WATER

An international solvent, define in the pharmacopeia as a clear colorless liquid

which is practically tasteless and odorless

TYPES OF WATER
1. Potable Water- fit to drink
2. Hard water- permanent water that contains CISO4; temporary hardness is due to
the presence of Mg. Ca, K.
3. Natural water- suspended particles- fragments of plants and animals, soil and
sand dissolved particles- volatile or non-volatile substance found in ordinary
water.
4. Heavy water- used in making atomic bombs. Contains 3 isotopes hydrogen
deuterium (two) and tritium (one)

ADVANTAGES OF WATER
1. tasteless
2. free from irritating qualities/foreign particles
3. Lacks pharmaceutical activity- used only as solvent

DISADVANTAGES OF WATER
1. water serves as a favorable medium for chemical reaction
2. support the growth of microorganism when contaminated
3. water when impure may add cost to the production

7 SOLVENT WATER OFFICIAL IN USP

1. Water, USP- simple water need the standard of USP, preparation for external
use
2. Water for injection, USP- no added substance, use as a solvent in some
parenteral preparation. Pyrogen Free
3. Purified water, USP- do not use in making parenteral preparation; internal use
4. Bacteriostatic water for injection- contains 4 or more antimicrobial agent should
be placed in a single multiple close container larger than 30mL
5. Sterile water for injection, USP- contains no antimicrobial agent and other
substance. Placed in type I or II container nor larger than ( highly resistant
borosilicate glass; treated soda lime glass)
6. Sterile water for irrigation, USP
7. Sterile water for inhalation, USP- do not use in parenteral administration. No
added bacteriostatic agent or other added substances

3 Methods of purifying water:

1. Distillation – oldest and most expensive.
2. Deionization – make use of cation exhange (H 2I) –Hydrogen Zeolite (act as
catalyst) to convent the HCO3, SO4, Cl- into their respective acid.
3. Reverse osmosis – transport of solvent through semi permeable membrane
separating 2 solutions of different concentration (less concentration and more
concentration)

AROMATIC WATER
 also known as medicated water- clear saturated, aqueous solutions for volatile oil
or other aromatic volatile substances.

2 Components Of Aromatic Water

1. water
2. oil (volatile) odorous principles from plants; ethereal oil/ essences

3 Characteristics Of Aromatic Water

1. odor- it depends on the character of the volatile substance used
2. color/taste- it depends on the character of the volatile substance used
3. free from empyreumatic (smoke like) and other foreign odor.

Uses: Flavored and perfumed vehicles

-flavored vehicle for water soluble drug
- aqueous media for the preparation of emulsion and suspension
METHODS OF PREPARATION
1. Distillation
 slowest and most expensive
 place the odoriferous substance in a suitable container in a sufficient
amount of purified water as solvent
 COHOBATION- redistillation 2 or more times of delicate drug containing
volatile oil
2. By solution (simple solution)
 the volatile substance is agitated in purified water and set aside for 12 hrs
and filter
3. Alternate method ( solution by intervention)
 uses filter that serves as the clarifying agent such as the talc and silicious
earth. The mixture containing volatile oil is agitated then filter (peppermint
water & cinnamon water)
Note: Deterioration is due to volatilization, mold growth or decomposition
that may cause cloudy solution.

Prep. No. 14 Cinnamon Water

Synonyms: Cassia water, Saigon cinnamon water
Latin Name: Aqua Cinnamoni
Uses: Vehicle, antiseptic and carminative (may be
taken internally)
Methods of preparation: Solution by intervention
Formula
Cinnamon oil active ingredients
Ethanol co-solvent
Talc clarifying agent
Purified water solvent

Prep. No. 15 Peppermint water

Synonyms: Brandy mint, American mint, lamb mint
Latin Name: Aqua menthae piperitae
 Uses: Flavored vehicle or diluent for internal aqueous
solution and carminative
Methods of preparation: Solution by intervention
Formula
Peppermint oil active ingredients
Ethanol co-solvent
Talc clarifying agent
Purified water solvent

Prep. No. 16 Camphor water

Synonyms: Gum Camphor, Laurel Camphor
Latin Name: Aqua Camphorae
Uses: Vehicle for eye preparation/must be free from
filters/particles
Methods of preparation: Solution by intervention
Formula
Camphor active ingredients
Purified water solvent

SOLUTION
are liquid preparation containing one or more chemical substance dissolved in a
suitable solvent.

