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Bai Tap Hoa Hoc 8 2
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B. PHAN HUONG DAN GIAI — DAP SO Chuong Chat Nguyén tir Phan tir BAI 2: CHAT 21 2.2. 2.3. 2.4, 25. 2.6. Theo thi ty cdc ché trong (c6 mot s6 du cham) trong cdc cau 1 nhimg tit vA cum tir dudi day : tu nhién, ch&t, vat thé nhan tao, chat, chat, vat thé, chat. Vat thé tu nhién ; qua chanh, quang apatit ; vat thé nhan tao : céc, que diém, bong dén dién. Chat : nuéc, axit xitric, thuy tinh, chat déo, Iu huynh, canxi photphat, déng, vonfam. Ty kiém tra theo myc II. Tinh chat cla chat, trong bai 2, SGK. a) Tinh din dién ; khong dan dién ; b) C6 anh kim, phan xa tot dnh sing ; ¢) Chay duge, khi chdy toa nhiéu nbiét. Nhiing gidy tim quy tim vao mudc vat tir qua chanh, quan sét thay quy tim d6i mau 46. (Lim ¥ Khi 1am bai tap 2.6 va 2.7 : Chat tinh khiét phai cé tinh chat nhat dinh, nhimg tinh chat do duge nhu nhiét do néng chdy, nhiét d9 soi, Khoi Iyomg ring... phai cé gid tri khong déi). Thiéc han néng chay 6 nhiét do kh4c v6i nhiét 40 néng chay xdc dinh cha thigc. Vay thiéc han 1 chat khong tinh khiét, c6 tron lan chat khac"”), (1) Thige han 1 mot hén hop thige va chi. Pha tron thém chi vao thiéc dé hdn hap c6 nhiet do nong chay thap hom, tien loi cho vige han kim logi bing thiéc. 622.7. Phuong an C (nude cat soi 6 100°C). 2.8. Dun néng hén hgp cén va nude dén khoang 80°C. Cén c6 nhiét d6 s6i thaip hon sé bay ra, Hoi cén duge din qua 6ng 1am lanh sé ngung tu thanh nhing giot c6n léng. Gitt cho nhiét do & trén 80°C mot vai do dén khi khong cdn hoi c6n thi dimg lai. BAI 4: NGUYEN TU 4.1. a) Proton ya electron ; b) Proton va notron, electron ; c) Proton ; d) Céc electron. 4.2. Cum tir B, (M6i electron mang dién tich (—), méi proton mang dign tich (+) nén vé s6 tri tong dién tich 4m bang téng dién tich duong.) (Lap bang nhu trong SGK) 4.4.2) Nguyen tit ~ $6 lép electron Nito 2 Neon 2 Silic 3 Kali 4 b) Nguyen tir nito va nguyén tir neon ciing 6 hai l6p electron. c) Nguyén tir silic c6 ba 16p electron nhu nguyén tit natri. 45. a) Nguyén tit kali. b) Nguyén tit nito va nguyén tit neon. c) Nguyen tir silic. 634.6%. a) @)) @)) e))) e))) )))) b) Hai nguyén tir c6 $6 e 16p ngoai cing bing 5, hai nguyen tit c6 s6 e lép ngoai cing bing 7. BAI 5 : NGUYEN T6 HOA HOC 5.1, 5.2. $3. 5.4. Cum ti C (vi notron khong mang dién nén dign tich cita hat nhan chi do proton ma c6). Dinh nghia : Nguyen t6 hod hoc [a tap hop nhimg nguyén tir 6 cing dign tich hat nhan. Tir so dé nguyén tir ta biét duge : Neguyén tit Sp trong hat nhan (a). 4 ) 5 (©) 12 (d) 15 Theo bang 1, viét ten va ki higu hod hoc cita méi nguyen t6 ; thi dy : Nguyén tir (a) ; tn nguyen t6 beri, ki hi¢u hoa hoc Be. a) Nguyen tir cc nguyén t6 beri va bo c6 cing s6 16p electron, hai l6p. b) Nguyen tir cdc nguyén t6 beri va magie c6 ciing $6 electron I6p ngoai cing, 2e. a) 9Mg, 6Cl, 8Ne. b) Khéi luong cia bay nguyen tit kali bang = 7 x 39 =273 (dvC). Giai tuong ty, duge : 336 dvC (12Si), 465 dvC (15P). Ghi chit : Kh6i lugng tinh bing don vi cacbon chi cho biét sy nang nhe giffa céc nguyén tir. Céin hiéu, bay nguyén tit kali nang bang 273 nguyén tit hidro. Diéu nay thay r6 hon khi gidi cdc bai tap 5.5, 5.6.5.5. Kh6i luong ciia hai nguyén tir magie bing : 2x 24 = 48 (dvC) S6 nguyén tir oxi nang bing hai nguyén tir magie 1a : 48: 16=3 5.6. Kh6i luong cia bon nguyén tir magie bang : 4x 24 = 96 (dvC) Nguyen tir khéi cia nguyén t6 X bang : 96 : 3 =32 (dvC) X 1a S, lu huynh. 5.7. a) Thanh phan hat nban cia hai nguyén tir ging nhau vé s6 proton (déu c6 2p), khéc nhau vé 6 notron, theo thi ty bang 2 va 1, b) Hai nguyén tir thudc cing mot nguyén t6 hod hoc vi cé cing s6 proton trong hat nhan. Dé 1 nguyén t6 heli, He. 5.8*, a) Nam nguyén tit thudéc hai nguyén t6 hod hoc. b) Ten nguyen t6 : cacbon va canxi, kf higu : C va Ca, nguyén tit khéi : 12 va 40. >) en) 8 86 20 BAI 6 : DON CHAT - HOP CHAT - PHAN TU 6.1. Theo thi tu céc ché tréng (cé mot s6 d&u cham) trong cdc cau 1a nhing tir va cum tir : don chat, nguyén t6 hod hoc, hop chat, nguyén t6 hod hoc, nguyén 16 hidro, nguyén t6 clo. 6.2. Phuong dn C. 6.3. Trong don chat kim loai, cdc nguyén tir sip xép khit nhau theo mot trat tu xdc dinh. Trong don chat phi kim, cdc nguyén tit thudng lién két véi nhau theo mot s6 nguyén tit nbat dinh. 5 -BTHOAHOC 8A 656.4, 6.5. 6.6. 6.7. 