DESIGN OF DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

General
A diesel power plant will be designed for a small sized Municipality. According to
the load survey conducted in the area, the expected hourly load in kilowatt during a
typical day as follows:

TIME LOAD (kW) TIME LOAD (kW)

1:00 AM 220 1:00 PM 500
2:00 200 1:30 590
3:00 190 2:00 620
4:00 180 3:00 670
5:00 180 4:00 760
6:00 200 5:00 1000
7:00 300 5:30 960
8:00 410 6:00 930
9:00 560 7:00 900
10:00 590 8:00 870
11:00 610 9:00 850
12:00 MN 605 10:00 720
12:30 490 11:00 600
12:00 380

Data:
a. Machinery

UNITS
SPECIFICATION
A B C D E
Rated Output Capacity, kW 360 480 600 720 960
Engine Bore and Stroke, In 9x11.5 13x16.5 13x16.5 13x16.5 13x20
No. of Cylinder 6 5 6 7 8
RPM 720 514 600 514 450
Generated Voltage, Volts 220 220 220 220 220
Overall Length, Ft 15 19 21.75 24 26.5
Engine Length, Ft 10 13 14.25 16 26.5
Width, Ft 4 7.5 8.5 9 17.75
Height, Ft 8 9.5 9.5 9.5 10

1
 Mass of Engine, kg 8,400 11,200 14000 16,800 22,400
Mass of Generator, kg 1,600 2,150 2,650 3,200 4,300

b. Other Data

Lubricating oil consumption will be expected to be 4.5% of fuel

consumption of each unit in operation.

Facilities
Facilities to be provided in the power plant are as follows:
I. Office
II. Comfort Room, shower room, and locker room
III. Parts and Supplies stock room
IV. Maintenance Room
V. Space for future expansion

c. Clearances

Clearances between units selected shall be 2.80 m measured from the

sides of the engine foundation while other equipment clearances from the wall
shall be 2.00 m and the electrical switch is 2.5 from the wall.
Engine foundation shall be made physically isolated from the building
structure by providing discontinuities with the floor slab. A clearance of 150 mm
shall be provided around the foundation and floor slab and fill up the spaces with
sand and top with bitumen.

d. Cost and Assumptions

1. Power house at a cost of 10,000.00/m2
2. Land for power plant location at a cost of P 4,000/m 2

2
 3. Area of the power house shall be at least 10%-20% of the power plant
compound
4. Sub-Soil condition for foundation is to be compact clay

e. Requirements

a. Plot the average daily load curve on a cross section paper and fit it with
selections from the engine line mentioned so that there will be a good
balance between capacity factor and number of units installed.
b. Determine the capacity factor of the plant
c. Tabulate an operating schedule
d. Determine use factor
e. Select the appropriate and economical number of units in their respective
capacities by considering several alternatives on the basis of the following:
First Cost of units, Operating Cost, plant operating schedule. (Assume the cost
of the unit.
f. Prepare a table of organization for the proper operation and maintenance of
the power plant and recommend the expected monthly salary and or daily
wages for every position for.
g. Compute the cost of generating 1 kW-hr of electric energy
h. Design the engine foundation of every unit selected and prepares a bill of
materials and cost estimates based on the current prevailing prices of
construction materials and rates of labor.
i. Diagram the cooling system for the plant. Include for the forced draft cooling
tower, shell and tube heat exchanger, raw water softener and determine
l/min, flow in various parts of the system. Tower cooling efficiency = 70%,
design dry bulb temp. @35ᵒC, wet bulb @28ᵒC. Engine cooling water
discharge @65.6ᵒC inlet @43.3ᵒC. Tower inlet @60ᵒC. Make up water enters
the tower at 20ᵒC.

3
j. Prepare a piping diagram of the piping system (water) from the engineer to
the cooling tower based on the water requirements of each unit. Design the
pipes and the required pumps and select standard capacity of motor for the
jacket water pumps and raw water pumps.
k. Calculate the capacity of the fuel tank, engine day tank, and fuel transfer
pumps to handle fuel once every month. Allow a safe stock level of the fuel
good for 1-month continuous operation. Prepare also an isometric single line
piping diagram of the fuel system from the fuel storage tank to the engine and
indicate there on the required pipe sized and valve fittings including the fuel
overflow line and fuel metering system.

4
SOLUTION:

A. AVERAGE DAILY LOAD CURVE

For Total Area:

Area ¿ ( a2+ b ) × h
Scale: 1cm=100kW; 1cm=1hr

For area from 1:00AM to 2:00AM

A1-2¿ ( 2.2+2
2 )×1
A1-2¿ 2.1 cm2

For area from 2:00AM to 3:00AM

A2-3¿ ( 2+1.9
2 )×1
5
 A2-3¿ 1.95 cm 2

For area from 3:00AM to 4:00AM

A3-4¿ ( 1.9+1.8
2 )×1
A3-4¿ 1.85 cm 2

For area from 4:00AM to 5:00AM

A4-5¿ ( 1.8+1.8
2 )×1
A4-5¿ 1.8 cm 2

For area from 5:00AM to 6:00AM

A5-6¿ ( 1.8+2
2 )×1
A5-6¿ 1.9 cm 2

For area from 6:00AM to 7:00AM

A6-7¿ ( 2+3
2 ) ×1
A6-7¿ 2.5 cm 2

For area from 7:00AM to 8:00AM

A7-8¿ ( 3+4.1
2 )×1
A7-8¿ 3.55 cm 2

For area from 8:00AM to 9:00AM

A8-9¿ ( 4.1+5.6
2 ) ×1
A8-9¿ 4.85 cm2

6
For area from 9:00AM to 10:00AM

A9-10¿ ( 5.6+5.9
2 )×1
A9-10¿ 5.75 cm 2

For area from 10:00AM to 11:00AM

A10-11¿ ( 5.9+6.1
2 )×1
A10-11¿ 6 cm2

For area from 11:00AM to 12:00NN

A11-12¿ ( 6.1+
2
6.05
) ×1
A11-12¿ 6.075 cm 2

For area from 12:00NN to 12:30PM

A12-12:30¿ ( 6.05+4.9
2 ) ×
1
2

A12-12:30¿ 2.7375 cm 2

For area from 12:30PM to 1:00PM

A12:30-1¿ ( 4.9+5
2 )× 21
A12:30-1¿ 2.475 cm 2

For area from 1:00PM to 1:30PM

A1-1:30¿ ( 5+5.9
2 ) ×
1
2

A1-1:30¿ 2.725 cm 2

For area from 1:30PM to 2:00PM

7
 A1:30-2¿ ( 5.9
2
+6.2
)× 21
A1:30-2¿ 3.025 cm 2

For area from 2:00PM to 3:00PM

A2-3¿ ( 6.2+6.7
2 ) ×1
A2-3¿ 6.45 cm 2

For area from 3:00PM to 4:00PM

A3-4¿ ( 6.7+7.6
2 ) ×1
A3-4¿ 7.15 cm 2

For area from 4:00PM to 5:00PM

A4-5¿ ( 7.6+10
2 ) ×1
A4-5¿ 8.8 cm 2

For area from 5:00PM to 5:30PM

A5-5:30¿ ( 10+9.6
2 ) ×
1
2

A5-5:30¿ 4.9 cm 2

For area from 5:30PM to 6:00PM

A5:30-6¿ ( 9.6+9.3
2 ) ×
1
2

A5:30-6¿ 4.725 cm 2

For area from 6:00PM to 7:00PM

8
 A6-7¿ ( 9.3+9
2 )×1
A6-7¿ 9.15 cm 2

For area from 7:00PM to 8:00PM

A7-8¿ ( 9+2 8.7 ) ×1

A7-8¿ 8.85 cm 2

For area from 8:00PM to 9:00PM

A8-9¿ ( 8.7+8.5
2 )×1
A8-9¿ 8.6 cm 2

For area from 9:00PM to 10:00PM

A9-10¿ ( 8.5+7.2
2 )×1
A9-10¿ 7.85 cm 2

For area from 10:00PM to 11:00PM

A10-11¿ ( 7.2+6
2 ) ×1
A10-11¿ 6.6 cm 2

For area from 11:00PM to 12:00MN

A11-12¿ ( 6+3.8
2 ) ×1
A11-12¿ 4.9 cm2

For area from 12:00MN to 1:00AM

9
 A12-1¿ ( 3.8+2.2
2 ) ×1
A12-1¿ 3 cm 2

Total Area ¿ 130.2625 c m2

B. CAPACITY FACTOR OF THE PLANT

Atotal =130.6125cm2

kw hr
(
Each sq. cm ¿ 100
cm)( )
1
cm

10
 kw−hr
Each sq. cm ¿ 100
sq . cm

kw−hr
2
(
Actual Energy Produced ¿ ( 130.6125 cm ) 100
sq . cm )
Actual Energy Produced ¿ 13,026.25 kw−hr

Actual Energy Produced

Capacity Factor ¿ ×100
Plant Capacity × No . of Hours

13,026.25 kw−hr
Capacity Factor ¿ ×100
( 360+720 ) kw ( 24 hr )

Capacity Factor ¿ 50.26 %

C. TABULATION OF OPERATING SCHEDULE

OPERATING SCHEDULE:

1:00 AM Start Generator A

7:00 AM Stop Generator A
7:00 AM Start Generator B
3:00 PM Start Generator A
10:00 PM Stop Generator A
1:00 AM Stop Generator B

D. DETERMINING THE USE FACTOR

For the Use Factor of the Plant:

Max. Energy Produced ¿ Capacity × No. of Hours

Max. Energy Produced ¿ [ ( 360 ×13 ) + ( 720 ×18 ) ] kw−hr

11
 Max. Energy Produced ¿ 17,640 kw−hr

Actual Energy Produced

Use Factor ¿ Maximum Energy Produced ×100

13,026.25 kw−hr
Use Factor ¿ ×100
17,640 kw−hr

Use Factor ¿ 73.84 %

For Generator A (360 kw):

Total Area ¿ 21.8639 cm2

kw−hr
Actual Energy Produced ¿ total area×100
cm2

2 kw−hr
Actual Energy Produced ¿ 21.8639 cm ×100
cm 2

Actual Energy Produced ¿ 2,186.39 kw−hr

12
 Actual Energy Produced
Use Factor ¿
plant cap . ×no . of hours

2,186.39 kw−hr
Use Factor ¿
( 360 kw ) ( 14 hrs )

Use Factor ¿ 0.4338 ≈ 43.38 %

For Generator B (720 Kw):

Total Area ¿ 108.3986 cm2

13
 kw−hr
Actual Energy Produced ¿ total area×100
cm2

2 kw−hr
Actual Energy Produced ¿ 108.3986 cm × 100
cm 2

Actual Energy Produced ¿ 10,839.86 kw−hr

Actual Energy Produced

Use Factor ¿
plant cap . ×no . of hours

10,839.86 kw−hr
Use Factor ¿
( 720 kw ) ( 18 hrs )

Use Factor ¿ 0.8364 ≈ 83.64 %

E. COSTING

First Cost of Unit:

Cost ¿ 9,000 Php per kw capacity

Total kw with stand-by unit:

Php
Generator A ¿ 360 kw × 9,000 =₱ 3,240,000
kw

Php
Generator B ¿ 720 kw × 9,000 =₱ 6,480,000
kw

Cost of Units ¿ ₱ 3,240,000+ ₱ 6,480,000=₱ 9,720,000

Operating Cost:

14
Solving for Fuel Consumption:

From Fig. 6-15, range of variable load performance of diesel plant:

Capacity Factor ¿ 50.26 %

2.25+3.20
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿
2

kw−hr
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿ 2.725
lit

Solving for Number of Liters Per Day:

Plant Cap. ×Cap . Factor

No. of liters per day ¿
Ave . Fuel Consumpstion

(1080 kw)(0.5026)
No. of liters per day ¿ kw−hr ×24 hours
2.725
lit

liters
No. of liters per day ¿ 4,780.69
day

Solving for Number of Liters Per Month:

liters days
(
No. of liters per month ¿ 4,780.69
day )(30
month )
liters
No. of liters per month ¿ 143,420.7
month

Solving for Number of Liters Per Year:

liters month
(
No. of Liters per Year ¿ 143,420.7
month )(
12
year )

15
 liters
No. of Liters per Year ¿ 1,721,048.4
year

Solving for Fuel Cost Consumption Per Year:

Fuel cost per liter ¿ ₱ 41.35

Fuel Cost per Year ¿ No .of liters per year × Fuel cost per liter

liters
(
Fuel Cost per Year ¿ 1,721,048.4
year )( ₱ 41.35 )

Fuel Cost per Year ¿ ₱ 71,165,351.34

Solving for Lube Oil Consumption:

Lube Oil Consumption ¿ Liters of Diesel per day × 4.5 %

liters
(
Lube Oil Consumption ¿ 4,780.69
day )
(0.045)

Lube Oil Consumption ¿ 215 liters

Solving for Lube Oil Consumption Per Year:

Note: Changing of oil every 6 months

Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ Lubricating oil consumption×2 × ₱ 290

Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ ( 215 liters ) (2 )( ₱ 290)

Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ ₱ 124,700

Solving for Operating Cost Per Year:

Operating Cost ¿ Fuel Cost + Lube Oil Cost

Operating Cost ¿ ₱ 71,165,351.34+ ₱ 124,700

16
 Operating Cost ¿ ₱ 71,290,051.34

F. TABLE OF ORGANIZATION

YEARLY BASIS
QUANTITY SALARY TOTAL SALARY
×12
CEO/GM 1 ₱ 30,000 ₱ 30,000 ₱ 360,000
Operator 3 ₱ 14,000 ₱ 42,000 ₱ 504,000
EE/ME 3 ₱ 18,000 ₱ 54,000 ₱ 648,000
Meter reader 3 ₱ 9,000 ₱ 27,000 ₱ 324,000
Billing clerk 2 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 20,000 ₱ 240,000
C.P.M 1 ₱ 13,000 ₱ 13,000 ₱ 156,000
Secretary 1 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 120,000
Janitor 1 ₱ 8,000 ₱ 8,000 ₱ 96,000
Line man 1 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 10,000 ₱ 120,000
Total salary of all employees per year ₱ 2,568,000

17
G. COST OF GENERATING 1 KW-HR OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

For Unit Cost:

Cost = 9,000 Php per kw capacity

Total kw with stand-by unit:

Php
Generator A ¿ 360 kw × 9,000 =₱ 3,240,000
kw

Php
Generator B ¿ 720 kw × 9,000 =₱ 6,480,000
kw

Php
Stand-by Unit ¿ 720 kw × 9,000 =₱ 6,480,000
kw

Total Cost of Units ¿ ₱ 3,240,000+ ₱ 6,480,000+ ₱ 6,480,000

Total Cost of Units ¿ ₱ 16,200,000

For Operating Cost:

Solving for Fuel Cost Consumption Per Year:

Fuel cost per liter ¿ ₱ 41.35

Fuel Cost per Year ¿ No .of liters per year × Fuel cost per liter

liters
(
Fuel Cost per Year ¿ 1,721,048.4
year )( ₱ 41.35 )

Fuel Cost per Year ¿ ₱ 71,165,351.34

Solving for Lube Oil Consumption Per Year:

Note: Changing of oil every 6 months

18
 Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ Lubricating oil consumption×2 × ₱ 290

Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ ( 215 liters ) (2 )( ₱ 290)

Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ ₱ 124,700

Solving for Total Operating Cost Per Year:

Total Operating Cost Per Year ¿ Fuel cost per year + Lube oil per year

Total Operating Cost Per Year ¿ ₱ 71,165,351.34+₱ 124,700

Total Operating Cost Per Year ¿ ₱ 71,290,051.34

Solving for First Cost:

Unit Cost ¿ ₱ 16,200,000

Power House Area:

19
Solving for area of power house:

Length ¿ 2.5+2+2+ 4.872+ 2=13.372 m

Width ¿ 2+3.3173+2.8+3.7529+2.8+ 3.7529+ 2=20.423 m

Power House Area ¿ length ×width

Power House Area ¿ 13.372 m×20.423 m

Power House Area ¿ 273.096 m2

Power Plant Compound ¿ 273.096 m2 ÷ 0.20

Power Plant Compound ¿ 1,365.48 m2

Land Area Cost ¿ 1,476.74 m2 × ₱ 4,000/ m2

Land Area Cost¿ ₱ 5,461,920

Power House Cost ¿ 273.096 m2 × ₱ 10,000/m2

20
 Power House Cost ¿ ₱ 2,730,960

First Cost ¿ Unit Cost +¿ Power House Cost +¿ Land Area Cost

First Cost ¿ ₱ 16,200,000+ ₱ 2,730,960+ ₱ 5,461,920

First Cost ¿ ₱ 24,392,880

Solving for Maintenance Cost:

Maintenance Cost ¿ Unit Cost ×2 %

Maintenance Cost ¿ ( ₱ 16,200,000 )( 0.02 )

Maintenance Cost ¿ ₱ 324,000

For Taxes and Insurance:

Taxes and Insurance ¿ First Cost ×3 %

Taxes and Insurance ¿ ( ₱ 24,392,880 )( 0.03 )

Taxes and Insurance ¿ ₱ 731,786.4

By the Present Cost Pattern:

For Annual Cost Excluding Depreciation:

Annual Cost

¿ Annual operating cost + Annual maintenance cost + Annual taxes∧insurance

Annual Cost ¿ ₱ 71,290,051.34+₱ 324,000+ ₱ 731,786.4

Annual Cost ¿ ₱ 72,345,837.74

21
For Fixed Elements:

Solving for Cost Of Plant:

Cost of Plant ¿ Generator s ' Capacity × ₱ 9,000 per kw

Cost of Plant ¿ ( 360 kw+720 kw +720 kw )( ₱ 9,000 per kw )

Cost of Plant ¿ ₱ 16,200,000

For Transmission Line:

Solving for Number of Costumers:

Actual Energy Produced ×30 days

No. of Costumers ¿
100 kw−hr per costumer

( 13,026.25 kw−hr )( 30 days )

No. of Costumers ¿
100 kw−hr per costumer

No. of Costumers ¿ 3,907 ≈ 3,900 costumers

Solving for Number of Post:

1 post
No. of Post ¿ No .of costumers ×
4 costumers

1 post
No. of Post ¿ 3,900 costumers ×
4 costumers

No. of Post ¿ 975 ≈ 1,000 post

Solving for Cost of Post:

22
 Cost of Post ¿ No .of post × ₱ 10,000 per post

Cost of Post ¿ ( 1,000 post ) ( ₱ 10,000 per post )

Cost of Post ¿ ₱ 10,000,000

Solving for Length of Wire:

Length of Wire ¿ No .of post ×50 meter per post ×2 lines

Length of Wire ¿ 1,000 post ×50 meter per post × 2lines

Length of Wire ¿ 100,000 meters

Solving for Cost of Wire:

Cost of Wire ¿ Length of wire × ₱ 50 per meter

Cost of Wire ¿ 100,000 meters× ₱ 50 per meter

Cost of Wire ¿ ₱ 5,000,000

Solving for Cost of Transformer:

Cost of Transformer ¿ 15 transformer × ₱ 150,000

Cost of Transformer ¿ ₱ 2,250,000

Solving for Capital Cost:

Capital Cost ¿ Cost of plant+ Cost of transmissionline+Cost of post

Capital Cost ¿ ₱ 16,200,000+ ₱ 7,250,000 + ₱ 10,000,000

Capital Cost ¿ ₱ 33,450,000

23
Solving for Salvage Value:

Salvage Value ¿ Capital Cost ×20 %

Salvage Value ¿ ( ₱ 33,450,000 )( 0.20 )

Salvage Value ¿ ₱ 6,690,000

Solving for Depreciation Value:

Depreciation (Plant) ¿ Capital Cost −Salvage Value

Depreciation (Plant) ¿ ₱ 33,450,000−₱ 6,690,000

Depreciation (Plant) ¿ ₱ 26,760,000

Depreciation (Line) ¿ ( Cost of Transmission line ) ( 1−0.30 )

Depreciation (Line) ¿ ( ₱ 7,250,000 )( 1−0.30 )

Depreciation (Line) ¿ ₱ 5,075,000

Annual Depreciation Reserved will be calculated on straight line basis.