2 COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION
1. solute-part of the solution containing smaller quantity (higher concentration)
2. solvent- part of the solution containing larger quantity (lower concentration)

3 TYPES OF SOLUTION:
1. solid solution ex. Cu and Au 12 karat yellow gold; Hg dissolved in Ag - Amalgam
2. liquid solution ex. Salt in water
3. gas solution ex. Sulfur in air; water vapor in air
Ex. Air dissolved in soap floating soap

FORMS OF SOLUTION:
1. saturated-solute=solvent
2. unsaturated- solute=>solvent (make up the most solution)
3. supersaturated-solute<<< solvent

RELATIVE TERMS OF SOLUBILITY

Description Parts of solution required for 1 part of
solute
Very Soluble <7
Freely Soluble 1 to 10
Soluble 10 to 30
Sparingly Soluble 30 to 100
Slightly Soluble 100 to 1000
Very Slightly Soluble 1000 to 10,000
Practically Insoluble 10,000 and over

ADVANTAGES OF SOLUTIONS:
A. Because solutions are molecularly dispersed system, they offer this advantages:
1. completely homogenous doses
2. Immediate availability for absorption and distribution
B. Solutions also provide a flexible dosage form
1. they may be used by any route of administration
2. they can be taken or administered by patients who cannot swallow tablets
or capsules.
3. doses are easily adjusted

DISADVANATGE OF SOLUTIONS:
1. drugs are less stable when in solution than when in dry form
2. some drugs are not soluble in solvents that are acceptable for pharmaceutical
use
3. Drugs with objectionable taste require additives or techniques to mask the taste
when in solutions.
4. Because solutions are more bulky and heavy than dry solid dosage forms, they
are more difficult to handle, pack, store and transport
5. Oral solutions in bulk containers require measurement by the patient this is often
less accurate than individual solid dosage forms such as tablet and capsules.

AQUEOUS SOLUTION/ACIDS
are aqueous solution of water and inorganic or organic acids.

2 DIVISIONS OF INORGANIC ACIDS

1. hydroacids-an inorganic that is an O2 (HCl, HBr, HI)
2. Oxygen acids- are acids and O2 molecules (H2SO4), HNO3, CH3COOH)

DILUTED ACIDS- are aqueous solutions prepared by diluting the corresponding

concentrated acids with purified water. The strength is expressed in % w/v

3 Methods Of Preparation
1. Simple solution
 prepared by dissolving solute in suitable solvent
2. Solution by chemical reaction
 prepared by reacting 2 or more solutes in each other in a suitable solvent
Ex. Sodium citratre solution
3. Solution by extraction
 it is a process for crude drugs either of vegetable or animal origin
extracted in water. Resulting solution is extractive.
CONCENTRATION OF ACIDS:
 Conc. HCl 36.5%w/v
 Conc. HNO3 69% to 71% w/w
 Conc. H2SO4 95% to 98% w/w
 Dil. HCl 10%w/v

Prep. No.17 Diluted Acetic Acid

Synonyms: Vinegar
Latin Name: Acidum Aceticum Dilutum
Uses:  spermatocidal; vaginal douche
 36-37% by wt.of CH3COOH-
pharmaceutical solvent or menstrum
 1% solution (5.7-6.3g)- surgical dressing
 0.25%- for irrigation
 5%- burn therapy
Methods of preparation: simple solution
Formula
Acetic acid active ingredients
Purified water solvent
Prep. No. 18 Calcium hydroxide Solution
Synonyms: Lime water, Hydrated Lime
Latin Name: Liquor Calsis; Liquor Calcii hydroxidi
Uses: Vehicle calamine lotion; topically astringent
Methods of preparation: simple solution
Formula
Calcium Hydroxide active ingredients
Purified water solvent

Solubility: Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 is less soluble in hot water than in cold water
and in the preparation of this solution cool purified water is employed as the solvent.

