Revised Project Proposal

On
FEASIBILITY STUDIES ON USE OF NON STANDARD LOCAL
MATERIALS IN RURAL ROADS AT BISHNUPUR DISTRICT OF
MANIPUR

Submitted To:
National Rural Roads Development Agency

By:
DR. PABITRA RAJBONGSHI
Associate Professor
&
Coordinator, STA, PMGSY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SILCHAR, ASSAM
June 19, 2015.

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 Research Project Proposal (Revised)
(Funding in the field of Rural Roads under NRRDA/MoRD)

1.0 Project Title: Feasibility Studies on Use of Non Standard Local Materials in Rural
Roads at Bishnupur District of Manipur.
Broad Subject : Road materials
Sub Area : Alternative/ New materials for rural roads.
Duration in Months : 1 year.
Total Cost : Rs. 8.125 Lcs. (Original proposal of Rs. 10.0 Lcs)

1.1. (a) Name and details of lead organization : National Institute of Technology Silchar.
(b) Name and details of Collaborative Organization : Nil.

1.2 Principal Investigator : Dr. Pabitra Rajbongshi

Designation : Associate Professor & Coordinator, STA, NIT Silchar
Date of Birth : 01 – 05 – 1970
Department : Civil Engineering Department.
Institute Name : National Institute of Technology Silchar
Address : Cachar, Assam. PIN 788010.
Telephone & Fax : 09864372494 (M)
Email : prajbongshi@yahoo.com

1.3 Co-Principal Investigator (s) (Full Name(s)) (Mr./ Mrs./ Ms./ Dr.) : Nil.
Designation :
Department :
Institute Name :
Address :
Date of Birth :
Telephone & Fax :
Email:

2.0 Project Details (in 1000 to 1500 words)

2.1 Introduction:
There is a growing awareness of the socio-economic and technical reasons for
developing rural infrastructures into low volume roads. The use of locally available
low standard/ alternate materials is a vital aspect for low cost roads. However,
appropriate guidelines are lacking. Significant challenges are to be met, not only
technically but also in convincing governments and/ or funding agencies. The
technical issues may be dealt by taking the concept of appropriation and cost optimal
procedures over the traditional/ standard design methods. Also, the standard road
design considerations, their applicability, theory and performances in rural roads is not
fully ensured or developed and is questionable. It is expected to explore alternative
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 possibilities/ opportunities for application of locally available non standard road
materials, especially in low cost roads like PMGSY scheme.

Any material not fully in accordance with the specifications in force of a country or
region for normal road materials, but can be adopted successfully either in special
conditions or treatments, may be defined as non standard road materials. Marginal
material also falls under the non standard product. The utilization of locally available
and task-suited road materials is a fundamental aspect within the scope of
appropriate design and cost effective methodology. Local materials may be out of
specifications in respect of approved specifications for rural roads (MoRD, 2014).
However, the concept of fitness for the purpose within a specific road environment
may allow many of such non standard materials to be designated acceptable and
suitable. Of course, one needs to justify its feasibility in terms of cost and technical
aspects. Therefore, site specific details investigation is required on the non standard
materials, which can be opted as one of the possible alternative source for
construction materials, and save cost and environment as well, without quality
compromise. The Bishnupur district of Manipur is proposed as site for investigation
in the present project works.

2.2 Problem Statement:

Prior to application of any non standards materials, details study needs to be
performed on the specified location/ materials, and shall explore the feasibility.
Insufficient research has been carried out to justify the changes in the current
standards and specifications. They are associated with lots of empiricisms and
approximations. There are opportunities to transfer technology towards the use of
non standard/ sub standard local materials, especially in low cost roads. Contractors
or departments are reluctance to utilize non standard approaches (materials/ design/
construction technology etc) because of risk factor, lack of technicality or expected
failure. Such weakness is further accelerated due to maintenance free conditions and
quality assurance. As a result, funding agencies require supporting the relatively high
cost, without search of alternative solutions that may help in terms of environment
and cost effectiveness. To overcome such practical problems, one needs to perform
details investigations on the site specific sub standard available materials and justify
the applicability/ feasibility - technically and financially. Bishnupur district of
Manipur is one of such location, where plenty of unused non standard local materials
are available which possibly would find useful as road materials in rural roads.

The soils in many positions of Bishnupur area is very poor, in the form of moorum,
silt and clay, and laterized red soils in nature, and unsuitable to use in road
construction/ subgrade without treatment or improvement. This results excessive cost
in earthwork preparation. Also, a large amount of sand stone, conglomerates, shales
type of soft/ low graded aggregates are derived while cutting the hills during road
alignment. These may possibly be useful in road construction, specifically in base/
sub base layer with certain improvement/ modification. In other words, due to
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 transportation of road aggregates from the queries with long lead significantly
increases the cost/km. Normally, contractors/ departments ignore to adopt these
materials due to inadequate technical information, quality issues, risk factor etc.
These issues form the scope and problem statement of the project proposal.

2.3 Objectives:
The objectives of the present study are:
a. To evaluate existing practices in preparation of DPRs and road constructions in
two Blocks of Bishnupur district at Manipur.
b. To collect and transport locally available non standard soils and stones from the
selected locations to NIT Silchar for laboratory investigations.
c. To evaluate engineering properties of locally available non standard soils and
stones materials.
d. To study treatments on the non standard materials using suitable stabilization
techniques for possible improvement in materials characteristics.
e. To compare and justify the feasibility for use of treated/ new materials in
PMGSY roads.

2.4 Literature Review (Maximum 500 words)

2.4.1 International status:

Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance
their physical properties. Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and/or
control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load bearing capacity
of a sub-grade to support pavements and foundations.A recent interstate project in
design using lime stabilization, consistent with AASHTO mechanistic-empirical
designs, cost only $21.6 million—more than 25 percent savings. (Qubain et al.,
Transportation Research Board Meeting, January 2000).