6.8. Phuong an B. (Hudng dan : dé giai thich mot chat 1a don chat hay hop chat cé thé dua vao dinh nghia trong SGK hodc dau hiéu dac trmg cua phan tir (xem bai tap 6.4). a) Khi ozon fi don chat vi phan tir gém nhing nguyén ti cling loai lién két véi nhau. b) Axit photphoric 1 hgp chat vi phan tir gdm nhimg nguyén tir khéc loai lién két véi nhau. c) Natri cacbonat [a hop chat (gidi thich nhu cau b). d) Khi flo 1a don chat (gi e) Rugu etylic"” 1a hop chat (gidi thich nhu cau b). f) Budng 12 hop chat (gidi thich nhu cau b). Phan tir khéi cia : a) Khi ozon bang : 3 x 16 = 48 (dvC) b) Axit photphoric bing : 3 +31 +4 x 16 = 98 (dvC) c) Chat natri cacbonat bing : 2 x 23 + 12 +3 x 16 = 106 (dvC) d) Khi flo bang : 2 x 19 = 38 (dvC) e) Rugu etylie bing : 2 x 12 + 6 + 16 = 46 (dvC) £) Dudng bing : 12 x 12 + 22 +11 x 16 = 342 (dvC) Phan tir duéng nang nhat, phan ti khi flo nhe nhat. thich nhu cau a), a) Khi tan trong nuéc, duéng bi chia nhé thanh phan wr va tron Lin cng phan tit nuéc. b) Hén hop nude dung gém hai loai phan tir 1a phan tir nude va phan tu éudng. a) S6 phan tit trong 1 kg nudc long bing sé phan tir cé trong 1 kg hoi nuéc, b) Ban thit hai ding (gitfa céc phan tit tu6n c6 khodng cdch hay ding hon 1a khoang tréng. Khi dun néng, nhiét 46 tang thi khoang trong tang theo). (1) Rugu etylic (cén), dudmg thude loai hgp chat him co. 66 5 -ATHOANOCS 8BAI 8 : LUYEN TAP 8.1. Tirso d6 nguyen ti ta biet duge 8.2, 8.3. Neuyén tit S6'p trong hat nhan (a) ul (b) 3 (c) 8 (d) 7 (e) 9 ( 16 (2) 19 Theo bang 1, viét tén, ki hiéu hod hoc va nguyén tit khéi cla méi nguyén (6, thi du: Nguyén tir (a) : tén nguyen t6 natri, kf higu hod hoc Na, nguyén tir khdi 23. a) Nguyén tir cdc nguyén t6 Jiti, oxi va flo ging nhau vé s6 ldp electron, cling cé hai lép. Nguyén tit céc nguyen t6 natri, hr huynh va clo giéng nhau, cing 6 ba lép electron. b) Nguyén ti céc nguyén t6 liti, natri va kali gidng nhau vé s6 electron & 1ép ngoai cing, déu c6 1 e. Nguyén tir cac nguyén t6 clo va flo giéng nhau déu cé 7 & 6p ngoai cing. Nguyen tir céc nguyén t6 lu hujmh va oxi gidng nhau déu c6 6 ¢ & lép ngoai cing. a) Tir bai tap 7, bai 5, SGK biét dugc 1 dvC wong img véi 1,66 x 10” day chinh 1a khoi Ivong tinh bing gam cia | nguyén tir H, ‘S6 nguyén tir H cé trong 1 g hidro bang : —ts et = 1 103 26.02.1028 1,66x10°“"g 1,66 10° 1,66 $6 nguyén tit H gan véi C. 678.4, 8.5. 8.6. 8.7, 8.8. 8.9%, 68 "Hai hyp chdr déu duge tao nen tix hai nguyén 16. Gidng nhw phan tir nuéc, phan ti khi sunfuro hinh gdp kiic, 06 ti I¢ s6 nguyén tit bing J: 2. Con phan tir khi amoniac hinh thdp 1am gidc, c6 6 le sé nguyén ti bing 7 : 3", a) Phan tis kh6i cia hop chat bing nguyén tir kh6i cia O = 16 dvC. Nguyen tir khoi cia nguyén t6 X bang : 16 ~ 4 = 12 (dvC). X la nguyén t6 cacbon C. by) Phan tram vé kh6i long cia nguyen t6 C trong hop chit bang : cen ™C 16 x 100% = 75%. a) Kh6i lugng bing don vj cacbon ciia hai nguyén tir 1a : 2 x 16 = 32 (dvC). Vi méi nguyén 16 chiém 50% vé kh6i lugng nén day ciing 1a khéi long cia mot nguyén tir nguyen t6 Y. Nguyén tir khéi cia Y bang 32 dvC, Y nguyén t6 Iuu huynh S. b) Phan tir khdi cia hop chat bing : 3242 x 16 = 64 (dvC) Phan tit ning bang nguyén tir déng (Cu = 64 dvC). Dé hén hop nuéc va déu dliu vio phéu chiét, Déu liu khOng tan trong nude va nhe hon nvéc nén ndi thanh mot lp & tren. Nuéc tach thinh mot lop & duéi. Mé phéu cho nude chay ra tix tir dén khi hét nuéc thi dong khod phéu Iai. Khoi luong rigng cia cdc chat rin 16n hon rat nhiéu (hang nghin Idn) so véi cdc chat khi 1a vi d trang thai khi cdc phan tir rat xa nhau, c6 khodng trong rat 16n giita cdc phan tir. a) Khoi lugng tinh bing gam cita 6,02.10°* nguyén wr oxi (nguyén ti khoi 1. 16 dvC) bang : 6,02.10" x 16 x 1,66 x 104 g. = 16 x 6,02 x 1,66 x 10° x 1074 g = 16x 10x 10" x 104g = 16x 10% x 10 = 168. Kh6i lugng tinh bang gam cha 6,02.10° nguyen ti flo (nguyén iit Khoi 1a 19 dvC) va cia 6,02.10" nguyen tir nhom (nguyén ti khéi 18 27 dvC) thé tur bing (dat tinh nhu tren) : 19 g va 27 g.b) Sé tri cha cdc gid tri khdi lugng tinh dugc bang chinh sé tri nguyén tit Kh6i cha méi nguyen t6. (Tuong ty, 1 g fa kh6i lugng tinh bang gam cia 6,02.107? nguyén tir H, nguyén tir khdi cua nguyen t6 1a 1 dvC, c6 cing sé ti. BAI 9 : CONG THUC HOA HOC 9.1. Theo thit ty cdc ché tréng (c6 mot sO dau chm) trong cde cau IA nhimg ti 9.2, 9.3. 9.4, 9.5. va cum tir sau ; chit, ki hiéu hod hoc, chi sé, don chat, ki higu, hop chat, ki hiéu). Phuong 4n B. a) Axit sunfuhidric do hai nguyén 16 1a H va S tao ra. Trong mot phan tit cé 2H va 1S. Phan tir kh6i bing : 2 + 32 = 34 (avC). b) Kali oxit do hai nguyén t6 1 K va O tao ra. Trong mot phan tit c6 2K va 10. Phan tir khéi bang : 2 x 39 + 16 = 94 (dvC). c) Liti hidroxit do ba nguyén t6 1 Li, O va H tao ra. Trong mét phan tir c6 ILi, 10 va LH. Phan tir khoi bing : 7 + 16 + 1 = 24 (avC). 4d) Magie cacbonat do ba nguyén t6 1a Mg, C va O. Trong mot phan tir cé IMg, 1C va 30, Phan ti khoi bing : 2441243 x 16 =84 (dvO). a) MnO,, phan tir khoi bang : 55 + 2 x 16 = 87 (dvC). b) BaCl,, phan tir khdi bing : 137 + 2 x 35,5 = 208 (dvC). c) AgNO,, phan tir kh6i bang : 108 + 14 +3 x 16 = 170 (dv). d) AIPO,, phan tir khOi bing : 27 + 31 +4 x 16 = 122 (dvO). Phuong 4n B. 699.6%. a) Khoi luong tinh bing gam ciia : 6,02.10°* phan tir nude (phan tit khéi 1a 18 dvC) bing : 6,02.107? x 18 x 1,66 x 104 g. = 18 x 6,02 x 1,66 x 10" x 10“ g = 18x 10x 107x104 g¢ = 18x 10% x 10 = 18 9. Kh6i luong tinh bang gam cita 6,02.10°° phan tir CO, [phan tir khdi bang : 12 +2 x 16 = 44 (dvC)] va cla 6,02.10*" phan ti CaCO, [phan ti khdi bing : 40 + 12 +3 x 16 = 100 (dvC)) theo thit ty bang (dat tinh nhurtrén) + 44 g va 100 g. b) S6 tri cla cdc gid tri khéi long tinh duge bang chinh sé tri phan tit khoi cia méi chat. 9.7*, Goi cong thite ciia hgp chit 1a Na,S,. Theo dé bai, ta c6 : Xx23_ 59% __ x23 _ 59 yx32 (100-59% yx32 4I SE y 41x23 9431 Cong thiée hod hoc cia hop chat : NayS, Phaa tirkhoi bang : 2 x 23 + 32 = 78 (avC). 