Designation: F 606 – 00

Standard Test Methods for

Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and
Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers, and Rivets1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 606; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope been developed—F 606M; therefore, no metric equivalents are shown in

1.1 These test methods establish procedures for conducting these test methods.
tests to determine the mechanical properties of externally and
2. Referenced Documents
internally threaded fasteners, washers, and rivets.
1.2 Property requirements and the applicable tests for their 2.1 ASTM Standards:
determination are specified in individual product standards. In A 394 Specification for Steel Transmission Tower Bolts,
those instances where the testing requirements are unique or at Zinc-Coated and Bare2
variance with these standard procedures, the product standard E 4 Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing
shall specify the controlling testing requirements. Machines3
1.3 These test methods describe mechanical tests for deter- E 8 Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Materials 3
mining the following properties: E 10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-
Section als3
For Externally Threaded Fasteners: 3 E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
Product Hardness 3.1
Proof Load 3.2.1
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials3
Method 1, Length Measurement 3.2.3 E 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
Method 2, Yield Strength 3.2.4 someters3
Method 3, Uniform Hardness 3.2.5
Axial Tension Testing of Full-Size Product 3.4
F 436 Specification for Hardened Steel Washers 2
Wedge Tension Testing of Full-Size Product 3.5 F 606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical
Tension Testing of Machined Test Specimens 3.6 Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded
Total Extension at Fracture Test 3.7 Fasteners, Washers, and Rivets [Metric]2
Single Sheer Test 3.8 F 959 Specification for Compressible-Washer-Type Direct
For Internally Threaded Fasteners: 4
Product Hardness 4.1
Tension Indicators for Use With Structural Fasteners2
Proof Load Test 4.2 2.2 Military Standard:
Cone Proof Load Test 4.3 MIL STD 1312, Test 13 and Test 204
For Washers and Direct Tension Indicators: 5
General Requirements 5.1
Through Hardened Washers 5.2
3. Test Methods for Externally Threaded Fasteners
Carburized Washers 5.3 3.1 Product Hardness—Tests shall be conducted after the
For Rivets: 6
Product Hardness 6.1
removal of any surface oxide, decarburization, plating or other
Test for Embrittlement of Metallic-Coated Externally Threaded 7 coating. All readings shall be within the hardness values listed
Fasteners in the product specification. The average of all readings on the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the same part shall be considered as the product hardness. Test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the results shall conform to the product specification for the lot
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- represented by the test specimens to be considered
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- conforming. Test specimen preparation and hardness tests
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. shall be con- ducted in accordance with Test Method E 18 for
Rockwell tests, Test Method E 10 for Brinell tests, Test
NOTE 1—A complete metric companion to Test Methods F 606 has
Method E 92 for Vickers tests, or Test Method E 384 for
Microhardness tests. The method used is at the option of
the manufacturer, with

1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on 2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.08.
Fasteners and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.01 on Test Methods. 3
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2000. Published February 2001. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4
published as F 606 – 79. Last previous edition F 606 – 98. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.

1
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

2
 F 606
regards to the size and grade of the products. 3.2.1 Proof Load—The proof-load test consists of stressing
3.1.1 Routine Test Locations—For testing the hardness of the product with a specified load that the product must
the finished product, the following test locations can be used: withstand without measurable permanent set. Alternative tests
3.1.1.1 For hex and square head bolts; test shall be con- for determining the ability of a fastener to pass the proof-load
ducted on the wrench flats, top of head, unthreaded shank, end test are the yield strength test and the uniform hardness test.
of bolt or at the arbitration location. Either Method 1 (3.2.3), Method 2 (3.2.4), or Method 3 (3.2.5)
3.1.1.2 For studs, products without parallel wrench flats and may be used, but Method 1 shall be the arbitration method in
for head styles other than hex and square; tests shall be case of any dispute as to acceptance of the product. (See Test
conducted on the unthreaded shank, end of the bolt or stud or Methods E 8.)
at the arbitration location. 3.2.2 In both Methods 1 and 2, assemble the product in the
3.1.1.3 Stress relieved products (3.1.1.1 and 3.1.1.2) are fixture of the tension testing machine so that six complete
measured anywhere on the surface or through the cross threads (except for heavy hex structural bolts, which shall be
section. Refer to the product specification for particular test based on four threads) are exposed between the grips. This is
location or use the arbitration location. obtained by freely running the nut or fixture to the thread
3.1.1.4 The Rockwell Hardness Scale may be used for all runout of the specimen and then unscrewing the specimen six
product diameters; however, the Brinell hardness is limited to full turns. For continuous thread bolts, at least six full threads
products over 1-1⁄2 in. nominal diameter. shall be exposed between the fixture ends; however, for
3.1.2 Laboratory Inspection—After observing 3.1 and referee purposes, six full threads shall be exposed.
3.1.1, a minimum of three readings shall be taken on each 3.2.3 Method 1, Length Measurement—To ensure
sample of finished product. consistent and repetitive length measurements of the fastener,
3.1.3 Arbitration Test Location—For purposes of the threaded end and top of the bolt head shall have conical
arbitration between the purchaser and seller over reported test depressions made at the approximate axis or center line of the
results, hardness tests shall be conducted at the mid-radius fastener. If raised or depressed markings on the head interfere
(r/2) of a transverse section through the threads taken at a with the placement of the measuring depressions, the head
distance of approximately one diameter from the point end of shall be carefully ground. The measuring instrument shall
the bolt or one end of the stud. Four readings shall be taken have pointed anvils which mate with the center line
from the point end of the bolt or one end of the stud. Four depressions and be capable of measuring changes in length of
readings shall be taken approximately 90° to one another on 0.0001 in. with an accuracy of 0.0001 in. in any 0.001 in.
the same plane, if product size permits. Smaller diameter range. Place the fastener between the measuring anvils and
products may also use the opposite parallel surface area of the rotate it approxi- mately 1⁄4 turn to the left center, right then
bolt head end as sectioned above. (See Fig. 1). The use of center again to assure sound seating. Zero the instrument or
Brinell hardness is limited to product sizes greater than 2- 1⁄4 in. record indicated measurement. If using a bolt extensometer,
nominal diameter. the bolt with attached extensometer may be assembled into the
3.2 Tension Tests—It is preferred that bolts and studs be tension testing machine. If not, mark the fastener so it may be
tested full size, and it is customary, when so testing, to specify placed as close as possible to the same position for the second
a minimum ultimate load (or stress) in pounds-force (or reading. Remove and assemble the fastener into the tension
pounds-force per square inch.) Paragraphs 3.2 through 3.5 testing machine as outlined in 3.4. With a test speed which
apply when testing externally threaded fasteners full size. shall not exceed 0.12 in./min., as determined with a free-
Paragraph 3.6 shall apply where the individual product speci- running cross head, axially load the fastener to the proof load
fications permit the use of machined specimens. (See Test value specified in the product specification. This load shall be
Methods E 8.) maintained for

