Qatar Petroleum Ngl-1 Operating Manual

QATAR PETROLEUM VOL : 1
SEC. : 9
NGL-1 OPERATING MANUAL PAGE : 1
ANALYTICAL CONTROL
1. GENERAL
2. ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND LOCATIONS
3. SAMPLE SCHEDULES
4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, SAFETY PRECAUTION AND PERPARATION
a) General
b) Adip Unit
c) Merox Unit
5. SAMPLE POINTS
6. AUTOMATIC QMI INSTRUMENTS
7. PORTABLE INSTRUMENTS
a) Operating Principles of Gas Detectors
b) MSA Portable Combustible Gas Detectors
1. General description
2. Principles of operation
3. MSA gas detector models
4. MSA model 2E OR 2 A portable gas detector
5. MSA model 40 portable gas detector
6. MSA tankscope portable gas indicator
7. Applications
8. Gas free
9. Operating instructions for Model 2E and 2 A
10. Operating instructions for Model 40
11. Interpretation of readings
12. Procedure for gas testing
13. Gas testing - points to look out for
c) Operating Procedure for EXOTOX
d) Operating principles of DRAGER TUBES

1. General
2. General principles of operation
3. Instrument description and operation
4. Using drager gas detection instrument
5. Summary of operating instructions
6. Limitations
e) Monocolor H2S Analyser
1. Monocolor MC 1001
2. Monocolor MC 1002
SEC. : 9
Analytical Control
1. GENERAL
Within the NGL complex there are numerous requirements for determining the quality of
products and streams of process components.
The quality of the NGL feed, intermediate streams and final products is ascertained by
laboratory and on line analysis.
This is required in order to meet the product specifications and to monitor plant
performance.
Chemical compositions and concentrations must also be determined from the various
systems or substances.
To assess these qualities and quantities the substances have to be sampled, analysed
and reported.
The systems and methods, apparatus and collection procedures are varied, but should
follow the accepted standards of test methods.
The overall aspect and monitoring of the systems is controlled by the Senior Process
Technologist.
Various departments involved are: -
The Laboratory carries out the work of collecting, correlating, analysing/testing,

recording and reporting the results of their work.
The Instrument Department are responsible for the servicing and maintenance of field
analysers and detection equipment, directed by the Instrument Engineer through the
quality measuring section of the Instrument Department [QMI].
The process and operating department, directed by the Senior Process Supervisor, will
ensure that the samples are collected safely, that equipment and systems are in
operational condition and that all safety procedural requirements are complied with.
Since the unit does not have the tankage provision for 'off- grade' products, it is of the
utmost importance that the quality of products is carefully monitored.
SEC. : 9
2. ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND LOCATIONS
Analytical instruments used for quality control should be checked twice weekly against
standard samples.
Results of on line analytical instruments should be regularly checked against laboratory

analysis.
A record of any deviation to the standard samples should be kept in the control room
and applied as required.
Readjustment of analytical instruments should only be done by qualified instrument

mechanics.
The following is a list of analytical instruments and locations.
13-QR-4- A gas chromatograph, which is provided in the gas line from the
de-ethaniser reflux accumulator V- 1301 in order to analyse the C3 content
of the stream.
13-QR-5- An oxygen analyser, which is provided in the flue gas from heater F-1305
in order to analyse the gas for O2 content.
13-QR-11- A gas chromatograph, which is provided in the overhead gas line from the
depropaniser C-1302 in order to analyse the C2 and C4 content of the
propane stream.
13-QR-14- A Kinetic Vapour Pressure analyser, which is provided to analyse the

gasoline in the rundown line to storage.
13-QR-16- A gas chromatograph, which is provided in the overhead gas line from the
debutaniser C-1303 in order to analyse the C3 and C5 content of the
butane stream.
13-QR-25- An H2S analyser, which is provided to continuously monitor the H 2S

contaminant in the propane product rundown to storage.
SEC. : 9
3. SAMPLE SCHEDULES
LPG MEROX UNIT

(Subject to revision)
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Stream/Component Method Frequency
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1. LPG Feed to Prewash
Composition GLC Daily
H2S, RSH, COS UOP 212 Daily
Total sulphur [lamp method] ASTM D-2784 Daily
2. LPG to Extractor
H2S* Lead acetate paper 1/shift
H2S, RSH, COS UOP 212 Daily
3. LPG to Storage
RSH, COS UOP 212 Daily
Total sulphur ASTM D-2784 Daily
4. Prewash-Caustic
Gravity Hydrometer Daily
Total Alkalinity UOP 210 Daily
%Spent UOP 210 Daily
5. Rich Merox Caustic

Sulphide UOP 209 As required
Mercaptide UOP 209 As required
6. Regenerated Merox Caustic

Sulphide UOP 209 Daily
Mercaptide UOP 209 Daily
Disulphide UOP 393 3/week
Thiosulphate UOP 423 2/month
Total Alkalinity UOP 210 Daily
% Spent UOP 210 Daily
Shake Test* See Op.Instructions 1/shift
7. Disulphide Separator Vent Gas

O2 [before fuel gas] Orsat Daily
O2 [after fuel gas] Orsat Daily
SEC. : 9
8. Regenerated Amine to Absorber

MEA or DEA UOP 824, 825 Daily
Apparent H2S UOP 827 Daily
Thiosulphate UOP 818 Weekly
Total Amine UOP 828 Weekly
CO2 UOP 826 or 829 Weekly
9. Rich Amine from Absorber

Apparent H2S UOP 827 Daily
*Done by Operators at the unit.
SEC. : 9
GASOLINE EXTRACTION MEROX UNIT

(Subject to Revision)
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1. Gasoline Feed to Prewash

Distillation ASTM D-86 Daily
Specific gravity ASTM D-1298 Daily
H2S, RSH UOP-163 Daily
2. Gasoline to Extractor
H2S* Lead acetate paper 1/shift
H2S, RSH UOP-163 Daily
3. Gasoline from Extractor

RSH UOP-163 Daily
4. Prewash Caustic
Total Alkalinity UOP-210 Daily
% Spent UOP-210 Daily
5. Rich Merox Caustic

Sulphide UOP-209 As required
Mercaptide UOP-209 As required
6. Regenerated Merox Caustic

Sulphide UOP-209 Daily
Mercaptide UOP-209 Daily
Disulphide UOP-393 3/week
Thiosulphate UOP-423 2/month
%Spent UOP-210 Daily
Shake Test* See Op.Instructions 1/shift
7. Disulphide Separator Vent Gas

O2 [before fuel gas] Orsat Daily
O2 [after fuel gas] Orsat Daily
*Done by Operators at the unit.

SEC. : 9
MINIMUM ALKALI FIXED BED MEROX UNIT

(Subject to Revision)
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1. Feed to Reactor
Distillation ASTM D-86 Daily
H2S and RSH UOP-163 Daily
specific gravity ASTM D-1298 Daily
Particulates ASTM-2276 Weekly
2. Treated Product
Doctor Test* UOP-41 3/daily
RSH UOP-163 Daily
***Peroxide number UOP-33 Daily
***Existent gum** ASTM D-381 Daily
3. Injection Caustic
Gravity Hydrometer 3/weekly
Total Alkalinity UOP-210 3/weekly
4. Aqueous Disposal
pH pH meter Daily
Acid oils misc. As required
* Done by Operators at the unit