Note: should be compounded under room temperature because solubility decreases the
temperature increases.

Prep No. 19 Strong Iodine Solution

Synonyms: Lugol’s solution, aqueous solution of Iodine
Latin Name: Liquor Iodi Fortis
Uses: Germicide and Fungicide
Methods of preparation: simple solution
Formula
Iodine active ingredients
Potassium Iodide Co-solvent
Purified water solvent
Potassium Iodide is added to increase the solubility of Iodine in water
For external use only; can easily stain surface clothes
Solubility of iodine in water is 1 :2950 (very slightly soluble)

ALCOHOL- volatile, flammable should be stored in tight container remote from fire.

SOLVENT
1. alcohol USP = 94.9 to 96 % v/v C2H5OH (ethyl alcohol; ethanol)
2. Dehydrated Alcohol USP= NLT99.5% v/v water free
3. Dil Alcohol NF= prepared by mixing equal volume of alcohol USP and purified
water USP= 49% (useful hydroalcoholic solvent)

TOXICITY:
OTC preparations intended for children under 6 y/o; the recommended alcohol content
limit is 0.5%
Children 6 to 12 yrs. Limit 5%
Children over 12 y/o and adult 10%

Prep No.20 70% Alcohol

Synonyms: rubbing alcohol; ethanol; grain alcohol; spirit of
wine; 70% ethyl alcohol
Latin Name: Spiritus Vini Rectificatus
Uses:  Rubefacient; external germicide; skin
cleanser prior to injection; vehicle for
topical preparation;
 Antispetic/Solvent
Methods of preparation: simple solution
Formula
alcohol active ingredients
Purified water solvent

ENEMA (Glysters)- are rectal injections use to evacuate the bowel, influence the
general system by absorption and to effect locally and for visualizing the GIT.

2 TYPES OF ENEMA
1. Evacuated enema- the introduction of large amount of fluid or other solution into
the rectum to (1) promote the evacuation of bowel (2) cleanse the colon for
retention and treatment
- available in disposable plastic squeeze bottles containing pre measured
amount of enema solution.
- Agents present are: 1. Solution of Sodium phosphate 2. sodium bi
phosphate 3. glycerin 4.docusate potassium 5.light mineral oil
2. Retention enema- is the administration of the drug or liquid into the colon to be
retained
THREE USES OF ENEMA
1. Nutritive enema-to supply nutrients to the patient
2. Medicated enema- to administer the medication for systemic effect when it is
impossible by means of other route
3. Diagnostic enema- contains radiopaque substance for roentgenographic
examination (x-ray purposes). The administration of barium sulfate into the colon
when x-ray treatment is ordered.

Prep No. 21 Barium sulfate enema

Synonyms: Barii sulfas; synthetic or artificial Barytes
Latin Name: Sulfato de Bario
Uses: Diagnostic agent
Methods of preparation: simple solution
Formula
Barium sulfate active ingredients
Acacia Mucilage suspending agent
Starch enema vehicle

MOUTHWASH-is an aqueous solution which is most often used for its deodorant,
refreshing, or antiseptic effect or for plaque control
It may contain alcohol, glycerin, synthetic sweeteners and surface active, flavoring and
coloring agent
Commercial preparation: hexetidine; cetylpyridinium chloride