FIG. 1 Hardness Arbitration Test Location

 F 606
a period of 10 s before outlined in 3.4. As the load
releasing the load. Replace is applied, measure and 3.3 Bolts or Studs Too complete threads exposed
the fastener between the record the total elongation Short for Tension Testing— between the grips.
measuring anvils and rotate of the product in order to Product lengths less than 3.4.2 Test studs by
as before, stopping the produce a load elongation those shown in Table 1 for assembling one end in the
mark at the same diagram. Determine the load product 1⁄4 through 3⁄4 in. in threaded fixture to the
approximate position as the or stress at an offset equal to diameter and less than three thread runout. For studs
first reading. The 0.2 % strain based on the diameters in length for having unlike threads, this
measurement shall show no length of the bolt between product above 3⁄4in. in shall be the end with the
permanent elongation. A the holders as shown in Fig. diameter, or that do not finer pitch thread, or with
tolerance of 6 0.0005 in. 2, which will be subject to have sufficient threads for the larger minor diameter.
shall be allowed (for elongation under load by proper engagement and still Likewise, assemble the
measurement error only) using the method described leave the specified number other end of the stud in a
between the measurement in 3.6.3.1. of complete threads threaded fixture, leaving six
made before loading and 3.2.5 Method 3, Uniform exposed between the grips, complete threads exposed
that made after loading. Hardness—The fasteners shall be deemed too short between the grips. For
Variables such as shall be tested for hardness for tension testing, and continuous thread studs, at
straightness, thread as described in 3.1, and in acceptance shall be based least six complete threads
alignment, or measurement addition, the hardness shall on a hardness test shall be exposed between
error could result in also be determined in the performed in accordance the fixture ends. The
apparent elongation of the core. The difference with 3.1. If tests other than maximum speed of the free-
product when the specified between the mid-radius and product hardness are running cross head shall not
proof load is initially core hardness shall be not required, their require- exceed 1 in./min. When
applied. In such cases, the more than 3 points on a ments should be referenced reporting the tensile strength
product may be retested Rockwell C Scale; and both in the product of product, in pounds-force
using a 3 % greater load, readings must be within specification. per square inch, calculate
and shall be considered 3.4 Axial Tension Testing the thread stress area as
product specification. This
acceptable if there is no of Full-Size Products: follows:
test is valid for fasteners up
differ- ence in the length to and including 1 in. in 3.4.1 Test bolts in a As 5 0.7854
measurement after this diameter. holder with the load axially @D 2
loading within a 0.0005 in. applied between the head ~0.9743!/n#2
measurement tolerance as and a nut or suitable fixture
outlined. (Fig. 2), either of which
where:
3.2.4 Method 2, Yield shall have sufficient thread
As = thread stress area, in.2,
Strength—Assemble the engagement to develop the D = nominal diameter of
product in the testing full strength of the product. bolt or stud, in., and
equipment as outlined in Assemble the nut or fixture n = number of threads per
3.4. As the load is applied, on the product, leaving a inch.
measure and record the minimum of six complete 3.4.3 To meet the
total elongation of the bolt threads exposed requirements of the test
product or any part of it between the grips except described in 3.4.1 and 3.4.2,
that includes the exposed for heavy hex structural the product shall support a
threads to produce a load- bolts, which shall have four load prior to fracture not
elongation diagram.
Determine the load or
stress at an offset equal to
0.2 % of the length of bolt
occupied by six full threads
as shown in Fig. 2 (except
for heavy hex structural
bolts, which shall be based
on four threads) by the
method described in
3.6.3.1.
3.2.4.1 Method 2A,
Yield Strength for
Austenitic Stainless Steel
and Non-ferrous Materials
—Assemble the product in
the testing equipment as
 F 606
type being tested. The and its edges top and
hole in the wedge shall bottom shall be rounded as
have a clearance over the specified in Table 3. The
nominal size of the bolt,

FIG. 2 Tension Testing of Full-Size Bolt (Typical Set-

Up)