** Before and after inhibitor injection
*** Cracked gasolines only
SEC. : 9
4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, SAFETY PRECAUTION AND PREPARATION
a) General
It cannot be emphasised strongly enough just how important it is to adopt the

correct method of sampling.
What appears to be a relatively simple task can very quickly become extremely
hazardous to personnel and equipment.
Protective clothing, gloves, goggles or face shields should be used according to

the particular samples being taken.
Precautions for toxic substances should be observed where applicable.
Sample point locations should be easily accessible and situated in as safe as

possible a location.
All liquid sample points should be close to the ground to avoid spillage and to
assist in easy sampling. They should also be close to a drainage system.
Sampling should always be carried out with the utmost care and attention.
Personnel taking samples should be aware of the complexities of the unit.
It is the responsibility of both Process and Laboratory Personnel to ensure that

the sample points are accident proof. Any damage etc. should be reported for
maintenance attention. All valves and connections should be maintained in good
working order.
The discharge of LPG from a sampling bomb can cause static electricity. Sample
bombs must therefore be earthed effectively, whilst sampling or emptying.
Bonded copper wire is used for this purpose.
It should also be ascertained that drainage facilities are routed to a safe location.
Similarly gaseous sample systems should have excess vents routed to a safe
location and flare. Venting vapours to atmosphere should be eliminated. Such
sampling should be done slowly and methodically. The absence of sources of
ignition must always be checked before and during sampling.
The procedures laid down for sampling and storage of gases and low boiling
temperature liquids should be strictly adhered to. Regard should be taken of the
following recommendations.
1) Stainless steel high pressure 'bombs' with a capacity of 500 ml and 250 ml
should be used.
2) They should be provided with a manometer and be carefully cleaned and

dried before use.
SEC. : 9
3) On the basis of practical experience, it is strongly advised not to use the

same 'bomb' for feed samples as for product sampling. Difficulty may arise
in ensuring that there is no contamination of product by perhaps traces of
impurities remaining from the feed samples.
Samples containing sulphur compounds should not come into contact with
rubber, copper, iron or mercury.
Sampling lines should be made of stainless steel. Sample line should be

supported.
Once taken, the sample should be analysed as soon as possible.
Samples should not be taken from points other than designated sample
points : should it be absolutely necessary to take a sample, other than from
the normal point, precautions should be taken and authority given from the
Supervisor in-charge, with a designated operator standing by.
b) Adip Unit
For the sampling of lean adip solvent, it is advisable to use dark coloured glass
bottles or heat resistant pyrex bottles.
The bottle should be filled almost completely through an inlet tube reaching to the
bottom of the bottle.
The sample should be taken as quickly as safely possible.
The bottle should be well stoppered and kept away from direct sunlight.
NEVER pipette any solution by mouth.
Fat adip solvent samples should be taken under full plant pressure and avoid
losses of H2S and CO2.
The method used is to connect a stainless steel sample bomb, provided with two
valves, to the sample point and hold in a vertical position, inlet valve down.
Connect the outlet valve to the solvent sump.
Open the sample line valve and the inlet valve completely.
Carefully open the outlet valve to control the flow of solvent up through the bomb.
Flush the bomb thoroughly.
After filling the bomb, close the valves in reverse order i.e. first the outlet valve,
then the inlet valve and finally the sample line valve.
SEC. : 9
Depressurise the trapped liquid between sample line valve and the inlet valve of
the sample bomb, before disconnecting the sample bomb.
Disconnect the bomb carefully and remove to the Laboratory.
When sampling C5+ the bottle cap should be kept loose, unless it is being kept in
an ice bath. e.g. when sampling C5 only for colour.
c) Merox Unit
The feed will contain a quantity of Mercaptans.
Refer to feed specifications which follow.
The propane, after removal of H2S and COS in the adip unit will carry
approximately 1000 ppmw of Mercaptan.
The butane will carry approximately 6000 ppmw of Mercaptan.
The gasoline will carry approximately 2500 ppmw of Mercaptan.
The following lists show the exact figures and the product specifications :-
Capacity
* Feed rates are based on a wellstream rate of 22.7 mmm3(st) / day (30mmm3
(st)/day)
* Raw [untreated] products rates are as follows:

Propane Butane Gasoline
t/d t/d t/d
Base 834 613 346

Lean 767 571 331
Rich 891 655 349
Design 930 660 375
Present 1300 950 650
[Merox unit]
* Turndown to 30% of design feed rate

SEC. : 9
FEED SULPHUR CONTENTS PPMW AS SULPHUR
PROPANE BASE LEAN RICH DESIGN
H2S 3179 2954 4468 4500

COS 875 889 1018 1100
Methyl Mercaptan 943 1025 886 1000
Ethyl Mercaptan 25 27 23 200
Propyl Mercaptan - - - -
Butyl Mercaptan - - - -
Other Sulphur - - - -
Total 5022 4895 6395 6800

SEC. : 9
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS for final production to tankage
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PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS PROPANE BUTANE TEST METHODS
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Composition Liquid Vol.% ASTM D-2163
Ethane 2.5 max. Trace
Propane 95.0 min. 2.0 max.
iso - Butane )
n - Butane ) 2.5 max. 96.0 min.
Pentane & heavier 2.0 max.
Volatile Sulphur 30 ppmwt max. 30 ppmwt max. ASTM D-2784/SMS
Hydrogen Sulphide Negative Negative ASTM D-2420
(mod)
Copper corrosion No. 1 max. No. 1 max. ASTM D-1838
Residual matter 0.05 ml max. - ASTM D-2158
To be reported To be reported ASTM D-165
Vapour pressure
[@ 100oF, PSIG] 208 max. 70 max. ASTM D-1267
Moisture content Pass - ) GPA-propane dryness
test
) (Cobalt Bromide) or
ASTM )
) D-2713
Free Water Content - None )
Specifications for products when feed is from alternate source (Onshore or NGL-2) can be
obtained from laboratory.
SEC. : 9
BUTANE BASE LEAN RICH DESIGN

H2S - - - -
COS 0.9 0.9 1 -
Methyl Mercaptan 458 502 425 900
Propyl Mercaptan 0.1 0.1 - -
Butyl Mercaptan - - - -
Other Sulphur 1.2 1.2 1.2 -
---- ---- ---- ------ --
Total 5895 6709 5459 7400
GASOLINE BASE LEAN RICH DESIGN

H2S - - - -
COS - - - -
Methyl Mercaptan - - - -
Propyl Mercaptan 1943 2464 1797 3700
Butyl Mercaptan 386 528 348 1320
Other Sulphur 19 24 19 -
---- ---- ---- ---
Total 2494 3183 2293 7780
PRODUCT (EX MEROX) SPECIFICATIONS PPMW AS SULPHUR
PROPANE BUTANE GASOLINE

COS 5 - -
Mercaptans 5 5 550 (*)
Disulphides 15 15 450
---- ---- ---
Total ppmw as Sulphur 25 20 1000
Water content ppmw 0.5 0.5 no spec.
[*] The Licensor has stated that the unit will reduce the mercaptan sulphur to
about 10 ppmw but this performance is not guaranteed.
SEC. : 9
Once again the emphasis is very strongly on SAFETY
There are various corrosive and potentially dangerous chemicals within the merox
system as follows :-
Sulphuric Acid
Caustic Soda
Acetic Acid
Ammonia
Attached is an example of a laboratory gas analysis reporting form.
Reference should be made to the section dealing with the toxicological effects of H 2S in
Volume 4 of the manual.
The safety precautions for all of the corrosive chemicals must be strictly adhered to.
Eye protection, gloves and all other safety clothing must be used.
When dealing with any corrosive chemical, the operator should wear acid resistant suits.
Sampling connections are located throughout the system to allow the taking of gaseous
samples in bombs or liquid samples through a cooling coil.
SEC. : 9
SEC. : 9
5. SAMPLE POINTS
Various connections and designated sample points are located throughout the unit.
By referring to the P & ID's, information can be derived of official sampling locations and
types.
e.g. P & ID 6304-00-014 describes a typical sample point for taking gasoline samples
together with the location and cooling water supply.
P & ID 6304-00-015 gives a small sketch of a basic sample connection with a ball valve
and gate valve situation.
Other P & ID's give the above information and also the sample point location together
with where the sample vapours and excess liquid should go to.
For gas [bomb] vapour connection refer to drawing No.600-15-402.
Sample points should have valve facility for depressurising trapped liquids.
Earthing connections should be provided on all sampling points.

