Internal

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Dr. MAQSOOD AHMAD

Senior Lecturer
Block-L Level -1 Room No. 39
Phone: 05-368 7134
Email: maqsood.ahmad@utp.edu.my
 Week-02 - Objective of Lecture :
Porosity Estimation & Reservoir Characterization

NMR & Acoustic/Sonic Logs Application in Petroleum Reservoirs

Resource Evaluation

Wireline Logging Using NMR & Sonic Logging Tools

2
Principal Uses of Well Logs

3
 Matrix & Porosity Model in Reservoir Rock
Irreducible Water
Clay Capillary
Matrix Bound Bound Hydrocarbons
Clay and OH-
Quartz + Feldspar etc Water Water

Grain Dry Clay H20 H20 H20

Non Movable Movable Fluids

Solid Matrix
Fluids

Effective Porosity

Total Porosity

Nuclear DPHI (apparent Density porosity) *

*Not true if gas NPHI (apparent Neutron porosity)
*
NMR TCMR (NMR total porosity) *
*Not true if gas
BFV
(NMR bound fluids)
FFV
(NMR free fluids)
*
CMRP3ms *
(NMR non clay fluids)

Sonic *Not true if gas sonic (apparent sonic porosity) * 4

Objectives- IO & IG - IP Estimation
Objectives- IO&IG-IP Estimation
 Objectives-Porosity Estimation Using Sonic
(Velocity) Log

1. Reservoir porosity determination

2. Improve correlation and interpretation of seismic data
3. Identify zones with abnormally high pressure
4. Assist in identifying lithology
5. Identify secondary pore space
6. Indicate mechanical integrity of reservoir rocks and formations
that surround them (in conjunction with density data)
7. Estimate Rock permeability

7
 Objectives-Porosity Estimation Using
Sonic (Velocity) Log

1. Sonic Log measures propagation velocity of P-wave through formation

2. Transmitter emits sound waves

3. Receiver picks up and record the various waves

4. Measures the first arrival of the compressional wave

5. Travel time is the difference in arrival of the compressional wave at the

receivers, (1’, 2’, 3’, Sonic), Δt = (t2-t1)/Ls, where LS is span (distance)

between receivers and determines vertical resolution h.

6. Velocity expressed as interval transit time (Δt) which is reciprocal of

velocity
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Sonic (Velocity) Log Principles

Basic Sonic Logging System Schlumberger, SPE

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 Sonic (Velocity) Log Principles

1. Measures time for sound pulse to travel between transmitter and

receiver
2. Traditionally measures only P-, first arrival
3. Modern array tools measure all arrivals
4. Transmitter and receivers: Piezoelectric
5. High f: 10-40 KHz (cf: Seismic f)

Piezoelectricity, ability of certain materials to generate an AC (alternating current) Voltage when subjected to
mechanical stress or vibration, or to vibrate when subjected to an AC voltage, or both.
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Sonic (Velocity) Log Principles

11
 Depth of Investigation

1. Wave path essentially follows wellbore wall (2.5-25 cm penetration):

invaded zone in permeable intervals
2. If velocitry increases away from wall (eg. due to formation damage) LSS
(Long Space Sonic) may see faster velocity (Longer path allows it
penetrate beyond damage zone)
3. In gas zones where velocity greater in invaded zone, BHC may be faster
than LSS (Long Space Sonic)
4. Bed resolution is distance between receivers: 2ft (thinner beds can be
seen, but not with their true velocity, cf. SP)

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 Porosity Determination by Sonic
(Velocity) Log

1. Sonic Log can be used to determine porosity though usually inferior to neutron and

density log values

2. Often based on Wyllie et al.’s (1956) time average equation (Below)

3. Empirical relation assuming that travel time (Δt) is sum of (Δt) in the fluid and (Δt) in

the matrix

4. If (Δt) in the fluid and (Δt) in the matrix are known porosity thus can be estimated

Wyllie Equation:

13
 Porosity Determination by Sonic (Velocity)
Log

Wyllie Equation: Linear time averaged relationship

1. Empirically determined
2. For clean and consolidated sandstones
3. Uniformly distributed small pores

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Interval Transit Time – Units Conversion

