Lab Manual

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics

Academic Year 2020-2021

Lab Overview

The field of Electronics Engineering is characterized by rapid and continuous evolution both in
philosophy and technology. Among the tools needed for manpower development, the lab manual
plays a vital role. Textbooks written on analytical themes in electronics engineering provide
theoretical foundation, but lab manuals presenting the practical systems are required to develop
intellectual and motor skills in young diploma engineers.

Low voltage requirements of electronic devices and their ability to control high power electrical
equipment made the use of electronic devices in electrical industries more prominent. With the
evolution of integrated circuits the space requirement is also reduced. The electronic control is more
superior to other control methods with respect to cost, reliability, maintenance and controlling
power. Therefore study of basic electronic components will provide the supporting tools for
electrical control industry.

Objectives:

1. Understand the basic principles of electronic devices.

2. Identify and specify various electronic components and devices.

3. Understand the construction and working principles of different electronic devices.

4. Understand the use of different electronic devices.

Contents:

Lab 1: Diode Circuits

Lab 2: Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers

Lab 3: Field Effect Transistor Amplifiers

Lab 4: Differential Amplifiers

Lab 5: Operational Amplifiers

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 1

Introduction to Lab Equipments

Basic equipments in electronic laboratory are power supply, function generator, oscilloscope
multimeter, and breadboard. Power supply generates variable DC voltages for circuits. Function
generator generates signal in different form with variable amplitude and frequency. Oscilloscope
measures the voltage and frequency of an electric signal, and provides visual image of the signal on
display. Multimeter is basic measuring equipment for electrical properties. And, breadboard or
protoboard is a construction base for an electronic circuit.

(a) Power Supply (b) Function Generator

(c) Oscilloscope (d) Multimeter(e) Breadboard

Fig. 1.1Equipments in Electronic Laboratory

Each workstation in the lab has the necessary equipment: an oscilloscope, a power supply, an analog
multimeter and an experimental box. The multimeter can measure voltage, current, resistance and
capacitance. The experimental box includes ±5 V and ±12 V power supplies, breadboard, and a
function generator, which is sufficient for experiments.

The breadboarding area, as shown in Fig. 1.2, on the experimental box has holes for component leads
and IC pins. The right size of wires are needed otherwise the board will be ruined. The horizontal
rows of holes on the top and bottom of the breadboard are connected together horizontally. The left
and right halves are independent. We suggest that youuse these horizontal rows for power supply

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 2

voltages and ground. You may wish to put a jumperwire between the left and right halves so that the
voltages are the same across the board. Thevertical columns of holes are connected electrically in
groups of five along a vertical line. The topand bottom halves are independent. Typically one inserts
an IC chip straddling the center through.

There are then four empty holes for making connections to each IC pin. When you plug IC's intothe
breadboard, a common convention is to put pin 1 on the left. For other components, makesure the
leads are not in the same column of five unless you want them connected together.

Fig. 1.2 TheBreadboard Area

The oscilloscope has many knobs and buttons which may be confusing at first. It helps if you read the
introductory booklet and manual provided by Tektronix. If nothing seems to be happening press
AUTOSET.

Fig. 1.3 Oscilloscope

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 3

Lab 1: Diode Circuits

Apparatus List Quantity

1. Diodes :
1N4001 4
2. Resistors:
1kΩ 1
4.7kΩ 1
10kΩ 1
22kΩ 1
3. Capacitors:
470 μF/50V 1
220 μF/50V 1
4. Transformer 220/12V 1
5. IC Regulator 7805 1
6. Oscilloscope 1
7. Power supply 1

1.1 Characteristics of PN junction diode

Lab procedure

E VR1 R1 E VR1 R1

10V 10V

VD1 D1 VD1 D1

(a) Forward bias (b) Reverse bias

Fig. 1.1 Diode Circuits

1. Build a forward biased diode circuit as shown in Fig.1.1 (a).

2. Measure voltage across the diode and voltage across the resistor. Record experimental
results in Table 1.1(a).
3. Repeat the previous procedure with different resistors according to Table 1.1.
4. Build a reverse biased diode circuit as shown in Fig.1.1 (b).
5. Measure voltage across the diode and voltage across resistor. Record experimental results in
Table 1.1(b).
6. Repeat the previous procedure with different resistors.
7. Plot I-V characteristic curve of diode from the experiment results.

