia

Basis for classification

1) On the basis of presence and absence of conducting tissues like Xylem and
phloem

1) Conducting tissue

2) Non conducting tissue

2) Seed are enclosed or not

1) Angiosperms

2) Gymnospers

3) Presences & Absence of flowers, fruits and seeds plants are classified into

1) Cryptogams

2) Phanerogams
Plants bear flowers or Absence of flower

1) Flowering plant
2) Non Flowering plant

Phanerogams are classified as Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Angiosperms are classified as monocot

Depending no. of cotyledons Dicot

in seeds

Cryptogams – Division – Thallophyta

Division – Bryophyta

Division – Pteridophyta

Phanerogams

Division I – Gymnosperms

Division II – Angiosperms

Kingdom planta

Cryptogams Phanerogams

Gymnospers Angiosperms

Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta

Dicotryledons monocotyledons

Difference between Dicotyledonous plant & monocotyledonous plant is given

7) Energy flow in an Ecosystem

Energy flow in an ecosystem food chain and food web. The energy pyramid at
trophic level

Pyramid of energy in an aquatic ecosystem

Bio – geo chemical cycle

Types of Bio – geo chemical cycle

1) Gaseous cycle

2) Sedimentary cycle

Carbon cycle, Oxygen Cycle, Nitrogen cycle importance of the nitrogen cycle

8) Useful and Harmful Microbes

1) Useful micro organisms

Lactobacilli, Uses of Lactobacilli

Rhizobium – symbiotic bacteria

Role and importance of Rhizobium

yeast – budding method – How bread made

Antibiotics –

Carbon compounds obtained from some bacteria and fungi for destroying or
preventing the growth of harmful micro organisms are called antibiotics

1) broad spectrum antibiotics – useful against a wide variety of bacteria

2) narrow spectrum antibiotics –

Pathogenic micro organism is definitely known then narrow spectrum
antibiotics

Institutes at work –

The national institute of virology established in 1952 in Pune, undertakes

research related to disaster of the like measles, Jaundice, fever and diseases of
the luongs with support from the world health organization.

Penicillin – obtained from a fungus

Caustion introduction of scientist is given

Harmful micro organism

Fungi – clostridium

The chart of the spread and prevention of disease are given

9) Environmental Managemrnt

1) Weather climate

Atmospheric pressure

Temperature Weather related Sunlight

Visibility Climatic Factor Clouds

Rainfall Humidity

Changes in weather

23rd March observed as world meteorological day

Importance of weather in the living world metrology
India metrology Department, monsoon model and climate prediction
Mathematical model (Dynamic), Holistic mode, statistical model

Solid waste management : need of the hour table of classification of

waste and their source are given

Domestic waste, Industrial waste, Hazardous waste, farm/garden waste,

Electronic waste, Biomedical waste, Urban waste, Radioactive waste, mining
waste.

1) Biodegradable waste – This type of waste is easily degraded by microbes if

is also called wet solid waste.

2)Non biodegradable waste – This types of waste is not easily degraded it is

also called dry solid waste or dry garbage.

Effect on biodiversity

Spreading of disease Harmful Bad odour of waste

effect of
Soil pollution Production of toxic gases
soild west
Water pollution Degradation of natural beauty

air pollution

Necessity of solid waste management

1) for preventing environmental pollution & to keep the surrounding clean

2) for energy as well as fertilizer production and through that to generate work
and employment opportunities

3) To reduce the strain on natural resources through treatment of solid waste

4) To improve the health and quality of life to maintain environmental balance

Separation & categorization of waste

Biomedical waste compositing

Management (Incinerator) Scientific and safe land fill sites
Paralysis (energy production eco-friendly Vermi composting
by burning of waste at high temp waste Industrial solid waste
eg. Biogas, Bioelectricity management
(land-fill-method)

Principles of solid waste management

Reuse, Refuse, Recycle, Rethink, Reduce, Research, Regulation and public

awareness

America is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste is given

disaster management
Chart of period required for degradation of waste is given disaster
management
First aid to disaster victims
Basic principles of first aid

Life and resuscitation ABC

1) Airway 2) Breathing 3) Circulation

Bleeding, fracture and impact on vertebrae, burns

For injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion the ‘RICE’ remedy
should be applied

1) Rest 2) Ice 3) Compression 4) Elevate

How to transport victims/ patients

1) Cradle method

2) Carrying piggy back

3) Human crutch method

4) puling or lifting method

5) Carrying on four hand chair

6) Carrying on two hand chair

7) Stretcher

Other emergency measures are also given.