SEC. : 9
6. AUTOMATIC QMI INSTRUMENTS
Analysers have been described in this section and a list of locations given. The
information received in the control room will determine the action to be taken.
The following action occurs from Automatic QMI Instruments.
17-AT-002 samples % O2 in the vent gas from V-1703 disulphide separator and gives an
audible alarm in control room on high (H) % O2 at 14%.
17-AT-005 analyses % O2 in the vent gas from V-1703 disulphide separator and gives
an audible alarm in the control room and also a trip signal to the plant air control
17-FIC-005 (17-XV-001) on a high high HH % O2 at 15.0%.
17-FIC-005 (17-XV-001) would also be tripped on a high high temperature on the inlet to
V-1703.
The system functions as follows
Rich caustic passes through a hot water heater E-1301 and is heated to 52C as
indicated on 17-TI-015.
Plant air through 17-FIC-005 joins the caustic flow and mixes on route to the oxidiser
V-1702.
The mercaptans are converted to disulphide.
The mixture of caustic, excess air and disulphide passes to the disulphide separator
V-1703.
The disulphides, regenerated caustic and excess air are separated in V-1703.
The mixture from V-1702 to V-1703 passes through 17-TA-007 [HH] which will give an
audible alarm in the control room on high high temperature and trip the plant air
controller 17-FIC-005.
The reason for this is that the higher temperature would reduce separation and leave
disulphide remaining in the regenerated caustic.
The trip setting for 17-TA-007 [HH] is 65°C.
The alarm setting for 17-TI-015 [H] is 59°C.
The excess air from V-1703 with nitrogen from the air used, flows via 17-PCV-007,
mixed with sweet fuel gas via 17-FIC- 006, flows to F-1305 heater fire box via solenoid
valve 17-XV-004.
When F-1305 is stopped the flow is diverted to V-1704, vent vessel via solenoid valve
17-XV-002, which opens. 17-XV-004 will close and also solenoid valve 17-XV-003 on
sweet fuel gas will close.
SEC. : 9
7. PORTABLE INSTRUMENTS
In various situations, operations personnel and laboratory personnel will be called upon
to use various kinds of portable instruments.
The instruments can be used to detect the presence of explosive gases, toxic vapour,
corrosive vapour etc. Other instruments are used to ascertain the presence of H 2S and
mercaptans and others to determine the amount of O2 in the system.
When drying out systems, especially those where the temperature may be low with
possibility of freezing, moisture analysers may be used.
Every day sampling like pH [acidity/alkalinity] and weathering [boil test] for propane or
butane can be carried out by operations personnel on a 24 hour basis.
Recording of results is the responsibility of both laboratory and operations personnel.

Action on receipt of test results will be directed by the Shift Supervisor.
As previously stated there are various reasons and requirements for determining the
quantity, quality and concentration of products or substances within the plant systems
and areas.
The correct use and application of the equipment used for these determinations is vitally
important for many reasons but predominately for SAFETY.
The user should be well versed in the proper methods of using the various models.
Another vitally important factor is the care and maintenance of the apparatus. The
following points should be emphasised :-
Don't abuse
Don't leave exposed to atmospheric conditions
Don't use for wrong application
Switch off to conserve batteries
Keep in a safe location
Keep a register of service, maintenance etc.
Deliver to laboratory on a regular basis for recharging and changing of batteries.
The following pages give principles and descriptions of some types of portable analysers
that are used in the plant, also their mode of operation.
Further information, if required, may be obtained through the laboratory or safety

department.
SEC. : 9
a) Operating Detectors Principles of Gas
Testing for flammable, explosive or hazardous gas/air mixtures with the aim to
prevent sires, explosions and injuries to personnel by suffocation and intoxication
is a daily practice in all Petroleum production/Refining operations.
It is therefore essential that gas-testers are fully acquainted with the working and
limitations of gas testing instruments.
Flammable [Explosive] Range and Limits
Most hydrocarbon vapours and gases when mixed with air form a flammable or
explosive mixture.
The vapour/air ratio producing a combustible/explosive mixture is different for the

vapours of the different hydrocarbon materials.
These ratios are known for most vapours/gases and are expressed as
i) L.E.L. [Lower Explosive Limit]
ii) U.E.L. [Upper Explosive Limit]
The L.E.L. is the minimum concentration of the vapour/gas in air required to form
an explosive mixture whilst the U.E.L. is the maximum concentration of
vapour/gas in air to form an explosive mixture.
This can be thought of as a vessel having an ordinary atmospheric content, into

which a gas is introduced slowly. As the gas increases it will eventually come to
the L.E.L. If we continue to put the gas in, the mixture will remain explosive with
increased explosive power until we reach the U.E.L. Once beyond the U.E.L.
there is insufficient air to form an explosive mixture, in other words the vessel
now contains gas in predominance to air.
This range between the L.E.L. and the U.E.L. is called the EXPLOSIVE range.
The mixture in the mid-range of the two limits will give the most violent explosion.
Unfortunately no single Gas detection instrument can be used to cover the whole
range of hydrocarbon mixtures. In Crude oil refineries for instance special
instruments are required where LEADED spirits [petrol] are concerned. Also
special precautions have to be taken when testing for hydrocarbons in INERT
atmospheres.
The following notes are on MSA gas detectors which are in use almost
universally within the Petroleum industry.
SEC. : 9
b) MSA Portable Combustible Gas Detectors
1) General Description
The MSA range of portable Combustible Gas Indicators are intended for
use in measuring the concentration of combustible gases or vapours in air.
A sample of the atmosphere under test is drawn through the indicator by

squeezing a rubber bulb and the combustible gas concentration is shown
on a meter which registers percentage of the L. E. L. [Lower Explosive
Limit]
2) Principles of Operation
The sensing device employed is a small platinum filament which is heated

so that any combustible gases in contact with it will burn. This burning
further increases its electrical resistance. The resistance change is shown
by a meter which is calibrated in percentage of the L.E.L. The heat of
combustion for most gases is approximately the same, so although the
instrument is actually calibrated for one material [usually Pentane] the
readings are sufficiently accurate for the variety of vapours/gases
encountered.
To prevent possible ignition of the atmosphere being tested, flashback

arrestors are installed on the sample inlet and sample suction bulb
connection. No detector should be operated without these safety devices. A
filter is also installed in the sample inlet line to trap any solid matter. A
schematic diagram of the meter operating system is attached.
3) MSA Gas Detector Models
In NGL operations three MSA portable detectors are in use

a) Model 2E/2A
b) Model 40
c) Tankscope
4) MSA Model 2E/2A Portable Gas Detector
Model 2E is a general purpose detector used to determine the percentage

of L.E.L. in any given atmosphere. It is calibrated to give a reading between
0 and 100 percent of L.E.L. That is to say any reading given between 0 and
100 will be the percentage below the explosive point. Readings from 60%
to 100% are marked in red to indicate the atmosphere is close to the
explosive point. If the indicator goes above 100% and remains there the
atmosphere is EXPLOSIVE. Should the indicator go above the 100% and
return quickly to zero it means that the mixture being tested is rich with gas
but is above the U.E.L. [Upper Explosive Limit].
SEC. : 9
Readings in this area should be treated with extreme care as the addition of
air will make the atmosphere violently explosive.
As stated this detector is a general purpose detector and providing the

reading obtained is below 1% after at least three tests have been taken [the
instrument being flushed in fresh air between each test] Hot work can take
place.
The detector CANNOT be used where N2 or CO2 rich atmospheres exist.