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 4

Table 1.1

R() 22k 10k 4.7k 1k

VD1
Forward
Bias VR1

VD1
Reverse
Bias VR1

I-V Characteristic Curve

1.2Bridge Rectifier and Power Supply

Lab procedure

Safety caution: AC 220V is used in the experiment. Be careful with the circuit connections.

(a) Bridge Rectifier

(b) Power Supply

Fig. 1.2Bridge Rectifier and Power Supply

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 5

 1. Build a bridge rectifier circuit as shown in Fig. 1.2(a).Do not plug in the transformer until you
are sure about circuit connection.

2. Use oscilloscope to obtain voltage

across RL. Sketch the waveform.

3. Connect a capacitor of 220 μF across RL. Use oscilloscope in AC mode to obtain voltage
across RL. Sketch the waveform.
4. Connect a capacitor of 470 μF across RL. Use oscilloscope in AC mode to obtain voltage
across RL. Sketch the waveform and compare with the result from 3.

5. Build a power supply circuit as shown in Fig. 1.3(b). Do not plug in the transformer until you
are sure about circuit connection.
6. Use oscilloscope in DC mode to obtain voltage across RL. Output voltage across the load
resistance (Vout) is _______________.

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 6

Lab 2: Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier

Apparatus List Quantity

1. Transistors 2N2222A 1
2. Resistors: 1kΩ 2
10kΩ 2
2.2 kΩ 1
3.9kΩ 1
5.6 kΩ 1
3. Capacitors:1μF/50V 2
10 μF/50V 1
4. Oscilloscope 1
5. Power supply 1
6. Function generator 1

2.1 Fully Bypassed Common-Emitter Amplifier

Labprocedure

Fig. 2.1 Common-Emitter Amplifier (Fully Bypassed)

1. Build a common-emitter amplifier as shown in Fig. 2.1 (ignore RL). Do not turn on the function
generator.
2. Measure bias voltages and find transistor currents.Record the results as followed.

VR1  ______ V ; VR2  ______ V ; VRC  _______ V ; VCE  _______ V

VR1 VR2 VRE VRC
IB    _______ ; I E   _______ ; I C   _______
R1 R2 RE RC

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 7

(Continued)

3. Apply sinusoidal signal, vs, of 1 kHz from function generator to the amplifier circuit. Adjust
the amplitude of vsuntil the output signal is 1 Vp-p.
4. Use oscilloscope to obtain input signal, vin, and find voltage gain (Avo). Sketch the input and
output signal waveforms and record the experimental results in Table 2.1(a).
5. Add load resistance, RL, to the output of amplifier then repeat the experiment. Record the
experimental results in Table 2.1(b).
6. Find input resistance of the amplifier and explain.

Table 2.1Fully bypassed common-emitter amplifier

(a) Open load RL (b) IncludingRL = 5.6 kΩ

vo vo
v o V p  p  vin V p  p  Avo  v o V p  p  Av 
vin vin

1 1

2.2UnbypassedCommon-Emitter Amplifier

Labprocedure

1. Build a common-emitter amplifier as shown in Fig. 2.2 (ignore RL). Do not turn on the function
generator.
2. Apply sinusoidal signal, vs, of 1 kHz from function generator to the amplifier circuit. Adjust
the amplitude of vs until the output signal is 1 Vp-p.

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 8

 3. Use oscilloscope to obtain input signal, vin, and find voltage gain (Avo). Sketch the input and
output signal waveforms and record theexperimental results in Table 2.2(a).
4. Add load resistance, RL, to the output of amplifier then repeat the experiment. Record the
experimental results in Table 2.2(b).

Fig. 2.2 Common-Emitter Amplifier (Unbypassed)

Table 2.2 Unbypassed common-emitter amplifier

(a) Open load RL (b) IncludingRL = 5.6 kΩ

vo vo
v o V p  p  vin V p  p  Avo  v o V p  p  Av 
vin vin
1 1

Lab 3: Field Effect Transistor Amplifiers

Apparatus List Quantity

N-Channel
1. 1
JFET2N5459or2N3819
2. Resistors: 2.7kΩ 1
4.7kΩ 1

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 9

 10kΩ 1
100 kΩ 1
1 MΩ 1
3. Capacitors:0.1μF/50V 1
10 μF/50V 1
4. Multimeter 1
5. Oscilloscope 1
6. Power supply 1
7. Function generator 1