15) Life processes in living Organism

1) Transportation,Transportation in plant

Transportation of food and other substances in plants

2) Excretion,

Excretion in plants, Excretion in human beings

Diagram of excretory system and kidney, Nephron are given

Dialysis – Co-ordination, Co-ordination in plants are given

Co-ordination in human beings

Nervous control, Neurons

Types of Nerve cell/ neurons

According to their functions, nerve cells are classified into three steps

1) Sensory neurons

2) Motor neurons

3) Association neurons
The human nervous system

The human nervous system is divided into the following three parts

1) Central nervous system

2) Peripheral nervous system

3) Autonomic nervous system

Central nervous system

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Structure of brain is given

Brain – different regions and functions

Part of the brain and their functions are given

Peripheral Nervous system

a) Cranial nerves -

Nerves originating from the brain are called cranial nerves, there are 12 pairs of
cranial nerves

b) Spinal nerves –

Nerves originating from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves. These are 31
pairs of spinal nerves.

3) Autonomic nervous system

a) Reflex action

b) Chemical control

Endocrine glands – Location and important functions are given in the chart

16) Heredity and variation

Inheritance, Heredity
Inheritance – The branch of Biology which studies the transfer of characteristic
of organism from one generation to the next and genes in particular is called
genetics.

Heredity – Transfer of characteristic from parents to offspring is called heredity.

Inherited trails and expression of traits.

Chromosomes

Types of Chromosomes –

metcentric

sub metcentric

Aerocentric

Telocentric

Deoxyribonucleic acid – (DNA)

Gene

DNA – fingerprinting

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Types of RNA

1) Ribosomal RNA (r RNA)

2) Messenger RNA (m RNA)

3) Transfer RNA (t RNA)

Mendel’s Principles of heredity

Monohybrid cross

Introduction of scientist – Gregor Johann Mendel was given

Mendle’s experiment on dihybrid cross

Genetic disorders

a) Disorders due to chromosomal abnormalities

1) Down syndrome (46+1) irisomy of 21st chromosome

2) Turner syndrome (monosomy of x chromosome)

3) Klinefelter syndrome (44 + XXY)

b) Diseases occurring due to mutation in single gene

1) Albinism

2) Sickle cell anemia

Diagnosis of sickle cell anemia

Remedies is also given

c) Mitochondrial disorder

d) Disorders due to mutations in multiple genes (polygenic disorder)

inter – relationship between tobacco addiction and cancer (Uncontrolled growth

of cells)

17) Introduction to Biotechnology

Tissues

Types of tissue

Simple tissue Complex tissue

Made up of only one Made up of more than one
Type of cells Type of cells
eg. epithelial tissue eg. Blood of animals
of animals Xylem and phloem of plants
Meristematic tissue of plants
Animal tissue
Types of animal tissue

1) Epithelial tissue –

Types of Epithelial tissue

Squamous Epithelial cells

Stratified Epithelial cells

Glandular Epithelial cells

Columnar Epithelial cells

Ciliated Epithelial cells

Caboidal Epithelial cells

2) Connective tissue

Blood
Lymph
Areolar tissues
Adipose tissue
Cartilage
Bones
Tendons and ligaments

Muscular tissue

Types of Muscular tissue

1) Straited muscles

2) Non- Striated muscles

3) Cardiac muscles
Nervous Tissue

Nerve cell – A unit of nervous tissue.