Plant Depreciation Reserved ¿ ₱ 26,760,000÷ 25 years

Plant Depreciation Reserved ¿ ₱ 1,070,400

Line Depreciation Reserved ¿ ₱ 5,075,000÷ 20 years

Line Depreciation Reserved ¿ ₱ 253,750

Annual Depreciation Reserved ¿ ₱ 1,070,400+ ₱ 253,750

Annual Depreciation Reserved ¿ ₱ 1,324,150

Solving for Interest, Taxes and Insurance:

24
 Interest, Taxes and Insurance ¿ ( Capital Cost ) ( 0.065+0.05 )

Interest, Taxes and Insurance ¿ ( ₱ 33,450,000 )( 0.65+ 0.05 )

Interest, Taxes and Insurance ¿ ₱ 3,846,750

Solving for Maintenance:

Maintenance ¿ Maintenance Cost × 10 %

Maintenance¿ ( ₱ 324,000 )( 0.10 )

Maintenance¿ ₱ 32,400

Solving for Management:

Management ¿ COE /GM + Operator + EE/ ME

Management¿ ₱ 360,000+ ₱ 504,000+ ₱ 648,000

Management¿ ₱ 1,512,000

Solving for Total Annual Cost for Fixed Element:

Total Annual Cost for Fixed Element

¿ Annual Depreciation Reserve+ Interest ,Taxes∧Insurance+ Maintenance+ Management

Total Annual Cost for Fixed Element

¿ ₱ 1,324,150+ ₱ 3,846,750+ ₱ 32,400+₱ 1,512,000

Total Annual Cost for Fixed Element ¿ ₱ 6,715,300

Solving for Energy Element:

25
 Labor ¿ meter reader +billing clerk +CPM + secretary+ janitor+line man

Labor¿ ₱ 324,000+ ₱ 240,000+ ₱ 156,000+ ₱ 120,000+₱ 96,000+₱ 120,000

Labor¿ ₱ 1,056,000

Fuel Cost ¿ ₱ 71,165,351.34

Oil, Waste and Supplies (5% of Fuel Cost) ¿ ₱ 3,558,267.57

Maintenance ¿ ₱ 324,000−₱ 32,400

Maintenance¿ ₱ 291,600

Total Energy Element ¿ ₱ 76,071,218.91

Costumer Element ¿ 0

Investor’s Profit

Assume annual profit on capitalization, over and above interest, to be 8% cost of

plant, primary and secondary distribution system.

Capitalization ¿ ₱ 16,200,000+ ₱ 7,250,000

Capitalization¿ ₱ 23,450,000

Profit ¿ ₱ 23,450,000 × 0.08

Profit¿ ₱ 1,876,000

Straight Line Meter Rate

Summing the various element of cost.

26
 Fixed Element ¿ ₱ 6,715,300

Energy Element ¿ ₱ 76,071,218.91

Profit ¿ ₱ 1,876,000

Annual Production Cost ¿ ₱ 84,662,518.91

Assuming 90% of the plant output to be registered on the costumers’ meters

(10% energy losses in line, transformer, etc.)

kw−hr
(
kw-hr delivered to the costumer ¿ 13,026.25
day )
( 365 days )( 0.09 )

kw-hr delivered to the costumer ¿ 4,279,123.125 kw−hr

FOR THE RATE KW-HR:

Annual Production Cost

Rate ¿ theCostumer ¿
kw−hr Delivered ¿

₱ 84,662,518.91
Rate ¿
4,279,123.125 kw−hr

Rate ¿ ₱ 19.79 per kw−hr

H. MACHINE FOUNDATION

27
For 360 kw Capacity Generator

Engine Bore and Stroke ¿ 9 ×11.5 ∈≈22.86 × 29.21cm

No. of Cylinder ¿ 6

Speed ¿ 720 rpm

Generated Voltage ¿ 220 volts

Overall Length ¿ 15 ft ≈ 4.572 m

Engine Length ¿ 10 ft ≈ 3.048 m

Width ¿ 4 ft ≈ 1.2192m

Height ¿ 8 ft ≈ 2.4384 m

Mass of Engine ¿ 8,400 kg

Mass of Generator ¿ 1,600 kg

Total Weight ¿ W e +W g

Total Weight ¿ 8,400 kg+ 1,600 kg

Total Weight ¿ 10,000 kg

Solving for The Length of Machine Foundation, Lmf :

Clearance, C=0.15

Empirical coefficient, e=11

Lmf =LB+ 2C

Lmf =4.572 m+ (2 )( 0.15 )

Lmf =4.872 m

28
Solving for The Upper Width of Machine Foundation, a:

a=W +2 C

a=1.2192 m+ ( 2 ) ( 0.15 )

a=1.5192 m

Solving for The Weight of Foundation, W f :

W f =e ×W e × √ N

W f =( 0.11 )( 10,000 kg ) ( √ 720 )

W f =29,516.0973 kg

Solving for Lower Width of Machine Foundation, b:

S b W e+ W f
¿
N ( b ) ( Lmf )

Sb
Solving first for :
N

kg
Soil bearing pressure, Sb =12,225
m2

Factor of safety, N=5

kg
S b 12,225 2
¿ m
N
5

Sb kg
¿ 2445 2
N m

29
 W e +W f
∴ b=¿ S b
N ( )
( Lmf )

12,225 kg+29,516.0973 kg
b=¿ kg
(
2445 2 ( 4.872 m )
m )
b=3.3173 m

Solving for The Depth of Foundation, h:

V f =¿ ( a+b2 ) ( h) ( L mf )

Solving first for V f :

1 m3
V f =( W f )
( 2,406 kg )
1 m3
V f =( 29,516.0973 kg) ( 2,406 kg )
V f =12.2677 m3

(2)( V f )
∴ h=¿
( a+b ) ( Lmf )

( 2 ) ( 12.2677 m3 )
h=¿
( 1.5192+3.3173 ) m( 4.872m)

h=1.0412m

30
Solving for The Ratio:

h
Ratio ¿
Stroke

1.0412m
Ratio ¿
0.2921m

Ratio ¿ 3.5645

Solving for The Weight of Steel Bars, W sb:

W sb =W f × 1%

W sb =( 29,516.0973 kg ) ( 0.01 )

W sb =295.16 kg

Solving for Concrete:

Cement ¿ 6.2 ×V f

Cement ¿ ( 6.2 ) ( 12.2677 m3 )

Cement ¿ 76.O 6 ≈ 77 sacks

Sand ¿ 0.52 ×V f

Sand ¿ ( 0.52 ) ( 12.2677 m3 )