3.1 Common-
Source Amplifier

Fig. 3.1 Common-Source Amplifier

Labprocedure

1. Build a common-emitter amplifier as shown in Fig. 3.1.Do not turn on function generator.
2. Measure dc voltages at the points VG, VS, VD, and VGS. Calculate the current ID and record the
experimental results in Table 3.1(a). (Note: For all measurements, the voltmeter or
oscilloscope has to be set at DC mode.)
3. Apply sinusoidal signal,vs, from a function generator so that input voltage, vi, is 500 mVp-p at
1 kHz.
4. Use oscilloscope to measure input signal (vi) on channel 1 and output signal (vout)on channel 2.
Record the amplitude of both voltages in Table 3.1(b)and sketch both waveforms.
5. Find voltage gain AV.
6. Find input resistance Zinand compare it to the theoretical one. (While measureingvi, the
oscilloscope has to be set in AC mode.)

(Continued)

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 10

 7. Take C3 out and measure vout with vin = 500 mVP-P. Record the experimental results in Table 3.1
(c).
8. Sketch a waveform and calculate voltage gain AV

Table 3.1
(a) Bias (b) Small-Signal (Bypassed) (c) Small-Signal (Unbypassed)

VG VS VD VGS ID= Vs / Rs vin vout AV v1 = vin - vi Zin vout AV

500 mV

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 11

Lab 4: Differential Amplifier

Apparatus List Quantity

1. Transistors 2N2222A 4
2. Resistors: 10kΩ 2
15kΩ 2
22 kΩ 2
56kΩ 2
3. Capacitors:1μF/50V 2
4.7μF/50V 2
4. Oscilloscope 1
5. Power supply 1
6. Function generator 1

Labprocedure

Fig. 4 Differential Amplifier with Current Source

1. Build a differential amplifier circuit as shown in Fig. 4. In this circuit, Q3 and Q4 acting like
constant current source (current mirror), which are used for biasing. More importantly, Q1
has to be matched with Q2, and Q3 has to be matched with Q4.
2. Apply a 100 mVp-psinusoidal input signal vi1 with a frequency of 1 kHz while vi2 is put to
ground.

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 12

 3. Measure the vo1, vo2, and differential mode voltage gain Adm. Record the experimental results
in Table 4(a).
4. Apply a 5Vp-p sinusoidal signal with a frequency 1 kHz to bothvi1 and vi2.

(Continued)

5. Measure the vo1, vo2, and common mode voltage gain Acm. Record the experimental results in
Table 4(b) and calculate CMRR.

Table 4
(a) Differential mode (b) common mode CMRR

vin1 vo1 vo2 Adm vin1 vo1 vo2 Acm

Lab 5: Operational Amplifiers

Apparatus List Quantity

1. Op-Amp 741 1
2. Resistors: 1kΩ 1
10kΩ 2
56kΩ 1
100kΩ 1
3. Multimeter 1
4. Oscilloscope 1
5. Power supply 1
6. Function generator 1

5.1 Non-inverting Amplifier

Labprocedure

Fig. 5.1Non-inverting Amplifier

EGCI 232 Engineering Electronics (Lab Manual Ed.5th) Page 13

 1. Build a non-inverting amplifier circuit as shown in Fig. 5.1.
2. With sinusoidal input signal of 1Vp-p at 1 kHz, use oscilloscope to measureV0at different
feedback resistors, Rf, according to Table 5.1.
3. With each Rf, record the amplitude and phase of V0, andcalculate the voltage gain (Av)in
Table 5.1.

(Continued)

4. Compare the experimental results with theoretical results.

Table 5.1
RF 0Ω 10 kΩ 56 kΩ 100 kΩ
V0
AV
Phase

5.2Inverting Amplifier

Labprocedure

Fig. 5.2 Inverting Amplifier

1. Build a non-inverting amplifier circuit as shown in Fig. 5.2.

2. With sinusoidal input signal of 1Vp-p at 1 kHz, use oscilloscope to measureV0at different
feedback resistors, Rf, according to Table 5.2.
3. With each Rf, record the amplitude and phase of V0, andcalculate the voltage gain (Av) in
Table 5.2.
4. Compare the experimental results with theoretical results.

Table 5.2
RF 0Ω 10 kΩ 56 kΩ 100 kΩ
V0
AV
Phase

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Datasheet:

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