Plant tissues

Meristematic tissue

1) Apical meristem

2) Intercalary meristem

3) Lateral meristem

Permanent tissue

1) Simple permanent tissues

Types of simple permanent tissues

1) Parenchyma

2) Collenchyma

3) Sclerenchyma

2) Complex permanent tissues

1) Xylem

2) Phloem

Biotechnology

Tissue culture

Various processes in tissue culture

- Changes in agricultural management due to biotechnology.

- Application of biotechnology in floriculture, nurseries and forestry.

- Agritourism

- Agro – complementary occupations ;

a) Animal husbandry

b) Poultry farming – 1) Layers 2) Broilers

c) Sericulture – life cycle of the silk moth.

Egg – larva – pupa – Adult moth

STANDARD – 10th

1) Heredity and Evolution

1) Information of heredity and hereditary changes are given

Heredity – The transfer of biological characters from one generation to another

via genes.

• Transcription, Translation and Translocation triplet codon – The code

for each amino acid consists of three nucleotides it is called triplet codon.
• Transcription – The sequence of nucleotides in m RNA being produced
is always complementary to the DNA strand used for synthesis. Besides
there is uracil in RNA instead of thymine of DNA. This process of RNA
synthesis is called transcription.
• Translation- t- RNA has ‘anticodon’ having complementary sequence to
the codon on m-RNA. This is called as translation.
 • Translocation –The ribosome keeps on moving from one end of m-RNA
to other end by the distance of one triplet codon. This is called as
translocation.
Evolution is the gradual change occurring in living organism over a long
duration. This is very slow going process.
• Theory of evolution
Evidences of evolution – there are six evidence of evolution are given.
These are as follows

1) Morphological evidence

2) Anatomical evidence

3) Vestigial organ

4) Paleontological evidence

5) Connecting links

6) Embryological evidence

• Darwin’s theory of natural selection

Introduction of Charles Robert Darwin is given

Lamarckism, Speciation, Human evolution, Journey of human.

Development of human brain diagram is given.

2) Life processes in living Organism Part –I

Living organism and life processes, living organism and Energy production

Respiration –

Cellular respiration occurs among the living organism by two methods

1) Aerobic respiration

2) Anaerobic respiration

1) Glycolysis-

2) Tricarboxylic acid cycle

3) Electron transfer chain reaction

• Process of energy production through aerobic respiration of

carbohydrates, protein and fast flow chart is given
• Flow chart of anaerobic respiration in living organism cell is given
• Energy production in micro organisms through Anaerobic respiration
• Energy from different food components

Cell division – An Essential life process

Mitosis Prophase mitosis Mitosis part –I

Metaphase Prophase – I

Anaphase Metaphase – I

Telophase Anaphase – I

Telophase – I

Meiosis part – II

Prophase – II

Metaphase – II

Anaphase – II

Telophase – II
 • Diagrammatic representation on onion root tip is given

3) Life processes in living Organism Part – II

Asexual Reproduction

A) Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms

1) Binary fission 2) Multiple fission 3) Budding

B) Asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms

1) Fragmentation 2) Regeneration 3) Budding 4) Vegetative propagation

5) spore formation

Sexual Reproduction – sexual reproduction occur in two main process 1)

Gamete formation 2) Fertilization

a) Sexual reproduction in plants – parts of the flower and double fertilization in

angiosperms is given

b) Sexual reproduction in human being

i) Human male reproduction system

ii) Human female reproduction system

Gamete formation, fertilization, Development and Birth, Menustral cycle

Reproduction and modern technology

-In vitro fertilization

- Surrogacy

- Sperm bank/ semen bank

Reproductive health –
Information of population explosion is given her family planning is essential for
this.

4) Environmental Management

Ecosystem a review

Flow chart of ecosystem is given

Relationship between environment and ecosystem

Environmental conservation

Flow chart of factors affecting environment is given

Diagram of fog and pollution in city – A problem is given

- Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution chart is given on the basis of
components, source, effect, control measure.