This means when inertion has taken place with N 2 that vessel/pipe or tank
has no air therefore the Model 2E detector cannot detect the presence of
gas as it requires air and gas to burn on its filament to produce an
indication.
5) MSA Model 40 Portable Gas Detector
The Model 40 uses the same principal as the Model 2E, indeed it is exactly
the same except for one difference, it has two indicating scales :
a) Indicates 0 to 100% L.E.L. [same as model 2E]
b) Indicates 0 to 10% L.E.L. on second scale
When using this instrument ALWAYS use the 0 to 100% scale in the first
instance, if the reading obtained is above 10% L.E.L. DO NOT USE the 0 to
10% scale until the readings obtained fall below the 10% mark.
The 0 to 10% scale can be used to monitor atmospheres below 10% L.E.L.
This is not to say the Model 40 is more accurate than the Model 2E, it just
has a finer scale and is therefore more sensitive below 10% L.E.L. having a
full scale deflection from 0 to 10%.
The statement "when air is present" is again extremely important. The

Model 40 like the Model 2E cannot be used in the absence of air.
6) MSA Tankscope Portable Gas Indicator
The Tankscope gas indicator has been designed specifically to detect and
measure the concentration of hydrocarbon vapours in INERT atmospheres,
that is to say atmospheres that have been purged from a total hydrocarbon
condition with N2.
The Instrument is scaled to read 0 to 20% GAS VOLUME and is calibrated

with a mixture of BUTANE and INERT GASES. This point of the instrument
reading GAS VOLUME must be appreciated. It is not a percent L.E.L. The
instrument is telling you only what volume of gas is present in any
atmosphere which is being inerted and is indicative only that more inertion
must be done with N2 to reduce the hydrocarbon gas content
SEC. : 9
The Tankscope determines hydrocarbon concentrations by measuring the

rate of heat loss from a heated filament to the surrounding gas mixture. The
rate of heat loss depends on the heat transport characteristics of the gas
mixture. If the gas atmosphere being sampled is uniform, [that is to say well
"mixed"] the heat transport characteristics of the mixture depend on the
hydrocarbon concentration.
Measurement of the hydrocarbon gas concentrations is made without

dilution of the samples being drawn into the instrument.
The Tankscope instrument has two filaments each one being part of an
electrical circuit. The instrument is balanced, i.e. "zeroed" in fresh air, which
is free of hydrocarbon gases. When the gas sample is drawn into the
instrument only one filament is exposed to it. If hydrocarbon gas is present
it will unbalance the circuit and so indicate volume percentage hydrocarbon
gas present.
Experimental investigations have shown that the heat transport properties

of inert gas and air are virtually identical. This fact allows the MSA
Tankscope to be zeroed on air and then used to measure hydrocarbon gas
concentrations in inert gas atmospheres.
There are two points about this instrument which must be understood by
any gas tester.
a) When testing at any pressure other than atmospheric after aspirating

the sample through the instrument, the sample line should be detached
so allowing the instrument to adjust to normal atmospheric pressure
before taking the indicated reading. Readings obtained at any pressure
other than atmospheric including a reduced pressure will give faulty
indications.
b) The instrument should be kept in a normal upright position, it is

sensitive to tilt and can give significant error of the readings obtained.
7) Applications
There are three primary reasons for wanting to know gas concentrations
a) Is the concentration safe for Hot work.

b) Is the concentration low enough for men to work in.
c) Has the gas concentration been reduced low enough by inertion to
allow normal air ventilation without creating an explosive atmosphere.
It will be seen from previous discussion that a reading of less than 1%

obtained with a Model 2E MSA Gas detector would be quite safe for hot
work being done in normal conditions, in the open air on a piece of pipe for
instance. This is the major application of the Model 2E, obtaining L.E.L.
readings for normal open air work.
SEC. : 9
If work had to be done within a vessel the reading obtained with the Model
2E would still be safe for the Hot work, but now a different or additional
standard must be met. To do the work a man or men must enter the vessel
and more rigid standards must be applied. An atmosphere in which men
have to work has to meet a standard called the "Threshold Limit Value" or
T.L.V.
The T.L.V. is a rigid standard. It states that hydrocarbon concentrations for

man entry must be below 5% L.E.L. [Other standards such as sufficient air
to support life and absence of toxic gases must also be met but we are
discussing only hydrocarbon detection here]. It is much safer for these
lower readings to be obtained with an instrument which shows the
concentration over a wide scale and therefore clearer to determine exact
concentrations. This is the major application of the Model 40 MSA gas
detector.
Both above applications are used to determine the percentage L.E.L. of the
atmosphere being tested therefore air [normal oxygen concentrations] is
present.
8) Gas Free
The safest way to render a piece of equipment "GAS FREE" is to
a) Depressure the equipment to a safe location to flare for instance.
b) Valve isolate then fill to a slightly elevated pressure with N2 and again
release to flare. If this is done two or three times it dilutes the
hydrocarbon atmosphere with N2 making it safer to SPADE isolate.
c) Spade isolate the equipment. This ensures that no means remains for
anything to enter the equipment except for the N2 inlet and the flare
outlet. Once spade isolation is done pressure and depressure with N 2
three or four times, then when equipment is at atmospheric pressure,
sample for combustible gas concentration. As the atmosphere in the
equipment is N2 plus hydrocarbon gases neither the MSA Model 2E or
40 is applicable. The instrument applicable here is the Tankscope.
Once gas concentrations have been reduced to less than 1% volume as

indicated by the Tankscope, the Flare connection should be spade
isolated and the equipment purged to atmosphere with N 2 for a short
period then the N2 inlet disconnected and the equipment ventilated with
air. Once ventilation with air has taken place the Tankscope is no longer
applicable and readings should now be taken for L.E.L. as outlined
above.
SEC. : 9
9) Operating Instructions MSA Model 2E/2A
The MSA Model 2E gas detector is set in its proper operating conditions by
the adjustment of a single control. This control is a rheostat regulating the
current to the meter measuring circuit. The rheostat knob is held in the off
position by a locking bar. This bar must be lifted before the knob can be
turned from the off position.
To test for combustible gases or vapours in an atmosphere, operate the

detector as follows:
a) Lift the end of the rheostat knob on-off bar and turn the rheostat knob
one quarter turn clockwise.
This operation closes the battery circuit. Because of unequal heating

of the various circuit elements, the meter pointer will move rapidly
up-scale and then return to some point below zero.
b) Flush fresh air through the detector.
The circuit of the detector must be balanced with fresh air free of
combustible gases or vapours surrounding the detector filament. Five
squeezes of the aspirator bulb is sufficient to flush the combustion
chamber. If a sampling line is attached an additional two squeezes will
be required for each 10 feet [2.5 metres] of line.
c) Adjust the rheostat knob until the meter pointer rests at zero, holding
the meter against wind direction.
Clockwise rotation of the rheostat knob causes the meter pointer to

move up the scale. A clockwise rotation sufficient to move the meter
point considerably above zero should be avoided as this subjects the
detector filament to excessive currents and will shorten the operative life
of the filament.
d) Place end of sampling line at, or transport the meter to, the point where
the sample is to be drawn from.
e) Readjust meter pointer to zero with rheostat knob.
f) Connect the sampling line and aspirate sample through meter until
highest reading is obtained.
Approximately five squeezes of the bulb are sufficient to give a

maximum deflection. If a sampling line is attached as is usual add two
squeezes for each ten feet of line.
The reading obtained indicates the concentration of combustible gas or

vapours in the sample.
SEC. : 9
As stated elsewhere the graduations of the scale of the indicating meter

of the MSA Model 2E are in percent of the Lower Explosive Limit
[L.E.L.]. A deflection on the meter pointer between zero and 100 shows
how close the atmosphere being tested approaches the minimum
concentration required for an explosion, if an ignition source was
applied.
Under no circumstances should hot work be allowed to take place with

readings above 5% L.E.L.
g) To turn the instrument off : flush with fresh air so that combustion
chamber is clear of combustible gases or vapours, and indicator returns
to ' 0' reading. Rotate rheostat knob counterclockwise until the locking
bar drops into position in its slot.
a) The combustion chamber must be swept free of combustible gases

and be filled with fresh air.
b) Batteries must be turned on and the proper voltage applied to the

