What Are The Different Types of Coal? Mention Its Uses?: Nthracite

1. What are the different types of coal? Mention its uses?
 ANTHRACITE:
 It has the highest carbon content
 86-98%
 BITUMINOUS:
 It has the carbon content 45-86%
 It is used to generate electricity and make coke for steel
industry.
 SUBBITUMINUOUS:
 35-45% carbon has lower sulphur content which makes
it attractive for use because it is cleaner burning.
 LIGNITE:
 25-35% carbon and it is used for electric power
generation.
2. Define combustion and how it is controlled?

It is defined as the burning of the mixture of fuel, air in presence of heat.
Combustion can be controlled if the supply of air and fuel is controlled.
3. Mention various fuels on board and its density?

The various fuels used onboard are as follows,
 IFO 380 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes at
50°c
 IFO 180 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 Centistokes
50°c
 LS 380 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity
of 380 Centistokes
LS 180 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity
of 180 Centistokes
 MDO - Marine diesel oil. Marine gas oil+heavy oil
 MGO – Marine gas 7oil.100% distillate
4. what are residual fuels?
Residual fuels are those obtained after various treatments in the distillate of crude oil. These are
obtained as residues from atmospheric distillation , fractional distillation , thermal cracking etc.They are
highly viscous and contain large amount of sulphur.
5. what are the important properties of residual fuels?

* highly viscous.
* relatively high amount of pollutant of sulphur.
* flash point 60degree c.
* pour point 30degree c.
* water content 0.5% v/v.
6) how is density maintained constantly of the atomizer of the engine ?

Density is maintained constantly at atomizer of the main
engine by controlling the temperature of fuel . this operation of heating
purified and clarified impurity less than fuel oil is carried out by a
heated filter. This is installed before IC engine .
7. Define specific gravity of fuel oil?

Specific gravity of fuel oil is ratio between relative density of fuel oil to density of water.
8. What is the importance factors considered for good combustion?

 Good air- fuel ratio
 Sufficient combustion space
 Excess air with o2 content
 Good overlapping ratio
 High quality fuel
 Excellent atomization
 Timing of spark plug
 High calorific value of fuel
9. What are calorific value and its importance in combustion?
Calorific value is the amount of energy lubricated by a fuel when it gets combusted. For good
combustion, fuel oil with high calorific value is preferred since it produces high temperature and thus
pressure resulting in higher mechanical efficiency of engine.
10. why is excess air important in fuel oil combustion?
• In practice complete combustion can only be achieved by supplying excess air. In a

boiler plant about 15% excess air (much less in modern practice, see Boiler Chapter)
is the minimum normally required, i.e. about 12 kg of air/kg of fuel. This is the amount of air
supplied to the fuel in excess of the minimum, theoretical or stoichiometric requirement for
complete combustion.
• In practice excess air is supplied to cover deficiencies in fuel/air mixing and in some instances to
give some measure of control over heat release rates commensurate with the distribution of the
boiler heating surfaces and the life of the refractory brickwork which is in close proximity with
the flame.
The quantity of excess air varies with the type of fuel, the surface which it presents to the air, the time
and method of intermixing.
11.a)what is the use of filters in fuel oil system?

A filtration system before the service tank is recommended and is currently in use in many modern
shipboard fuel treating and conditioning systems. The higher ash, solids, and catalyst particle content
being found more frequently in heavy fuels make such an installation prudent. A properly designed
filtration system would positively control solids that can damage high pressure pumps, injection
systems, and the cylinder bores of diesel engines.
b) What is the difference between cold and hot filter.
Cold filter Hot filter

 The filter cartridge has comparatively  The filter cartridge has comparatively very
larger pores fine pores
 It is made up of synthetic or cotton  It is made up of steel
material  Temperature of operation 100-120 c
 Temperature of operation 90-100 c
12. Define sludge and how it can be removed from fuel oil .
SLUDGE:
mixture of solid contaminants and water. it is formed by polymerization of oxidized

molecules and aromatics are greatly inclined to polymersation.
It is removed by following methods :
• By gravity separation in settling tank.

• By purification in purifier.
13) Mention the advantages of auto clean back wash filter?

 It is enabled with auto cleaning
 Tedious job of taking the filter out and manual cleaning can be avoided
 Entire fuel oil flow need not be stopped
14) How will you check the quantity of combustion of an IC engine on

board ship?
 Visual inspection of smoke exhaust analysis
 Indicator card data
 Exhaust gas composition analysis
15 ) What are the various smoke colour with respect to quality of

combustion?
 Black smoke indicates that overload on the system or in fuel air ratio more fuel and less air is
present
 While smoke indicates low load and less fuel with more air
 Bluish yellow flame gives the data that lubrication oil is present in the combustion chamber
 A good combustion is indicated by colorless smoke

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1. What are the different types of coal? Mention its uses?

2. Define combustion and how it is controlled?

3. Mention various fuels on board and its density?

5. what are the important properties of residual fuels?

* relatively high amount of pollutant of sulphur.

* flash point 60degree c.

* pour point 30degree c.

* water content 0.5% v/v.

6) how is density maintained constantly of the atomizer of the engine ?

7. Define specific gravity of fuel oil?

8. What is the importance factors considered for good combustion?

10. why is excess air important in fuel oil combustion?

• In practice complete combustion can only be achieved by supplying excess air. In a

11.a)what is the use of filters in fuel oil system?

b) What is the difference between cold and hot filter.

Cold filter Hot filter

mixture of solid contaminants and water. it is formed by polymerization of oxidized

It is removed by following methods :

• By gravity separation in settling tank.

13) Mention the advantages of auto clean back wash filter?

14) How will you check the quantity of combustion of an IC engine on

15 ) What are the various smoke colour with respect to quality of

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