Muhmed and Wanatowski ( 2013) in a case studyindicated that the addition of lime
resulted in a reduction in the plasticity of kaolin and an improvement in compaction
properties. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of stabilized clay experienced
an increase with lime addition. Two variables influencing the amount of strength
developed were studied. These variables included curing time and water content.
Curing time contributed to an increase in the UCS, from 183 kPa to 390 kPa, that is
approximately twice of the strength of untreated kaolin. In general, all lime treated
fine-grained soils exhibit decreased plasticity, improved workability and reduced
volume change characteristics. However, not all soils exhibit improved strength
characteristics. It should be emphasized that the properties of soil lime mixtures are
dependent on many variables. Soil type, lime type, lime percentage and curing
conditions (time, temperature, and moisture) are the most important (Joint Departments
of the Army and Air Force, 1994).

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Fikiri Fredrick Magafu, & Wu Li reported (2010) the native soil behavior of unpaved
low volume roads and their mode of failure were studied to establish proper method of
stabilizing native soils using local available materials. The use of lime and its positive
effect to modify and stabilize Ngara soil in Tanzania. As per Lambe, (1962), soil
cement has been made with cement varying from 5 to 20% for satisfactory
stabilization. Due to development of strength of subgrade layer there must be some
reduction of thickness of base & sub base layers. Cement also has been used to controls
the erosion of inorganic soils, Oswell, and Joshi, (1986). Oswell and Joshi (1986)
found a good correlation between unconfined compressive strength and erosion
resistance.

Oyediran & Kalejaiye (2011) reported that Maximum Dry Density (MDD),
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), California Bearing Ratio, CBR (Soaked and Un
soaked) and Unconfined Compressive Strength, UCS (Cured and Uncured) of three
bulk soil samples obtained from a test pit at depths of 0.5m, 1.0m and 2.0m were
determined prior to and after stabilization at the West African level of compaction with
2%, 4%, 8%, 10% and 20% by weight of cement. Results show that stabilization of the
soils with cement increased the MDD, CBR and UCS while there was a reduction in
OMC as cement was increasingly added. Furthermore addition of more than 10% by
weight of cement was observed to cause reduction in MDD, UCS and CBR but
increase in the OMC. As per Kansas Department of Transportation report (2004),
performance of soil stabilization agents by cement kiln dust has been used as a soil
additive to improve the texture, increase strength and reduce swell characteristics.

Cement can be applied to stabilize any type of soil, except soils with organic content
greater than 2% or having pH lower than 5.3 (ACI 230.1R-90, 1990). Kezdi (1979)
report that cement treatment slightly increases the maximum dry density of sand and
highly plastic clays but it decreases the maximum dry density of silt. In contrast studies
by Tabatabi (1997) shows that cement increases the optimum water content but
decreases the maximum dry density of sandy soils. Cement increases plastic limit and
reduces liquid limit, which mainly reduces plasticity index, Kezdi (1979). Portland
cement can be used either to modify and improve the quality of the soil or to transform
the soil into a cemented mass with increased strength and durability. The amount of
cement used will depend upon whether the soil is to be modified or stabilized (Joint
Departments of the Army and Air Force, 1994). (Kowalski et al., 2007). As per
―Portland Cement Association‖ (PCA) typical cement contents range from 3 – 10%
cement, resulting in 7-day unconfined compressive strengths from 300 – 800 psi (2.1 –
5.5 MPa) of pavement base layer. Again as per PCA rutting will not occur in a cement
treated base.

As per office of Geotechnical Engineering (2008) to enhance the effectiveness of lime,

cement or fly ash modification or stabilization combinations, the subsequent guidelines
shall be used. An increase of 50 to 100 psi over the natural soil is required for the
stabilization and an increase of 30 psi over the natural soils is required for

5
modification. Aydilek (2009), addition of LKD and curing of specimens generally
increased CBR and resilient modulus and lowered plastic strains, whereas fly ash
addition alone decreased the strength and stiffness due to the non-cementitious nature
of the ash.

Brooks (2009) investigated the soil stabilization with fly ash and rice husk ash. This
study reports; stress strain behavior of unconfined compressive strength showed that
failure stress and strains increased by 106% and 50% respectively when the fly ash
content was increased from 0 to 25%. When the rice husk ash (RHA) content was
increased from 0 to 12%, Unconfined Compressive Stress increased by 97% while
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) improved by 47%. Therefore, an RHA content of 12%
and a fly ash content of 25% are recommended for strengthening the expansive
subgrade soil. A flyash content of 15% is recommended for blending into RHA for
forming a swell reduction layer because of its satisfactory performance in the
laboratory tests.

Akbulut et al. (2007) investigated modification of clayey soils using scrap tire
rubber and synthetic fibers. This result showed that the unreinforced and reinforced
samples were subjected to unconfined compression, shear box, and resonant frequency
tests to determine their strength and dynamic properties. These waste fibers improve
the strength properties and dynamic behavior of clayey soils. The scrap tire rubber,
polyethylene, and polypropylene fibers can be successfully used as reinforcement
materials for the modification of clayey soils. Bernal et al. (1996) reported; it has been
found that the use of tire shreds and rubber-sand (with a tire shred to mix ratio of about
40%) in highway construction offers technical, economic, and environmental benefits.
The salient benefits of using tire shreds and rubber -sand include reduced weight of fill,
adequate stability, low settlements, good drainage separation of underlying weak or
problem soils from subbase or base materials, conservation of energy and natural
resources, and usage of large quantities of local waste tires, which would have a
positive impact on the environment.