Bridge.
c) The Bridge must be balanced to zero deflection on the meter with

fresh air in the open chamber.
The following steps should be taken to accomplish above and should be

followed rigidly for proper results.
1. Place sample intake in fresh air.
2. Turn "selector" switch to "check".
This places the meter across the active filament where it will
indicate the voltage across the filament.
3. Pull straight up on the "switch" knob.
This operation closes the battery circuit, and the meter pointer will
be seen to rise on the scale towards the "check" point.
4. Flush fresh air through the indicator.
Sample is drawn through the indicator by squeezing the rubber

aspirator bulb and allowing it to completely expand. Ten to twelve
squeezes of the aspirator bulb are sufficient to flush the chamber. If
more than 5 feet of sampling line is used, approximately two
additional squeezes will be required for each additional ten feet of
line.
SEC. : 9
5. Adjust the meter pointer to "check"
To accomplish this turn the "volt adj” in the direction which the
meter pointer must move to come to "check". This establishes the
proper operating voltage to the bridge.
6. Turn the selector switch to "100%" L.E.L.
7. Adjust the meter pointer to zero.
Turn the "zero adj" knob so that the meter pointer slightly
overshoots zero then turn the knob slowly in the opposite direction
until the meter pointer is on zero.
8. Turn the selector switch to "10% L.E.L.".
Adjust the meter pointer to zero as described in 7. Turn the knob

slowly.
9. Turn the selector switch to "100% L.E.L.".
10. Place the end of the sampling line in the area to be tested.
Note : The Model 40 is supplied complete with a special 5 feet

humidity stabilising sampling line. This special humidity line
must always be fitted to the instrument.
11. Aspirate sample through the indicator. The aspirator bulb should
be operated until the meter pointer comes to rest on the scale.
12. If after 10 squeezes the reading obtained is below 10%, turn the
selector switch to the "10% L.E.L." scale. Continue aspirating and
take readings from top scale, ["10% L.E.L."].
Caution: Always take the first sample with the selector switch in
the 100% L.E.L. position.
13. If the meter pointer does not rise on the scale within 15 squeezes
of the aspirator bulb the point of sample may be considered "gas
free".
SEC. : 9
10) Operating Instructions for Model 40
No details available
11) Interpretation of Readings
When interpreting meter readings, the indicator is set for its maximum
range when the selector switch is in the 100% L.E.L. position. With the
selector switch in this position,
GAS CONCENTRATIONS THAT DRIVE THE METER POINTER UP PAST

THE TOP OF THE METER SCALE, OR WHICH CAUSE THE METER
POINTER TO FIRST CLIMB AND THEN FALL BACK ARE EXTREMELY
DANGEROUS AND
MUST BE TREATED ACCORDINGLY. ALSO EQUALLY AS DANGEROUS

ARE GAS CONCENTRATIONS WHICH CAUSE THE METER POINTER
TO DEFLECT TO THE EXTREME RIGHT END OF THE SCALE AND
THEN FALL BELOW ZERO. EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO
ENSURE THAT THIS FORM OF RESPONSE IS NOT OVERLOOKED.
The indicator is set for its maximum sensitivity when the selector switch is
in the "10% L.E.L." position. Meter readings on this scale indicate that only
traces of "combustibles" are present, usually not above 10% of the lower
explosive limit. With the switch in this position the concentration of many
combustible gases and vapours may be measured to give an indication of
the toxicity of the atmosphere as related to their Threshold Limit Value
(T.L.V.).
12) Procedure for Gas Testing
Prior to Test Ensure the Explosimeter is in proper working order.
Test Site
a) Check wind direction to give indication where vapours are likely to drift
over the work area.
b) Inspect all sewers, beehives and drains. Ensure that they are properly
sealed, and test over them.
c) Test vents, open lines, flanges, drain cocks and valve glands or any
other points where there is the possibility of gas leakage [vapour or
liquid].
d) In the case of proposed burning through lines, gas tests must be taken
at frequent intervals in the line and there should always be a nil reading
indicated by the explosimeter. It may be necessary to drill test holes in
the line prior to the hot work.
SEC. : 9
e) When testing : vessels, drums or tanks take tests from as many points
as possible.
Fixed Roof Tanks, test at following positions
1. 6" from the tank bottom [take care the sampling tube is not in liquid].
2. Midway between roof and tank bottom.
3. 6" from tank roof.
Clear the explosimeter between tests with fresh air.
FLOATING ROOF TANKS, Test through the bottom manways, and test
all compartments in the pontoon. When tank is gas free check that no
vapours are drifting into the area from other sources, e.g. tanks, sewers,
vents, etc. Take tests on top of adjacent tank firewalls.
In the case of hot work on the floor plates of tanks, holes should be
drilled in the floor to ensure that the space between the ground and the
tank bottom is gas free.
f) Do not take tests in lines, vessels, tanks etc., while steam is present as
it is impossible to obtain an accurate reading and the liquid trap in the
explosimeter will become filled with condensed vapour.
13) Gas Testing General and Points to Look out for :.
Points to Look Out for

a) Exposed drains.
b) Oil in the area.
c) Spades in lines.
d) Polluted lines and tanks at drain points.
e) Leaking glands on valves and pumps.
f) Iron sulphide in scale.
g) Wind direction at tank or plant area.
h) Anticipate any critical changes which may occur, for example : will heat
from the sun or welding create hazardous vapours not yet present, or
will sludge be disturbed and give off gas?
General Points
Beware of sampling gases which are warmer than ambient temperatures

because some gases may condense out in the sampling line before
reaching the meter.
The instruments are not designed to detect inflammable mists or dust.

SEC. : 9
SEC. : 9
Check the fittings. Do not use "home made" extensions. The sample lines
supplied are either flexible non-absorbent type or stainless steel.
Non-standard connections can allow air to enter and dilute the sample. A
tightness check can be made by squeezing the bulb and closing the inlet
with a finger, the bulb should not reinflate.
Do not attempt to service the indicator or change the batteries yourself.

These are jobs for someone trained to do that work.
These notes are intended as guides when gas testing. They cannot hope to
cover all eventualities. Should you be in doubt or feel unsure about results
obtained ..."ask for help". Do not allow work to start until everything has
been checked out satisfactorily.
c) Operating Procedure for Exotox
1. Press on/off switch firmly.
2. Wait till Alarm sound clears [stabilise the instr.].
3. First, indication "OXY" + 20.8% vol. appears [for oxygen tests only].
4. Press SELECT switch [soft touch].
5. Indication "TOX" 0 ppm [vol] appears (for H2S tests].
6. Next two pressings indicates, TWA & Hr. [ignore these, because these are
time base analysis, required during vessel entry].
7. Your final pressing of SELECT switch gives you "EXP" 0% i.e. explosivity %
LEL.
8. Select the required mode, like TOX in case of H2S measurements.
9. Keep the exotox in its case and allow the gas to flash in the case from the
loose end of the tube connected to the high pressure line.
Allow gas entry at very low pressure till a stable reading is obtained.
10. Before turning the instrument off, flush it with fresh air (Instrument Air).
11. Press on/off switch firmly to switch off.
Avoid sucking any liquid or gas with mist.
Note
Above procedure is for monitoring H2S etc. in streams under pressure.