Example

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Matrix Δt Values for various Lithologies

16
 Environmental Effects

1. BHC (Borehole Compensated Sonic) readings usually effective

and tool is reliable even in rugose holes
2. Extremely poor holes > Cycle skipping
3. First arrival too weak to trigger receiver, reads anomalously
slow
4. Alternative “early” noise spikes may trigger the receiver
5. LSS (Long Spaced Sonic) more prone to cycle skipping-related
errors with its less robust compensation system

17
 Borehole & Sonde Tilt Problems

Borehole Rugousity Tilted Sonde Borehole

Caving/Washouts/Enlargement

Single transmitter and two receivers

Configuration Western Atlas 1993 18
 Borehole & Sonde Tilt Problems
Example: Borehole Enlargement Effect & West Texas Acoustic Log; Hilchie (1978)

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 Borehole & Sonde Tilt Problems
Comparison of Borehole Compensated Sonic (BHC) with Basic
Sonic
1. Automatically compensates for bore hole effects and sonde tilt
2. System of upper and lower transmitters bounding two sets of receivers

Conventional sonic log BHC-Configuration

20
 Sonic Porosity in Uncompacted Sands

1. When Δtlog > 100 microseconds/ft in overlying shale

2. Estimated Porosity is too high
3. Observed transit times are greater in uncompavted sands;
thus apply empirical correction factor, Cp

• Estimate the Cp from overlying shale zones

Where the shale compaction coefficient , C ranges fro 08<c<1.3

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 Sonic Porosity in Uncompacted Sands
& Fluid Effect

1. Sonic primarily independent of fluid type

2. Know-lithology , can calculate porosity
3. Fluid effect in high porosity formations with high HC saturation.,

22
 Lecture Title:
Wireline Logging using NRM Logging Tools

Objective of Lecture :
Application of NMR Logging Tools in Petroleum Reservoirs

Log: Continuous, depth-related record of a geophysical parameter down a well 23

 Objectives of Lecture :

Applications of NMR Logs :

1. Oil & Gas –Hydrocarbons Quality

2. Reservoir Quality

3. Pore Space Distribution

4. Producible Fluids and Irreducible Fluids

5. Porosity and Permeability

24
 How is NMR Different Logging Tool
Rock Matrix/Grains,
Type Logging Tools Used: Pores & Pores Fluids

Radiation: Volume Looking Devices-

Responds to Rock and Pores-Whole rock

Electrical: Flow within the pores influenced by

Fabric, surface area, CEC, Salinity etc.

Acoustic: Structural Dependency

NMR Reflects interaction of protons with

surrounding Liquid and pore walls- Selectively
volumetric Measurements & Responds only to pores
and Pores Content 25
 Reservoir Formation Contents

Only Hydrocarbons and

Brine Possess Hydrogen
Nuclei

Hydrocarbons & Brine (saline Water) occupy the intergranualr and interstitial pores and voids .
26
 Reservoir Formation Contents

Hydrocarbons & Brine (saline Water) occupy the inter-granualr and interstitial pores and voids . 27
 Hydrogen Nuclei in Reservoir
Clay Bound Water

Water held in or on the surface of a clay and not free to move with other connate fluids. 28
Hydrogen Nuclei in Reservoir

Movable Hydrocarbons - Gas and Oil, Brine &

Clay & Capillary Bound Water

29
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logging

1. Response of nuclei to a magnetic field.

2. Nuclei have a magnetic momentum
3. Nuclei interact with externally applied magnetic fields
4. Interaction can be exploited to measure physical rock properties

In the absence of an external magnetic field,

A the nuclear magnetic axes (A - left ) are
randomly aligned.

B (B-left) behaving
liked tiny bar
magnets aligned
with the spin axes of
the nuclei.