TABLE 1 Minimum Length of

Product Requiring Tension socket-head cap screw
Testing (with the exception of
socket button or flat
Nominal Product Size, in. countersunk head
products) or stud is the
1
⁄4
5
⁄16 tensile load that the
3
⁄8 product is capable of
7
⁄16
1
⁄2
sustaining when stressed
9
⁄16 with a wedge under the
5
⁄8 head. The purpose of this
3
⁄4
7
⁄8 and larger
test is to obtain the tensile
strength and demonstrate
the “head quality” and
duc- tility of the product.
less than the minimum
3.5.1 Wedge Tension
tensile strength specified in
Testing of Bolts—
the product specification for
Determine the ulti- mate c = clearance of hole
its size, strength, and thread
load of the bolt as D = diameter of bolt or screw
series. In addi- tion, the R = radius or chamfer
described in 3.4 except
tensile fracture shall occur T
place a wedge under the =
in the body or threaded
bolt head. When both ref
section with no fracture at ere
wedge tension and proof
the junction of head and nc
load testing are required e
shank.
by the product thi
3.5 Wedge Tension ck
specification use the proof
Testing of Full-Size ne
load-tested bolts for ss
Product—The wedge
wedge testing. The wedge of
tensile strength of a hex or we
shall have a minimum dg
square-head fastener,
hardness of 45 HRC. e
Additionally, the wedge at
thi
shall have a minimum n
thickness of one half the sid
e
nominal bolt diameter of
(measured at the thin side ho
of the hole, see Fig. 3). le
eq
The wedge shall have an ual
included angle as shown s
in Table 2 for the product on
 F 606
e load testing in a threaded
fixture to the thread runout. runout and then unscrew six
h
For studs having unlike full turns, thus leaving six
a complete threads exposed
l threads, this shall be the end
f with the finer pitch thread or between the grips, as
with the larger minor illustrated in Fig. 4. For
d
diameter. Assemble the other continuous thread studs, at
i least six complete threads
a end of the stud in a threaded
m wedge to the shall be exposed between the
e fixture ends. The angle of
t
e
the wedge for the stud size
r and grade shall be as
specified in Table 2.
o Assemble the stud in the
f
testing machine and tension
b
test to fracture, as described
o in 3.4. The minimum
l hardness of the threaded
t
wedge shall be 45 HRC. The
o
length of the threaded
r section of the wedge shall be
equal to at least the diameter
s of the stud. To facilitate
c
r
removal of the broken stud,
e counterbore the wedge. The
w thickness of the wedge at the
W = wedge angle (see Table 2)
thin side of the hole shall
FIG. 3 Wedge Test Details—Bolts equal the diameter of the
TABLE 2 the wedge) shall occur. (See stud plus the depth of
Tension Test
head (adjacent to the wedge) counterbore. The thread in
Wedge Angles the wedge shall have Class
shall occur. (See head
orientation in Fig. 3). The 3B tolerances, except when
Nominal Product Size, in.
bolt shall be tension tested testing studs having an
to fracture. To meet the interference fit thread, in
requirements of this test, the which case the wedge shall
⁄ –1
1
4 bolt shall support a load be threaded to provide a
Over 1
prior to fracture not less finger-free fit. The
A
Heat-treated bolts that are
than the minimum tensile supporting fixture, as shown
threaded one diameter or closer to
strength specified in the in Fig. 4, shall have a hole
the underside of the head, shall use
a wedge angle of 6° for sizes ⁄ 1
4 product specification for the clearance over the nominal
through ⁄ in. and 4° for sizes over
3
4
applicable size, grade, and size of the stud, and shall
3
⁄ in.
4
have its top and bottom
thread series. In addition,
the tensile fracture shall edges rounded or chamfered
TABLE 3 Tensile Test to the same limits specified
Wedge Hole Clearance occur in the body or
—Details threaded section with no for the hardened wedge in
fracture at the junction of Table 3. To meet the
Nominal Product Nominalhead and inshank.
Clearance requirements of this test, the
Size, in. stud shall support a load
1
⁄4 – 1 ⁄2 NOTE 2—Fracture at the prior to fracture not less than
9
⁄16 – 3⁄4 junction of the head and shank is
7
⁄8 – 1
the minimum tensile
prohibited at any load, including
11⁄8 – 11⁄4 those above the minimum strength specified in the
13⁄8 – 11⁄2
requirements. product specification for its
13⁄4 – 2
size, grade, and thread
21⁄4 – 3 3.5.2 Wedge Tension
series.
Testing of Studs—When
both wedge tension and NOTE 3—Dimensional
minimum outside proof load testing are tolerances for all test fixtures
dimension of the wedge required by the product used in this test method, unless
shall be such that during the otherwise noted, shall conform to
specifications, assemble one standard machining practices.
test no corner loading of the end of the same stud
product head (adjacent to previously used for proof 3.6 Tension Testing of
 F 606
Machined Test gage length four times the
Specimens: diameter of the specimen.
3.6.1 Where bolts and See Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
studs cannot be tested full 3.6.1.2 Bolts and studs
size, conduct tests using 5⁄8 in. in diameter through

