PHYSICS

CHP-4.2
CHANGES IN
TEMPERATURE AND
PHASE

Set by:Nali Mahmod

 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
I. SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:is the amount of heat energy
needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C.

energy transferred as a heat

III.Specific heat capacity=—————————————
mass×change in temperature
C=——— Units
Q Q Joule(J)
C Joule/kilogram×°Celsius(J/kg×°C)
Q=m×c× T m Kilogram(kg)
m T
T Celsius(°C)
I. T=(final temperature-initial
2
temperature).
 I. 2090 energy is needed to raise
the temperature of 1kg of ice by 1°C
II.4180 energy is needed to raise
the temperature of 2kg of ice by
1°C III.8360 energy is needed to
raise the temperature of 2kg of ice
by 2°C.

1kg •1°C•specific heat capacity

I. The less amount of specific

heat is presented,the faster
the temperature increases
EX:-
Iron’s temperature increases faster
than glass,because it’s specific heat
capacity is less than the glass’s.
Determining specific heat capacity

CALORIMETRY:is an experimental
process
used to measure the energy
transfered as heat(Q)from one
substance to another
Measurements devices
Calorimeter Heat energy (J)
Thermometer Temperature(°C)
Balance Mass(kg)
 Energy absorbed=Energy released
(GAINED) + (LOST)−

QGained=QLost
m×c× T=−m×c×
T
I. When a hot water at 78°C is mixed with a cold water at 34°C
the energy must be transferred from hot water to cold water in
order to reach their final equilibrium(balance),so to reach their
final equilibrium they must gain and loose some heat energy .for
the hot water to reach 56°C it must decrease 22°C,and for the
cold water to reach 56°it must increase 22°C .
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/ht
ml/energy-forms-and-
changes/latest/energy-forms-
and-changes_en.html
I. Notice that when you heat up
the water and the iron at the
same temperature and at the
same time,the iron heats up faster
than water,that’s because iron
has less specific heat capacity
than water and then when you put
the iron into the water you will see
that the iron looses heat energy
and the water is gaining until they
reach their final temperature.
 Sample problem 4B
A 0.050 kg metal bolt is heated to an unknown initial temperature. It
is then dropped into a beaker containing 0.15 kg of water with an
initial temperature of 21.0°C. The bolt and water reach a final
equilibrium temperature of 25.0°C If the metal has a specific heat
capacity of 899 J/kg•°C, find the initial temperature of the metal.
−QAl=+QW
Aluminum(lost) Water(gained)
−m×c× T=m×c× T
Cp=899 Cp=4186 −0.05×899(25−Ti)=0.15×4186(25−21)
m=0.05 m=0.15 −45(25−Ti)=628×4
−1125+45Ti=2512
Ti=unknown Ti=21
45Ti=2512+1125
Tf=25 Tf=25
45÷45Ti=3637÷45
Ti=81°C
 Practice 4B
Q1/
What is the final temperature when a 3.0 kg gold bar at
99°C is dropped into 0.22 kg of water at 25°C?
−QGold=+Qwater
−m×c× T=m×c× T
Gold bar Water −3×129(Tf−99)=0.22×4186(Tf−25)
(Lost) (Gained) 921÷−387(Tf−99)=921(Tf−25)÷921
Cp=129 Cp=4186 −0.42(Tf−99)=Tf−25
−0.42Tf+41.58=Tf−25
m=3 m=0.22
25+41.58=0.42Tf+1Tf
Ti=99 Ti=25 1.42÷66.58=1.42Tf÷1.42
Tf=? Tf=?
Tf=47°C
Q2/
A 0.225 kg sample of tin initially at 97.5°c is dropped into 0.115 kg of water. the initial
temperature of the water is 10.0°c. if the specific heat capacity of tin is 230 j/kg • °c, what
is the final equilibrium temperature of the tin-water mixture