SEC. : 9
In case atmospheric measurement is required [for environmental purposes etc.]:

Remove the instrument from the carrying case and follow above 1-10 ignoring
step 9.
d) Operating Principles of Drager Tubes
1) General
The atmosphere in working areas or inside vessels, columns etc. where

men have to do hot work or enter can be contaminated by gases and
vapours. If the concentration of the air contaminant exceeds an admissible
level, it will constitute a danger. It would be ideal to provide completely
clean air in working areas, but, for various reasons, this is possible only in
very few cases. Hence, one has no choice but to tolerate some small air
contamination in workplaces, but the contaminant concentration must be
reduced to a tolerable level by suitable measures [e.g. purging and
ventilation].
Investigation of any atmosphere with analysis equipment is not simple from

an analytical point of view. The aim is to determine very small
concentrations with the maximum reliability in a short time. Laboratory
methods are not always suitable, the costs are very high and it takes hours
to get the analysis result.
Hence, it is desirable to have an apparatus with which reliable results of

measurement can be obtained immediately on the spot.
More than 50 years ago, this desire led to the development in the USA of a
simple analysis unit with which it was attempted to develop a laboratory
process to such an extent that it could be used as a complete analysis
when required.
The stimulus for this came from the Mining industry. An instrument was
required which would give an early warning of the presence of poisonous
carbon monoxide. Laboratory analysis took too long and it was no longer
sufficient to use small animals - white mice and canaries - as a means of
warning.
In 1919, the Americans A. Lamb and C. Hoover obtained a patent on a

detector tube with which the CO content of the air could be estimated. As
an indicator they used a mixture which was placed in thin glass tubes. If air
containing CO was sucked through these tubes the mixture changed colour
to green. The CO content of the air could be estimated from the intensity of
the discoloration [e.g. light green, dark green].
This was a great step forward but it was not until the 1930's that a paper
was published for the detection of H2S [by a Mr. Littlefield of the USA].
However the detector tube was still not in general use at that time because
of problems associated with the developing of suitable reagents which
would exist within glass tubes for some time without deteriorating.
SEC. : 9
Without getting too technical, the problem is based on the minute amount of
reactant chemical which is used within the tube. This small amount of pure
chemical is "carried" on another substance which is neutral in the reaction.
Not only has the "carrier" to remain neutral during the sampling reaction but
it has to remain neutral to the reactant chemical itself during the length of
time a tube is kept in storage awaiting use. If these two conditions are not
met then the tube would be useless. That is why it is extremely important,
even with modern-day tubes, to ensure they are not "out of date" before
using them.
Most Drager tubes have a storage life of two years but this may vary as
there are now some 100 different Drager detection tubes. The expiry date is
clearly shown on each box.
In petroleum refining/production operations we are concerned with a limited

number of Drager tubes, they are
1. Hydrogen sulphide
2. Oxygen
3. SO2
4. CO
5. CO2
6. Ammonia
7. Hydrocarbons
For normal operations work where vessel entry or detection of toxic gases
is concerned Nos. 1, 2, and 7 above are those mainly used.
2) General Principles of Operation
As stated above the Drager gas detection tube uses a reagent chemical
within a glass tube to detect the presence of another chemical substance.
Whilst this would say the substance is there if a complete colour change
took place it would by no means tell us how much of that substance was
present. A Drager detection tube does this using two principles
a) It takes a definite amount of reagent to react with a known amount of

chemical substance.
b) The sample pump sucks in a set amount of the atmosphere being

tested with each stroke.
SEC. : 9
By having the reactant chemical mixed uniformly with its neutral carrier and
this total amount of material distributed along a tube of a known volume it
only then remains for the pump to intake a set volume of the air being
sampled for the reactant to be discoloured progressively from the sample
inlet point. The tube can then be graduated so that as the discolouration
progresses along the tube for a certain volume of sample intake. The
contaminant quantity can be directly determined from the tube
discolouration length [see attached diagram of "before" and "after" tube].
3) Instrument Description and Operation
The gas detector bellows pump [see diagrams of pump and pump with
sample tube attached] is made from neoprene and opens automatically
after compressing and releasing the bellows. This opening process is
effected by two steel springs built into the pump. The end of the suction
process is reached when the limit chain is taut.
The gas detector pump has only one valve, which is closed when the gas
sample is sucked in and opens again on squeezing the bellows. The pump
head has an aperture into which the Drager tube to be used is inserted.
The time from releasing the bellows [after squeezing] until the limit chain is
taut is termed the opening time of the gas detector pump: hence the
opening time is the duration of one pump stroke.
The opening time depends on the flow resistance of the Drager tube
inserted, which is a function of the filling preparation used. The reaction
time for various reagents and gases differ. Therefore the opening time of
the gas detector pump will vary. With some tubes, H 2S for instance, it will
open within about 20 seconds, with others it could be up to 40 seconds.
Generally speaking the tubes used within the petroleum industry open in
about the same times. The opening times are indicated on the instruction
leaflet in the box for each tube type.
In most cases tubes should not be opened until at the sampling site and the
test started within ten to fifteen seconds of opening the tube. Read the
instructions given in each box of tubes carefully before carrying out tests,
and be especially careful when evaluating test results. These instructions
are a general guide to the use of the Drager sampling instrument but each
type of detector tube has a very definite individual measurement
characteristic determined by the number of strokes and the opening time for
each stroke. Full instructions are given on the sheet within each box.
SEC. : 9
Each test made by a gas tester is used to determine whether or not work
can take place or a man can enter a space, the result of the test is recorded
on the Work Permit. In the case of the MSA gas detector no permanent
record of the test result can be made, those responsible for issuing a Work
Permit should always be sure the Performing Authority witnesses the actual
test and signifies this on the permit. In the case of the Drager test a record
can be kept of the test. When the test has been completed the ends of the
test tube should be sealed with the rubber caps provided and the tube
labelled clearly as to place, time, and tester together with performing
authority's witness to authenticity.
4) Using Drager Gas detection Instrument
Before using the Drager gas detection unit perform a leak test. To do this
seal the pump with an unopened DRAGER tube and completely compress
the bellows. The pump is sufficiently air tight if the bellows has not
expanded again completely after ten minutes i.e. the limit chain is not taut,
it will then deliver the volume required for completing a test.
Break off both tips of the Drager tube using the break-off eyelet [refer to
attached diagrams].
Insert the opened Drager tube in the pump head SO THAT THE ARROW
POINTS TOWARDS THE PUMP. The tube must fit firmly and tightly in the
pump head stopper so that no bypass air can be sucked in.
Hold the pump in the hand with the pump between the thumb and the base
of the index finger and the fingers resting on the front plate [Fig 6].
Compress the bellows completely [as in Fig 7, not as Fig 8], then release it
[as in Fig 9].
When the bellows are compressed, the air in it escapes through the outlet
valve and not through the tube, since the tube has a higher resistance than
the outlet valve. The pump suction operation commences when the fingers
are relaxed. The compression springs inside the bellows, which are placed
under stress when the bellows are compressed, extend and the outlet valve
is closed through the vacuum created in the bellows.
The air flows through the Drager tube into the bellows while the latter
returns to its original volume [Fig 9]. The volume of air sucked in by the
Drager tube is defined by the dimensions and stroke of the bellows. It
amounts to 100 cm3 [one hundred cubic centimeters] per stroke. The end
of the suction movement is reached when the limit chain is completely taut.
Since the suction of the pump is caused only by the relaxation of the
springs, any subjective influence is excluded.
Consequently, the rate of flow of the air in the Drager tube, which is
decisive for the accuracy of measurement, is determined exclusively by the
spring force of the pump and the resistance of the tube filling, which is fixed
SEC. : 9
during manufacture. To check that testing takes place correctly, check the
"Opening Time" given on the Instruction sheet within each packet of tubes.
When testing, make the number of pump strokes specified in the operating
Instruction for the tube concerned.
5) Summary of Operating Instructions
a) Check the pump for leaks before each series of tests.
b) Break off both tips of the drager tube at test site with the break off eyelet
[Fig 3].
c) Tightly insert the drager tube in the pump head with the arrow pointing
towards the pump [Fig 5].
d) Hold the pump as shown in Fig.6.
e) Fully compress the bellows [Fig 7].
f) Straighten the fingers. The suction process takes place automatically