test specimens machined 1 1⁄4in. in diameter may

from the bolt or stud (see have their shanks
Test Methods E 8). machined concentric with
3.6.1.1 Bolts and studs the axis of the bolt or stud,
9⁄16 in. in diameter and leaving the bolt head and
smaller may be machined threaded section intact as
concentric with the axis shown in Fig. 5.
of the bolt or stud. The Alternatively, bolts and
specimen shall have a studs 5⁄8 in. in diameter
turned section as large as through 1 1⁄4 in. in
feasible and shall have a diameter may have their
 F 606
The gage length for
measuring the elongation ⁄ in. in diameter shall be
14 rate. When a lever and
shall be four times the machined with the axis of poise machine is used, keep
diameter of the specimen. the specimen located the beam in balance by
Fig. 6 illustrates an example midway between the running out the poise at
of these small-size specimens. center and outside approximately a steady rate.
For arbitration purposes, surface. When the yield point of the
machined test specimens for 3.6.1.3 Bolts and studs material is reached, the
bolts and studs 5⁄8 in. in 1 3⁄8 in. in diameter and increase of the load will
diameter through 1 larger may have their stop, but run the poise a
FIG. 5 Tension Test shanks machined to the trifle beyond the balance
Specimen for Bolt with dimensions of a 0.500-in. position, and the beam of
Turned-Down Shank FIG. 7 Location of Standard round, 2-in. gage length the machine will drop for a
Round 2-in. Gage Length test specimen with the brief but appreciable
axis of the specimen interval of time. When a
located midway between machine equipped with a
the center and outside load-indicating dial is used,
surface of the bolt or there is a halt or hesitation
stud as shown in Fig. 7. of the load-indicating
3.6.1.4 Machined test pointer corresponding to the
specimens shall exhibit drop of the beam. Note the
tensile strength, yield load at the “drop of the
strength (or yield point), beam” or the “halt of the
elongation, and reduc- pointer” and record the
tion of area equal to or corresponding stress as the
FIG. 6 Examples of Small- Tension Test Specimen When greater than the values of yield point.
Size Specimens Turned from Large Size Bolt these properties specified 3.6.2.3 Autographic
Proportional to Standard 2- for the product size in the Diagram Method—When a
in. Gage Length Specimen applicable product sharp- kneed stress-strain
specification when tested diagram is obtained by an
shanks machined to a test in accordance with this autographic recording
specimen with the axis of section. device, take the stress
the specimen located 3.6.2 Determination of corresponding to the top of
midway between the axis Tensile Properties: the knee (Fig. 8), or the
and outside surface of the 3.6.2.1 Yield Point— stress at which the curve
bolt or stud as shown in Fig. Yield point is the first drops as the yield point
7. Bolts of a small cross stress in a material, less (Fig. 9).
section that will not permit than the maximum 3.6.2.4 Total Extension
taking the 0.500-in. round, obtainable stress, at which Under Load Method—
2-in. gage length test an increase in strain When testing material for
specimen shall have a occurs without an increase yield point and the test
turned section as large as in stress. Yield point is specimens may not exhibit a
feasible and concentric with intended for application well-defined
the axis of the bolt or stud. only for materials that disproportionate
may exhibit the unique deformation that
characteristic of showing characterizes a yield point
an increase in strain as measured by the drop of
without an increase in the beam, halt of the
stress. The stress-strain pointer, or autographic
diagram is characterized diagram methods described
by a sharp knee or in 3.6.2.2 and 3.6.2.3, a
discontinuity. Determine value equivalent to the yield
yield point by one of the point in its practical
following methods: significance may be
3.6.2.2 Drop of the determined by the following
Beam or Halt of the method and may be
Pointer Method—In this recorded as yield point:
method apply an Attach a Class C or better
increasing load to the extensometer (Note 4 and
specimen at a uniform Note 5) to the specimen.
 F 606
When the load
producing a specified
extension (Note 6) is
reached, record the
stress corresponding to
the load as the yield
point, and remove the
extensometer (Fig. 10).
NOTE 4—Automatic
devices are available that
determine the load at the
specified total extension
without plotting a stress-
strain curve. Such de vices
may be used if their
accuracy has been
demonstrated. Multiplying
calipers and other such
devices are acceptable for
use provided their accuracy
has been demonstrated as
equivalent to a Class C
extensometer.
NOTE 5—Reference should be
made to Practice E 83.
 FIG. 10 Stress-Strain Diagram Showing Yield Point or Yield
Strength by Extension Under Load Method

