Dr.

Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology

and Management

Practical File
of
Optical and Wireless Communication
Lab (ETEC-451)

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Surinder Dhiman Archit Kumar
Professor 01615602817
ECE Department ECE F-3
 INDEX

S No. Experiment Name Date Sign

1. Introduction of fiber optics. 29/08/20

To study 650nm fiber

2. 11/09/20
optics analog
link.
Settingupafiberoptical digital
3. 11/09/20
link.

4. To study bending loss. 18/09/20

To measure propagation or
5. 18/09/20
attenuation loss in fiber
optics.
Measurement of optical power
6. 25/09/20
using optical power meter.
To setup fiber optical link
7. voice using frequency 02/10/20
modulation. (analog link)
Tostudyvoice-transmission
8. throughfiberopticcableusing 09/10/20
PWM.

9. PW and APD Photodiode 16/10/20

Tostudy functioning and

10. characteristics of Optical 23/10/20
Fiber software
 Experiment No. 1
Aim: Introduction to fiber optics.

Theory:
Communication may be broadly defined as the
transfer of information from one point toanother.
The function istoconvey information from the
information source over the transmission medium
to the destination. It requires modulator linked to the
source, the transmission medium anda
demodulator at destination point.
1. Analog fiber optical communication
system.
The information source provides an electrical
signal to the transmitter. An electrical signal
drives an optical source, which provides the
electrical optical conversion by may be
semiconductor layer of an optical fiber cable.
The receiver is an optical detector which drives
an electrical stage and hence provides demodulation
of optical carrier.

2. Digital optical fiber communication

system.
The input signal from information source is
suitably encoded for electrical optical
transmission. The laser drives circuit directly.
Hence, digital signal is launched into optical fiber
cable. The avalanche photodiode detector is
followed by a front-end amplifier filter to
provide gain as well as linear signal
processing.

3. Advantages of optical fiber

communication:

1. Enormous potential bandwidth.

2. Small size and less weight.
3. Electrical isolation.
4. Immunity to interfere, to cross-talk.
1
5. L security.
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4. Limitation of optical fiber communication:
t
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1. Branching of optical fiber.
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2. Effect of gamma radiation.
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3. Effect of electrical field.
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Circuit Diagram:

Result:
Introduction to optical fiber is studied.

Discussion:
Optical fiber isthe technology associated withdata transmission using light
pulses travellingalongwithalongfiberwhich isusuallymadeof plasticor
glass. Metal wiresare
preferredfortransmissioninopticalfibercommunication as signals travel
with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by electromagnetic
interference. The fiber optical cable uses the application of total internal
reflection of light.
Experiment No. 2
Aim:

To study a 650nm fiber optic analog link.

Equipments:
Fiber optic trainer, 20MHz dual channel oscilloscope.

Theory:
Optics link can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.
Usually a fiberlink contains three main elements, atransmitter, an optical
fiber and receiver.
1. Transmitter: Fiber optic transmitter are typically comprised of a
buffer, a driver and an optical source. The buffer provides both an
electrical connection and isolation b/w transmitter and electrical system,
supplying the data.
2. Fiber Optic Link: Emitter and detector circuits on board form the
fiber optic link.
3. Receiver: The comparator circuit, LPF, PLC, AC amplifier circuit
form receiver on board.

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to board.
2. Ensure the following connections:
a. Connect the nic output to audio input circuit.
b. o/p of audio circuit is connected to input emitter circuit.
c. Input opticlink b/w output of emitter & input of detector circuit.
d. o/p of detector circuit is connected to input of AC amplifier.
Circuit Diagram and Waveforms:

Result:
Input and output waveforms were found to be in agreement.
Precautions:
1. Switch off the power supply when not in use.
2. Toavoid electric shock, thegrounding conductor of oscilloscope
must be connected to earth ground.

Discussion:
1. A carrier to noise ratio analysis is used instead of a signal to
noise ratio analysis.
2. For a sinusoidal received signal, the carrier power C at the output of
the receiver is C = ½ (mRMPo)2; where Po is the average received optical
power.

Experiment No. 3
Aim:

Setting up a fiber optical digital link

 Study of 950 nm & 660 nm fiber optical digital link.
 Percentage shoe of how digital signal can be transmitted over fiber
calls and reproduced at secure end.