and is completed when the limit chain is taut [Fig 9].
g) Repeat the suction process as often as specified in the tube operating

instructions.
h) Evaluate the indication as described in the tube operating instructions.
Always start testing unknown atmospheres with the tube of highest

concentrations and work down to that tube which gives the
concentration in the mid-range of the tube.
Test for the highly toxic gases firstly e.g. [ 1 ] H2S, (2 ] CO, [ 3 ] CO2 .
When testing unknown gas concentrations Breathing Apparatus [B.A.]
should be used-and a lifeline worn with a watch being kept by standby
personnel in a safe area.
Remember that when testing atmospheres for man entry, after the
absence of TOXIC AND HYDROCARBON GASES are proven, oxygen
capable of supporting life MUST be established and proven before entry
is permissable without B.A.
Whilst entry to a vessel can be made using B. A. in the presence of

TOXIC gases BY EXPERIENCED PERSONNEL UNDER RIGIDLY
CONTROLLED CONDITIONS AND NOT WITHOUT PERMISSION OF
HEAD OF GAS OPERATION under no circumstances would entry be
permitted if an EXPLOSIVE atmosphere existed. REMEMBER :
IMPORTANT
The safety of people doing hot work or entering a confined space is

effected directly by the ACCURACY and RELIABILITY of the gas test.
SEC. : 9
6) Limitations
a) Temperature range for tubes is 0 to 60 degrees centigrade.
b) Test where possible should be taken at atmospheric pressure, a

correction must be made when tests are carried out at elevated
pressures see instructions with each tube packet.
i) Use a small 'T' piece to give pressure reduction.
ii) Allow the gas to run into an open receptacle (hand glove will do)
and take the reading by inserting the Drager tube inside the
receptable which is at atmospheric pressure.
SEC. : 9
SEC. : 9
SEC. : 9
SEC. : 9
e) Monocolor H2S Analyser
1) The Monocolor MC 1001
This is an extremely sensitive but nevertheless robust gas analyser for the
determination of traces and also higher concentrations of H 2S in gases or
air. The exceeding of the maximum permissible concentration of H 2S can
be signalled by visible or audible alarms.
The MONOCOLOR is ideally suited for:

Town gas, synthesis gas, cooking plant gas, protective gas, natural gas,
purification gas, refinery gas, exhaust air, cracking gas, room atmosphere,
waste gas and chemical industry
a) Measuring Principle
A narrow tape of sensitised paper [B], which is partly stained when

exposed to H2S, passes, at a constant feed rate, firstly a reference
chamber [V] and then a measuring chamber [M]. The reference
chamber is filled with air, while a constant volume of test gas flows
through the measuring chamber [M].
The sensitised paper [B] is exposed in both chambers to the light of a

single lamp [L]. The brightness of the paper acts on two photoelectric
cells [L1] and [L2].
The photoelectric cell [L1] receives the light reflected by the unstained
paper in the reference chamber, whereas light reflected by the more or
less stained paper in the measuring chamber [M] is received by the
photoelectric cell [L2]. The resulting differential current is proportional to
the H2S concentration in the test gas and measured by the instrument
[E].
SEC. : 9
b) Mode of operation
The MONOCOLOR equipment comprises two principal units, the

analyser shown in Fig.2 and the remote recorder which can be installed
at any distance from the analyser.
The analyser contains the various components in a robust sheet metal

casing with lock-fast cover. At the front of the hinged mounting plate [P]
the operating controls are arranged. There is also a combined plexiglas
meter for the sample flow and the gas pressure, and an instrument with
change-over switch.
On the back of the mounting plate there is a differential pressure

regulator to maintain a constant rate of gas sample flow, a feeding
device driven by a synchronous motor for the paper tape with a
contacting arrangement for the chopper bar of the recorder, and a
reversible cock with fine regulating valve for adjusting the flow rate of
the gas sample.
The gas carrying lines are made of glass or suitable plastics.

Fluctuations of the mains voltage are compensated by a built-in voltage
regulator. The gas sample entering the transmitter passes the
differential pressure regulator, the fine regulating valve [F], the paper
tape [B] in the measuring chamber [M], and then escapes from the
transmitter. The paper tape is moved forward in steps at the rate of 1
mm per minute.
A second similar chamber [V] communicates with the ambient air and
serves as a comparison chamber. The principle of measurement is
described earlier. One roll of sensitized paper is sufficient for 15 days.
Shortly before the paper is moved forward a contact is closed which
electromagnetically actuates the chopper bar of the recorder for
recording the measured value.
Measuring ranges above 50 mg H2S/m3 [32 ppm] are obtained by

adding a carrier gas or air by means of additional gas connections and
a positively controlled proportioning device. The carrier gas is loaded
with a volumetrically metered partial volume of the gas sample. The
resulting measuring ranges then are multiples of the standard range for
example 0…250 mg [160 ppm], 0…25 g [1600 ppm], 0…5 g [3200
ppm], 0…25 g [1.60], 0…50 g H2S/m3 [3.2%], etc.
The recorder is designed for flush panel mounting and uses a moving
coil system with a special chopper bar actuator which is controlled by
the transmitter. The chart paper is 140/120 mm wide and has a feed
rate of 20 mm/hour. It is graduated from 0 to 25. The actual reading is
determined by the scale of the recorder, for example 0...25 mg/m3 [0-16
ppm] or 0…25 x 0.1 g for 0…25 g/m3 [0-1600 ppm] or 0…25 x 0.2 g/m3
for 0…5 g/m3 [0-0.32%], etc.
SEC. : 9
One chart roll is sufficient for 1 1/2 months. The chart is wound up
automatically.
On request, the recorder may be supplied with a signal contact to which

any signal devices with a maximum rating of 500 VA may be connected
directly.
For non-stationary measurements the MONOCOLOR analyser may be

supplied together with the recorder, in a portable sheet metal casing as
per fig. 3. The casing is provided with two carrying handles and rubber
feet.
[Ex] type : The MONOCOLOR can be supplied as ex- type [fig. 6] for
use in hazardous areas. This type has been approved in accordance
with PTB certificate No. 17358 of October, 67 for the protection class
[Ex] d 2 G 5.
c) Installation
Correct readings depend on a proper installation which must be adapted to

suit the local conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to let us know the
operating conditions in the plant, if possible by means of an outline sketch.
In addition to the composition and condition of the gas, also the distance
between the sampling point and the analyser is of importance. We shall
gladly advise you on the basis of our experience and make specific
recommendations for the best arrangement of the measuring equipment.
SEC. : 9
The MONOCOLOR MC 1001 analyser should be arranged near the

sampling point or, if this is not possible for plant reasons, in a room free of
gas. The gas must be cleaned [suitable filters can be supplied for this
purpose]. The gas sample pressure should be at least 500 mm [20"] WG,
but not exceeding 1200 mm [48"] WG. For lower pressures a gas pump Gf
21 must be installed upstream of the analyser. If the gas pressure is higher
than 1200 mm [48"] WG, a pressure reducer must be installed.
Furthermore, if the gas is rather moist, a gas drier Fi 37 should be installed.
The connecting line between the gas sampling point and the analyser
should be Monoflex tubing, 3.5 x 9 mm [a flexible plastic] run in a conduit.
The recorder Fe 55 is connected to the analyser by a 4-conductor cable

[1.5 mm2]. The recorder must also be connected to the power mains. The
recorder should be installed in an instrument panel or control room. Any
signal device can be arranged at a desired location.
d) Technical Data
Power : 220v + 15%; 50 Hz

Upon enquiry for other connection connected load :
about 65 VA
Standard measuring range:

0...25 mg H2S/m3 = 0...16 ppm H2S
Switchable to 0..50 mg H2S/m3 = 0...32 ppm H2S
SEC. : 9
On request special measuring ranges, such as

0...5 mg/m3 [= 3.2 ppm] or
0...25 mg/m3 [= 1.6 ppm]
Higher measuring ranges for any H2S concentration upon enquiry
Test paper : impregnated with lead acetate. One test paper roll will
last about 15 days
90% time : about 12 min.