equal to the specified value of the offset, draw mn parallel to

OA, and thus locate r. The yield strength load R is the load
FIG. 8 Stress-Strain Diagram for Determination of Yield
Strength by the Offset Method corresponding to the highest point of the stress-strain curve
before or at the intersection of mn with r. In reporting values
of yield strength obtained by this method, the specified value
of “offset” used should be stated in parentheses after the term
yield strength, thus:
Yield strength ~0.2 % offset! 5 52 000 psi (2)
In using this method, a minimum extensometer magnifica-
tion of 250 to 1 is required. A Class B1 extensometer meets
this
requirement (see Note 5). See also Note 7 for automatic
devices.
3.6.3.2 Extension Under Load Method—For tests to deter-
mine the acceptance or rejection of material whose stress-
strain characteristics are well known from previous tests of
similar material in which stress-strain diagrams were plotted,
the total strain corresponding to the stress at which the
specified offset (see Note 8) occurs will be known within
satisfactory limits. The stress on the specimen, when this total
strain is reached, is the value of the yield strength. The total
FIG. 9 Stress-Strain Diagram Showing Yield Point
strain can be obtained satisfactorily by use of a Class B1
Corresponding with Top of Knee extensometer (Note 4 and Note 5).
NOTE 7—Automatic devices are available that determine offset yield
NOTE 6—For steel with a specified yield point not over 80 000 psi, an strength without plotting a stress strain curve. Such devices may be used
appropriate value is 0.005 in./in. of gage length. For values above 80 000 if their accuracy has been demonstrated.
psi, this test method is not valid unless the limiting total extension is NOTE 8—The appropriate magnitude of the extension under load will
increased. obviously vary with the strength range of the particular material under
3.6.3 Yield Strength—Yield strength is the stress at which a test. In general, the value of extension under load applicable to any
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the pro material strength level may be determined from the sum of the propor-
tional strain and the plastic strain expected at the specified yield strength.
portionality of stress to strain. The deviation is expressed in The following equation is used:
terms of strain, percent offset, total extension under load, etc. Extension under load, in./in. of gage length = (YS/E) = r
Determine yield strength by one of the following methods: where:
3.6.3.1 Offset Method—To determine the yield strength by YS = specified yield strength, psi,
the “offset method,” it is necessary to secure data (autographic E = modulus of elasticity, psi, and
or numerical) from which a stress-strain diagram may be r = limiting plastic strain, in./in.
drawn. Then on the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 8) lay off 3.6.4 Tensile Strength—Calculate the tensile strength by
Om dividing the maximum load the specimen sustains during a
tension test by the original cross-sectional area of the speci- (only Screw Product Shown)
men.
3.6.5 Elongation:
3.6.5.1 Fit the ends of the fractured specimen together
carefully and measure the distance between the gage marks to
the nearest 0.01 in. for gage lengths of 2 in. and under, and to
the nearest 0.5 % of the gage length for gage lengths over 2 in.
A percentage scale reading to 0.5 % of the gage length may be
used. The elongation is the increase in length of the gage
length, expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
In reporting elongation values, give both the percentage
increase and the original gage length.
3.6.5.2 If any part of the fracture takes place outside of the
middle half of the gage length or in a punched or scribed mark
within the reduced section, the elongation value obtained may
not be representative of the material. If the elongation so
measured meets the minimum requirements specified, no
further testing is indicated, but if the elongation is less than the
minimum requirements, discard the test and retest.
3.6.6 Reduction of Area—Fit the ends of the fractured
specimen together and measure the mean diameter or the
width and thickness at the smallest cross section to the same
accuracy as the original dimensions. The difference between
the area thus found and the area of the original cross section
expressed as a percentage of the original area, is the
reduction of area.
3.7 Total Extension at Fracture Test:
3.7.1 The extension at fracture (AL) test shall be carried out
on stainless steel and nonferrous products (bolts, screws, and
studs) in the finished condition, with lengths equal to or in
excess of those minimums listed in Table 1.
3.7.2 The products to be tested shall be measured for total
length (L1) as described in 3.7.2.1 and shown in Fig. 11.
3.7.2.1 Mark both ends of the bolt, screw, or stud using a
permanent marking substance such as bluing so that
measuring reference points for determining total length L1 and
L2 are established. Using an open-end caliper and steel rule or
other device capable of measuring to within 0.010 in.,
determine the total length of the product as shown in Fig. 11.
3.7.3 The product under test shall be screwed into the
threaded adapter to a depth of one diameter (see Fig. 2) and
load applied axially until the product fractures. The maximum
speed of the free-running cross head shall not exceed 1
in./min.
3.7.4 After the product has been fractured in accordance
with 3.7.3, the two broken pieces shall be fitted closely

FIG. 11 Determination of Total Extension at Fracture (AL)

together and the overall length (L2) measured (see 3.7.2.1 jig or by using a nut on the test bolt tightened finger tight.
and Fig. 11). The total extension at fracture shall then be 3.8.2 The test specimen, when assembled in the shear jig,
calculated as follows: shall be mounted in a tensile-testing machine capable of
AL= L2− L1 applying load at a controllable rate. The grips shall be self-
3.7.5 The value obtained shall equal or exceed the aligning and care shall be taken when mounting the specimen
minimum values shown in the applicable specification for to assure that the load will be transmitted in a straight line
the product and material type. transversely through the test bolt. Load shall be applied and
3.8 Single Shear Test—(Note 9) This test is intended to continued until fracture of the bolt. Speed of testing as
determine the ability of a fastener to withstand a determined with a free-running cross head shall not be less
predetermined load when applied transversely to the axis than 1⁄4 in. nor greater than 1⁄2 in. per min.
of the fastener. Shear is defined as an action or stress 3.8.3 The maximum load applied to the specimen, coinci-
caused by applied forces that causes two adjacent parts of a dent with or prior to bolt fracture shall be recorded as the
body to slide on each other to cause separation. Shear tests shear strength of the bolt. At the discretion of the testing
may be conducted in either tension-type or compression- activity, tests need not be continued to destruction provided
type single shear fixture. that the specimen supports, without evidence of bolt fracture,
3.8.1 The specimen shall be tested using hardened steel the minimum load specified.
plates of sufficient thickness to preclude bearing failure. 3.8.4 A typical test fixture for tension shear testing is
Holes in the shear plates shall be 1⁄16 in. larger than the shown in Fig. 12.
nominal thread diameter of the test bolt and the holes shall
be chamfered 0.010 in. to relieve sharp edges. Shear plates
shall be prevented from separating by means of a suitable Open Jig Test Bolt Assembled
FIG. 12 Typical Single Shear Fixture (Tension Type)