−Qtin=+Qwater
Tin(lost) Water(gained)
−mt×ct× Tt=mw×cw× Tw
Cp=230 Cp=4186 −0.225×230(Tf−97.5)=0.115×4186(Tf−10)
m=0.225 m=0.115 −52(Tf−97.5)=481(Tf−10)
Ti=97.5 Ti=10 −52Tf+5070=481Tf−4810
Tf=? Tf=? 5070+4810=481Tf+52Tf
533÷9880=533Tf÷533
Tf=18.5°C
Q3/
3. What is the final temperature when 0.032 kg of milk at 11°C is added to
0.16 kg of coffee at 91°C? Assume the specific heat capacities of the two
liquids are the same as water, and disregard any energy transfer to the
liquids’ surroundings.Hint(we’ll cancel the both specific heat capacity of
both substances because they are equal,even if you write it there is no
problem but it will take time)
−Qcoffee=+Qmilk-
Coffee(lost) Milk(gained) -m× T=+m× T
Cp=4186 Cp=4186 −0.16÷−0.16×(Tf−91)=0.032×(Tf−11)÷−0.16
m=0.16 m=0.032 Tf−91=−0.2(Tf−11)
Tf−91=−0.2Tf+2.2
Ti=91 Ti=11
0.2Tf+Tf=91+2.2
Tf=? Tf=? 1.2÷1.2Tf=93.2÷1.2
Tf=77°C
Q4/
A cup is made of an experimental material that can hold hot liquids. The
0.75 kg cup has an initial temperature of 36.5 °C when it is submerged in
1.25 kg of water with an initial temperature of 20.0 °C. What is the
cup's specific heat capacity if the final temperature is 24.4 °C?
Cup(lost) Water(gained) −Qcup=+Qwater
−m×c× T=m×c× T
Cp=unknown Cp=4186 −0.75×Cp(24.4−36.5)=1.25×4186(24.4−20)
m=0.75 m=1.25 −0.75×−12.1Cp=5233×4.4
Ti=36.5 Ti=20 9.075÷9.075Cp=23025.2÷9.075
Cp=2537J/kg•°C
Tf=24.4 Tf=24.4
Q7/
A hot, just-minted copper coin is placed in 101 g of water to cool. The water temperature
changes by 8.39 degrees Celsius and the temperature of the coin changes by 68.0
degrees Celsius. What is the mass of the coin?
Coin
−Q =+Q
(Lost) Water(gained) copper water
−m×c× T=m×c× T
Cp=387 Cp=4186 −m×387×(−68)=101×4186•8.39
m=unknown m=101 −m×(−26316)=3547174
T=68 T=8.39 26316÷26316m=3547174÷26316
m=135kg

I. The T of all the substances that loose energy is negative(-)

 LATENT HEAT
(Hidden heat) (Q5)
T
125 (Q4)
Phase change
Temperature(°C)

100

(Q3) Steam
50 (Q2) T Water+Steam

(Q1) Phase
change Water
0 T
-25 Ice
Ice+water
3
Heat energy (Q)×10 J
I. Q1,Q3 and Q5 are change in temperature because Q1 is
increased from (-25 to 0),Q3 is increased from (0 to 100)
and Q5 is increased from(100 to 125)
II.Q2 and Q4 are change in phase because Q2 is changed
from (solid to liquid) and Q4 is changed from (liquid to gas)
III.Phase change occurs only at 0°C (solid to liquid or liquid
to solid) and at 100°C(liquid to gas or gas to liquid) for water.
PHASE CHANGE:is the physical
change of a substance from one
state (solid,liquid or gas)to another at
constant temperature.
I. When the temperature is
changing the phase doesn’t
change,and when the phase
changes the temperature is stable
 I. LATENT HEAT: the energy per unit mass that is
transferred during a phase change of a substance.
II.Heat of fusion(Lf): the energy per unit mass transferred
in order to change a substance from solid to liquid or
liquid to solid at constant temperature.
III.Heat of vaporization(Lv): the energy per unit mass
transferred in order to change a substance from liquid to
gas or gas to liquid at constant temperature.
Latent heat
Q=mL
Energy transferred as heat during a phase change =mass×latent heat
Q Joule(J)
m Kilogram(kg)
L Joule per kilogram(J/kg)