[for direct connection of sample gas]
Error limit : <10%; in the lower third <5%
Output signal : 0..150 microns

0..10 mV into 5 kOhm on request
Other output signals upon enquiry
The influence of ambient temperature and barometric pressure fluctuations

is negligible.
Dimensions : height 434, breadth 415, depth 260mm
[Ex] type height 565, breadth 440, depth 260 mm
Weight : 27.5 kg
[Ex] type : 38 kg
Subject to technical modifications

SEC. : 9
SEC. : 9
2) Monocolor MC 1002
a) Mode of Operation
For measuring H2S in gases containing SO2 for example in flue gas, the
MONOCOLOR MC 1002 is used. This instrument corresponds
essentially to the preceding description and is different from the MC
1001 only in the following respect.
1. The test paper is impregnated with silver nitrate rather than with
lead acetate for eliminating the interfering influence of SO 2 on the
measurement. The shelf life of this test paper is however limited to
about 3 months in view of its light sensitivity.
2. The test paper feed is not fixed at 1 mm per minute as the test
paper is moved forward in steps of a full gas exposure field [about
16 mm]. By varying the exposure time [from 1 min. to 16 min.] by
means of a time switch, different measuring ranges can be realised
[from 6.25 to 100 ppm].
Measuring ranges above 100 ppm H2S can be realised by a

proportioning device. As the proportioned volume will be delivered
to each exposure field only once, the exposure time is without
importance so that the timer can be set to one minute for obtaining
a faster indication.
3. The microswitch for the remote control of a chopper bar recorder is

not used in the MC 1002. For this reason, a conventional point
recorder with automatic point sequence or a line recorder may be
used.
4. The indication of the sample gas input pressure is not given by a

mercury column, but instead by a gauge arranged on the left side of
the housing operating with a pressure connector in view of the risk
of corrosion.
SEC. : 9
SEC. : 9
b) Installation
The installation scheme [fig. 5] shows a gas sampling and conditioning

system as used in conjunction with a MONOCOLOUR MC 1002 for
industrial exhaust gases.
The sample gas is drawn from the stack through a gas sampling probe
with heated filter Ga 54. The gas sampling tube made of stainless steel
[V4A] should be installed in downward slope [about 15o] so that any
deposits of ashes will drop out of the tube. The ceramic filter attached to
the end of the sampling tube is electrically heated to about 170C in
order to avoid clogging of the filter by condensing acid.
The sample gas line between the heated filter and the sample gas
cooler must also be heated to about 60 oC in order to avoid condensate
in this section of the line. For this purpose, the sample gas line should
be run in a conduit together with heating strap of about 100 watt.
The corrosion resistant electrical gas cooler Fi 57 cools the gas to about
+ 7C so that most of the water vapour is condensed. The condensate
accumulates in the water separator Fi 19 and is automatically drained.
The relative error as a result of the dissolving of H 2S in the condensate,
is only 0.17% for sample gas water saturated at 40C or 0.49% for
sample gas water saturated at 60C; hence negligibly small.
The gas pump Gf 21 delivers the sample gas from the gas cooler
through a fine dust filter Fi 46, which is essential for protecting the
analyser, into the MONOCOLOR MC 1002.
Monoflex tubing Le 29 or Teflon tube should be used for the sample line
and installed in a conduit as mechanical protection.
SEC. : 9
SEC. : 9
c) Technical Data
Power : 220V + 150; 50Hz
Upon enquiry for other connection
Connected load : about 65 VA
Standard measuring range
0….6.25 ppm H2S at 16 min. exposure time

0…. 12.5 ppm H2S at 8 min. exposure time
0…. 25 ppm H2S at 4 min. exposure time
Higher measuring ranges for any H2S concentration upon enquiry
Test paper : Impregnated with silver nitrate, Ve 55a, shelf life about 3
months. Depending on the measuring range, a test paper
roll will last for one to 15 days.
90% time : depending on measuring range between 1 and 16 minutes.
Error limit : <10%; in the lower third <5%
Output signal : 0…. 150 microns

0…. 10 mV into 5 kOhm on request other output
signals upon enquiry.
The influence of ambient temperature and barometric pressure

fluctuations is negligible.
Dimensions: height 434, breadth 415, depth 260 mm
Weight : 27.5 kg
Measurement of components other than H2S upon enquiry
Subject to technical modifications.

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QATAR PETROLEUM VOL : 1

c) Operating Procedure for EXOTOX

d) Operating principles of DRAGER TUBES

e) Monocolor H2S Analyser

Various departments involved are: -

The Laboratory carries out the work of collecting, correlating, analysing/testing,

2. ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND LOCATIONS

Results of on line analytical instruments should be regularly checked against laboratory

Readjustment of analytical instruments should only be done by qualified instrument

The following is a list of analytical instruments and locations.

13-QR-14- A Kinetic Vapour Pressure analyser, which is provided to analyse the

13-QR-25- An H2S analyser, which is provided to continuously monitor the H 2S

LPG MEROX UNIT

5. Rich Merox Caustic

6. Regenerated Merox Caustic

7. Disulphide Separator Vent Gas

8. Regenerated Amine to Absorber

9. Rich Amine from Absorber

GASOLINE EXTRACTION MEROX UNIT

1. Gasoline Feed to Prewash

3. Gasoline from Extractor

5. Rich Merox Caustic

6. Regenerated Merox Caustic

7. Disulphide Separator Vent Gas

*Done by Operators at the unit.

MINIMUM ALKALI FIXED BED MEROX UNIT

* Done by Operators at the unit

4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, SAFETY PRECAUTION AND PREPARATION

It cannot be emphasised strongly enough just how important it is to adopt the

Protective clothing, gloves, goggles or face shields should be used according to

Precautions for toxic substances should be observed where applicable.

Sample point locations should be easily accessible and situated in as safe as

Personnel taking samples should be aware of the complexities of the unit.

It is the responsibility of both Process and Laboratory Personnel to ensure that

2) They should be provided with a manometer and be carefully cleaned and

3) On the basis of practical experience, it is strongly advised not to use the

Sampling lines should be made of stainless steel. Sample line should be

Once taken, the sample should be analysed as soon as possible.

The sample should be taken as quickly as safely possible.

NEVER pipette any solution by mouth.

Connect the outlet valve to the solvent sump.

Disconnect the bomb carefully and remove to the Laboratory.

The feed will contain a quantity of Mercaptans.

Refer to feed specifications which follow.

The butane will carry approximately 6000 ppmw of Mercaptan.

The gasoline will carry approximately 2500 ppmw of Mercaptan.

* Raw [untreated] products rates are as follows:

Base 834 613 346

* Turndown to 30% of design feed rate

FEED SULPHUR CONTENTS PPMW AS SULPHUR

PROPANE BASE LEAN RICH DESIGN

H2S 3179 2954 4468 4500

Total 5022 4895 6395 6800

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS for final production to tankage

BUTANE BASE LEAN RICH DESIGN

GASOLINE BASE LEAN RICH DESIGN

PRODUCT (EX MEROX) SPECIFICATIONS PPMW AS SULPHUR

PROPANE BUTANE GASOLINE