EXERCISES WITH SOLUTIONS ON FUNCTIONS ( VARIOUS MODELS)

1−x
(1) If f(x) = , find the value of f100(5) ?
1+ x
Solution :

1−x 1−x
‘ff(x) = f2(x) = {1- } divided by {1 + }
1+ x 1+ x
=x

1−x
‘fff(x) = f3(x) = f(f2(x))= f(x)=
1+ x

1−x
‘ffff (x)= f4(x)= f(f3(x)) = f( ¿ = x (See working in step 1 above)
1+ x

ax +b
Hence we conclude if f(x) = , where a + d = 0 ,such a function becomes a self inverse function.
Cx+d
‘fn(x) = f(x) for odd values of n

= x for even values of n.

In the given question the function is self inverse type. a =-1 & d = 1.

Hence f100(5) = 5 , which is the required result.

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x
(2) If f(x) = , find the value of ffffffffff(3)?
1+ x
Solution:

x x x
‘f(f(x)) = f2(x)= divided by {1 + }=
1+ x 1+ x 1+ 2 x

x x x
“fff(x) =f(f2(x)) = f3(x) ={ } divided by { 1 + }=
1+ 2 x 1+ 2 x 1+ 3 x

x
Proceeding this way ffffffffff(x)= f10(x) =
1+ 10 x
Hence f10(3) = 3/(1+ 10 * 3) = 3/31

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(3) Given f(x) + 2 f(-x) = 3x+2 , then find value of f(10)?

Solution:

If we substitute x=0

‘f(0) + 2 f(0) = 3 * 0 + 2
‘f(0) = 2/3

first put x = 1

‘f(1) + 2 f(-1) = 3*1 + 2 = 5 --------- (1)

Now substitute x = -1

‘f(-1) + 2f(1)= 3 * (-1) + 2 = -1 ------(2)

From (1) & (2) eliminate f(-1) to get f(1) = -7/3

We proceed in a similar fashion to get f(2) = -16/3. {first substitute x = 2 and then x = -2}

‘f(0),f(1),f(2) are in arithmetic progression with common difference of -9.

Therefore f(10) = -88/3.

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(4) If f(x) + 3 f(1/x) = 2x + 1/x , then find the value of f(2)?

Solution:

f(x) + 3 f(1/x) = 2x + 1/x ----- (1)

Replace x by 1/x to get

2
f(1/x)+ 3f(x) = + x ---------- (2)
x
eliminate f(1/x) from (1) & (2)

5 x
you get f(x) = + ,
8x 8
Now f(2) = 9/16

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(5) If f(x) + f(1-x) = 1, then the value of f(1/97) + f(2/97) + f(3/97) + f(4/97) + .................................
f(95/97)+f(96/97 ) equals ?

Solution:

‘f(1/97) + f(1-1/97) = f(1/97) + f(96/97) = 1 , which is sum of first & last term.

‘f(2/97) + f(1 – 2/97 ) = f(2/97)+f(95/97) = 1, which is sum of second & last but one term.

When you proceed likewise you end up with 48 pairs each adding up to 1.

Hence the required result is 48.

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 THEORY & PRACTICE EXERCISE FOR GRAPHS

Graphs: Every function can be plotted on the X-Y Plane some of which are shown below.

Identity function/ graph of f(x) = x:

A function f defined by f(x) = x for all real value of x, is called the identity function.
If you refer to the graph, you will find that it is nothing but a straight line passing through the origin and inclined
an angle of 45° with the x-axis.  Algebraically, we can also represent it as y=x.

Graph of f(x) = x2

A function given by f(x)=x2 is called the square function.

Clearly, y=x2 is a parabola and it’s also an even function,  so it is symmetrical about y-axis as shown in the
figure:
Graph of f(x) = x3
A function given by f(x)=x3  is called the cube function. When a function is an odd function, its graph is
symmetrical about the opposite quadrant or we can say that the graph is symmetrical about the origin as shown
in the figure:

On analyzing and extending the logic of the above three graph, we can generalize the following:

Graph of f(x) = x2n Where n is a natural number.

This will always be an even function.  Hence, the graph of f(x)=x2n  will always be symmetrical about the y-axis.

The below figure shows graphs of the function for some values of n.
Graph of f(x) = x2n-1;  Where n is a natural number.
This will always be an odd function.  Hence, the graph of f(x)= x2n-1 will always be symmetrical about the origin
or opposite quadrants.

The below figure shows graphs of the function for some values of n.