Sand ¿ 6.38 ≈ 7 m 3

Gravel ¿ 0.86 ×V f

Gravel ¿ ( 0.86 ) ( 12.2677 m 3 )

31
 Gravel ¿ 10.55 ≈ 11 m3

Solving for Cost:

Cost of Cement ¿ ₱ 220 per sack

Cost of Cement ¿ ₱ 220 ×77 sacks

Cost of Cement ¿ ₱ 16,940

Cost of Sand ¿ ₱ 300 per cubic meter

Cost of Sand ¿ ₱ 300 ×7 m 3

Cost of Sand ¿ ₱ 2,100

Cost of Gravel ¿ ₱ 1,200 per cubic meter

Cost of Gravel ¿ ₱ 1,200 ×11 m 3

Cost of Gravel ¿ ₱ 13,200

Solving for The Cost of Steel Bars:

Using 5/8∈. diameter and 20 ft per piece

Weight of steel bar per 20 ft =9.482 kg

Weight of steel bars ¿ 295.16 kgs

295.16 kgs
Estimated number of Steel Bar¿
9.482 kgs

Estimated number of Steel Bar ¿ 31.13 ≈ 32 pcs .

Cost of Steel Bar ¿ ₱ 195

32
 Cost of Steel Bar ¿ ₱ 195 ×32

Cost of Steel Bar ¿ ₱ 6,240

For 720 kw Capacity Generator

Engine Bore and Stroke ¿ 13 ×16.5∈≈ 33.02× 41.91 cm

No. of Cylinder ¿ 7

Speed ¿ 514 rpm

Generated Voltage ¿ 220 volts

Overall Length ¿ 24 ft ≈ 7.3152 m

Engine Length ¿ 16 ft ≈ 4.8768 m

Width ¿ 9 ft ≈ 2.7432 m

Height ¿ 9.5 ft ≈ 2.8956 m

Mass of Engine ¿ 16,800 kg

Mass of Generator ¿ 3,200 kg

Total Weight ¿ W e +W g

Total Weight ¿ 16,800 kg+3,200 kg

Total Weight ¿ 20,000 kg

Solving for The Length of Machine Foundation, Lmf :

33
 Clearance, C=0.15

Empirical coefficient, e=11

Lmf =LB+ 2C

Lmf =7.3152m+ ( 2 ) ( 0.15 )

Lmf =7.6152m

Solving for The Upper Width of Machine Foundation, a:

a=W +2 C

a=2.7432 m+ ( 2 ) ( 0.15 )

a=3.0432 m

Solving for The Weight of Foundation, W f :

W f =e ×W e × √ N

W f =( 0.11 )( 20,000 kg ) ( √514 )

W f =49,877.4498 kg

Solving for The Lower Width of Machine Foundation, b:

S b W e+ W f
¿
N ( b ) ( Lmf )

Sb
Solving first for :
N

kg
Soil bearing pressure, Sb =12,225
m2

34
 Factor of safety, N=5

kg
S b 12,225 2
¿ m
N
5

Sb kg
¿ 2445 2
N m

W e +W f
∴ b=¿ S b
N ( )
( Lmf )

20,000 kg+ 49,877.4498 kg

b=¿ kg
(
2445 2 ( 7.6152 m )
m )
b=3.7529 m

Solving for The Depth of Foundation, h:

V f =¿ ( a+b2 ) ( h) ( L mf )

Solving first for V f :

1 m3
V f =( W f )
( 2,406 kg )
1 m3
V f =(49,877.4498 kg) ( 2,406 kg )
V f =20.7304 m3

(2)( V f )
∴ h=¿
( a+b ) ( Lmf )

(2 ) ( 20.7304 m3 )
h=¿
( 3.0432+3.7529 ) m(7.6152 m)

35
 h=0.8011 m

Solving for The Ratio:

h
Ratio ¿
Stroke

0.8011 m
Ratio ¿
0.4191m

Ratio ¿ 1.9115

Solving for The Weight of Steel Bars, W sb:

W sb =W f × 1%

W sb =( 49,877.4498 kg )( 0.01 )

W sb =498.77 kg

Solving for Concrete:

Cement ¿ ( 6.2 ) ( V f )

Cement ¿ ( 6.2 ) ( 20.7304 m 3 )

Cement ¿ 128.53 ≈ 129 sacks

Sand ¿ ( 0.52 ) ( V f )

Sand ¿ ( 0.52 ) ( 20.7304 m 3 )

Sand ¿ 10.78 ≈ 11m3

36
 Gravel ¿ ( 0.86 ) ( V f )

Gravel ¿ ( 0.86 ) ( 20.7304 m 3 )

Gravel ¿ 17.83 ≈ 18 m3

Solving for Cost:

Cost of Cement ¿ ₱ 220 per sack

Cost of Cement ¿ ₱ 220 ×129 sacks

Cost of Cement ¿ ₱ 28,380

Cost of Sand ¿ ₱ 300 per cubic meter

Cost of Sand ¿ ₱ 300 ×11 m3

Cost of Sand ¿ ₱ 33,000

Cost of Gravel ¿ ₱ 1,200 per cubic meter

Cost of Gravel ¿ ₱ 1,200 ×18 m3

Cost of Gravel ¿ ₱ 21,600

Solving for The Cost of Steel Bars:

Using 5/8∈. diameter and 20 ft per piece

Weight of steel bar per 20 ft =9.482 kg

Weight of steel bars ¿ 498.77 kgs

37
 498.77 kgs
Estimated number of Steel Bar¿
9.482 kgs

Estimated number of Steel Bar ¿ 52.6 ≈ 53 pcs .

Cost of Steel Bar ¿ ₱ 195

Cost of Steel Bar ¿ ₱ 195 ×53

Cost of Steel Bar ¿ ₱ 10,335

I. COOLING SYSTEM FOR THE PLANT

Given: DB=35 ℃

WB=28 ℃

te 1=43.3℃

te 2=65.6 ℃

t a=60 ℃

Efficiency=70 %

38
SOLUTION:

Solving for Temperature Leaving The Cooling Tower t b:

t a−t b
efficiency =¿
t a −t wb

60 ℃−t b
0.7=¿
60℃ −28 ℃

t b=37.6 ℃

Solving for Required Water in The Engine:

Lit−k
Ww =¿
e
( 917.344
kw−hr )
( kw cap )

te 2−te 1

L−k
Ww =¿
e
( 917.344
kw−hr )
( 360+720 ) kw

(65.6−43.3)℃

39
 Lit 1 hr
Ww e =44,427.4224 ×
hr 60 min

Lit
Ww e =740.457
min

Solving for Required Water in The Heat Exchanger:

Heat Balance at the Heat Exchanger:

Ww e ( te 2−te 1 ) =Ww ( t a−t b )

40
 Wwe ( te 2−te 1 )
Ww=¿
( t a−tb )

Lit
740.457 ( 65.6−43.3 ) ℃
Ww=¿ min
( 60−37.6 ) ℃

Lit
Ww=733.85
min

Heat Balance in the Cooling Tower:

h1 + ∆W hft ' +Ww h fta=h2+Ww hftb

41
 Pv =P WB−6.66 ×10−4 ( Pt ) ( DB−WB )

PWB=P @ 28℃ =3.782 kpa

PWB=3.782kpa−6.66 ×10−4 ( 101.325 ) (35−28 )

PWB=3.3096 kpa

Pv
W 1=0.622
( Pt −P v )
3.3096
W 1=0.622 ( 101.325−3.3096 )
kg V
W 1=0.021002
kg da

h1 =1.007 t−0.026+W 1 ( 2501+ 1.84 t )

kg V
h1 =1.007 (35 ℃ ) −0.026+0.021002 [ 2501+1.84(35℃ ) ]
kg da

KJ
h1 =89.098
kg

t d=t a −5.5℃

t d= ( 60−5.5 ) ℃

t d=54.5℃

Pv
RH =¿
Pd

Pd @54.5 ℃

By interpolation:

42
54.5−54 P d−15.019
¿
55−54 15.758−15.019

Pd =15.3885 kpa

Pv =RH Pd

Pv = ( 0.7 ) (15.3885 kpa)

Pv =13.84965 kpa

Pv
W 2 =0.622
( Pt −P v )
13.84965
W 2 =0.622 ( 101.325−13.84965 )
kg V
W 2 =0.098479
kg da

h2 =1.007 t−0.026+W 2 ( 2501+ 1.84 t )

kg V
h2 =1.007 (54.5 ℃ )−0.026+0.098479 [ 2501+1.84 ( 54.5 ℃ ) ]
kg da

KJ
h2 =311.027
kg

∆ W =W 2 −W 1

kg V
∆ W =( 0.098479−0.021002 )
kg da

kg V
∆ W =0.077477
kg da

43
 KJ
h fta=hf @60 ℃=251.13
kg

h ftb=hf @37.6 ℃

By interpolation:

37.6−37 h f −155.03
¿
38−37 159.21−155.03

KJ
h ftb=157.538
kg

KJ
h ft ' =hf @ 20 ℃=83.96
kg

h2−h 1−∆ W h ft '

 Ww=¿
h fta −hftb

KJ kg V KJ
Ww=¿
( 311.027−89.098 )
kg [
− 0.077477 (
kg da
83.96
kg )]
KJ
( 251.13−157.538 )
kg

kg water
Ww=2.30174
kg da

Solving for Mass Flow Rate of Air, m q:

Wwe
m q=¿
Ww

740.457
m q=¿
2.30174

kg
m q=321.69
min

44
Solving for Make-Up Water:

Make-up Water ¿ m q ×∆ W

kg kg V
(
Make-up Water ¿ 321.69
min )(
0.077477
kg da )
kg
Make-up Water ¿ 24.9236
min

Solving for The Fan Power:

 14 hp /1000 gpm cooled ; 1 gal=3.785 lit

lit 1 gal
(
Fan Power ¿ 733.85
min ) ( 3.785 lit )

Fan Power ¿ ( 193.8838 gpm ) ( 100014 hpgpm )

Fan Power ¿ 2.7144 hp ≈ 3 hp

Solving for 720 kw Cooling Tower:

Given: DB=35 ℃

WB=28 ℃

te 1=43.3℃

te 2=65.6 ℃

t a=60 ℃

Efficiency=70 %

45
SOLUTION:

Solving for Temperature Leaving The Cooling Tower t b:

t a−t b
efficiency =¿
t a −t wb

60 ℃−t b
0.7=¿
60℃ −28 ℃

t b=37.6 ℃

Solving for Required Water in The Engine:

Lit−k
Ww =¿
e
( 917.344
kw−hr )
( kw cap )

te 2−te 1

L−k
Ww =¿
e
( 917.344
kw−hr )
( 720 ) kw

(65.6−43.3)℃

Lit 1 hr
Ww e =29,618.28 ×
hr 60 min

46
 Lit
Ww e =493.638
min

Solving for Required Water in the Heat Exchanger:

Heat Balance in the Heat Exchanger:

Ww e ( te 2−te 1 ) =Ww ( t a−t b )

Wwe ( te 2−te 1 )
Ww=¿
( t a−tb )

Lit
493.638 ( 65.6−43.3 ) ℃
Ww=¿ min
( 60−37.6 ) ℃

Lit
Ww=491.43
min

Heat Balance in the Cooling Tower:

47
h1 + ∆W hft ' +Ww h fta=h2+Ww hftb

Pv =P WB−6.66 ×10−4 ( Pt ) ( DB−WB )

PWB=P @ 28℃ =3.782 kpa

PWB=3.782kpa−6.66 ×10−4 ( 101.325 ) (35−28 )

PWB=3.3096 kpa

Pv
W 1=0.622
( Pt −P v )
3.3096
W 1=0.622 ( 101.325−3.3096 )
kg V
W 1=0.021002
kg da

h1 =1.007 t−0.026+W 1 ( 2501+ 1.84 t )

kg V
h1 =1.007 (35 ℃ ) −0.026+0.021002 [ 2501+1.84(35℃ ) ]
kg da

48
 KJ
h1 =89.098
kg

t d=t a −5.5℃

t d= ( 60−5.5 ) ℃

t d=54.5℃

Pv
RH =¿
Pd

Pd @54.5 ℃

By interpolation:

54.5−54 P d−15.019
¿
55−54 15.758−15.019

Pd =15.3885 kpa

Pv =RH Pd

Pv = ( 0.7 ) (15.3885 kpa)

Pv =13.84965 kpa

Pv
W 2 =0.622
( Pt −P v )
13.84965
W 2 =0.622 ( 101.325−13.84965 )
49
 kg V
W 2 =0.098479
kg da

h2 =1.007 t−0.026+W 2 ( 2501+ 1.84 t )

kg V
h2 =1.007 (54.5 ℃ )−0.026+0.098479 [ 2501+1.84 ( 54.5 ℃ ) ]
kg da

KJ
h2 =311.027
kg

∆ W =W 2 −W 1

kg V
∆ W =( 0.098479−0.021002 )
kg da

kg V
∆ W =0.077477
kg da

KJ
h fta=hf @60 ℃=251.13
kg

h ftb=hf @37.6 ℃

By interpolation:

37.6−37 h f −155.03
¿
38−37 159.21−155.03

KJ
h ftb=157.538
kg

KJ
h ft ' =hf @ 20 ℃=83.96
kg

50
 h2−h 1−∆ W h ft '
 Ww=¿
h fta −hftb

KJ kg V KJ
Ww=¿
( 311.027−89.098 )
kg [
− 0.077477
kg da (
83.96
kg )]
KJ
( 251.13−157.538 )
kg

kg water
Ww=2.30174
kg da

Solving for Mass Flow Rate of Air, m q:

Wwe
m q=¿
Ww

493.638
m q=¿
2.30174

kg
mq=214.463
min

Solving for Make-Up Water:

Make-up Water ¿ mq ×∆ W

kg kg V
(
Make-up Water ¿ 214.463
min )(
0.077477
kg da )
kg
Make-up Water ¿ 16.6159
min

Solving for The Fan Power:

51
  14 hp /1000 gpm cooled ; 1 gal=3.785 lit

lit 1 gal
(
Fan Power ¿ 491.43
min ) ( 3.785 lit )

Fan Power ¿ ( 129.84 gpm ) ( 100014 hpgpm )

Fan Power ¿ 1.82 hp ≈ 2hp

J. PIPING SYSTEM

Solving for the Pipe Size:

Piping from the Generator to Cooling Tower (Suction Line)

Q= A × V

52
 3
lit
Q=Ww e =740.457 × 0.0353 ft
min 1 lit

ft 3
Q=26.14
min

For Piping at Suction:

From Table 2-6 p.72 (Power Plant Theory and Design by Potter)

ft
V =100
min

Q
∴ A=¿
V

ft 3
26.14
min
A=¿
ft
100
min

A=0.2614 ft 2

From plate no. 1 using schedule 120:

Nominal pipe size ¿ 8∈¿

Outside diameter ¿ 8.625∈¿

Wall thickness ¿ 0.718∈¿

Inside diameter ¿ 7.189∈¿

PIPING FOR STAND-BY UNIT (720 kw):

53
Piping from the Generator to Cooling Tower (Suction Line)

Q= A × V

3
lit
Q=Ww e =493.638 × 0.0353 ft
min 1 lit

ft 3
Q=17.43
min

For Piping at Suction:

From Table 2-6 p.72 (Power Plant Theory and Design by Potter)

ft
V =100
min

Q
∴ A=¿
V

ft 3
17.43
min
A=¿
ft
100
min

A=0.1743 ft 2

54
 From plate no. 1 using schedule 80:

Nominal pipe size ¿ 6∈¿

Outside diameter ¿ 6.625∈¿

Wall thickness ¿ 0.432∈¿

Inside diameter ¿ 5.761∈¿

K. CAPACITY OF FUEL TANK, ENGINE DAY TANK, AND FUEL TRANSFER PUMPS

Solving for Capacity of Fuel Tank:

For fuel capacity:

Plant Capacity Factor ¿ 0.5026 ≈ 50.26 %

Average output ¿ 0.5026 ×(360+720)

Average output ¿ 542.808 KW

FROM fig 6-15 p. 164 (Power Plant Engineering by Morse)

By having Capacity Factor of 50.26%

2.25+3.20
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿
2

kw−hr
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿ 2.725
lit

55
Solving for The Required Storage:

Average Output
Required Storage ¿
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption

542.808 kw
Required Storage ¿ kw−hr
2.725
lit

lit hrs days

Required Storage ¿ 199.1956 ×24 × 30
hr day month

lit m3
Required Storage ¿ 143,420.83 ≈ 143.421
month month

Solving for Monthly Fuel Storage Tank:

Where: Diameter ¿ Height

π D2
V =¿ ×H
4

4V
D=¿ 3
√ π

√
D=¿ 3 ( 4 ) ( 143.421 m )
π

D=5.67 m say 6 m

Storage Day Tank Dimension ¿ 6 m× 6 m

For Generator’s Day Tank:

56
For Generator A (360 kw capacity):

Solving for Actual Energy Produced:

kw−hr
2
(
Actual Energy Produced ¿ ( 21.855 cm ) 100
sq . cm )
Actual Energy Produced ¿ 2,815.5 kw−hr

Solving for Max. Energy Produced:

Max. Energy Produced ¿ 362 kw ×13 hrs

Max. Energy Produced ¿ 4,680 kw−hr

Solving for Capacity Factor:

Actual Energy Produced

Capacity Factor ¿ Maximum Energy Produced ×100

2,185.5 kw−hr
Capacity Factor ¿ 4,680 kw−hr ×100

Capacity Factor ¿ 46.69 %

From Fig. 6-15, range of variable load performance of diesel plant:

2.12+ 3.10
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿
2

kw−hr
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿ 2.61
lit

57
 ( 0.4669 )( 360 kw ) (13 hrs )
Required Daily Tank ¿ kw−hr
2.61
lit

1 m3
Required Daily Tank ¿ 873.2 Lit ×
1000 Lit

Required Daily Tank ¿ 0.8372 m3

Solving for Storage Day Tank:

For the diameter:

Where: Diameter ¿ Height

Height ¿ 1.5 D

π D2
V =¿ ×1.5 D
4

4V
D=¿ 3
√ 1.5 π

√
D=¿ 3 ( 0.8372m ) ( 4 )
1.5 π

D=0.8924 m say 1 m

For the height:

H=1.5 D

H= (1.5 )( 1 m )

H=1.5 m

For Generator B (720 kw capacity):

58
Solving for Actual Energy Produced:

kw−hr
2
Actual Energy Produced ¿ ( 108.2875 cm ) 100 ( sq . cm )
Actual Energy Produced ¿ 10,838.75 kw−hr

Solving for Max. Energy Produced:

Max. Energy Produced ¿ ( 720 kw )( 18 hrs )

Max. Energy Produced ¿ 12,960 kw−hr

Solving for Capacity Factor:

Actual Energy Produced

Capacity Factor ¿ Maximum Energy Produced ×100

10,838.75 kw−hr
Capacity Factor ¿ ×100
12,960 kw−hr

Capacity Factor ¿ 83.63 %

From Fig. 6-15, range of variable load performance of diesel plant:

2.85+3.76
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿
2

kw−hr
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿ 3.305
lit

( 0.8363 )( 720 kw ) (18 hrs )

Required Daily Tank ¿ kw−hr
3.305
lit

1 m3
Required Daily Tank ¿ 3,279.41 Lit ×
1000 Lit

59
 Required Daily Tank ¿ 3.2794 m3

Solving for Storage Day Tank:

For the diameter:

Where: Diameter ¿ Height

Height ¿ 1.5 D

π D2
V =¿ ×1.5 D
4

4V
D=¿ 3
√ π

√
D=¿ 3 ( 3.2794 m ) ( 4 )
15 π

D=1.4067 m say 1 .5 m

For the height:

H=1.5 D

H= (1.5 )( 1.5 m )

H=2.25 m

FOR PLANT B (TRIAL 2)