- Information of radioactive pollution is given

- Need of environmental conservation

- Environmental conservation our social responsibility

- Laws enacted about environmental conservation

1) Forest conservation Act 1980

2) Environmental conservation Act, 1986

Some laws are given

1) Sound pollution (control & prevention) Rule 2000

2) Biomedical waste (management & handling) Rule 1998

3) E-waste (management & handling) Rule 2011

 As per wildlife protection Act 1972

As per clause 49A – Trading of rare animals has been completely banned.

As per clause 49B – Use of article prepared from skin or

Organ of wild animals has been banned

As per clause 49C – disclosure of the stock of artifacts made form rare wild
animals is compulsory.

A big story small man (Jadhav, Molia paying) is given

- Environmental conservation and biodiversity

1) Genetic diversity

2) Species diversity

3) Ecosystem diversity

- Sacred groves

How can biodiversity be conserved is given

Many institutes at state, national and international level are involved in this
work some voluntary organization and international environment organization
are given
Conserviation control
Conserving the available 1) Preventing the harm
Resource 2) Stopping harmful activities
3) Changing the mindset

My role in Production
Environment 1) Revival of harmed factors
of the environment
2) Attempting innovation

Preservation Awareness
1) Preserving whatever 1) Education
has been leftover 2) Guidance
2) Remedies to prevent Prevention 3) Awareness
further loss 1) Preventing possible harms 4) Imitation
3) Preserving 2) Designing new plans 5) Organization
unknown regions 3) Factors harmful to 6) Participation
environment.

Hotspot of biodiversity
Three endangered heritage places of the country Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa,
Tamilnadu & Kerala has been endanger due to mining industry & search of
natural gas.
Manas sanctuary, sunderban sanctuary
- Classification of Threatened species
1) Endangered species
2) Rare species
3) Vulnerable species
4) Indeterminate species
Some important points are given in always remember point.
5) Towards Green Energy
Energy and use of energy
Generation of electrical energy
Thermal energy based electric power station & problems are explained
schematics of thermal power plant.
Power plant based on nuclear energy & problems.
Power generation plant based on energy of natural gas.
Electric energy generation and environment
Hydroelectric energy
Different stages in hydroelectric power plant
Electric energy generation using wind energy
Energy transformation in hydroelectric power plant
- Advantages of hydroelectric power generation & problems associated with
hydroelectric power plant is given
- Transformation of energy in an electric generator using wind energy.
- Electric energy generation using solar energy.
- Solar photovoltaic cell
- Solar thermal power plant.
6) Animal classification – chart of the classification of living organism is given
History of animal classification
Benefits of animal classification is given
Traditional method of animal classification
Animal kingdom has been divided into two groups
1) Non –chordates
2) Chordates
 1) Protozoa
Phylum 2) Porifera
3) Chidaria
Subkingdom 4) Patty helminthes
Non 5) Asehelminthes
Chordates 6) Annelida
7) Arthropoda
Kingdome 8) Mollusca
Animalia 9)Echinodermata
10) Hemichordata

Subkingdom
Chordates phylum 1) Urochordata
Chordate 2) Cephalochordata
3) Vertebrata
1) Cyclostomate
2) Pisces
3) Amphibia
4) Reptilia
5) Aves
6) Mammalia

• Conventional system of animal classification

• Criteria for new system of classification

A) Grades of organization

B) Body symmetry

C) Geom layers – Diploblastic & triploblastic

D) Body cavity

E) Body segmentation

In this chapter characteristics of all the phylums of animal are given

7) Introduction to Microbiology

Applied microbiology-

Branch of biology in which study of the enzymes related to some prokaryotes

and eukaryotic microbes, proteins applied genetics, molecular biology etc is
performed is called as applied microbiology.