Graphs of rational expressions

p (x)
Rational functions are the functions obtained by dividing a polynomial by another polynomial, i.e. f(x) =
q( x)
Let us take some elementary rational functions and their corresponding graphs.

1
1. Graph of f(x) =
x

This is also called the reciprocal function or a rectangular hyperbola. This is also an odd function so its graph is
symmetrical about the opposite quadrant.
 1
2. Graph of f(x) =
x2
Since the power of x is even, clearly, this is an even function. So it must be symmetrical about the y-
axis. Also, even negative values of the function f(x) will always be positive.  It is also important to
mention here that the domain of the function will be all real values except 0, that is, it cannot take the
value 0.

Exponential function
The function f(x)=ax where a≠0 and x  is a real number,  is called exponential function.
Depending upon the value of a, we can have all the increasing function or decreasing function.
Case I: If a >1
Say, f(x) = y = 4x increases with the increase in x.
Case II: If 0< a < 1
Say, f(x) =y = ( 1/2 )x decreases with an increase in x.
In general, exponential function increases or decreases as (a>1) or (0<a<1) respectively.

Logarithmic function
This is an inverse of an exponential function. In other words, in the exponential function if we replace x with y
and y with x, and rearrange the function taking x as the independent variable and as the dependent variable, then
the new function will be a logarithmic function.
The logarithmic function is defined as f(x)=logax;(x,a>0) and a≠0. The domain of logarithmic function is all
positive real number.
Our next step is to understand the transformation of graphs.

Transformation of Graphs
Transformation of function f(x) to f(x) ± a

When f(x) is transformed to f(x)+a where a is positive, the graph shifts upward through ‘a’ units.
And if f(x) is transformed to f(x)+a where a is negative, the graph shifts downward through ‘a’ units.
Let us understand it with the help of an example:
Say, where to plot the graph of y=|x|+3.
We know that y=|x| is plotted as below:
So, fo y=|x|+3, the graph will shift 3 units upward, i.e,

Similarly, if we have to plot y=|x| -2, the graph will shift downwards by 2 units.

Transformation of graph from f(x) to f(x ± a)

For f(x) to f(x+a), where a is positive, the graph shifts through ‘a’ units towards the left. And for f(x) to f(x-a),
the graph shifts through ‘a’ units towards the right.
Example: Plot the graph of y=|x+3| and y=|x-2|

The graph of y=|x+3| will be

Similarly, the graph of y=|x-2| will be

Transformation of graph from f(x) to f(-x)
To draw y=f(-x), take the image of the curve y=f(x) in y-axis as a plane mirror. Or, turn the graph of f(x) by
1800 about the y-axis.
Example: Plot the graph of y=4-x where a is positive.
We know the graph of y=4x
Taking the mirror image of the graph around the y-axis.

Transformation of graph from f(x) to -f(x)

To draw y=-f(x) take image of y=f(x) in the x-axis as plane mirror. Or, turn the graph of f(x) by 1800 about x-
axis.
Example: Plot the graph of y= - 4x
Example: Plot the graph of y=-|x|

Transformation of graph from f(x) to -f(-x)

To draw y= - f(-x) take image of f(x) about y-axis to obtain f(-x) and then take image of f(-x) about x-axis to
obtain –f(-x).
Example: Plot the graph of y= - 4-x
Taking mirror image about the y-axis to get the graph of y=4-x
Taking mirror image of y=4-x about x-axis to get the y=-4-x

Transformation of graph from f(x) to f(|x|)

To draw the graph of y=f(|x|), neglect the curve for x<0 and take the images of curve for x≥ 0 about the y-axis.
Example: Plot the graph of y=|x|2-5|x|+2
We know the graph of y=x2-5x+2
Neglecting graph for x<0 and Taking mirror image about y-axis to the part of the graph for
x≥0.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Using the theory given above ,draw the graph of the following functions.

1.f(x) = sinx 8.f(x) = │ln│x││

2.f(x) = -sinx 9.f(x)= │ln│x-3│-5

3.f(x) = │sinx │ 10.f(x) = │x-1│ +2

4.f(x) = Sin │x│

5.f(x) = lnx

6.f(x)= │lnx│

7.f(x)= -│lnx│
The other types of question in this section can be

1.Arrive at the equation of the given graph, from the options given.

2.Which graph represents the given equation. Graphs will be given in options.

PREPARED BY K.MURALI Faculty CDC , SRMIST , for Advanced Aptitude Course