Tire wastes can be used as lightweight material either in the form of whole tires,
shredded or chips, or in mix with soil. Many studies regarding the use of scrap tires in
geotechnical applications have been done especially as embankment materials (Ghani
et al., 2002). There have also been reports that describe construction related
applications for waste tires such as crumb rubber modifiers for highway pavement and
shredded tires as fill material. The reuse application for tires is dependent on how the
tires are processed. Processing basically includes shredding, removing of metal
reinforcing, and further shredding until the desired material is achieved (Carreon,
2006).

White (2005) reported; Soil compaction characteristics, compressive strength, wet/dry

durability, freeze/thaw durability, hydration characteristics, rate of strength gain, and
plasticity characteristics are all affected by the addition of fly ash. Ingle and Bhosale,

6
(2013) reported that based on stiffness characteristics of geosynthetics it greatly
reduces the thickness of flexible pavement, an illustration presented shows typically
saving of 40% in base course thickness. Jones, Rahim, Saadeh, & Harvey (ITS, 2010)
Asphalt stabilization is not commonly used in California since it is usually less
effective than lime or cement stabilization on soils with high fines contents(i.e., more
than 12 percent passing the #200 [0.075 mm] sieve) and higher plasticity indices (i.e.,
plasticity index higher than six), which are common throughout the state. However,
asphalt stabilization can be used effectively on coarser-grained sandy soils, which do
occur in some areas of the state. It can also be compared with cementitious stabilizers
on soils with fines contents up to 20 percent and/or plasticity indices up to 10 to
determine which stabilization method achieves the best results at lowest cost.

Sherwood, (1993) pozzolanas are siliceous and aluminous materials, which in itself
possess little or no cementitious value, but will, in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature
to form compounds possessing cementitious properties (ASTM 595). Clay minerals
such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, mica and illite are pozzolanic in nature. Artificial
pozzolanas such as ashes are products obtained by heat treatment of natural materials
containing pozzolanas such as clays, shales and certain silicious rocks. Plants when
burnt, silica taken from soils as nutrients remains behind in the ashes contributing to
pozzolanic element. Rice husk ash and rice straw are rich in silica and make an
excellent pozzolana. Non pozzolonic chemical stabilisers mostly take the form of
strongly acidic, ionic, sulphonated, oil-based products. A cementitious reaction does
not usually occur, but due to many factors including ionic exchange, the absorbed
water can be reduced leading to better compaction and increased strength. The material
must have appropriate clay content for the stabilizer to have a beneficial effect. When
correctly utilized, these products can be very cost effective (Paige-Green, 1998).

The use of by-product materials for stabilization has environmental and economic
benefits. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), a by-product material in Egypt,
and lime are used to stabilize samples of a clay soil similar to a typical Egyptian clay
soil. This test soil comprises 80% River Aire soil and 20% calcium montmorillonite.
The main objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of GGBS, with and
without lime, on the engineering behavior (plasticity characteristics, compaction,
unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and swelling potential) of the test soil and to
identify the reaction products of the stabilized materials to determine the mechanisms
by which changes in engineering properties are obtained.(M.S Ouf, 2012)

Al-Azzawi, Daud, Abdul Sattar (2012) investigated the effect of silica fume addition
on the behavior of soil subgrades which has inadequate natural stability. Natural silty-
clay soil and silty-clayey soil-silica fume mixtures were compacted at the optimum
moisture content and subjected to various laboratory tests. The test results showed a
significant improvement on swelling pressure and compressive strength of composite
samples with silica fume. The swelling pressure decreased by 87% with increasing

7
 silica fume contents from 5% to 15% for all samples and the compressive strength of
clay samples increased by 4% with increasing silica fume contents from 5% to 10%
and after that it decreased. It is observed that the permeability of soil increased with
increasing silica fume content. The coefficient of permeability is increased by 100%
with increasing silica fume content to 15%. Also, the results show that the silica fume
decreases the development of cracks on the surface of compacted clay samples through
reducing crack width by 75%.

The test results lignin-based co products are effective in stabilizing for the silt. The
UCS of lignin-treated soil samples increase with the increase in content of additives. A
high increase in UCS occurred with 12% of additives in all cases. (Zhang, Cai, Liu &
Puppala, 2014). Purushothama Raj (2013) reported that aggregants & Dispersant are
materials that at low treatment levels make relatively modest changes in the properties
of fine grained soils. The function of it is alteration of electrical force between soil
particles, like Portland cement. These chemicals have high potentials for use in
situations where only a modest improvement in soil behavior is needed. Since these
chemicals are relatively cheap are effective at low treatment levels & can be relatively
easily incorporated, they can permit comparatively low cost soil stabilization. (Lambe,
1962)

Wood ashes have soil binding properties (binding of water due to hydration of CaO,
coagulation of soil particles caused by Ca citation) similar to burnt lime. The
substitution of burnt lime as a binder for stabilization silt and clay soils seems to be a
reasonable way of wood utilization. Obernberger (2012). Tingle et al. (2003)
performed unconfined compressive strength testing on lean clay and fat clay treated
with various natural and synthetic polymers. For the lean clay, the greatest increase in
strength compared to untreated samples was obtained from treatment with
lignosulfonate. Gow et al. (1960) also demonstrated that lignosulfonate could be an
effective stabilizer. The lignosulfonate was used to treat a soil-aggregate mixture, and
then California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed on compacted samples.
Unsoaked specimens showed the greatest increases in CBR value after curing for a
week. Soaked specimens still showed an increase in strength after curing for a week,
but the strength increase was markedly less than that seen with unsoaked specimens.