Industrial microbiology

Industrial microbiology – main features

Products 1) Dairy products 2) yogurt products 3) Butter 4) Cheese production

Probiotics, Bread, vinegar production

Production of beverages

Fruit Microbe used Role of microbe Name of beverage

1) CaffeaLactobacillus Separating seeds Coffee
Arabica brevis from fruits
2) Theobroma Candida Separating seeds Cocoa
Cacao Hansenula from fruits
3) Grapes Saccharomyces Fermentation of Wine
cerevisiae juice
4) Apple Saccharomyces Fermentation of Cider
cerevisiae juice
Diagram of some ingradients of beverages production e.g. Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Fruit and seeds of coffee cocoa seeds

Microbial Enzymes –

Organic acids used in various commercial products & microbes useful for the
same chart are given

Chart of substances obtained by microbial processing and this roles are given

Antibiotics, Microbes and fuels, Bio – fuel, Microbial pollution control

 Land filling sites – diagram of modern landfill site are given
Sewage management
Clean technology
Microbial inoculants, Bioinsecticides are given

8) Cell biology and biotechnology

Cytology, Study of structure, types and organelles of the cell this is called as
cell biology or cytology

Stem cells, Stem cell preservation, Stem cell research

Depending upon source, stem cells are of two types as embryonic stem cell and
adult stem cells.

User of stem cells – 1) Regenerative therapy

2) Organ transplantation

Organ transplantation
Organ and body donation
Biotechnology

Biotechnology includes following areas

1) Use of various abilities of microbes like yogurt production from milk and
alcohol from molasses.

2) Use of productivity of cells Ex-production of antibiotics and vaccines etc

with the help of specific cells.

3) Use of bio-molecules like DNA and proteins in human welfare.

4) Development of plants, animal and products of desired quality by gene

manipulation production of human growth hormone with the help of genetically
modified bacteria.
5) Use of genetic and non genetic technique. Non genetic biotechnology
involves use of either cell or tissue eg. tissue culture, production of hybrid seeds
etc.

Benefits of Biotechnology

Development of Biotechnology in India

Commercial application of Biotechnology

Crop Biotechnology
a) Hybrid seeds
b) Genetically modified crops
BT cotton
Golden Rice
Herbicide tolerant plants

c) Bio –fertilizers

2) Animal Husbandry

3) Human health

a) Vaccines and vaccination

b) Treatment

c) Interferon

d) Gene therapy

e) Cloning

i) Reproductive cloning

ii) Therapeutic cloning

4) Industrial products/ white Biotechnology

5) Environment and Biotechnology

6) Food Biotechnology

7) DNA Fingerprinting

Important stages in agricultural development

Green revolution, White revolution, Blue revolution, Fertilizers,

Insecticides, Organic farming, Apiculture, Cultivation of medicinal plants, Fruit
processing

9) Social health

Social Health Education

Satisfying basic needs Financial Gardens
Of Persons food clothing states Social and physical
Shelter, medicines condition of the
Education & Job Factors surrounding
opportunities affecting the Social environment of
the surrounds
social
Transport facilities Residential area

Social safety water

Social treatment Play Ground Toilets

Political conditions cvieus

Factors disturbing the social health

1) Mental stress
2) Addiction
3) Incurable disease
Communication media and excessive use of modern technology
Cyber crime
Stress management
1) Unified movement against tobacco
2) Salaam Mumbai foundation
Government schemes – counseling
10) Disaster management
1) Disaster – Variously dangerous events occur many times in the environment.
Those are called as disaster
Types of disaster

Geophysical Biological Mane made

Geological Atmospheric Plant Animal

Unknown International
Effects of disaster
Economic

Social

Environmental

Disaster Administrative

Professional

Political

Medical

Nature and scope of disaster

Phase of emergency
Transitional phase
Reconstruction phase
Disaster management

Objectives of disaster’s management

Pre disaster management

Post disaster management

Preparation Redemption Preparedness

Main aspect of
Restoration disaster management
cycle

Resurgence Response Impact of disaster

Structure of disaster management authority

District wise Disaster control unit

• First Aid & Emergency action

• Various disasters & various activities
• First Aid kit
• Mock Drill
• Objectives of mock Drill