9.8%. Goi cong thiic cila A 1a N,Oy. Theo dé bai, ta cé xxl4_ 7 x _ 1x16 12 _2 yxl6 12 y 12x14 168 3° Vay :x=2,y =3. Cong thite hoé“hoc cita hap chat N>O3. Phan tir khéi bang : 2 x 14 +3 x 16 = 76 (dvC). BAI 10: HOA TRI 10.1. Hod tri 1a con sé biéu thi kha nang lién két cha nguyén uienguyén 16 nay (hay 70 nhém nguyén tid) véi nguyén ni nguyén 6 khdc. Hod tri ca mot nguyén to (hay nhdm nguyén tif) duge xéc dinh theo hod tri cia H chon lim don vi va hod tri cia O 1a hai don vi.10.2. 10.3. 10.4. 10.5. 10.6. 10.7. 10.8. a) X hod tri HW, Y hod tri I. b) Y-O-Y,Y-X-Y. H 1 H-Cl;H-O-H; Bea H H Goi y Jam hai bai tap 10.4 va 10.5 bing céch tinh nhém theo : K hod tri I, Mg hod tri H, Cr hod tri TT, C hod tri IV. Ba hod tri (Il), Fe hod tri (TI), Cu hod tri (11), Li hod tri). Goi ¥ lim nhanh céc bai tap l4p cOng thiic hod hoc dang A,B,, khi biét hod wia,b. Lap tile ze8 va nhdm tinh theo ba trugng hop sau : I) Khia=b thixsy= 2)Khia=1 thix= hoacb=1 thix=Ivay=a 3) Khia # b va déu22thix=bvay=a. Néu ca hai a va b 14 sO chin, hodc 6 ude s6 chung, thi rit gon lay so don gian nhat. PH, ; P,Os ; FeBr3 : CagN>. Ba(OH), ; Al(NOs)s 5 CUCd, ; Na;PO,. a) Nhiing cong thifc hod hoc duing : ~ Cr hod tri IT : CrSO,, CrO. = Cr hod tri IIT : Cr2(SO,)3, Cr. b) Phan tir khéi cia nhimg chat biéu dién bai cdc cong thifc hod hoc nay : CrSO, = 52 + 32 +4 x 16 = 148 (dvC), = CrO = 52 + 16 = 68 (dvC). ~ Cry(SO,)3 = 2 x 52 + 3(32 + 4 x 16) = 392 (dvC), Cr,03 = 2 x 52 +3 x 16 = 152 (AvC). 710.9*. a) Goi cong thite cia hgp chat Ia Si,H,. Theo dé bai, ta c6 : Xx28 87.5% ___ xx 28 _ 87,5 y G00-87,5)% yy «12,5 x. 825 925 1 vaya tyod. y 125x28 350 4 Cong thiic hod hoc cia hop chit : SiHly. Phan tir khdi bang : 28 + 4 = 32 (dv). b) Hod tri cla Si trong hop chat : IV. 10.10%, a) Goi cong thite cia hop chat la Fe,Oy. Theo dé bai, ta 06 : xx56_7 x _7x16_ 1122, yxl6 3 y 3x56 168 3° Vay:x=2y=3. Cong thite hod hoe cita hap chat : Fe05. Phan tir khoi bing : 2 x 56 +3 x 16 = 160 (4vC). b) Hod tri cia Fe trong hop chat : IIT. BAI 11 : LUYEN TAP CHUONG 1 t MLL. H-S—H; H-P-H ;0=C=0; Ax H oe) 11.2, (Huéng din : Can nhdm tinh hod tri cha X theo cong thitc hod hoc X($O4)3 va hod tri cla Y theo cong thiic hod hoc H3Y, hod tri bang nhau va bang III). Cong thiic duing 18 (c) XY. Luu ¥ gidi cdc bai tap 11,3, 11.4 va 11.5 : Khi tinh phan tir khéi, dat chi so méi nguyén t6 thanh hé s6 cia nguyén tir khdi, Néu 1a chi sé cua nhém nguyen tr thi chuyén thanh hé sé cho kh6i lugng cla nhém nguyén tt. Th{ du, phan ti khdi cia Al,(SO,)3 bing : 2 « 27 + 3(32 + 4x 16) = 54 + 288 = 342 (dvC). 7211.3. a) NaBr, phan tirkhéi bing : 23 + 80 = 103 (dv). CuBr», phan tir kh6i bing : 64 + 2 x 80 = 224 (dvC). AIBrs, phan tir kh6i bing : 27 + 3 x 80 = 267 (avC). b) Na,S, phan tir kh6i bing : 2 x 23 + 32 = 78 (dvO). CusS, phan tir khoi bing : 64 + 32 = 96 (avC). ApS, phan tir kh6i bang : 2 x 27 + 3 x 32 = 150 (dvC). 11.4, a) AgNO3, phan tir khdi bang : 108 + 14+3 x 16 = 170 (dvC). Mg(NO3)>, phan tir kh6i bing : 24 + 2(14 + 3 x 16) = 148 (dvC). Zn(NO,)y phan tir kh6i.bing : 65 + 2(14 + 3 x 16) = 189 (dvC). Fe(NO})s, phan tit khdi bing : 56 + 3(14 +3 x 16) = 242 (dvC). b) Ag;PO,, phan tir kh6i bang : 3 x 108 +3144 x 16 = 419 (dvC). Mg,(PO.)s, phan tit khoi bing : 3 x 24 + 2(31 +4 x 16) = 262 (dv). Zn5(PO4)>, phan tit khoi bing :3 x 65 +231 #4 x 16) = 385 (Avo). FePO, phan tit khoi bing : 56 +3144 x 16= 151ave. 11.5. Cong thie hos hoc ding : Al,0;. Sita lai nhimg cong thie sai thanh diing : AICI; ; AI(NO5)3 ; AlsS; ; Aly(SO,)3 ; AI(OH)s ; AIPO,. 11.6*, a) Trong nguyen tir vi s6 p = s6 e va notron 1a hat khong mang dign, nén theo dé bai, ta c6 : sO p = s6e = ae - 16. b) Ten nguyén t6 : Iuu huynh, kf higu hod hoc S, nguyén tit kh6i 1a 32 dvC. c) So dé don gidn cia nguyén tir S: Nguyen tit S c6 ba lép electron, khéc v6i nguyen ti ®@ ) ) O chi c6 hai Ip. Gidng véi nguyén tir O 1a cing 06 26 6e & l6p ngoai cing. 8 60 11.7*. a) Goi cong thie cia hop chat la TO; va x 1a nguyén tir kh6i cua T. Theo dé bai, ta. c6 = 2xx 53% 53x48 OR OF ye 3x16 (100 —53)% 47%2 Ten nguyén t6 : nhom. = 27 (dvO), 73b) Cong thie hod hoc cia hp chat ; Al,O3. Phan tir khdi bing : 2 x 27 +3 x 16 = 102 (dvC). 11.8*. a) Goi cong thite cla A 1a HyX0,. 74 Phan tir khdi cla A bing : 2 +32+4 x 16 = 98 (dvC). Theo dé bai, ta cd : 65,31 98 16= = 64 (dO) yx im (avo) 64 y= =4 6 Nguyén tir kh6i cia X bing : 98 — (3 + 64) = 31 (dv). b) Tén nguyén t6 photpho, ki higu hod hoc P. Cong thie hod’ hoc cia A : HyPO,.Chuong 2 BAI 12.1, 12.2. 