60
CAPACITY FACTOR OF THE PLANT

Atotal =130.6125cm 2

kw hr
(
Each sq. cm ¿ 100
cm )( )
1
cm

kw−hr
Each sq. cm ¿ 100
sq . cm

kw−hr
2
(
Actual Energy Produced ¿ ( 130.6125 cm ) 100
sq . cm )
Actual Energy Produced ¿ 13,026.25 kw−hr

Actual Energy Produced

Capacity Factor ¿ ×100
Plant Capacity × No . of Hours

13,026.25 kw−hr
Capacity Factor ¿ ×100
( 360+360+720 ) kw ( 24 hr )

Capacity Factor ¿ 37.69 %

TABULATION OF OPERATING SCHEDULE

61
 Operating Schedule:

1:00 AM Start Generator A

7:00 AM Stop Generator A
7:00 AM Start Generator B
3:00 PM Start Generator C
10:00 PM Stop Generator C
1:00 AM Stop Generator B

DETERMINING THE USE FACTOR

Actual Energy Produced

Use Factor ¿ Maximum Energy Produced ×100

13,026.25 kw−hr
Use Factor ¿ ×100
17,640 kw−hr

Use Factor ¿ 73.84 %

COSTING

Operating Cost:

Solving for Fuel Consumption:

From Fig. 6-15, range of variable load performance of diesel plant:

Capacity Factor ¿ 37.69 %

1.75+2.25
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿
2

62
 kw−hr
Average Diesel Fuel Consumption ¿ 2.25
lit

Solving for Number of Liters Per Day:

Plant Cap. ×Cap . Factor

No. of liters per day ¿
Ave . Fuel Consumpstion

(1440 kw)(0.3769)
No. of liters per day ¿ kw−hr ×24 hours
2.25
lit

liters
No. of liters per day ¿ 5,789.18
day

Solving for Number of Liters Per Month:

liters days
(
No. of liters per month ¿ 5,789.18
day )(
30
month )
liters
No. of liters per month ¿ 173,675.52
month

Solving for Number of Liters Per Year:

liters month
(
No. of Liters per Year ¿ 173,675.52
month
12 )(
year )
liters
No. of Liters per Year ¿ 2,084,106.24
year

Solving for Fuel Cost Consumption Per Year:

Fuel Cost per Liter ¿ ₱ 41.35

63
 Fuel Cost per Year ¿ No .of liters per year × Fuel cost per liter

liters
(
Fuel Cost per Year ¿ 2,084,106.24
year )( ₱ 41.35 )

Fuel Cost per Year ¿ ₱ 86,177,793.02

Solving for Lube Oil Consumption:

Lube Oil Consumption ¿ Liters of Diesel per day × 4.5 %

liters
(
Lube Oil Consumption ¿ 5,789.18
day )(0.045)

Lube Oil Consumption ¿ 261 liters

Solving for Lube Oil Consumption Per Year:

Note: Changing of oil every 6 months

Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ Lubricating oil consumption×2 × ₱ 290

Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ ( 261liters )( 2 ) ( ₱ 290)

Lube Oil Consumption per Year ¿ ₱ 151,380

Solving for Operating Cost Per Year:

Operating Cost ¿ Fuel Cost + Lube Oil Cost

Operating Cost ¿ ₱ 86,177,793.02+ ₱ 151,380

Operating Cost ¿ ₱ 86,329,173.02

64
COST OF GENERATING 1 KW-HR OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

For Unit Cost:

Cost = 9,000 Php per kw capacity

Total kw with stand-by unit:

Php
Generator A ¿ 360 kw × 9,000 =₱ 3,240,000
kw

Php
Generator B ¿ 720 kw × 9,000 =₱ 6,480,000
kw

Php
Stand-by Unit ¿ 720 kw × 9,000 =₱ 6,480,000
kw

Total Cost of Units ¿ ₱ 3,240,000+ ₱ 6,480,000+ ₱ 6,480,000+ ₱ 3,240,000

Total Cost of Units ¿ ₱ 19,440,000

Solving for First Cost:

Unit Cost ¿ ₱ 19,440,000

Solving for area of power house:

Length ¿ 2.5+2+2+ 4.872+ 2=13.372 m

Width ¿ 2+3.3173+2.8+3.3173+2.8+ 3.7529+ 2.8+3.7529+2

Width ¿ 26.54 m

Power House Area ¿ length ×width

Power House Area ¿ 13.372 m×26.54 m

65
Power House Area ¿ 354.89 m 2

Power Plant Compound ¿ 354.89 m 2 ÷ 0.20

Power Plant Compound ¿ 1,774.45 m 2

Land Area Cost ¿ 1,774.45 m 2 × ₱ 4,000 /m2

Land Area Cost¿ ₱ 7,097,800

Power House Cost ¿ 354.89 m 2 × ₱ 10,000/ m2

Power House Cost ¿ ₱ 3,548,900

First Cost ¿ Unit Cost +¿ Power House Cost +¿ Land Area Cost

First Cost ¿ ₱ 16,200,000+ ₱ 3,548,900+ ₱ 7,097,800

First Cost ¿ ₱ 26,846,700

66
 GLOSSARY

Make-up water- is the water required to replace total losses by evaporation, drift, and
blow down and small leaks

Cooling Range- is the difference in temperature between the hot water entering and
cold water leaving the tower

Drift- is the water lost as a mist or droplets entrained by the circulating air and discharge
to the atmosphere. It is in addition to the evaporative loss and is minimized by good
design

Induced draft tower- it is prevalent in US practice. The fan is mounted on the top
(discharged) of the cell, with consequent improved air distribution within the cell; drift
eliminators reduce make-up requirements; spray nozzles, downspouts, splash plates and
splash bars ensure ample evaporative surface for the water, with maximum volumetric
heat transfer rates

Fan Power Input- is the power required to drive the fan and any elements in the drive
train which are considered as a part of the fan. Power input can be calculated from
appropriate measurements for a dynamometer, torque meter or calibrated motor

Fan Total Efficiency- is the ratio of the fan power output to the fan power input

Fan Static Pressure- is the difference between the fan total pressure and the velocity
pressure. Therefore, fan static pressure is the difference between the static pressure at
the fan outlet and the total pressure at the fan inlet

Fan Speed- is the rotative speed of the impeller

67
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Frederick T. Morse, "Power Plant Design", Quezon City, Phil. KEN Incorporated.

Eugene A. Avallone, Theodore Baumeister III, Ali M. Sadegh, "MARK'S Standard

Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 11th Edition", New York, McGraw Hill Company.

Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers; "The PSME code of 2003"; 2003 Revision of
PSME Code

J. Kenneth Salisbury, "KENT'S MECHANICAL ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK, Power Volume,

12th Edition" New York and London, Wiley & Sons Inc.

68