NOTE 9—This single-shear test is primarily used for testing Specifica- configura- tions both sections shall be identified and made
tion A 394 tower bolts which range in size from 1⁄2 through 1 in. diameter. available to the purchaser, if specified on the purchase order or
For general use, the shear test practices and fixturing found in MIL STD
1312 Test 13 is used for double shear and Test 20 may be used for single
inquiry.
shear. 4.1.3.2 Nonheat-Treated Nuts (See Fig. 13)—Two readings
shall be taken 180° apart at the core (halfway between the major
4. Test Methods for Internally Threaded Fasteners diameter if threaded, or blank hole if not threaded) and a corner
4.1 Product Hardness—For routine inspection of both of the nut. The reported hardness shall be the average of the two
heat- treated and nonheat-treated nuts, hardness shall be readings, and in addition both readings shall be within the
determined on the bearing face or wrench flats after removal hardness values listed in the product specification.
of any oxide, decarburization, plating, or other coating 4.1.3.3 Heat-Treated Nuts (See Fig. 14)—Two sets of three
material. Rockwell or Brinell hardness shall be used at the readings 180° apart shall be taken. The three readings shall be
option of the manufac- turer, taking into account the size and
grade of the product.
4.1.1 The preparation of test specimens and the perfor-
mance of hardness tests for Rockwell and Brinell testing shall
be in conformance with the requirements of Test Methods E
18 and E 10, respectively.
4.1.2 Readings when taken on the bearing face shall be
halfway between the major diameter of the thread and one
corner. The reported hardness shall be the average of two
hardness readings located 180° apart. The readings when
taken on the wrench flats shall be one third of the distance
from a corner to the center of the wrench face. The reported
harness shall be the average of two readings located from
opposite corners.
4.1.3 For the purpose of arbitration or for nuts too large for
full size testing, where hardness alone shall determine accep-
tance (see 4.1.4), the following shall apply.
4.1.3.1 Sample nuts shall be sectioned laterally at approxi-
mately one half (1⁄2) of the nut height. Such samples need not
be threaded, but shall be part of the manufacturing lot that was
formed (in the case of heat-treated nuts, formed and heat-
treated) with the product to be shipped. The preparation of the
sample shall be in accordance with 4.1.1 above. All readings
shall be conducted on a Rockwell Hardness testing machine.
For standard hex, heavy hex and square nuts, the half of the
nut not to be tested may be discarded. For special nut
 FIG. 14 Heat-Treated Nut

FIG. 13 Nonheat-Treated Nut

taken across the section of the nut at the following positions:
Position 1—As close to the major diameter, as possible, if threaded, or
hole side wall if the nut is blank, but no closer than 21⁄2 times the indent
diameter.
Position 2—At the core (halfway between the major diameter, if
threaded, or hole side wall, if blank) and a corner of the nut.
Position 3—As close to the corner of the nut as possible, but no closer
than 21⁄2 times the indent diameter.

4.1.3.4 The reported hardness shall be the average of all six

readings. In addition all readings shall be within hardness
values listed in the product specification.
4.1.4 Nuts exhibiting a proofload in excess of 160 000 lb
may be considered, at the option of the manufacturer, as too
large for full-size testing. Full-size testing is recommended
whenever possible.
4.1.5 For nuts on which hardness and proof load tests are
performed, acceptance based on proof load requirements shall
take precedence in the event of controversy with hardness
tests.
4.2 Proof Load Test—Assemble the nut to be tested on a
hardened threaded mandrel (4.2.2) or a test bolt (4.2.1) as
illustrated in Fig. 15(a) Tension Method or Fig. 15(b) Com-
pression Method. The hardened test mandrel and the tension
method shown in Fig. 15(a) shall be mandatory as a referee if
arbitration is necessary. Apply the specified proof load for the
nut against the nut. The nut shall resist this load without
stripping or rupture, and shall be removable from the test bolt
or mandrel by the fingers after the load is released. Occasion-
ally it may be necessary to use a manual wrench or other
means to start the nut in motion. Use of such means is
permissible, provided the nut is removable by the fingers
following the initial loosening of not more than one-half turn
of the nut. If the threads of the mandrel or test bolt are
damaged during the test, discard the test.
4.2.1 The test bolt shall have threads appropriate to the
standard specified for the nut being tested and shall have a
yield strength in excess of the specified proof load of the nut
being tested.
4.2.2 Mandrels shall have a hardness of 45 HRC minimum
and shall have threads conforming to Class 3A except that the
maximum major diameter shall be the minimum major diam-
eter plus 0.002 in. or 0.25 times the major diameter tolerance
(whichever is greater) of Class 3A threads.
4.2.3 The proof load shall be determined at a free running
cross head speed not exceeding 1.0 in/minute and shall be held
at load for 10s minimum
4.3 Cone Proof Load Test—Perform this test using a conical
washer and threaded mandrel (as illustrated in Fig. 16) to
determine the influence of surface discontinuities (that is,
forging cracks and seams) on the load-carrying ability of
 FIG. 15 Proof Load Testing—Nuts