12,3. 124, BAI 13.1. Phan tng hoa hoc 12: SY BIEN DOI CHAT "V6i cic chdt c6 thé xdy ra nhimg bién déi thudc hai loai hién trong. Khi chat bién déi ma vin gid nguyén 1a chd? ban dau, su bién d6i thudc loai hién tuong vat li. Con khi chat bin déi thanh chat khéc, sur bién déi thude loai hign tugng hod hoc". a) Hién tuong vat li, sat chi bién d6i vé hinh dang. b) Hién tugng vat i, axit axetic chi hoa tan vao nuéc, khong bién déi than chat khéc. c) Hién tugng hod hoc, sat bién déi thanh chat mau nau dé. d) Hign tugng hod hoc, rugu etylic bién déi thanh axit axetic. G cong doan thi nhat, chat canxi cacbonat chi bién déi vé hinh dang, xay ra hién tong vat li. © cong doan thit hai, chat canxi cacbonat bién déi thanh hai chat khéc (chat canxi oxit va khf cacbon dioxit), xdy ra hign tugng hod hoc. a) C6 bot sii len khi mé mit chai nude gidi khdt loai c6 ga 1A do khi cacbon dioxit bi nén trong d6 thodt ra. Day 18 hién tugng vat Ii. b) Hoa voi s6ng (chat canxi oxit) vao nudc, voi séng bién déi thanh véi ti 1a mot chat khdc (chat canxi hidroxit). Day 1 hién tugng hod hoc. 13 : PHAN UNG HOA HOC Theo tht tr cdc ché trong (c6 mot s6 dau chdm) trong céc cau 14 nhimg tir va cum ti sau : Phan tmg hod hoc, chat phan img (hay chat tham gia), chét, san phdm, luong chat tham gia, luong sin phdm. _13.2. 13.3. 13.4, 13.7. 13.8. 716 a) Chat phan tmg : khf hidro, khi clo. San phim : axit clohidric. b) Truéc phan tng : hai nguyén tir H lién két véi nhau, hai nguyen tu Cl lién ket véi nhau, Sau phan img : méi nguyén ti H lien két voi mot nguyen tir Cl. Phan tit H va phan tit Cl, bién déi. Phan tis HC] méi dugc tao ra. c) Truéc va sau phan ting sé nguyén tit méi nguyén t6 khong thay ddi MGi phan img xay ra voi mot nguyén tit kém va hai phdn ni axit clohidric. Sau phan tng tao ra mot phan ni kém clorua va mot phan ut hidro. a) Cén Ia chat dé bay hoi, céc phan tir cén trong hai cén dugc ngon lita nung néng nén bat chdy. b) Phuong trinh chit ciia phan ing : Cén + Khi oxi -» Nudc + Khi cacbon dioxit. . a) C6 chat khi sinh ra. ‘b) Axit axetic + Canxi cacbonat — Canxi axetat + Nude + Khi cacbon dioxit. . a) Tao ra chat ran khong tan. b) Canxi hidroxit + Khi cacbon dioxit + Canxi cacbonat + Nuéc. Sat bi gi 1a do khi tiép xtic véi khi oxi va nude (c6 trong khong khi dm) thi xay ra phan tmg hod hoc. Sau phan img nay sat bién déi thanh chat gi mau nau dé (xem lai bai tap 12.2). Viéc boi déu, md... trén bé mat cdc dé ding bing sat 1a ngan cdch khéng cho sit tip xtic véi khéng khi dm. Khong c6 phan img hod hoc xay ra nén phong chéng dugc gi. CSc phuong trinh chit cia hai phn img : Tinh bot + Nuée > Mantozo. Mantozo + Nuéc — Glucozo. Nhai ki com dé chia that nhé tinh bot, déng thdi dé nude bot tiét ra c6 da chat xtc tac cho phan tmg chuyén tinh bot thanh mantozo va phdn img chuyén mantozo thanh glucozo. Vi ngot c6 duge 1a do cé mot it hai chat nay.BAI 15 ; BINH LUAT BAO TOAN KHOI LUONG 15.1. a) mzq + MAC) = MnCl, +™H, b) my, = 6,5 + 7,3 - 13,6 = 0,2 (g). 15.2. Sau mot thdi gian phan img, can sé 6 vi tri B. Vi trong phan ung cé mét lugng khf cacbon dioxit thodt ra 1am cho khéi luong hut di. 15.3. (Xem lai tap 12.3.) a) Khi nung néng cuc d4 voi thi chat canxi cacbonat phan huy thanh chat canxi oxit va kh{ cacbon dioxit thot ra nén kh luong gidm éi. b) Khi nung néng migng déng trong khong khi thi déng hod hgp v6i khi oxi tao ra mot chat méi nén kh6i lugng tang ten. 15.4. Cong thie kh6i lugng ciia phan tng : Mp. + Mg = Mpeg Kh6i lvong luu huynh 4a hod hop véi sat bing : Ms = Mpeg ~— Mp, = 44 - 28 = 16 (g) Phan kh6i long lu huyah lay du bing : 20 - 16 = 4 (g) 15.5*. a) Theo bai cho : Cit 56 g CaO hod hop vita di v6i 18 ¢ HO Vay 2.8 g CaO hod hop vita di véi x g H,0 2.8 == *18 =09 xe Zex (g) Cong thifc khéi luong cia phan ting : ™Mc,0 + My,0 = ™caoH), Kh6i luong canxi hidroxit duge tao ra bang : Myon), = 28 +0.9 = 3,7 (@). b) Khéi luong cia dung dich Ca(OH), bang kh6i Iuong cta CaO bd vio c6e cong véi koi Iugng ciia 400 ml nude trong e6c. Vi LA nuéc tinh khiét c6 D= | g/ml, nén khoi Iuong cita dung dich bang Maung dich COH), = 2-8 + 400 = 4028 (8). 7715.6*. Theo dinh luat bao toan kh6i luong thi khdi Ivong khi oxi thu duoc phai 1a : Mo, = MeMa0, ~ Mens én cin ai = 15,8 - 12,6 = 3,2 (2) Hieu sudt cia phan ing phan huy bing : 28 —— x 100% = 87,5% 3,2 Hs = 15.7. Tong ty bai tap 15.6%, ta cé khdi lugmg khé oxi thu duoc phai 18 : mo, = 24,5 — 13,45 = 11,05 (g) Thue té khdi lung khf oxi thu duge chi bang : 11,05 x 80 ee 8,84 (g) BAI 16 : PHUONG TRINH HOA HOC 16.1. Phan tng hod hoc duge biéu dién bing phuwong trinh hod hoc, wong d6 ghi cOng thitc hod hoc cba cdc chat phdn ing va sén phdm. Truée mbi cong thitc hoa hoc cé thé cé hé s6 (trix khi bing 1 thi khong ghi) dé cho s6 nguyén tit ciia m6i nguyén 10 déu bing nhau. Tit phuong trinh hod hoc nit ra duge ti 1é sO neuyén nb, sO phan tit cha cdc chit trong phan ting ; ti [é nay