B
30
 NMR logging- Data
1. Longitudinal Relaxation Time, T1
2. Transverse Relaxation Time T2
3. Distribution of Relaxation times (D)

To Estimate:
1. Complex composition of crude oils

2. Porosity & pores distribution in sedimentary rocks

3. Identification of wetting and non-wetting phase of formation

4. Logarithmic mean of the Longitudinal Relaxation Time, T1 is inversely proportional to the

viscosity of the crude oil

5. Area under T2 (Transverse Longitudinal Relaxation Time) distribution is proportional to the total porosity

31
 Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance (NMR) Logging Tool

Modern NMR/CMR
Tool Design

1. The sensor is skid-mounted to cut through mud cake and provide good
contact to the formation.
2. Two powerful magnets provide the static magnetic field B0.
3. The antenna act both as transmitter of the CPGM sequence and as receiver
of the pulse echoes from the formation. 32
 Basic NMR Log Experiment & Measurement Principle

1. Maximum Signal Amplitude ∞ (Directly Proportional) to Fluid Porosity

2. Signal Decay Time ∞ (Directly Proportional) to Pore Size, Fluid Properties and Flow Properties 33
 Spin -Spin Relaxation
PRECESION

FLIP 90o
TIME

A measurement which requires less time is that of T2 (spin-spin relaxation). This is the
time constant describing the return to equilibrium of the transverse magnetization.
T2 is < or = T1
Once hydrogen nuclei are aligned with a magnetic field, we use a radio pulse to tip
them at 90o to that field, and then measure how long it takes for them to precess back
to the static field.

34
 Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance (NMR) logging
The speed of relaxation depends on how often protons can collide with grains, i.e. on the surface to
volume (S/V) ratio.
Collisions are less frequent in large pores as they have a smaller S/V ratio. The result is a large T2
decay time.

Pore

Similarly, small pores have a large S/V ratio and a short relaxation time T2.
35
 NMR Logging Data Interpretation

A plot of a typical T distribution of a bulk crude oil. The

2

broad distribution of T values reflects the broad distribution of

2

molecular sizes. T is approximately inversely proportional to

2

molecular weight. Therefore, the distribution can qualitatively

be partitioned into heavy, intermediate, and light components
as shown.

Plot showing how a time-domain NMR signal

is transformed into a T2 distribution by inversion

Schematic plot of a typical T distribution for a water-saturated

2

rock. The distribution can be partitioned into free and bound

water using empirically determined T cutoffs.
2

From Freedman and Heaton, May-June 2004

36
 NMR Log Data Interpretation

Transforming the precession decay time curve into the porosity domain, showing breakdown of CBW, BVI and BVM.
The cutoffs vary with lithology.

37
NMR Log Data Interpretation-Exercise

38
NMR Log-Exercise

Lithology-independent porosity:
The logs on the left show the difference in density-porosity
(using limestone and dolomite lithology parameters)
and CMR porosity.

39
 NMR Log-Exercise
Pore-size distribution: In this well-log example there is a significant shift in T2-distribution character at around 405 ft depth.
Larger pores are indicated above that interface and smaller pores below. Permeability is high in the zone characterized by large
pores.

A B C D

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NMR Log-Exercise Heavy Oil Identification

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NMR Log-Exercise Heavy Oil Identification

42
NMR Log-Exercise

43
 NMR Log Exercise
Example of match between core measurements and CMR logs. The core-porosity matches well with the CMR derived measurement.
Permeability from CMR has been fine-tuned to match the core measurements to replace conventional coring.

44
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Logging Advantages

1. Only Reservoir Fluids are Detected by NMR Tools

2. Better Measurement of Permeability

3. Clay Bound Water Identification

4. Oil Viscosity Measurements

5. Oil and Gas Zones Identification

45
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Logging Disadvantages

1. NMR Logging is Expensive & Slower –Time consuming

2. Shallow Depth of Penetration

3. Permeability measurement is empirical and should be used

to compare permeability

4. Any diamagnetic and paramagnetic ions present can effect

the tool response

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 NMR Logging Summary 1/2

1. Energy given off from magnetized protons is used for NMR

Signal Generation
2. Signal Energy is used to infer measurement of Porosity,
Permeability Pore Space Distribution etc.
3. Logs can be used to identify zones of high porosity and
producibility
4. Expensive logging technique but Porosity is lithology
independent

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NMR Logging Summary 2/2

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References/Source of Material

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 Thank You
Question & Answers