2.4.2 National status:

Niroj Kumar Mishra & Sudhira Rath (2011) reported that the roads of Western Orissa
(India) are in very poor condition & there are many big power plants coming up in
these regions, fly ash utilization in road construction has a very good potential here.
Using locally available weak clayey soil from Burla nearer to Sambalpur (India), fly
ash from nearby Hindalco, Hirakud locally available lime manufactured at Katni,
moorum (late rite) from ―Godbhaga‖ moorum quarry, sand from Jharsuguda region,
various tests were carried out to determine the CBR & other criteria like Liquid limit,

8
Plastic limit, Sieve analysis etc. The intention was to determine the mix giving the
maximum CBR value, satisfying the requirement of IRC. Here the cost effectiveness
study of utilizing fly ash & lime for low volume roads with special emphasis on roads
of Western Orissa (India) over weak clayey soil was carried out. The main aim of the
study was to maximize the fly ash utilization in sub-grade & sub-base layers. It was
observed that the maximum saving was possible for sub-grade in 70% soil + 30% fly
ash + 2% lime combination i.e. Rs 6.85 lakhs may be saved per km (as per 2007
schedule of rate) of road as compared to road using only virgin soil as sub-grade.

Kumar et al. (2005) conducted studies on Roorkee soil, the CBR value of poorly
graded sand increased from 11.42% to 18.57% for 75% fly ash + 25% soil mix & to
22.85% for fly ash + 4% lime mix. Another study was conducted by NIT Tiruchirapalli
(2003), shows that stabilized fly ash with optimum lime content shows maximum
economy. Three combinations were tried, stabilized fly ash with 50% sand, optimum
lime content & activators (optimum lime content + 20 % sand). The saving was 6 %,
25.3 % & 20.3 % respectively. Malhotra & Naval (2013) show that the stabilized clay
(lime stabilization) has lesser swelling potential whereas increase in optimum moisture
content has been observed.

Roads in Assam have mostly the problems like formation of potholes, ruts, cracks and
localized depression and settlement especially during rainy season. These are mainly
due to insufficient bearing capacity of the subgrade in water saturated condition. The
subgrade soil mostly yields low CBR value 2-5%. Applications of coir mat can
improve sufficient CBR value. In the CBR method of pavement design (IRC 37-2001)
total thickness of pavement increases exponentially with decrease in the CBR value of
subgrade soil which in turn increases the cost of construction. (Baruah, Saikia & Bora,
2010). Mittal & Agarwal; (2013) it is expected that with the inclusion of coir
geotextile layer below Granular Subbase (GSB) layer would be helpful in restricting
the movement of upper pavement layers due to seasonal moisture variation in subgrade
expansive, shrinkable soil. An experimental study, Singh & Bagra (2013) was,
conducted on locally available (Doimukh, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India) soil
reinforced with Jute fiber. In this study the soil samples were prepared at its maximum
dry density corresponding to its optimum moisture content in the CBR mould with and
without reinforcement. The percentage of Jute fiber by dry weight of soil was taken as
0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%. Finally it was shown CBR value greatly improved with
% of natural fiber.

Sivakumar Babu and Vasudevan (2008), Singh et al. (2011), Singh (2011) and Singh
(2012) reported the soil testing result, with the natural and geosynthetic fiber reinforced
soil and fly ash. The fiber reinforcement works as frictional and tension resistance
element. Due to addition of Jute fiber makes the soil a composite material whose
strength and stiffness is greater than that of unreinforced soil. The strength and stiffness
of reinforced soil increases with the increase in fiber content and may be due to this
reason also the CBR value of reinforced soil was observed to be greater than that of

9
 unreinforced soil. The optimum fiber content corresponding to maximum improvement
in CBR value is found to be 1 %. It was difficult to prepare the identical samples (at
constant dry density) of reinforced soil beyond 1 % of fiber content and hence in that
study the maximum fiber content was considered to be 1 % by dry weight of soil.

The CBR value and UCS of soil are considerably improved with the RHA (Rice Husk
Ash) content (Roy, 2014). From the observation of maximum improvement in strength,
10% RHA content with 6% cement is recommended as optimum amount for practical
purposes. Observing the tremendous improvement of CBR value of soil, this soil
stabilization technique may be recommended for construction of pavement also.Kumar
& Rajasekhar (2009) reported Un-Confined Compressive test are carried out on 38 mm
diameter and 75 mm height samples of the soil mix proportions. The results show that
there is continuous increase in UCC value with the increase in coir content in the mix
for 1 day and 7 days samples. The addition of pond ash improves strength by one
percent after curing one day and 1.4 percent after seven days curing. The UCC strength
of the blended soil (soil + pond ash + coir) increases with increase in percentage of coir
and keeping pond ash content (i.e. 15%) constant. The UCC increases from 251.04
kN/m2 to 372.39 kN/m2 with the addition of 0.8% coir for mix of 82.4% soil and 15%
pond ash for one day UCC test in light compaction. The CBR increases from 20.54%
to 44.64% at 0.6% of coir and at 0.8% of coir, the CBR decreases to 38.44% at un-
soaked condition and the CBR increases from 4.71% to 10.17% at 0.6% of coir and at
0.8% of coir the CBR decreases to 8.93% under light compaction.

2.5 Importance of the proposed project in the context of the current status:
 Supporting information/ data towards the inadequate guidelines/ directions for
use of site specific non standard materials in rural roads.
 Details engineering investigations/ evaluations and report preparation on non
standard local materials at Manipur (North East zone).
 Relatively high construction cost of PMGSY roads due to lead factor.
 Possible use of residual soil/ stones in low cost roads.
 Reduction in construction cost in PMGSY roads, as expected.
 Environmental protection.

2.6 Expertise available with the proposed investigating group/ institutions in the
subject of the project:
Refer to clause 6.0(B) regarding laboratory facilities in the institution and clause 9.0
of the proposal, including the list of publications authored by the principal
investigator.

2.8 Expected outcome of the research:

The expected outcome may be enumerated as under:

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 a. Use of locally available non standards materials in rural roads.
b. Reduction in cost/km of PMGSY roads at Manipur.
c. Technology transfer for low cost roads in North East state- as case study.
d. Save environmental hazards.