bang diing hé sé truéc cong thite hod hoc cita cdc chat wrong tin 16.2. Goi § cach lam nhanh cdc bai tap lap phutong trinh hod hoc Buéc 1. Can viét ding cdc cong thttc hod hoc. Dén bude sau khong thay déi chi s6 trong nhing cong thiic da viet ding. Buéc 2. Nhém tinh sé nguyén tir cla tat ca céc nguyén té. — Néu cé nguyén t6 ma s6 nguyén tit mot bén Ié, mot bén chan thi truée hét ta lam chan s6 nguyén tir 1é (dat hé so 2). ~ Dé can bing sO nguyén tir ta lay boi s6 chung nhé nhat chia cho céc sé nguyén tir khong bang nhau cila mot nguyén t6 thi dugc hé sé cho cong thie cla céc chat tuong ting. Nén bat dau tir nguyén té ma sé nguyén ti cé nhiéu nhat, r6i ti€p dén nguyén t6 cé s6 nguyen tu ft hon... Thi dy, so d6 cia phan ting : Cr+ 0) ----> Cr,0; TRLam chan sé nguyén tir O 6 ben phai : Cr + Oy ----> 2Cr,05 Bat ddu can bang tir nguyen t6 O, boi sé chung nhé nhat cia 6 va 2 18 6. He s6 cha 0, sé 1 3(-£): Cr + 303 ----> 2Cr,03 Ti€p theo 1 nguyen t6 Cr: 4Cr + 30) --> 2Cr,03 Lita 5 : - Néu c6 nhém nguyen tir thi coi cd nhém nhu mot don vi dé can bing. — C6 trutmg hgp so dé cia phan img da Ia phuong trinh hod hoc ri, thi du : CaCO, ---->Cad + CO, Viet lién mai tén ri 1a duge phuong trinh hod hoc. ~ Cé tung hgp chi can nh4n xét thanh phdn hod hoc cdc hop chat 1a rit ra duge céc hé s6 thich hop. Thi du, so dé ciia phan img giita khi cacbon oxit va chat sAt(III) oxit. CO + Fe,0; ----> Fe + CO, Nhan xét : Mai phan tir CO chiém mot O cia Fe,0, chuyén thanh phan ti CO. Nhu vay cdn 3CO dé chiém hét oxi cia Fe,03. Phuong trinh hod hoc cita phan tng : 3CO + Fe,0, — 2Fe + 3CO, a) 4Cr + 30) > 2Cr,03 SO nguyén tit Cr : s6 phan tit O, : sO phan tir Cr,O; = 4: b) 2Fe + 3Br, > 2FeBr SO nguyen tir Fe : s6 phan tir Br, : sé phan tir FeBry 16.3. a) 2KCIO, + 2KCI + 303 S6 phan tit KCIO; : s6 phan tit KCI: so phan tit O, = 2: b) 2NaNO; — 2NaNO, + 0; So phan tir NaNO; : s6 phan tit NaNO, : s6 phan tO, = 2: 71916.4, 16. x a) 2Al + 3CuO — Al,0, + 3Cu b) Ct 2 nguyén tir Al téc dung véi 3 phan ti CuO ; Cit 2 nguyén tir Al phan tng tao ra 1 phan tir Al,O3 ; Cit 3 phan tir CuO phan ig tao ra 1 phan tir AIO; ; Cit 1 phan tir Al,0; duge tao ra cing véi 3 nguyén tir Cu. . a) BaCl + 2AgNO, -> 2AgCl + Ba(NO;)> b) Cit 1 phan tir BaCl, t4c dung véi 2 phan ti; AgNO; ; Cif 1 phan tix BaCl, phan img tao ra 1 phan tis Ba(NO3)y 3 Cit 2 phan tis AgNO; phan tng tao ra 2 phan tir AgCl ; Cit 2 phan tis AgNO; phan tng tao ra 1 phan tit Ba(NO;)>. . a) NaOH + HySO, -» NaySO, + 2H,0 b) Ct 2 phan tt NaOH téc dung véi 1 phan tir SO, ; Cir 2 phan vir NaOH phan ting tgo ra 1 phan tit Na.SO, ; Cé 2 phan ti NaOH phan tng tao ra 2 phan ti nude, hay ctf I phan tir NaOH phan img tao ra 1 phan tir nuéc. a) 2A(0H)3 > Al,O;+3H,0 b) Fe +2AgNO; > Fe(NO,), + 2Ag c) 3NaQH + FeCl, —> Fe(OH), + 3NaCl 16.8*. a) Phuong trinh hod hoc cia phan ting : 80 2Ai + 3HySO, —> Al,(SO4)3+ 3H) Phuong trinh hod hoc cho biét : cit 2 nguyén tir Al tc dung véi 3 phan tir H,SO,, tao ra 1 phan tit Al,(SO,); va 3 phan tir Hp. b) Néu 66 6,02.107 nguyen tir Al sé tac dung véi 6.02.10? x ; (= 9.03 x 10") phan tir HySOq, tao ra 6,02.10° x — (= 3.01.10") phan tir Aly(SO,)3 va 1 2 6.02.10" x 5 (= 9,03.10°) phan tir Hy, c) Dap s6 : 4,515.10 phan tir H,SO, 1,505.10°* phan tir Al,(SO4)3 4,515.10°* phan tir HyBAI 71. 17.2. 17.3. 17.4. 17.5. 17 : LUYEN TAP CHUONG 2 a) M@i phan img xay ra vdi mt phan tt H, va mot phan tit CuO, tao ra mot phan tir nude va | nguyén tit déng. b) Lién két gidta nhimg nguyén tir trong phan tir H, va trong phan tir CuO bi tach i, Lién két giita nhing nguyén tif trong phan tir nudéc mdi duge tao ra. Phuong dn B. Méi khi c6 dong dién di qua, kim loai vonfam (day téc béng dén dién) néng d va phat sing, sau khi ngat dién (khong c6 dong dién) kim loai vonfam lai tré vé nhu ci. Do téc dung ciia dong dién 1am cho kim loai vonfam néng dd va phat sang, d6 1a hién tugng vat li. Kim loai vonfam bi chdy khi c6 dong dién di qua (bat cong tic di¢n) 1a do kim loai néng lén lai c6 khi oxi (trong khong khi chui vao) nén phan img v6i chat nay (tong ty kim loai magie, xem bai tap 3, thudc bai 15, SGK) va bién 4di thanh chat khac, dé 1a hién tugng hod hoc. a) Mcaco, =™cao +™M'co, ™mgCo, =™mMgo +™"co, 6) Kh6i long cia hén hop (m,}) hai chat canxi oxit va magie oxit bing : Mh = Mgolomit ~ MCO, (Meo, =™'co, +M"co,) = 192 — 88 = 104 (kg). a) 4K + 0, -» 2K,0 Cit 4 nguyen tir K téc dung véi 1 phan cit 0, ; Cit 1 phan tit ©, phan ting to ra 2 phan tit K,0. b) 2Al + 3CuCl; > 2AICI; + 3Cu Cit 2 nguyén tir Al téc dung v6i 3 phan tir CuCl. Cit 2: nguyen tir Al phan img tao ra 3 nguyén tir Cu, ©) 6NaOH + Fe,(SO4), > 2Fe(OH); + 3Na,SO, Cit 6 phan tis NaOH tc dung v6i 1 phan tir Fey(SO4)5 ; Cit 6 phan tit NaOH phan ting tao ra 2 phan tit Fe(OH), ; hay ctt 3 phan ti NaOH phan ting tgo ra 1 phan tir Fe(OH)3. 6 -BTHOAHOCB, -A 8117.6. a) 2CjH, + 502 > 4CO, + 2H;O0 Cit 2 phan tir C,H téc dung véi 5 phan tt 0, ; Cit 2 phan tir C)H, phan ting tao ra 4 phan tit CO, ; Cit} phan tir CpHy phan ting tao ra 1 phan tir H,0. 