FIG. 16 Cone-Proof Test

hardened steel nuts through 1 1⁄2 in. in diameter by introducing proof load for the nut against the nut. The speed of testing as
a simultaneous dilation and stripping action of the nut. The determined with a free-running cross head shall be a
mandrel shall conform to the requirements of 4.2.2. The maximum of 0.12 in./min. Apply the proof load for 10 s.
conical washer shall have a hardness of 57 HRC minimum and Compute the cone proof load of a nut as follows:
a hole diameter equivalent to the nominal diameter of the
CPL = (1 − 0.30D) 3 f 3 As
mandrel +0.002, −0.000 in. The contact point of the cone shall where:
be sharp for nut sizes 1⁄2in. and less. For sizes over 1⁄2in., the CPL = cone proof load, lb,
point shall be flat and 0.015 6 0.001 in. in width. Assemble D = nominal diameter of nut, in.,
the nut and the conical washer on the mandrel, and apply the f = specified proof stress of nut, psi,
cone
10
As = tensile stress area of nut, in.2,
= 0.7854 [D − (0.9743/n)]2, and prevents penetration into the core material.
n = threads per inch. 5.3.2 Core Hardness—Take hardness readings on a smooth
To meet the requirements of the cone proof load test, the nut flat portion of the washer, prepared by light grinding or
shall support its specified cone proof load without stripping or polishing such that readings are taken at a depth greater than
rupture. the depth of case.
5.3.3 Depth of Case—Measurements of case depth shall be
5. Test Methods for Washers and Direct Tension taken at a cross section through the rim of the washer, having
Indicators been ground and etched to define the case area.
5.1 General Requirements: 5.4 Stainless Steel and Nonferrous Washers:
5.1.1 All tests shall be conducted on a Rockwell hardness 5.4.1 Surface Hardness—Take hardness readings on a
tester. smooth flat portion of the washer.
5.1.2 Use of a 1⁄4in. (6 mm) or smaller spot anvil shall be 5.4.2 Core Hardness—Take hardness readings on a smooth
used for hardness testing of washers and direct tension indica- flat portion of the washer, prepared by light grinding or
tors polishing such that readings are taken at a minimum depth of
5.1.3 Readings are not to be taken on or near product 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) from the original surface.
markings. 5.5 Direct Tension Indicators:
5.1.4 Preparation of test specimens and the performance of 5.5.1 Surface Hardness—Take hardness readings on a
hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with Test smooth flat portion of the DTI, at a point approximately
Methods E 18. midway between the protrusion (top side) or pocket (bottom
5.1.5 For arbitration purposes, a minimum of two readings side) and the outside diameter. Prepare the DTI by light
180° apart on at least one face shall be taken. (See Fig. 17.) grinding or polishing as necessary.
5.1.6 All readings shall be within the hardness values listed 5.5.2 Core Hardness—Take hardness readings on a smooth
in the product specification, and the average of all readings flat portion of the DTI, at a point approximately midway
shall be considered as the hardness of the product. between the protrusion (top side) or pocket (bottom side) and
5.1.7 An initial reading may be used to establish that the the outside diameter. Prepare the DTI by light grinding or
hardness testing equipment is properly set up and that the polishing such that readings are taken at a minimum depth of
correct scale is being used. Such readings are not used to 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) from the original surface.
determine conformance. 6. Rivets
5.2 Through Hardened Washers:
5.2.1 Surface Hardness—Take hardness readings on a 6.1 Product Hardness—Determine hardness at the mid-
smooth flat portion of the washer, prepared by light grinding radius of a transverse section of the product taken at a distance
or polishing as necessary. of one diameter from the point end of the rivet. Use either
5.2.2 Core Hardness—Take hardness readings on a smooth Brinell or Rockwell hardness tests, and measure as described
flat portion of the washer, prepared by light grinding or in 3.1.
polishing such that readings are taken at a minimum depth of 7. Test for Embrittlement of Metallic Coated Externally
0.015 in. (0.38 mm) from the original surface. Threaded Fasteners
5.3 Carburized Washers:
7.1 This is one test method for determining if embrittlement
5.3.1 Surface Hardness—Take hardness readings on a
exists in a metallic coated externally threaded fastener covered
smooth flat portion of the washer, using a method which
by the product specifications of ASTM Committee F-16.
7.2 The test fastener shall be installed in a test fixture (see
Note 1 in Fig. 18) with the head positioned against the wedge,
assembled with a nut, and tensioned (by means of the nut
only) by any means capable of measuring tensile load. The
torque method described in 7.3 is one such method. The test
samples shall be tensioned to 75 % of their specified minimum
ultimate tensile strength. For studs with different thread
pitches on either end, the finer thread pitch end shall be
assembled with a nut and tested as the head end of the
fastener.
7.2.1 The assembly shall remain in this tightened state for
not less than 48 h, after which the test fastener shall be
visually examined for embrittlement-induced failure, such as
missing head.
7.2.2 The joint shall then be disassembled and the test
fastener visually examined using a minimum of 20 power
magnification for evidence of embrittlement failure, such as
FIG. 17 Typical Hardness Reading Locations transverse cracks in the shank, threads or at the junction of
head to shank.
7.2.3 For disassembly, if the torque method of tightening is
11
 NOTE 1—For expedience sake the test fixture shown above reflects a single bolt under load. It should be noted, however, that test fixtures with multiple
test locations are acceptable
NOTE 2—Work is continuing on this test method and revisions are anticipated. Additionally caution should be taken when applying this test procedure.
The heads of embrittled fasteners may suddenly break off and become flying projectiles capable of causing serious injury or blinding.
FIG. 18 Test Fixture

used, torque shall be applied in the ON direction until the nut threads of the test fastener will be in the grip. The hole in the
rotates a noticeable amount. The retightening torque with the plate(s) shall be as close to the major diameter of the fastener
nut in motion shall be measured and shall be no less than 90 % being tested as practical but not greater than the hole in the
of the initial tightening torque. hardened washer (7.2.3).
7.2.4 If a direct tension method of tightening is used, then 7.3.3 The hardened washer shall be in conformance with
the loss of clamping strength (in pounds) over the test period Specification F 436.
shall be no more than 10 % of the initial clamping load. 7.4 If the torque method of tightening is used, the
7.3 The test fixture shall comprise a hardened wedge tightening torque shall be determined using a load-measuring
(7.3.1), a plate(s) (7.3.2), and a hardened washer (7.3.3). (See device capable of measuring the actual tension induced in a
Fig. 18.) fastener as the fastener is tightened. Three fasteners from the
7.3.1 The wedge shall have an angle as specified in Table 4. test lot shall be selected at random. Each shall be assembled
Other dimensions and properties shall be in conformance with into the load-measuring device, mated with a nut, and the nut
hardened wedges described in 3.5.1. tightened until a load equal to 75 % of the specified minimum
7.3.2 The plate(s) shall be steel and have a thickness such ultimate tensile strength of the fastener is induced. The torque
that, after installation and tightening, a minimum of three full required to induce this load shall be measured and the
arithmetic average of the three measured torques shall be the
TABLE 4 Test for Embrittlement Wedge Angles, Degrees tightening torque. The surface against which the nut is torqued
should be
Nominal Size of similar in hardness and finish to that of the test fixture (Fig. 18)
Studs and Fasteners Fasteners with
Fastener, dia
with Unthreaded Unthreaded Lengths, and use of a hardened washer (7.3.3) is recommended.
Lengths, 2 dia and Longer
Less Than 2 dia
7.5 To meet the requirements of this test the fastener shall
show no evidence of embrittlement failure when visually
1
⁄4 to 3⁄4 in. 4 6
Over 3⁄4 to 1-1⁄2 in. 0 4 examined and the retightening torque shall not be less than
90 % of the initial tightening torque.
 ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. TEST METHOD FOR MEASURING COMPRESSION LOADS (ALL FINISHES) ON DIRECT TENSION INDICATORS
COVERED BY SPECIFICATION F 959