3.0 Work plan:

3.1 Methodology (Maximum 1000 words):
i. Data collection and site survey/ visit.
ii. Materials collection.
iii. Technical evaluation of collected materials.
iv. Material treatments – stabilizations, and evaluation of treated materials.
v. WBM/ GSB mix design.
vi. Pavement analysis and design using new/ treated materials.
vii. Rate analysis and cost evaluations/ comparison.

3.2 Time schedule of activities giving milestones (in Bar diagram):

Month ------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Site survey &
data collection
Materials
collection
Materials
evaluation
Materials treatment &
investigations
GSB/ GB
mix design
Pavement
design & cost
analysis
Report
preparation

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 Study matrix and Time lines of project execution

Sl Events Actions Time line

no. (month wise)
1 Site survey & data  Field visit to Manipur and site survey. First month
collection, and RA  Data collection regarding quarry site,
engagement SOR etc.
 RA engagement following institute
norms.

2 Materials collection  Local soil & aggregates collection 2nd month

from 3/4 locations at Manipur to NIT
Silchar.
 Aggregates collection from nearby
quarry sites of Bishnupur district.
 Procurement of stabilizers.

3 Materials evaluation  Evaluation of original site soils viz. 3rd and 4th
grain size distribution, soil months
classification, LL, PI, Sp. Gr., organic
matter, MDD, OMC, CBR, shear
parameter etc.
 Evaluation of local stone aggregates
viz. gradation, ACV, AIV, LAAV,
Sp.Gr., FI & EI, water absorption etc.
 Similar evaluation of stone aggregates
collected from nearby quarry site of
Bishnupur district.

4 Materials treatment  Testing of stabilizing materials viz. 4th to 7th

& investigations lime and cement (others have months
locational disadvantage).
 Testing on stabilized soils viz. grain
size distribution, soil classification,

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 LL, PI, Sp. Gr., organic matter, MDD,
OMC, CBR, shear parameter etc using
different stabilizers and different doses
of stabilizer.
 Testing on mechanical mixtures of site
stone and quarry aggregates viz.
gradation, ACV, AIV, LAAV, Sp.Gr.,
FI & EI, water absorption etc in
different proportions.
 Data interpretation and analysis.

5 GSB/ GB mix  Design and analysis of granular sub- 7th and 8th
design base/ base course materials, with and months
without low graded site stones.
 CBR tests on granular sub-base/ base
course materials, with and without low
graded site stones.

6 Road design & cost  Road sections design for rural roads as 9th and 10th
evaluation per usual practices and using months
stabilizing materials.
 Cost evaluation and comparisons for
different example cases.

7 Report preparation  Research report writing Last two

 Paper works months
 Presentation

3.3 Suggested plan of action for utilization of expected research outcome:

This project aims to characterize the locally available non standards materials at
Manipur, towards best possible application in rural roads construction, through
suitable techniques. It would also focus on the cost effective use of material/ mix
design in PMGSY roads, as case study. Depending upon the outcome of the study
and being the project investigator is also the Coordinator of STA, the necessary will

13
 be forwarded to the state department for appropriate and effective actions. Suitable
suggestions will also be initiated to the sanctioning authority for implementations of
the outcomes. A national level publication (in acknowledgement of funding agency)
is also expected for such site specific research work at Manipur area.

4.0 Budget Estimates: (Year-wise)

Description of Budget Total in

Items st
items 1 Yr. 2nd Yr. 3rd
Yr. INR
A Recurring
Salaries/wages/ Project Assistant 237600/- 237600/-
manpower (1)@Rs.18000/-
per month + 10%
house rent.
Consumables Various necessary 45000/- 45000/-
consumable items.
Travel (TA & Site visit & site 200000/- 200000/-
DA) survey
Other Research Transportation of 40000/- 40000/-
Expenditures materials from
including Manipur to Silchar
contingencies
Labour/ helper for 50000/- 50000/-
Lab. works.
Contingency 40000/- 40000/-
Miscellaneous 37400/- 37400/-
Total: 6,50,000/-
Institute 20% of Total 1,62,500/-
overhead project value
Total (A) 8,12,500/-
B Equipment Nil 0/-
Grand Total (A + B) 8,12,500/-

5.0 Justification for permanent equipment/ software (indicating future use and maint.).
N/A.

6.0 List of facilities being extended by the Institution(s) for the project implementation

A) Infrastructural Facilities :

Transportation Engineering Laboratory and Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory

at NIT Silchar, along with their available infrastructures.

B) Equipment Available with the Institute/ Department for the project:

Sl no. Geotechnical Engg. Lab. Sl no. Transportation Egg. Lab.

1. Core Cutter and Sand 1 Los Angeles Abrasion Test
Replacement apparatus
2. Specific Gravity Test. 2 Aggregate Impact Test
14
 3. L.L. & P.L. Test. 3 F.I & E.I Apparatus
4. Cone penetration Test. 4 Aggregates crushing test.
5. Proctor Compaction Test. 5 Pycnometer
6. CBR Test. 6 Triaxial Test (GSB)
7. Permeability Test. 7 Bitumen Penetration Test
8. Unconfined Compression Test. 8 Softening Point Test
9. Triaxial Test. 9 Ductility Test
10. Direct Shear Test. 10 Specific Gravity of Bitumen
11. Vane Shear Test. 11 Flash Point and Fire Point
12. Consolidation Test. 12 Skid Resistance and Stone
Polishing
13. Hydrometer Test. 13 Benkelman Beam Apparatus
14. Shrinkage Limit Test. 14 Marshal Test Apparatus
15. Field Vane Shear Test. 15 Bitumen extractor
16. SPT Test. 16 Pavement core cutter
17. Plate Load Test. 17 Thin Film Oven Test
18. Cyclic Triaxial Test 18 Sybolt viscometer
19 Bohlin Viscometer
20 Capillary viscometer
21 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
22 LWD

7.0 Deliverables (Reports, Guidelines, etc) and Payment Schedule:

i. Submission of project report to sponsoring organization.
ii. Possible paper publication.