17.7. a) 2Al + 3H,SO, > Al,(SO,); + 3HyT Cir 2 nguyen tit Al tac dung v6i 3 phan tir HySO, ; C2 nguyen tir Al phan tmg tao ra 1 phan tir Al(SO,)3 ; Cit 2 nguyen tir Al phan tmg tao ra 3 phan tir Hy. 17.8. a) CO, + Ca(OH), >» CaCO; +H,0 b) Al+3AgNO,; > AI(NO,); + 3Ag c) 2HCl+CaCO,; ~> CaCl, + H,0 + CO, 17.9. a) Nguyén t6 Fe cé hod tri 11 va INI nen y bang 2 hodc 3 Nh6m (SO4) c6 hod tri II nén x bang 2 Cap nghiém x = 2 va y =3 18 phi hop. So d6 cita phan tg : Fe(OH)3 + H,SO, --> Fey(SO,)3 + H,O Phong trinh hod hoc : 2Fe(OH); + 3H,SO, > Fe($O,)3 + 64,0 b) Cu 2 phan tir Fe(OH); tac dung véi 3 phan tir H,SO, ; Cit 2 phan tir Fe(OH), phan ting tao ra 1 phan tir Fe,(SO,)3 ; Cit 3 phan tir HjSO, phan ting tao ra 1 phan tir Fe,(SO4)3 3 Ci 1 phan tit Fe,(SO,)3 duge tao ra cing véi 6 phan tir HO. 17.10. a) Phuong trinh hod hoc ciia phan tng : 2H, + PbO; —> Pb + 2H,0 Kim loai chi J& chat méi sinh ra. b) Theo dinh luat b40 toan khéi luong, kh6i luong cia chi bing : Mp, = My, + Mp,0, —™y,0 =3 + 179,25 -27 = 155,25 (g) 17.11*. a) Cong thie hod hoc hai hop chat cia déng : Cu,(OH),CO; > Cu(OH), va CuCO;. Cfc phuong trinh hod hoc cla phan img phan huy : Cu(OH), > CuO + H,0 CuCO; > CuO + CO, ho BEE Keeb) Theo dinh luat bao ton khéi lugng, kh6i luong hai hgp chat cia déng da phan huy bang : Me, (OH),CO, = Meu +™MH,0 + Meo, = 3.2 + 0,36 + 0,88 = 4,44 (kg) Ti le phd tram vé kh6i luong hai hop chat ciia déng cé chita trong quang bing : 4,44 Men,(OH),CO, = yg 100% = 92.5%. 17.12*. a) Phuong trinh hod hoc cita phan ting : 2K + Cl, > 2KCI b) Theo phuong trinh hod hoc, ta cé tile : — Cir 2 nguyén tir K tac dung véi 1 phan tir Cl, tao ra 2 phan tir KCI. Vay néu c6 6.02.10 nguyen tir K cin ly vao phan ting : 6,02 2 va tao ra: 2x 6,02.1073 = 6,02.10%? (phan ti) KCI. x 10°? = 3,01.107? (phan ti) Ch. 17.13*, a) Khoi lung tinh bang gam cia 602.10" nguyen tit K (nguyén tr Khoi 1a 39 dvC) bing : 6.02.10"? x 39 x 1,66 x 1074 g = 39 x 10x 10x 104 g=39 2. — Kh6i luong tinh bing gam cita 6,02.10° phan tir Cly (phan tir khdi 1a : 2 x 35,5 =71 dvC) bing : 6,02.107 x 71 x 1,66 x 104g 71x 10x 107x104 g=71 g. — Khéi hrgng tinh bing gam cita 6.02.10" phan tir KCI (phan tir khoi 1a; 39 + 35,5 = 74,5 dvC) bing (dat tinh nhu trén) : 74,5 g. b) 39 g kim loai kali a khéi Iugng cia 6.02. 10° nguyén tir K. $6 lugmg, nguyén ti K nay tac dune di véi 3,01.10° phan ti Cly. Khoi lugng © phan tir khi Cly nay 1a 2 = 35,5 (g). c) Cach / : Theo phuong trinh hod hoc trong bai 17.12* thi 6,02.10°* nguyén tir K téc dung vdi 3.01.10° phan tir Cl, tao ra 6,02.10°* phan tir KCl. Vay khi lung KCI thu duge 1 74,5 g. Cach 2 : Theo dinh luat bao toan khéi Iugng : Mc =M_ +Mg, = 39 + 35.5 = 74,5 (g) 83Chuong 3 Mol va tinh toan hoa hoc BAI 18 : MOL 18.1. Dap sO: —0,6 x 107? hoac 0,1N nguyén tir H. = 0,9 x 107" hodc 0,15N phan tt’ CO>. — 60 x 1073 (6 x 104) hode 10N phan tir HO. ~ 0,06 x 107? (6 x 10°!) hodc 0,01N phan tir Hy. ~ 1,44 x 10° hodc 0,24N nguyen tit Fe, — 8,64 x 10° hose 1,44N nguyen tirC. 18.2. Dap so : a) 0,6 mol nguyén ti O ; 1,8 mol phan tirN; ; 0,9 mol nguyén tir H ; 1,5 mo) phan tt H, ; 0,15 mol phan tir Oy ; 0,05 mol nguyen tir C. b) 4 mol phan tir H,O ; 0,24 mol phan ti CO, ; 0,11 mol phan tit C)7H5,0,). 18.3. Khoi Iuong cita nhiing lwgng chit : a) 0,01 mol nguyén tir O cé m= 16 x 0,01 = 0,16 (g). 0,01 mol phan tis 0, c6 m = 32 x 0,01 = 0,32 (2). 2 mol nguyen tir Cu c6 m = 64 x 2 = 128 (g). b) 2,25 mol phan tir H,O c6 m = 18 x 2,25 = 40.5 (g). 0,15 mol phan tir CO, c6 m = 44 x 0,15 = 66 (g). ¢) Kh6i lugng cia 0,05 mol méi chat Ia : myaci = 58,5 x 0,05 = 2,925 (g). ~ my,o= 18 x 0,05 = 0.9 (g). ~ ME, ,Hy30); = 342 x 0,05 = 17,1 (8). 8418.4, Thé tich clia cdc khi & dkte : a) 0,05 mol phan tir O, c6 V = 22,4 x 0,05 = 1,12 (lit). 0.15 mol phan tir Hy c6 V = 22.4 x 0,15 = 3,36 (lit). 14 mol phan tir CO, ¢6 V = 22,4 x 14 = 313.6 (lft). b) Thé tich cita hn hgp khi : V = 22,4 x (0,75 + 0,25 + 0,5) = 33,6 (lit) c) 6 dktc, 0,02 mol ciia cdc chat khi déu cé thé tich bing nhau Ia : Veo = Veo, = Viz = Vo, = 224 x 0,02 = 0,448 (it). 18.5. Khoi Iuong va thé tich cia nhimng Luong chat : a) moy, = 16 x 0,25 =4 (g) ; mo, = 32 x 0,25 = 8 (g); my, = 2 x 0,25 = 0,5 (g); Meo, = 44 x 0,25 = 11 (g). Von, = Yo: = Vu, = Veo, = 22.4 x 0,25 = 5.6 (lit). b) mp, = 2% 12=24(g); meg, = 44x 005 =2,2 (g); mon =28 x 001 = 0.28 (g). Vi, = 22.4 x 12 = 268,8 (lit); Veg, = 22,4 x 0,05 = 1,12 (lit) ; Veo = 22.4 « 0,01 = 0,224 (iit). c) Kh6i higng cia hén hop khi : myy, = (44 « 0,3) + (32 x 0,15) = 18 (g). Vin = 22.4 (0,3 + 0,15) = 10,08 (lit) . Pa p Zo BAI 19 : SY CHUYEN DOI GIUA KHOI LUQNG, THE TICH VA LUONG CHAT 19.1, S6 mol cia nhig lwgng chat : 41 62 42 a) n¢= — =~ (mol); np= 2 =2 (mol): npe= —— = 0,75 (mol). ) ne Sa i ma gc ree (mol). 85b) mH,0 = Fo =0.2 (mol). 5 N¢0, = ae = 2,17 (mol). 14,625 oe = 0,25 (mol). TNaCl 58,5 (mol). 