I. During phase change we can’t use this equation (m×c× T).

I. If we have 1kg of water I. To transfer 1kg of water
6 to steam,we need
at 100°C,2.26×10 joule 6
energy is required 2.26×10 joule energy
II.And if we have 2kg of II.And if we transfer 3kg of
ice at 0°C,we need ice to water,we need
5 5
6.66×10 joule energy 9.99×10 joule energy
 Practice How much energy is required to change a 42 g
ice cube from ice at -11°C to steam at 111°C?
4C Q1/ -3
Q1=m×c× T=42×10 ×2090(0-(-11)
111 -3
42×2090×11=965580×10 =966J
-3 5
100 Q2=m×Lf=42×10 ×3.33×10
2
0 139.86×10 =13986J
-3
Q3=m×c× T=42×10 ×4186(100-0)
-11 -3
42•4186×100=17581200×10 =17581J
-3 6
Q1~T Q4m×Lv=42×10 ×2.26×10
3
Q2~phase change 94.92×10 =94920J
-3
Q3~T Q5=m×c× T=42×10 ×2010(111-100)
Q4~phase change -3
42×2090×11=928.620×10 =929J
Q5~T Qtotal=Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5
QT=966+13986+17581+94920+929=128382J
 Section 2
Question test
1. Sublimation is the change of 3.How much heat is needed to
A) a solid into the liquid phase. reduce the temperature of 3g of gold
B) a solid into the gas phase. from 21 to 14 . (Specific Heat
C) a liquid into the gas phase. Capacity of gold= 129)
D) a gas into the liquid phase.
A)387J B)2709J C)-387J D)-2709J
2.How many Joules of energy
4.More energy is required to solidify 1g
are needed to make .5 of liquid water than to vaporize it.
kilograms of ice at ℃ completely A) True; it requires 80 joules to
melt? The latent heat of fusion vaporize the liquid.
B) True; it takes 540 joules to solidify
of ice is 333000 J/kg the liquid.
5 C) False; it takes 540 joules to vaporize
A)200J B)3.33×10 J
the water, vs. 80 joules to solidify it.
3
C)1665×10 J 4)16650000J D) False; it takes exactly 100 joules of
energy to make either phase transition.
 5.As energy is added to a solid block of ice,
A) it will melt completely before its temperature can begin to rise.
B) its temperature will start to rise before any of the ice starts to melt.
C) the ice starts to melt and the temperature starts to rise simultaneously.
D) either could happen first, it’s totally random.

6.As you continuously add heat to a pan of water on the stove, the
water temperature
A) continues to rise as long as more heat energy is added.
B) rises to 100°C. Any additional heat will cause the water to boil, as the
energy is used to change the phase, not raise the temperature.
C) decreases, because boiling is actually a cooling process.
D)no affect
7.Water has a specific heat of 4184 J/KgºC. Lead has a specific heat of 128
J/KgºC. What material needs more energy to raise the temperature 1ºC

A)Water B)Lead C)both of them D)it’s not true

 9.How does heat 10.According to the given
flow? A)always from informations which one of the
cold to warm following (s) is/are correct? When the
B)always from warm temperature of steam decreases:
to cold I. Steam looses energy
C)A,B II. T of steam is positive
D)it depends on III.Minimum temperature is 100°C
the temperature A)I and III B)I,II and III
C)I D)I and II

11.According to the given informations which one

of the following (s) is/are correct?
During the freezing process of water:

I. Water gains heat energy A)I,II and III B)III C)II and III
II.Temperature of water decreases
III.Sign of heat of water is negative D)II and I
 Classic questions
1.The specific heat of mercury is 138 cal/g°C. How much
heat(Q) is released when a 7 g piece of aluminum foil is
taken out of the oven and cools from 80° to 41°?

Solution/
 2.A 7.4kg metal screw (made of silver) is heated to an unknown
initial temperature.it’s then submerged into a jug containing
1.33 kg of water with an initial temperature of 43°C.then they
both reach the final temperature of 71°C.what is the initial
temperature of the screw,if the specific heat capacity of water is
4183J/kg×°C and the specific heat capacity of the metal is
234J/kg×°C
Solution/
 3. What is the total amount of heat energy .joules,
released by 17.3 grams of water when the
temperature of the water decreases from 19 to 4 ?

Solution/
4. What would be the temperature change, if 6.89 grams of glass
absorbed 21 joules of heat? If the specific heat capacity of glass is
837J/kg×°C
Solution/
END OF SECTION

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