Equipment Used:
Opticaltransmitterandreceivers, 20 MHzdualchanneloscilloscope one-meter
fiber call.

Theory:
Fiber Optical link has the following elements:

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply.
2. Ensure that all the switches are closed.
3. Make the following connections –
1. Connect the mic output the audio input.
2. Output of the audio signal is connected to either circuit.
3. Setup official link between output of the emitter circuitand input
of the detector circuit.
4. Output of the detector circuit is connected tothe input of the
amplifier circuit.
5. Finallycheckthewaveformi.e., inputandoutputofthe ACamplifier
circuit.
Waveforms:

Result:
Input and output were found to lie in agreement.

Precautions:
1. Switch off the power supply when not in use.
2. Toavoid electric shock, the grounding conductor ofthe oscilloscope
must be connected to earth ground.

Discussion:
1. The optical power level at the end of a link defines the signal to noise
ratio at the receiver which is used to measure the performance of
both analog and digital communication systems.
2. The optical signal becomes attenuated due to loss mechanisms in the
fiber at connectors.
 Experiment No. 4
Aim:
To study bending loss.

Material Required:
Opticaltransmitter & receiver, fiber cable, 20 MHz dual channel oscilloscope,
power supply.

Theory:
Whatever the condition of angel of incidence of incident light is violated, the
loss is introduced due to refraction of light. This occur when fiber is subjected
to bending loss, more the radius of curvature more is the loss.
Bending cable are of two types –
 Micro bending - micro bends are small, micro bends of fiber
axis. It can still occur over if fiber optic cable is correct.
 Macro bending – macro bends are relatively larger than micro bends
of fiber axis. If the fiber cables are bent two sharply.

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to board.
2. Make the following connections.
a. Function generator 1KHz, sine wave output to input, one
socket of emitter onecircuitviaload,
connecttheoutputtoamplifierandinput socket.
b. Wind the fiber optics cable and observe the
corresponding AC amplifies output on CRO.
Observation:
 without fiber optic wound.
 with fiber optic wound.

Number of Voltage
Wounds
7 8.8

5 12.4

2 13.2

Bending loss for 7 wounds is:

14−8.8 × 100 =
3.7% ( )
14

Result:
Bending loss calculated successfully.

Precautions:
1. Switch off the power supply when not in use.
2. Toavoid electric shock, the grounding conductor ofthe oscilloscope
must be connected to earth ground.

Discussion:
1. Radiative losses occur whenever an optical fiber undergoes a bend of
finite radius of curvature.
2. Fibers can be subjected to two types of bends:
a. Macroscopic bends (having radii that is large as compared to
fiber diameter)
b. Random microscopic bends of fiber axis.
Experiment No. 5
Aim:

To measure propagation or attenuation loss in fiber optics.

Material Required:
Optical receiver kit, connecting wires, CRO etc.

Theory:
Attenuation is the loss of power. During transit light pulse lossessome of
the photons. Thus, reducing their amplitudes. Attenuation for fiber is
usuallyspecified indB/kmforcommercially availablefiber. Attenuation rangefrom
1 dB/kmforsmall care glassfibertocause 2000 dB/kmforalarge
coreglassplasticfiberlossinby definition means negative drill.
α (dB) = 10 log P1
L P0

α: attenuation
constant L: length of
fiber

Procedure:

Connect the power supplytothe board, makethefollowingconnections.

1. Function generator 1KHz sine wave output to input socket of emitter
circuit.
2. Connect 5km optic fiber to emitter output and detector.
3. Connect detector output to amplifier input via 4mm load.
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. Observe the output signal form.

Observation:
V1 =

2.2V V2

= 1.6V

L1 = Length of shorter

cable. L2 = Length of V1
= e−α(L1+L2)
V2
longer cable.
α = 1.99db/m
Result:
The propagation is found to be 199dB/km.

Precautions:
1. Switch off the power supply when not in use.
2. Toavoid electric shock, the grounding conductor ofthe oscilloscope
must be connected to earth ground.

Discussion:
1. Attenuation or loss in optical fiber basically refers to the loss of
power.
2. The degree of attenuation depends on the wavelength of light
transmitted.
Experiment No. 6
Aim:

Measurement of optical power using optical power meter .