19,2. Thé tich ede long khi & dkte : Veo, = 22.4 «0,25 = 5,6 (lit); Vo, = 22.4 x 0,25 = 5.6 (lit) 22,4%21 22,4 x 8,8 Vu, = sa = 168 (ft) ; Voo, = Oe = 4,48 (lit): No 3 (lft) co, 44 8 (lit) 22,4 x 9 x 1073 22,4 x 0,3 x 10% Vi, = = 33.6 (It) 5 Veg = SE = 1,12 tt). 2 6x10? co 6x10 19,3. Ta c6 biéu dé : Huéng dan : Ta chuyén A6i khdi lung cia nhimg khi da cho thanh s6 mol phan tt khi, Sau d6 vé ee nhimg hinh chit nhat tong tring, ; co, cho sé mol céc chat khi. Chi gve = 75 | ny diing ti 1 theo sé mol cdc chat fen, | of | M khi, ta duge biéu 46 ben : 19.4, a) - 28 g Fe c6 86 mol li 2 = 0,5 (mol) va s6 nguyén tis 0,5 x 6 x 107? =3 x 10°* nguyen tir (hodc 0,5N nguyen tit). 64 g Cucé s6 mol la a 64 =0,1 (mol) va s6 nguyén tira 0,1 x 6 x 10” = 0,6 x 107 nguyen tir (hoac 0,1N nguyén tit). . 91 ~ 98 Alb s6'mol la == = (mol) va s6 nguyen tirTa (6x 10°): 3=2 x 107 nguyen tir (hoac x nguyén ti). 86b) Dap 56: ~my,=4g, Va, = 448 (lib. Mo, = 48 8, Vo, = 33.6 (lit). = Meo, = 50,68, Veo, = 25,76 (Itt). — mop, = 18,48, Vou, = 25,76 (lit). 19.5. Mot mol chat (don chat hay hop chat) 1a luong chat c6 chita 6 x 10° phan tir (hodc nguyén tit). Theo dé bai thi 0,6 x 10° phan tir cdc chat 1a s6 phan riz cd trong 0,1 mol chat. Vay khéi luong cdc chat sé 1a : =~ meg, = 0.1 x 44 = 4,4 (g), ~ my,o = 0,1 x 18 = 18 (g), — my, = 0\1 x 28 = 2.8 (g), ~ mo, = 0,1 x 32 = 3,2 (g), — my, = 0,1 x 2= 0,2 (g), myact = 0.1 x 58,5 = 5,85 (g). 19.6. Biét 5,6 lit khi 6 dktc c6 s6 mol An = ase 0,25 (moi). Dé c6 thé tich cdc khi déu bing nhau 1 5,6 lit (dktc), ta phai lay 0,25 mol cla mdi chat khf. Ching c6 kh6i luong fa : = mo, = 0,25 x 44= 11g), = men, = 0.25 * 16 = 4 (g), ~ mo, = 0,25 x 32=8 (g), — my, = 0,25 x 28 = 7 (g), = mey, = 0.25 x 71 = 17,75 (g). 87BAI 20 : Ti KHOI CUA CHAT KHi 20.1. 88 a) Nhang khi c6 kh6i Iugng mol phan tit nhd hon 29 g/mol nhe hon khong khi. Ngudc lai, nhimg khf nao c6 khéi lugng mol phan tir 1én hon 29. g/mol nang hon khong khf. Ta c6 : Nhiing khi nhe hon khong khf la: ~ Khi nit: 28 Na /kk = 59 = 0,96 (1én). F . Ww ~ Khi amoniac : dry ak = 55 ¥ 0.58 (lim). ~ Khi metan : dew, /kk = s =0,55 (lan) Nhiing khi nang hon khéng khi la =Khi oxi: do, pk -2 = Lt (lan). ~ Khf sunfure : dso, /xk = 2 = 2.2 in), — Kh hidro sunfua: di, /kk 23 = 1,17 (lan), b) Hidro 1a chat khi nhe nhat, tat cd nhig khf da cho déu nang hon khi hidro. Ching c6 kh6i Iugng mol phan tit déu Ién hon 2. Bang céch tim ti kh6i cita mdi khé 44 cho véi khi hidro, ta sé c6 nhimg két qud nhu sau : ~ Khi N, nang hon khi Hy 1a 14 Yan. — Khi O, nang hon khi H, 18 16 lan. — Kh SO, nang hon khf Hy 1a 32 Lin. ~ Khi NH; nang hon khi Hy 14 8,5 lin. ~ Khf HyS ning hon khi H, 1a 17 lan, ~ Khi CH, nang hon khi Hy 18 8 Lin. c) Kh6i Iwong mol phan tit cia SO, = 64 g/mol, cla O; = 32 g/mol. Nhu vay khi SO, nang hon khf 0, 1a a. 2 (lin). d) Trong nhimg khi 43 cho, khf SO, Ia nang nhat (Mgo, Khi nhe nhat a khi CH, (Mcu, = 16 g/mol). = 64 g/mol).BAI 21 : TINH THEO CONG THUC HOA HOC « 21.1. S6 mol nguyen tir Mg tham gia phan ting : o74 = 0,01 (mol). $6 gam oxi tham gia phn tmg vdi Mg : 0,40 - 0.24 = 0,16 (g). $6 mol nguyén tit O két hop véi Mg : as = 0,01 (mol). Nhu vay : 0,01 mol nguyén tir Mg két hop véi 0,01 mol nguyen tir O. Suy ra: 1 nguyen ti Mg két hop vdi 1 nguyén ti O. Cong thttc hod hoc don gidn cia magie oxit Ik MgO. . . oops 4 21.2. S6 mol nguyen tir Hg tham gia phin tmg : === 0.02 (mol). S6 gam clo tham gia phan tng véi Hg : 5,42 - 4 = 1,42 (g). S6 mol nguyén tir Cl két hop voi Hg : od = 0,04 (mol). Nhu vay ; 0,02 mol nguyén tir Hg két hop vdi 0,04 mol nguyen tir Cl. Suy ra: | nguyén tir Hg két hop vi 2 nguyen tir Cl. Cong thiic hod hoc don gin cila thuy ngan clorua Ia : HgCl,. 21.3. a) Theo dé bai, ta c6 thé ndi : Cir 7 g Fe két hop v6i 3 g oxi tao ra oxit s4t. SO mol nguyen tit Fe = z = 0,125 (mol) két hop v6i s6 mol nguyén tit O 1a = 0,1875 (mol). Nhu vay 1 mol nguyen tir Fe két hop véi 1,5 mol nguyen tir O. Ta da biét sO nguyen tir phdi 1a sO nguyén, Suy ra : 2 nguyen tir Fe két hop v6i 3 nguyén tir O. Cong thite hod hoc don gian cia oxit sat la Fe,03. b) Khéi lugng mol cia FeO; 1a : 56 x 2 + 16 x 3 = 160 (g/mol), 21.4, a) Kh6i lugng mol cia hop chat 1 : 8,5 x 2 = 17 (g/mol). 17 x 82,35 Khoi lweng cba nito trong 1 mol hop chat 1a : > w= 14 (g) ine vé ania If ting véi s6 mol nguyén ti N 18 => = 1 (mol). 89215. 21.6. 21.7. Kh6i hrgng cia hidro cé trong 1 mol hgp chit 1a : 17 x 17,65 a Sr =3(g), ing v6i sO mol nguyén tir H [a 3 = 3 (mol). Nhw vay trong 1 mol phan tit hop chat c6 chita 1 mol nguyén tir N va 3 mol nguyén tir H. Cong thie hod hoc cia hgp chat a NH; (cé tén 1a amoniac). b) Trong 0,5 mol NH, cé : 0,5 mol nguyén tit N va 0,5 x 3 = 1,5 (mol) nguyén tir H. a) Kh6i luang mol phan ti CO(NH2), 1: 12 + 16 + 2(14 + 2) = 60 (g/mol). b) Thanh phan phan tram cdc nguyén t6 trong uré : Gomme = 12X100% _ a0, ; Gimp = 10 100% 96.39%, 60 60 Going = LAX 2%100% 46.7%, Somy = 6,6%. 