Since the project period is only 12 months, the release of fund by the sponsoring
department may be in single installments for smooth completion of project.

8.0 Any other relevant information:

Manipur has a total geographical area of 22 thousand Sq.Km out of which 90% are
hilly regions with around 38.5% of the total population. It is largely characterized by
dense forests and inaccessible terrains. Bishnupur district at Manipur has about 53000
hectare area with 20 thousand hectare of wetland (marshy land) along with about 50%
agricultural coverage. The principal agriculture crops at Bishnupur are paddy, maize,
potato, pea, mustard, chilly, cabbage, etc. Sugarcane is also one main crop of the
district. Loktak lake, the largest freshwater lake in the North East is situated in this
district. The soil in the district is transported type of soils - alluvial and organic. The
area covered by plains and hillocks are mainly characterized by alluvial soils. These
soils have in general clayey texture and grey/ pale brown in colour with organic
matter.

9.0 Detailed Bio-data of the Principal Investigator(s)/Co-Investigator(s)

[including: Name, Address, Date of Birth, Institution’s Address etc. Academic Qualifications
(University/College from where attained, year of passing, class, Thesis title etc.); Publications list (Title of
paper, authors, Journal details, pages, year, etc.) Patent list, if any, List of Projects implemented etc.]

15
 Dr. Pabitra Rajbongshi
Associate Professor & Coordinator, STA, PMGSY
Civil Engineering Department.
National Institute of Technology Silchar
Cachar, Assam. PIN 788010.

A). Academic Qualification:

Degree Year Subject Institution/Board Class
th
HSLC 1986 10 level SEBA, Assam 1st
HSSLC 1988 10+2 level (Sc) AHSEB, Assam 1st
B.E. 1992 Civil Engg. Dibrugarh Univ. 1st
M.Tech. 2001 Transportation Engg. IIT Roorkee 1st
Ph.D. 2009 Pavement Engg. IIT Kanpur N/A

Ph.D thesis: A Comprehensive Design Approach for Asphalt Pavements using

Mechanistic-Empirical Framework.

B). Work experience:

S.No. Positions held Name of the Institute From To
1 Associate National Institute of Technology 05 – 04 –10 Till date
Professor (Civil) Silchar, Assam
2 Assistant Professor National Institute of Technology 01 – 01 – 06 04 – 04 – 10
(Civil) Silchar, Assam
3 Lecturer (Senior National Institute of Technology 17 – 01 – 04 31 -12 - 05
Scale) Silchar, Assam
4 Lecturer (Civil) Regional Engineering College 03 – 06 – 97 16 – 01 - 04
(Now, NIT) Silchar, Assam
5 Lecturer (Civil) Assam Engineering College, 04 – 10 –94 02 – 06 – 97
Guwahati, Assam

C). Sponsored Projects:

Sl. No. Title Organization Amount
1 Up-gradation of Highway Engg Lab. AICTE Rs.13.5 Lacs
2 Evaluation of Nonlinear Fatigue DST (SERB) Rs.41.8 Lacs
Damage in Asphalt Materials

D). PhD guidance:

Currently 3 PhD students are working under my sole guidance.

16
E). Workshops / Short-Term Courses Organized:
Sl. No. Title From To
1 Advances in Transportation Engineering. 16-4-2012 18-4-2012
2 Awareness on Hostel Management. 22-5-2012 28-5-2012
3 Management Capacity Enhancement Programme 31-8-2012 1-9-2012
on Spiritual Intelligence for Managerial
Excellence.
4 Outcome Based Curriculum Framework – as per 30-05-2013 30-05-2013
NBA Requirement.
5 STTP on Civil Engineering Materials and Its 20-12-2013 24-12-2013
Quality Control
6 National FDP on Pedagogy: A Framework for 07-05-2014 11-05-2014
Effective Teaching and Learning Strategies
7 Skill development workshop on Paving block 07-06-2015 08-06-2015
technology and masonry works.

F). Professional Responsibility:

S.No Responsibility Organization
1 Coordinator, STA, PMGSY, Manipur State NRRDA
2 Nominated Member, PWD Reform committee, Govt. of PWD, Govt. of
Mizoram Mizoram
3 Coordinator, TEQIP-II NIT Silchar
4 Nodal Officer (Academic), TEQIP-II NIT Silchar
5 Associate Dean (Student’s Welfare) NIT Silchar
6 Hostel Warden NIT Silchar
7 LM of IRC (No. 37766) IRC
8 AMIE IE(I), Kolkatta
9 Reviewer of journals like IRC, IEI(I), ASCE, RMPD, IJP, Edito-in-Chief
IJPRT, ICE-Transport etc.
10 Co-Chair for Int. Conference NIT Rourkela NIT Rourkela
11 Delivered Invited Lectures at IIT Guwahati IIT Guwahati
12 Nominated as Resource Person at Assam Road Research ARRT&I, Guwahati
Tanning Institute, Guwahati.

13 Member of Performance Evaluation Committee for SQC, MSSRD, Manipur

Manipur.

