Smps 1

Chapter: 1
Control of Electrical Power

Introduction
• Power supply convert alternating current to the direct (DC) current
mainly convert 110-240v AC
• Three types of power supply:

– Linear power supply
– Switched mode (SMPS)
– Uninterrupted (UPS)
• power SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.
• This receives 230V AC and translates it into different DC levels such as

+5V, -5V, +12V, -12V.
SMPS
• Switched mode : electronic power supply with switching
regulator.
• power SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.

– This receives 230V AC and translates it into different DC
levels such as +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V.
• it is switched to a high frequency approximately 10 to 100 KHz
by a bipolar transistor and fed to the primary side (P) of a step-
down transformer.
• Uses feedback mechanism

Block diagram of SMPS
 The rectification of the utility supply and the voltage Vin across a large filter
capacitor is the input to the transformer-isolated dc-dc converter.
 The transformer operates at very high frequencies, upwards of a few hundred kHz
are typical, thus resulting in small size and weight.
NEED FOR ELECTRIC ISOLATION
• Electrical isolation by means of transformers is needed in switch-mode dc
power supplies for three reasons:
1. Safety. It is necessary for the low-voltage dc output to be isolated from
the utility supply to avoid the shock hazard.
2. Different Reference Potentials. The dc supply may have to operate at a
different potential.
3. Voltage matching. If the dc-dc conversion is large, then to avoid requiring
large voltage and current ratings of semiconductor devices, it may be
economical and operationally more suitable to use an electrical transformer
for conversion of voltage levels.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER-ISOLATED
DC-DC CONVERTERS
• There are following three categories of transformer-isolated dc-dc
converters.
(1)Flyback converters derived from Buck-Boost dc-dc converters
(2)Forward converter derived from Buck dc-dc converters
(3) Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge converters derived from Buck dc-dc
converters
Fly back converter
• Flyback converters are very commonly used in applications at low
power levels below 50 W.
• These are derived from the Buck-Boost converter.
(b) Flyback converter

(a) Buck-boost converter
Working of flyback converter
• Turning on the transistor at t = 0 in the
circuit applies the input voltage Vin
across coil 1, and the core magnetizing
flux Φm increases linearly from its initial
value Φm (0).
• During the transistor on-interval DTs the
increase in flux can be calculated from
the Faraday's law as
• Due to increasing Φm the induced voltage

(N2 / N1 )Vin across coil 2 adds to the
output voltage Vo to reverse bias the
diode, resulting in iout = 0.
• The increase in the input current during the on-interval, from its initial
value Iin(0) can be calculated
. After the on-interval, turning off the transistor forces the input current to
zero.
• The magnetic energy stored in the magnetic core due to the flux Φm cannot change
instantaneously, and hence the ampere-turns applied to the core must be the same at
the instant immediately before and after turning the transistor off .
• Therefore, the current in coil 2 through the diode suddenly jumps to its peak value
such that
 With the diode conducting, the output voltage Vo appears across coil 2
with a negative polarity.
Hence, during the off-interval (1 —D)Ts the core flux declines
linearly.
• Substitute ∆Φp-p from first eqn

Disadvantages of flyback
• It need snubber circuit to prevent the voltage spikes across the
transistor and diode due to leakage inductances associated with the
two coils.
Push-pull converter
• It uses two power MOSFETs M1 and M2 and a transformer with mid-taps on both primary
and secondary sides.
• As in flyback converter, an uncontrolled rectifier feeds push-pull SMPS. Inductor L and
capacitor C are the filter components.
Working
 (1) When M1 is turned on, Vs is applied to lower half of
𝑁2
transformer primary, i.e. v1= V. As a result, voltage v2 = Vs𝑁1 is
induced in both the secondary windings.
 Voltage v2 in the upper 1 half secondary forward biases diode D1,
𝑁2
therefore load voltage Vo, is given by Vo = Vs𝑁1= a Vs.
(2)When M2 is turned on, V1=- Vs is applied to upper half of

𝑁2
primary winding. Consequently, V2 = -Vs𝑁1is induced in both the
transformer secondaries.
As v2 is negative, diode D2 get forward biased and Vo = -a V, as
before.
• The voltage on primary swings from + Vs with M1 on to - Vs with M2
on.
• Power MOSFETs M1 and M2 operate with duty cycle of 0.5.
• When M1 is off, the voltage across M1 terminals is Vo, = 2VS.
• As both MI. and M2 are subjected to open-circuit-voltage of 2VS, this
configuration is suitable for low-voltage applications only.
Half bridge converter
 It consists of an uncontrolled rectifier, two capacitors C1
and C2, two power MOSFETs M1 and M2, one transformer
with mid-tap on the secondary side, two diodes D1 and
D2 and filter components L and C.
 Two capacitors Cl and C2 have equal capacitance, therefore voltage

𝑉𝑠
across each of the two is 2 .
The average output voltage
 When M1 is turned on, voltage of C1 appears across transformer
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑁
primary, i.e. V1=+ 2 , and voltage induced in secondary is V2 = 2 𝑁12 and
diode D1 gets forward biased.
𝑉𝑠
 When M2 is turned on, a reverse voltage of 2 appears across
𝑉𝑠
transformer primary from C2 i.e. V1= - and voltage induced in
2
𝑉𝑠 𝑁2
secondary winding is V2 = - therefore diode D2 gets forward
2 𝑁1
biased.
Full-bridge converter
Forward converter
 Forward converter and its variations derived from a Buck
converter are commonly used in applications at low power
levels up to a kW.
 In this circuit, a three-winding transformer is added as shown in
Fig. to realize a Forward converter.
 The third winding in series with a diode D3, and the diode DI
are needed to demagnetize the core every switching cycle.
 Turning on the transistor causes the magnetizing flux in the
core to build up as shown in Fig. b.
 During this on-interval DT , D3 gets reverse biased, thus
preventing the current from flowing through the tertiary
winding. The diode D2 also gets reversed biased and the
output inductor current flows through D1 .
 When the transistor is turned off, the magnetic energy stored in the transformer
core forces a current to flow into the dotted terminal of the tertiary winding,
since the current into the dotted terminal of the secondary winding cannot flow
due to D1 , which results in Vin, to be applied negatively across the tertiary
winding, and the core flux to decline, as shown in Fig. b. (The output inductor
current freewheels through D2 .)
 After an interval Tdemag the core flux comes to zero and stays zero during the
remaining interval, until the next cycle begins.
Assignment
• Problems in 8-11 to 8-12 in
First Course on Power Electronics and Drives
Author: Ned Mohan

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Chapter: 1

Control of Electrical Power

• Three types of power supply:

• This receives 230V AC and translates it into different DC levels such as

• power SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.

• Uses feedback mechanism

(b) Flyback converter

• Due to increasing Φm the induced voltage

• Substitute ∆Φp-p from first eqn

(2)When M2 is turned on, V1=- Vs is applied to upper half of

 Two capacitors Cl and C2 have equal capacitance, therefore voltage

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