Apparatus Required:
Optical power meter, transmitter-receiverkit, optical fiber, connectingfiber.

Objective:
 Study of the graph of characteristics of the fiber optics LED and plot
of the graph.
 Study the photoelectron response.

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to the board.
2. Ensure that all the switches faults are off.
3. Connect thefiber optic cable with emitter output and power
inputswitch emitter device to analog mode and switch on the
power.
4. Keep the power meter wavelength selector switch in 660nm.

Observations:
 Emitter 1 Emitter 2

650nm = 21.3 650nm = 22.1

950nm = 20.9 950nm = 20.3
LED Rating

S No. Voltage(V) Optical Curve

1 0.3 21.1
2 0.7 21.2
3 1.2 21.2
4 1.7 21.3
5 2.1 21.4
6 3.6 21.5
7 4.4 21.5
8 4.6 21.6

Result:
Measurement of optical power using an optical power meter is being done.

Precautions:
1. Switch off the power supply when not in use.
2. Wear eye protection when working with high-power cables.

Discussion:
1. A traditional optical power meter responds to a broad spectrum of
light, however, the calibration is wavelength dependent.
2. If there are other spurious wavelengths present, then wrong
readings will result.
 Experiment No. 7

Aim:
To set up an optical voice link (analogy link using frequency modulation).

Apparatus Required:
Optical fiber, Connecting wires.

Theory:
The voice signal is an analog signal which is given as an input to the fiber
optical transmitter kit. The analog input is subjected to frequency modulation and
the output is seen at the output band of the LPE.

Procedure:
1. Connect supply board with power.
2. Setamplitude offunction generatorto 180of transmittedsignal on CRO.
3. Vout set Vin to suitable value and rate the value of Vin.
4. Connect audio input clock to input clock.
5. Switch on the power supply.
6. Speak into the microphone and listen to the headphones.

Block Diagram:

Result:
Voice transmission through fiber optic cable using FM is demodulated
successfully.
Precautions:
1. Switch off the power supply when not in use.
2. Wear eye protection when working with high-power cables.

Discussion:
1. A carrier to noise ratio analysis is used instead of a signal to noise
ratio analysis.
2. For a sinusoidal received signal, the carrier power C at the output
of the receiver is
C= 1/2(mRMPo)2; where Po is the average received optical power.

Experiment No. 8
Aim:

To study voice-transmission through fiber optic cable using PWM.

Material Required:
Trainee kit, connecting wires, CRO, power supply.

Theory:
Voice signal or the analog signal, is subjected to PWM i.e., Pulse Width
Modulation. PWM in a signal means when its width is modulated with respect
to carrier when a signal is subjected to fiber optic cable.

Procedure:
1. Connect to power supply.
2. Connect amplitude of function to KV.
3. Set Vin to suitable value and note values of Vo.
4. Observe transmitted signal on CRO.
5. Connect audio input to input block.

Block Diagram:
Result:
Voicetransmissionthroughfiberopticcableusing PWM isverifiedsuccessfully.

Precautions:
1. Switch off the power supply when not in use.
2. To avoid electric shock, the grounding conductor of the oscilloscope
must be connected to earth ground.
Discussion:
1. PWM is an alternative to frequency modulation. They are both
digital transmissions.
2. PWM is particularly suited forrunninginertial loads suchas motors,
which are not as easily affected by this discrete switching, because
their inertia causes them to react slowly.

Experiment No. 9
Aim:

PW and APD photodiode characteristics.

Objective:
 To measure a number of important characteristics of a pin diode
and an avalanche photodiode (APD).
 Responsibility (Rₒ) for a pin diode in both photosensitivity and
photovoltaic mode.
 Responsivity of an APD.
 Gain Vs reverse bias for an APD.

Material Required:
Cased pin diode, APD photodiode, LED 850nm, Reference light source to 20dm
at fiber output optic, 50µm care 3mA to 5mA optical fiber patch chord.

Theory:
Optical Detector: Photodiode converts light signal to electronic signal which can
then processed further. For fiber optic application photo detector, PN diode
and APD are variations on basis of depletion layer photodiode in which
reverse current is altered by absorption of light at wavelength.