G). List of Publications of P.I.:

(a) Journals (International):

1. Kalita K. and Rajbongshi P., ―Variability characterization of input parameters in
pavement performance evaluation.‖, Jr. of Road Materials and Pavement Design,
ISSN: 2164-7402. DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2014.988171.
2. Rajbongshi P., ―Reliability Based Cost Effective Design of Asphalt Pavements
Considering Fatigue and Rutting‖, Int. Jr. of Pavement Research and Technology,

17
 7(2), pp.153-158, March, 2014, ISSN: 1997-1400.
DOI：10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2014.7(2).153.
3. Rajbongshi P., ―Critical Temperature Stress Evaluation in Asphalt Pavements.‖,
Proceedings of the ICE-Transport,, 165(3), pp.167-173, August, 2012, ISSN: 0965-
092X. DOI: 10.1680/tran.10.00069.
4. Rajbongshi P., Kunal Kachru and Das A., ―Sampling Strategy for Road Distress
Survey: A Case Study.‖, Transport, Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), 165(2),
pp.131-138, May, 2012, ISSN: 0965-092X. DOI: 10.1680/tran.2012.165.2.131.
5. Rajbongshi P., ―A Comparative Study on Temperature Stresses in Asphalt Material
using Nonlinear Viscoelastic Approach.‖, Jr. of Transportation Engineering, ASCE,
137(10), pp.717-722, October, 2011, ISSN: 0733-947X. DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000261.
6. Rajbongshi P., ―Reliability Calculation Considering Non-Linear Fatigue Damage in
Asphalt Pavements.‖, Int. Jr. of Pavement Research and Technology, 4(3), pp. 162-
167, May, 2011,ISSN: 1996-6814. DOI: 10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2011.4(3).162.
7. Rajbongshi P., ―Discussion of Development of Fatigue Cracking Prediction Models
Using Long-Term Pavement Performance Database.‖ by Hsiang-Wei Ker, Ying-Haur
Lee and Pei-Hwa Wu, Discussion, Jr. of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, 136(3),
pp.276-277, March, 2010, ISSN: 0733-947X. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-
5436.131.
8. Rajbongshi P. and Das A., ―Estimation of Temperature Stress and Low-Temperature
Crack Spacing in Asphalt Pavements.‖, Jr. of Transportation Engineering, ASCE,
135(10), pp.745-752, April, 2009, ISSN: 0733-947X. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-
5436.0000050.
9. Rajbongshi P., ―A Critical Discussion on Mechanistic-Empirical Fatigue Evaluation
of Asphalt Pavements.‖, Technical note, Int. Jr. of Pavement Research and
Technology, 2(5), pp.223-226, September, 2009, ISSN: 1996-6814. DOI:
10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2009.2(5).223.
10. Rajbongshi P. and Das A., ―A Systematic Approach of Field Calibration of Fatigue
Equation for Asphalt Pavements.‖, Jr. of Road Materials and Pavement Design,
Taylor & Francis, 10(1), pp.109-124, 2009. ISSN: 2164-7402. DOI:
10.3166/rmpd.10.109-124.
11. Rajbongshi P. and Das A., ―Thermal Fatigue Considerations in Asphalt Pavement
Design.‖, Int. Jr. of Pavement Research and Technology, 1(4), pp.129-134, October,
2008, ISSN: 1996-6814.
12. Rajbongshi P. and Das A., ―Optimal Asphalt Pavement Design Considering Cost and
Reliability.‖, Jr. of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, 134(6), pp.255-261, June,
2008, ISSN: 0733-947X. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2008)134:6(255).

(b) Journals (National):

13. Rajbongshi P., ―Modified Design Method of Dowel Bar.‖, Jr. of Institution of
Engineers (India), Kolkata, Vol.87, pp.67-72, 2006.
14. Rajbongshi P., ―Computer Oriented Bituminous Mix Design by Marshall Method.‖,
Jr. of Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata, Vol.83, pp.14-16, 2002.
18
(c) Conferences (International):
15. Mukharjee, D and Rajbongshi, P. (2015). Studies on elastic behavior and strain
characteristics in asphalt pavement due to soil stabilization, Int. conf. on Sustainable
Energy & Built Environment, School of Mechanical and Biulding Sc. (in association
with ASCE, Indian section), VIT Unv., ISBN-978-81-923320-6-2.
16. Madhumita Paul and Rajbongshi P (2015). Descriptive analysis of age difference in
gap selection by pedistraian at uncontrolled road sections, Int. Conf. on Current
Researches in Management, Technology and Social Sc., March 2015, IARA Lonavala.
17. Mrinmoy K Gautam and Rajbongshi P. (2015). Prediction of fatigue life of asphalt
pavement, Int. Conf. on Latest Trend and Practices in management, Technology and
Social Sc., April 2015, IARA Manali.
18. Shankaregowda and Rajbongshi P. Design Gradation of Surface Layer for Porous
Asphalt Pavements‖, Int. Conf. on Innovative Strategies being Adopted in
Management Technology & Social Sciences, Indian Academicians and Researchers
Association, Kohima, Feb. 14, 2015. (Published in Int. Jr. of Advance and Innovative
Research, 1(2), pp.50-54. ISSN:2394-7780).
19. Prabhakar Kumar and Rajbongshi P (2015). Assessment of skid resistance value on
bituminous mix sample, Int. Conf. on Current Researches in Management, Technology
and Social Sc., March 2015, IARA Lonavala.
20. Jimli Das and Rajbongshi P. (2015). Laboratory studies of bituminous mixes using
reclaimed asphalt materials, , Int. Conf. on Current Researches in Management,
Technology and Social Sc., March 2015, IARA Lonavala.
21. Rajbongshi P. ―Probability Distribution of Temperature Stresses in Asphalt
Pavements‖, Proceedings of the Int. Conference on Developments in Road
Transportation (DRT-2010), NIT Rourkela, Orissa, October 8-10, 2010, pp.487-491.
22. Rajbongshi P. and Das A., ―A Systematic Approach for Development of Field Rutting
Equation.‖, Int. Conference on Pavement Engineering (ICPE-09), College of
Engineering and Technology, B.P.U.T., Bhubaneswar, February 14-15, 2009, pp.184-
190.
23. Rajbongshi P. and Vasan R.M., ―Rubberized Mastic Asphalt Using Soft Bitumen.‖,
Int. Conference on Transportation Planning and Implementation Methodologies for
Developing Countries (TPMDC 2008), CD-ROM, IIT Bombay, December 3-6, 2008.
24. Rajbongshi P. and Das A., ―Estimation of Structural Reliability of Asphalt Pavement
for Mixed Axle Loading Conditions.‖, Proc. of the 6th Int. Conference of Roads and
Airfield Pavement Technology (ICPT), Sapporo, Japan, July 20-23, 2008, pp.35-42.
25. Rajbongshi P. and Das A., ―Reliability Based Automated Design of Flexible
Pavements.‖, Presented at the Annual Meeting of TRB 2008, Transportation
Researchers Board, Washington, D.C., January, 2008.
26. Rajbongshi P. and Das A., ―Temperature Stresses in Concrete Pavement – A
Review.‖, Int. Conference, CENeM 2007, CD-ROM, Bengal Engineering and Science
University, Shibpur, January, 2007.