KINDS OF MOUTHWASH:
1. Cosmetic Mouthwash- freshen the breath. They are non-therapeutic and are
not effective as an antiseptic agent. These mouthwashes are classified by their
active ingredients alcohol content and appearance. The most popular products
are those that contain medicinal phenol and mint. The higher the percent of
alcohol, the higher the impact of flavoring within the mouth.
2. Anti-plaque Mouthwash Rinse- to control plaque and tartar control ex. Cool
Mint Listerine
1. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)- for plaque and gingivitis treatment
SCOPE and Oral B Plaque rinse
Note: staining is associated with overuse of CPC

2. Fluorinated- to supplement fluoride

- used for cleansing the teeth and should be exporated.
- Note: Nothings should be put into the mouth for 30 mins after the use of
MW
- Dobell’s solution (Compound Sodium borate solution NF XI- antiseptic
mouthwash

Prep. No. 22 Alkaline Mouthwash

Synonyms: Alkaline Aromatic solution; Alkaline Antiseptic solution
Latin Name: Liquor Aromaticus Alkalinus; Liquor Antiseptic Alkalinus
Uses: Antibacterial, soothing, refreshing, cleansing purpose
Methods of preparation: simple solution
Formula
Potassium bicarbonate active ingredients- alkalinizing agent
Sodium borate Preservative
Thymol Flavorant
Eucalyptol Flavorant
Methyl Salicylate Flavorant
Alcohol Solvent for volatile oil
Glycerin Humectant
Purified water Solvent

GARGLES- are aqueous used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air
from the lungs through gargles which is held in the throat. It is usually composed of mild
concentration of antiseptic and astringent, often made sweet and glycerin and flavored
with volatile substance.

Purpose of gargles 1. soothing agent 2. antiseptic property

 Many gargles must be diluted with water prior to use

Preparation no. 23 Phenol Gargle

Synonyms: carbolic acid gargle
Latin Name: Gargarisma Phenoli
Uses: antibacterial, cleansing the mouth; treat the pharynx
and nosapharynx
Methods of preparation: simple solution
Formula
Phenol active ingredients- 16%
Glycerin Humectant -84%
FD & C red Colorant
Water Vehicle

SYRUP-are liquid preparation of medicinal and flavoring substance in conc aqueous

solution of sugar.
- it is an 85% w/solution of sucrose in purified water.
- Are concentrated aqueous liquid preparation of sugar or sugar substitute
added flavoring agents and medical substances
- sugar substitute (dextran)
- non-sugars (sorbitol, glycerin and propyleneglycol)

3 KINDS OF SYRUP
1. Simple syrup- (Syrup NF)- basis for the preparation of flavored or medicated
water alone. It is quite resistant to microbial growth (85 sucrose in 100mL of
water requires no preservatives. With a specific gravity of 1.313
 2. Medicated syrup- aqueous solution of sucrose containing added medical
substance and in addition to sucrose containing added medical substance and
other polyols such as glycerin or sorbitol maybe added to retard crystallization of
sucrose or to increase the solubility of added ingredients.
3. Non medicated/Flavored syrup- contains aromatic and pleasantly flavored
substances and is intended as a vehicle or flavored Rx.

USES OF SYRUP
1. Due to the sweetness it can mask the taste of the salty and bitter drugs and
therefore serve as pleasantly tasting vehicle.
2. Vehicle for pediatric preparation due to their high viscosity and the smoothness
and mouthful qualities
3. Preservative at 85%

COMPONENTS OF SYRUP
1 . medicinal agent
2. sugar or sugar substitute used to provide sweetness an viscosity
3. flavorant
4. antimicrobial preservatives
5. colorant
6. some other special solvent solubilizing agent; thickness; stabilizers

PREPARATION OF SIMPLE SYRUP

1. solution of the ingredients with the aid of heat ex. Cocoa syrup NF; syrup USP
85% sugar
2. solution of ingredients by agitating without the aid of heat ex. Ferrous sulfate
used as hematinic; citric acid syrup
3. addition of sucrose to a medicated liquid or to flavored ex. Senna syn. N.F.
4. Percolation ex. Tolu balsam syrup