A1.1 Testing Apparatus A1.3.3 Support blocks shall conform to the dimensions
A1.1.1 Test the direct tension indicators in an apparatus shown in Fig. A1.2.
described herein that is capable of determining their perfor- A1.3.4 The surfaces of support blocks shall be parallel to
mance characteristics with sufficient accuracy. within 0.0002 in. across the diameter of the support block.
A1.1.2 Testing apparatus shall include a compression load-
ing system, top and bottom bearing blocks, and support blocks A1.4 Bearing Blocks
that allow each direct tension indicator to be calibrated using a A1.4.1 The upper bearing block shall have a minimum
direct reading gage. diameter of 3 in.
A1.1.3 The testing apparatus shall conform to the require- A1.4.2 Bearing blocks shall have a minimum Rockwell
ments of Practices E 4. The loads used in determining com- hardness of 50 HRC.
pressive loads shall be within the verified loading range of the A1.4.3 The upper and bottom bearing block surfaces shall
testing machine in accordance with Practices E 4. be parallel to within 0.0005 in. across the width of the support
A1.1.4 The direct reading gage of the testing apparatus shall block.
be capable of measuring the gap variation to within 0.0005 in.
NOTE A1.1—Because of acceptable variations in bolt dimensions and A1.5 Calibration
coating characteristics, bolts cannot be used as a means of gaging the
A1.5.1 Calibrate the testing apparatus and its direct reading
direct tension indicator measured minimum and maximum performance.
gage at least once per year.
A1.2 Compression Loading System A1.5.2 Retain the calibrated test data.
A1.2.1 The compression loading system shall transmit a
compressive load axially from the testing apparatus to the A1.6 Test Procedure
direct tension indicator. The bottom bearing block of the A1.6.1 Select the support block corresponding to the size
loading system must be able to accept the cylindrical protru- and type of direct tension indicator to be tested.
sions of the direct tension indicator support blocks. A1.6.2 The direct reading gage spindle shall be in contact
A1.2.2 Maintain the compression loading system in good with the center of the direct tension indicator support block
operating condition and use only in the proper loading range. during the test. (See Fig. A1.3.)
A1.3 Support Blocks A1.6.3 Zero Direct Reading Gage—Place the direct tension
indicator, with protrusions facing down, into the grooves of
A1.3.1 Support blocks shall be grooved on one side so that the support block. Apply compression load equal to the
the direct reading gage can be zeroed without compressing the minimum required load for the size and type of direct tension
direct tension indicator protrusions. (See Fig. A1.1.) Thus, the indicator being tested. Set the direct reading gage at zero.
exact thickness of the direct tension indicator being tested is Release the load and remove the direct tension indicator. See
taken into account, and the flat surface of the side of the direct Step 1 of Fig. A1.3.
tension indicator having protrusions is made to relate exactly A1.6.4 Invert the support block so that Side A with the
to the zero point of the gage that shall react on the center of groove is facing down.
the direct tension indicator support block. A1.6.5 Measure Compression Load:
A1.3.2 Support blocks shall have a minimum Rockwell A1.6.5.1 Place the flat surface of the direct tension indicator
hardness of 50 HRC. against side B of the support block with protrusions facing up.
Apply compression load until the gage reading is the test gap
specified for the size, type, and surface condition of the direct
tension indicator being tested. See Step 2 of Fig. A1.3.
A1.6.5.2 Apply the compression load at a rate such that the
direct tension indicator is compressed within 30 s from the
time the compression load is first applied until the proper gap
is achieved.
FIG. A1.1 Support Block
A1.6.6 Read and Record—Read the compression load
within 5 s of reaching the test gap and record the results.
{ Height of boss = 0.085 in. +0/−0.0005 in. with no more than 0.0002 in. difference between side“ A” and side “B” }
Direct Tension Indicator
Size C in. E in. F in.
in. max min max min max min
1
⁄2 0.485 0.475 0.130 0.080 0.96 0.91
5
⁄8 0.615 0.605 0.145 0.095 1.15 1.10
3
⁄4 0.735 0.725 0.150 0.100 1.34 1.29
7
⁄8 0.855 0.845 0.150 0.100 1.54 1.49
1 0.985 0.975 0.165 0.115 1.73 1.68
11 ⁄8 1.105 1.095 0.165 0.115 1.93 1.88
11 ⁄4 1.225 1.215 0.165 0.115 2.12 2.07
13 ⁄8 1.355 1.345 0.165 0.115 2.31 2.26
11 ⁄2 1.475 1.465 0.165 0.115 2.51 2.46

FIG. A1.2 Support Block Dimensions

FIG. A1.3 Steps for Determining Compression Load

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