19
(d) Conferences (National):
27. Madhumita Paul and Rajbongshi, P. (2015).Pedestrian demographic behavior on gap
acceptance at uncontrolled road sections, National Conf. on Technological Innovations
for Sustainable Infrastructure, NIT Calicut, (paper no. T0060), March, 2015, pp.504-
508.
28. Prabhakar Kumar and Rajbongshi P (2015). Surface characteristics of bituminous
mixes based on aggregate textures, National Conf. on Technological Innovations for
Sustainable Infrastructure, NIT Calicut, March, 2015.
29. Mukharjee, D and Rajbongshi, P. (2015). Determination of elastic modulus of
subgrade layer due to application of soil lime stabilization, Civil Engg. Asso., Civil
Engg. Dept., NIT Calicut (paper no. T0105) March, 2015.
30. Jimli Das and Rajbongshi P. (2015). Bituminous mix design using reclaimed asphalt
materials, National Conf. on Technological Innovation for Sustainable Infrastructure,
NIT Calicut, March, 2015, pp.465-469.
31. Rajbonghsi P., ―Rutting Analysis of Flexible Pavements.‖, Proc. of National
Conference on Advances in Road Transportation (ART-2005), NIT Rourkela, 2005,
pp.414-422.
32. Rajbonghsi P., ―Rutting Progression Models of Flexible Pavements: A Review.‖,
Proc. of National Conference on Recent Trends in Highways & Bridges (RTHB-
2005), TIET, Patiala, 2005, pp.194-206.
33. Rajbongshi P., ―Studies on Mastic Asphalt: A Review.‖, Proc. of National Conference
on Improvement, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Roads (IRAM-2003), Govt.
College of Engineering, Aurangabad, August, 2003, pp.85-90.
34. Rajbonghsi P., ―Comparative Studies on Mastic Asphalt and Conventional Bituminous
Mixes.‖, Proc. of National Conference on Modern Cement Concrete and Bituminous
Roads, College of Engineering, GITAM, Visakhapatnam, December, 2003, pp.173-
185.

H). M. Tech Project guidance:

1. Dowel Bar Analysis and Parametric Studies on Dowel Behaviour, by Satarupa
Majumder (09-21-301), May 2011.
2. Parametric Studies on Multi-Layer Flexible Pavements, by Gobin Engleng (09-21-
302), May 2011.
3. Studies on Block Pavement, by Geetimukh Mahapatra (10-21-307), May 2012.
4. Effect of Mix Characterstics on Layer Thickness of Flexible Pavements, by
Aparna Reang (11-21-307), May 2013.
5. Effect of Aggregates Gradation on the Mix Parameters, by Hindola Saha (11-21-
304), May 2013.
6. Subgrade Behaviour and Its Impact on Pavement Structure, by Chinmoy Rudra
Roy (12-21-308), May 2014.
20
 7. Traffic Flow Characterization at C-Class Indian City – A Case Study, by Saikat
Deb (12-21-307), May 2014.
8. Simulation Studies on Pavement Performance Parameters Used in Probabilistic
Design Approach, by Kuldeep Kalita (12-21-306), May 2014.
9. Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Two Lane plain Jointed Cement Concrete Pavement,
by Sushen Kr. Roy, (12-21-310), May 2014.
10. Subgrade Stabilization and Its Cost Effectiveness, by Dipanjan Mukharjee, (13-21-
313), May 2015.
11. Pedestrian Gap Analysis at Uncontrolled Road Sections, by Madhumita Paul (13-
21-317), May 2015.
12. Development of Fatigue Prediction Models in Asphalt Pavement Using ANN, by
Mrinmoy Kr. Gautam, (13-21-308), May 2015.
13. Surface Characteristics of Bituminous Mixed based on Aggregate Textures, by
Prabhakar Kumar, (13-21-309), May 2015.
14. Porous Asphalt Pavement Design for Storm Water Management, by
Shankaregowda, (13-21-310), May 2015.
15. Bituminous Mix Design using Reclaimed Asphalt Materials, by Jimli Das, (13-21-
316), May 2015.
16. Characterization of Traffic Flow at Silchar City, by Kankana Hazarika, (13-21-
303), May 2015.

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Endorsement from the Head of Institution
(To be given on official letter head)

26
 Certificate from Investigator

Title of the Proposal: Feasibility Studies on Use of Non Standard Local Materials in
Rural Roads at Bishnupur District of Manipur.

1. I/ We agree to abide by the terms and conditions of the NRRDA research grant.

2. I/ We did not submit the project proposal elsewhere for financial support.

3. I/ We have explored and ensured that following important equipments/

software and other basic facilities will actually be available as and when required
for the purpose of the project, from the institute.

(i) Equipments listed in 6.0 (B) of the project proposal.

and shall not request for financial support under this project, for procurement of
these items.

Yours sincerely,

Dr. Pabitra Rajbongshi

(Name and Signature of the Principal Investigator)

Place: Silchar
Date: 19/6/2015.

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