Gujarat Technological University: Page 1 of 5

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Code: 3170908
Semester – VII
Subject Name: Switchgear and Protection
Type of course: Professional Core Course
Prerequisite: Power System – I

Power System – II
Rationale: An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, and transmission and distribution
lines. In the case of an event of a fault, an automatic protective scheme comprising of circuit breakers and
protective relays isolate the faulty section protecting the healthy part of the system. The safety of equipment
and human beings is the major concern for every protection scheme. Moreover, students must develop skills
for operating various controls and switchgear in the power system. They are also required to carry out
remedial measures for faults/abnormalities in machines/equipment in the power system using appropriate
diagnostic instruments/devices. This course attempts to develop these skills in students and hence it is a core
course for all electrical engineers.
Teaching and Examination Scheme:
Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks Total Marks

L T P C Theory Marks Practical Marks
ESE (E) PA (M) ESE (V) PA (I)
4 0 2 5 70 30 30 20 150
Sr. Content Total

No. Hrs
1 Fundamentals of Power System Protection:
Introduction to Protective Relaying, Function of the Protective Relaying, Faults and

Abnormal Operating Conditions, Desirable Qualities and Terms of Protective Relaying,
System Transducers, Basic Tripping Mechanism of a relay, Types and operating principles 06
of various protective relays, Simple Differential Protection, Zone of Protection and Actual
Behavior of Simple Differential Protection, Percentage Differential Protection, Earth
Leakage Protection [1, 3, 4].
2 Overcurrent Protection of the Transmission Line:
Introduction, Thermal Relays, Over Current Relays, Types of Relay Characteristics, 05

Application of Definite Time & IDMT O.C. Relays for Protection of Feeder, Relay
Coordination, Directional Over Current Relay, Limitations of O.C. Relays [1].
3 Distance Protection of Transmission Line:
Introduction to Distance Protection, Types of Distance Relay, Impedance, Reactance, 07

MHO Relay, Performance of Distance Relay During Normal Load and Power Swing,
Effect of Arc Resistance on Reach of Distance Relays, Comparison of Distance Relays,
Distance Protection of Transmission line, Reasons for Inaccuracy of Distance Relay
Page 1 of 5
Reach, Three Step Protection, Trip contact configuration, 3-step protection of double end
fed lines [1].
4 Transformer Protection:
Faults and Abnormal Conditions in Transformer, Non-electrical Protection, Overcurrent 06

Protection, Earth Fault Protection, Inter-turn Protection, Differential Protection [4].
5 Bus-zone Protection:
05
Non-Unit Protection by Back-up Relays, Differential Protection of Busbars, External and
Internal Fault, Protection of Three-phase Busbars [1,4]
6 Generator Protection:
Various faults & abnormal operation conditions in a Generator, Stator & rotor faults, 06
Transverse differential protection of a Generator, Unbalanced loading, Over speeding,
Loss of excitation, Loss of prime mover [1].
7 Induction Motor Protection:
Various faults & abnormal operation conditions in an Induction Motor, Starting of 06

induction motor, Protection of small & large induction motor [2].
8 Current and Voltage Transformer:
Construction of Current Transformers, Difference Between CT Cores Used for

Measurement and those Used for Protective Relays, Calculation of CT Accuracy, Factors 05
to be Considered while Selecting a CT, Construction of Potential Transformer,
Specifications of Voltage Transformer, Capacitor Voltage Transformer.
9 Circuit Breaker:
Classification of switchgear and fields of application and relative merits. Theories of

current interruption, Energy balance and recovery rate theories, Air Circuit Breaker(ACB),
Air Blast Circuit Breaker (ABCB), Practical systems of arc quenching in oil circuit 07
breakers, Construction and operation of bulk oil, Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers, Recent
trends in H.V. Circuit Breakers, Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker (SF6), Vacuum
Circuit Breaker (VCB), Rating of Circuit Breakers, Testing of Circuit Breakers, Miniature
Circuit Breakers, Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers [3].
10 Modern Trends in Power System Protection

03
Introduction to static and digital relays, Introduction to adaptive relays. [6]
Suggested Specification table with Marks (Theory): (For PDDC only)
Distribution of Theory Marks
Page 2 of 5
R Level U Level A Level N Level E Level C Level

20 20 30 15 10 5
Legends: R: Remembrance; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C:

Create and above Levels (Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy)
Note: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline for students and teachers. The actual
distribution of marks in the question paper may vary slightly from the above table.
Reference Books:
1. Fundamentals of Power System Protection –Y. G. Parithankar & S. R. Bhide, 2nd edition, PHI
2. Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badari Ram , D.N Viswakarma, TMH Publications
3. Power system protection and switchgear by Oza, Nair, Mehta, Makwana
4. Protection and switchgear, by Bhavesh Bhalja, R.P.Maheshwari, Nilesh hotani,1st edition, 2011,
Oxford Publication
5. Power System Protection and Switchgear –B. Ravindranath and M. Chander
6. Power System Protection & Switchgear by B. Ram, McGraw Hill
7. Power System Protection- Static Relays by T.S.M. Rao Tata McGraw Hill
8. Art and Science of Protective Relaying –Russel Masson
Course Outcomes:
S. No CO STATEMENT Bloom’s taxonomy Marks %

level weightage
CO1 Acquire the knowledge of various abnormal conditions Remember L1 , 15%
that could occur in electrical system and protective Understand L2,
relays Evaluate L5,
CO2 Knowledge of various conventional relays, their design Remember L1 , 25%
and latest developments Understand L2,
Evaluate L5,
CO3 Ability to understand and design various protective Remember L1 , 40%
devices in power system for protecting equipment and Understand L2,
personnel. Evaluate L5
Create L6
CO4 Knowledge of various types of instrument transformers, Remember L1 , 20%
circuit breakers with their design and constructional Understand L2,
details. Evaluate L5
Create L6
MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF PROGRAM

OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:
CO’ s Program Outcomes (PO’s)
Page 3 of 5
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
CO2 3 1 3 2 2 1 2
CO3 1 3 3 2 1
CO4 2 2 1 1 1 1
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) : None
Suggestive List of Experiments:
1. To check performance/ study of a 3-Phase Differential Relay.

2. To check performance/ study of an over current Relay.
3. To check performance/ study of the Numerical Protection of induction motor.
4. To obtain the operating characteristics of an IDMT relay.
5. To study the operating characteristics of directional over current relay.
6. To check performance/ study of the operating characteristics of the transformer percentage
differential relay.
7. To study the magnetic inrush current in a transformer and its protection.
8. To study radial feeder protection using two overcurrent and one Earth fault relay.
9. To obtain and study the magnetization characteristic of CT.
10. To study the protection schemes for different abnormal conditions in an alternator.
11. To study Buchholz relay for transformer protection.
12. To study generalized block diagram of Numerical Relay
Design based Problems (DP)/ Open Ended Problem:
1. The students can be asked to collect the data of a small power system network. Then the student is
asked to design a complete protection scheme of the component of the power system like a feeder, a
transmission line, transformer, and a generator. The design should include the selection of circuit
breaker rating and the relay settings wherever applicable.
2. Students can study and verify various settings of a generator.
3. Students simulates various system and explore how to source impedance and fault location affect the
performance of protective relays.
Page 4 of 5
4. With appropriate simulation explain the selectivity of a protective relay.
5. Study and verify factors that will affect CT accuracy and corrective measures.
Major Equipments:
Electromechanical Relay, Static / Numerical Relay, Testing Panels, CT, PT, Timers, Circuit
Breakers.
List of Software/learning website:
- MATLAB
- PSCAD
- EMTP
- NPTEL https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/101/108101039/
- SWAYAM https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc20_ee80/preview
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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Type of course: Professional Core Course

Prerequisite: Power System – I

Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks Total Marks

Sr. Content Total

Introduction to Protective Relaying, Function of the Protective Relaying, Faults and

2 Overcurrent Protection of the Transmission Line:

Introduction, Thermal Relays, Over Current Relays, Types of Relay Characteristics, 05

3 Distance Protection of Transmission Line:

Introduction to Distance Protection, Types of Distance Relay, Impedance, Reactance, 07

Faults and Abnormal Conditions in Transformer, Non-electrical Protection, Overcurrent 06

7 Induction Motor Protection:

Various faults & abnormal operation conditions in an Induction Motor, Starting of 06

8 Current and Voltage Transformer:

Construction of Current Transformers, Difference Between CT Cores Used for

Classification of switchgear and fields of application and relative merits. Theories of

10 Modern Trends in Power System Protection

Suggested Specification table with Marks (Theory): (For PDDC only)

Distribution of Theory Marks

R Level U Level A Level N Level E Level C Level

Legends: R: Remembrance; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C:

S. No CO STATEMENT Bloom’s taxonomy Marks %

MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF PROGRAM

CO’ s Program Outcomes (PO’s)

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) : None

Suggestive List of Experiments:

1. To check performance/ study of a 3-Phase Differential Relay.

Design based Problems (DP)/ Open Ended Problem:

2. Students can study and verify various settings of a generator.

4. With appropriate simulation explain the selectivity of a protective relay.

List of Software/learning website:

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