Problems encountered
Due to excessive heating: sugar (sucrose) is hydrolysed and it produces
dextrose (glucose) + fructose (levulose) and they are classified as invert sugar.
The sweetness is altered
1. invert sugar is sweeter than the sucrose
2. colorless syrup darkens due to levulose
3. overheating may become amber color due to caramelization of sucrose

Types of preservative used for low concentration of syrup

Benzoic acid 0.1 to 0.2%
Na Benzoate 0.1 to 0.2%
Methyl, propyl, butyl parabens 0.1%

Preparation 24 Simple Syrup

Synonyms: Simple syrup
Latin Name: Syrupus
Uses: sweet vehicle; sweetening agent; flavored vehicle.
Methods of preparation: solution with the aid of heat
Formula
Sugar active ingredients
Water vehicle

METHOD OF PREPARATION:
Sucrose can undergo degradative reaction in aqueous solution:
1. Fermentation – caused by growth of organism particularly yeast and molds on
this sucrose will result in turbidity and changes in taste
2. Hydrolysis – takes place with sucrose because it is a dissacharide, giving
monosaccharides dextrose (glucose) and levulose (fructose-fruit sugar)
o Sucrose in 85% in syrup formulation can acts as preservatives.

Preparation 25 Citric Acid Syrup

Synonyms: Syrup of Lemon
Latin Name: Syrups Acidi Citrici
Uses: it is employed solely as a pleasant flavored vehicle
Methods of preparation: solution of ingredient by agitation without heat
Formula
Citric acid active ingredients
Tincture of Lemon flavorant
Purified Water Vehicle
Syrup Vehicle
Talc Clarifying agent

Prep. No. 26 Magnesium Citrate solution

Synonyms: Citrate of Magnesia
Latin Name: Liquor Magnesii Citratis
Uses: saline laxative
Methods of preparation: solution by chemical reaction
Formula
Magnesium carbonate active ingredients
Potassium bicarbonate acidifying agent
Syrup Vehicle
Talc Clarifying agent
Lemon Oil Flavorant
Purified water Vehicle

Magnesium citrate oral solution- a colorless to yellow clear, effervescent liquid having a
sweet, acidulous taste and a lemon flavor.
It is prepared by reacting magnesium carbonate with an excess citric acid, flavoring and
sweetening the solution with lemon oil and syrup, filtering with talc and carbonating it
with either KHNO3/NaHCO3

1. (MgCO3)4 x Mg (OH)2 + 5 H3C6H5O7 5MgHC6H5O7 + 4CO2 + 6H2O

2. 3KHCO3 + H3C6H5O7 K3C6H5O7 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
MUCILAGES
Are thick viscid, adhesive liquid, produce by dispersing gum into water or by extracting
with water the mucilaginous principle from vegetable substances.

NOTE: The mucilages are all prone to decomposition and should never be made in
large quantities that can be used immediately, unless a preservatives added. Both
acacia and tragacanth contains benzoic acid.

Mucilages are used primarily to aid in suspending insoluble substance. In liquid due to
its
1. colloidal character 2. viscosity which prevents the immediate sedimentation

Synthetic mucilage- polyvinyl alcohol, methylcellulose, CMC

Natural-acacia and tragacanth

Preparation 27 Acacia Mucilage

Synonyms: Mucilage of Gum Arabic
Latin Name: Mucilago Acaciae; Mucilago de Gum de Acacia
Uses: Suspending agent
Methods of preparation:
Formula
Acacia active ingredients
Benzoic acid Preservative
Purified water vehicle

Prep. No. 28 Tragacanth Mucilage

Synonyms: Mucilage Of Tragacanth
Latin Name: Mucilago Tragacanthae
Uses: suspending agent
Methods of preparation:
Formula
Tragacanth active ingredients
Benzoic acid Preservative
Glycerin Humectant
Purified water vehicle