DEFINATIONS FOR PHOTODIODE:

1. Quantum Efficiency: It is defined for photodiode at the direction
of incident photon falling sufficient energy to liberate
electrons.
2. Responsivity: It is a practical measure of output current for a
given optical power input. It is defined as average output current
divided by average incident optical power in (A/W) units.
3. Gain: It is multiplication of the primary photons. Current gain
exist in APD only and is the ratio output to the current.
4. Dark Current: In the absence of light a small dark current flow
in photo diode which causes leakage in reverse bias.
Characteristic Curve:

RESULT:
Record all the result listed in the procedure compare responsivity values with
the typical values.

Precautions:
1. Switch off the power supply when not in use.
2. Don’t exceed the ratings of diode above its maximum rating as it will
lead to breakdown condition.

Discussion:
1. The PIN diode is used as a high voltage rectifier. The intrinsic layer
in the diode offers a partition between the both the layers,
permitting higher reverse voltages to be tolerated.
2. Avalanche diodes produce RF noise, they are generally used as
noise sources in radio gears. For example, they are frequently used
as a source of radio frequencyfor antenna analyzer bridges.
Avalanche diodes are used to generate microwave frequency.
Aim:
Exp eriment No. 10

To study functioning and characteristics of OptiFiber software and its various

tools.

Software Required: OptiFiber 2.2.0.

Theory:
The optimal design of a given optical communication system depends directly on
the choice of fiber parameters. Dimensions of the fiber cross-section,
material composition, and refractive index profile all influence important
linear and non- linearphenomena. OptiFiberusesnumericalmodesolvers
andothermodels specialized to fibers for calculating dispersion, losses,
birefringence, and PMD.
Optical fibers may consist of an arbitrary number of concentric layers of
lossless materials, andgradedindexfibers canbe
approximatedusingasequenceof constant index layers. OptiFiber 2.0 mode
solvers find an exact solution based on matching boundary conditions at layer
boundaries instead of relying on meshes to approximate the structure.
These advanced mode solvers should be especially usefulfor multimode
fiber calculations, where there are many modes in the spectrum.
Another advantage of the meshless mode solver is the calculation of fields far
from the fiber. Meshing introduces finite difference errors of a certain level,
and fields weaker thanthedifferencingerrorcannotbe calculated.
Themeshlessmode solvers, on the other hand, have the correct asymptotic
behaviour far from the fiber, and can calculate fields of magnitude 10-15 or
less.
Key Applications of OptiFiber Software:

1. Assess parameters, sensitivities, and tolerances

2. Fiber mode solving of LP or Vector modes by Finite Difference or by
Transfer Matrix Methods
3. Analysis of measured fiber profiles from instruments such as the EXFO
NR- 9200
4. Single mode fiber designs such as Corning SMF-28, dispersion flattened
or
shifted fibers.
5. Multimodefiberdesign, such as 50/125 mand 62.5/125 m silicafibers.
Tools:
(A)OptiFiber: User can open and work with many projects files using the
same OptiFiber workspace. Different output view windows represent the
project files. OptiFiber generates default titles to newly opened files, for
example Fiber 1, Fiber 2, etc. It is convenient to tile several projects
for the purpose of comparison. After opening a new project file, the
user can see the OptiFiber workspace window containing the following
elements:
•Main Menu bar with menus
•Toolbars
•Navigator pane with icons
•View window with tabs

(B)Opti 3D viewer: The Opti 3D Viewer is designed to visualize 3-dimensional

data. The Z-axis valueis defined for each X-Ydata points pair, thereby
forming a 3-dimensional surface in space that can be shown using a
3D viewer.

In most cases, there is only one set of 3D data in the graph view. The
graphs in Opti 3D Viewer cankeep morethanonesetof data at once. User
can select which dataisvisibleand which isactive. There can be
morethanonesetof visible data, but only one active set.
(C) Opti 2D viewer: The Opti 2D Viewer is intended for the display and
examination of 2D data cuts. The 2D data are displayed as points in
the X-Y plane. It supports files with the following extensions: *.rpd, *.fld,
*.rid, *.mon,
*.piw, *.poi.
Result:
Thestudy ofthefunctioning and characteristics of OptiFiber software and its
various tools has been done.