60 c) Trong 2 mol phan tir CO(NH})) c6 : 2 x 1 = 2 (mol) nguyén tr C ; 2x 1=2 (mol) nguyén tir O ; 2x 2 = 4 (mol) nguyén tir N va 2 x4 = 8 (mol) nguyén tir H. a) 32 g Fe,O; c6 s6 mol phan tir 1a : = =0,2 (mol). Trong 1 mol Fe,03 c6 2 mol nguyen tit Fe, vay 0,2 mol Fe,03 c6 0,2 x 2= 0,4 (mol) nguyen tir Fe, 6 khi lugng Fe 1a : 56 x 0,4 = 22.4 (g). Trong 0,125 mol phan tit PbO cé 0,125 mol nguyén tir Pb, c6 kh6i Iutong Pb 1a : 0,125 x 207 = 25,875 (g). 28 g CuO cé sO mol phan tir 12 : 2- 0,35 (mol) CuO, trong 46 6 0,35 mol nguyén tit Cu, c6 Khoi lugng 1a 0,35 x 64 = 22.4 (g). b) Dip sb: Fe,0; c6 : 70% Fe va 30% O. PbO 6 : 92,8% Pb va 7,2% O. CuO 6 : 80% Cu va 20% O. a) Cong thttc hod hoc don gidn ciia magie sunfua : S6 mol Mg két hop v6i lu huynh : yg = 2 = 0,125 (mol)$6 mol S két hop vdi magie : ng = * = 0,125 (mol). Nhu vay ; 0,125 mol nguyén ti Mg két hop véi 0,125 mol nguyén tir S. Suy ra cong thifc hos hoc don gian cia magic sunfua la MgS. b) Phuong 4n D. Thanh phin cita sin phim : Theo dé bai : 3 g Mg két hgp via da véi 4 g S, hoac 6 g Mg két hop vira da v6i 8 g S. Néu tron 8 g Mg vdi 8 g S sé sinh ra 6 + 8 = [4 (g) MgS va con dur 8 — 6 = 2 (g) Mg BA! 22 : TINH THEO PHUONG TRINH HOA HOC 22.1. a) Phuong trinh hod hoc : S+0, > S0, b) D6 tinh khiét cha mau luu huynh : — $6 mol khf SO, sinh ra sau phan ing : 2,24 30, = 35g =O (mob ~ Theo phuong trinh hod hoc, dé sinh ra 0,1 mol SO, phai c6 0,1 mol S, c6 khdi hong 1 32 x 0,1 = 3.2 (g). Day Ja wong S tinh khiét c6 trong 3,25 g mAu lu huynh 4a ding. Do tinh khiét cia mu hu huynh i : 3,2 x 100% 3,25 c) Thé tich khi oxi tham gia phan ing : = 985% Dua vio phuong trinh hod hoc, em thay s6 mol SO, bang s6 mol O>. Dé cd 2,24 lit SO can 2,24 lit O. 22.2, Phuong trinh hod hoc : 2KCIO; "> 2KCI + 30, (rin) (ran) (kh) a) Khéi luong KC1O, can ding : - $6 mol O can diéu che 1a: No, = 3s = 0,2 (mol). o1— Theo phutong trinh hod hgc, s6 mol KCIO; can ding dé diéu ché duge 0,2 mol 0, [a : 2x02 _ 0,4 DKCIO, = 3 Fy Od. — Khoi lugng KCIO, cén ding 1a : 0,4 x 122,5 3 ™MKCIO, = = 16,3 (g). b) Khdi Iuong khi oxi diéu ché durge : — Theo phuong trinh hod hoc, sé mol O, diéu ché dugc néu ding 1,5 mol KIO; : no, = a = 2,25 (mol). ~ Khoi luong khi oxi diéu ché duge : mg, = 32 x 2,25 = 72 (g). c) SO mol chat rn va chat khf thu duge : Theo phuong trinh hod hoc, néu c6 0,1 mol KCIO, tham gia phan ing, sé thu duge 0,1 mol chat ran KCI va ett 0,15 (mol) chat khi 3. 22.3, a) Phuong trinh hod hoc : 92 CuO +H, — Cu + H,0 b) Khoi lvong CuO tham gia phan tng : - $6 mol Cu thu ditgc sau phan img : ncoy = a2 0,005 (mol). — Theo phuong trinh hod hoc, néu thu duge 0,005 mol Cu can phai cé 0,005 mol CuO tham gia phan tng. ~ Khoi hrong CuO tham gia phan img : moyo = 0,005 x 80 = 0,4 (g). ) Thé tich khi hidro tham gia phan img : — Theo phuong tinh hod hgc, s& mol H, tham gia phan img bing s6 mol Cu sinh ra sau phan ting va bing 0,005 mol. — Thé tich khf hidro & dkte tham gia phan tng : Vi, = 224 x 0,005 = 0,112 (Itt).22.4, 22.5. d) Khéi lugng nuée ngung tu sau phan tmg : Theo phuong trinh hod hoc, s6 mol HO thu duge sau phan Gng bing sé mol Cu sinh ra va bing 0,005 mol, c6 khdi long 1a: My,0 = 18 x 0,005 = 0,09 (g). Em can biét : Theo dinh luat bao ton khoi fugng, em ciing tinh duge khéi Iuong nude sinh ra sau phan tng : mH,0 = ™cuo + MH, — cu =0,4 + (2 x 0,005) — 0,32 = 0,09 (g). a) Cong thttc hod hoc don gian cia nhom clorua : — Khéi lugng clo cé trong luong nhom clorua thu duge : Mg, = 6,675 — 1,35 = 5,325 (g) — S6 mol Al va Cl da két hgp v6i nhau tao thanh nhém clorua : nal = a 0,05 (mol); ngy = = = 0,15 (mol) = Trong hop chat nhom clorua, sé mol Cl gdp 3 lan s6 mol Al. Suy ra so nguyén tir Cl gdp 3 lan sé nguyén tir Al. Cong thitc hod hoc don gidn cia nhém clorua 1a AIC)3. b) Phuong trinh hod hoc ciia Al véi Cl, : 2Al + 3Cly — 2AICl; c) Thé tich khi clo tham gia phan ting : — S6 mol phan tit Cl, tham gia phan ting: nc), = as = 0,075 (mol). — Thé tich kf clo (dktc) tham gia phan ting : Vo}, = 22,4 x 0,075 = 1,68 (lit). a) Cong thifc hod hoc don gian cita nuéc : Em da biét, 6 cing diu ki¢n nhiét 40 va 4p suat, nhimg thé tich khf bang nhau cling c6 s6 mol phan tit nhu nhau, Néu cé 2Vy, ket hop vi 1Vo, 6 nghia 1a sé mol H = 2 lén sé mol O,. Suy ra 2 phan tir H, két hop voi 1 phan tir O, hodc 4 nguyén tir H két hop véi 2 nguyén tir O. 93Dé don gidn hod : 2 nguyén tit H két hop véi | nguyen tO. Cong thie hod hoc don gian cia phan tit nuéc 1a H,O. b) Phuong trinh hod hoc cia phin img hidro chay trong oxi : 2H, + O) > 2H,0 c) Thé tich c4c khi hidro va oxi tham gia phan tng : = $6 mol HO thu duge sau phan ting : 1,8 1H,0 = jig Os! (mob. ~ Theo phuong trinh hod hoc : S6 mol H, = 2 lin s6 mol Oy = s6 mol H,0. ‘Thé tich cdc khi hidro va oxi tham gia phn tng & dktc 18: Vu, = 22,4 x O.1 = 2,24 (lit). Vo, = 224*04 1.12 «ry, BAI 23 : LUYEN TAP CHUGNG 3 23.1. Dién lin luot fa : a) 64 ; 32: mol phan tir; 96. b) 621 (207 x 3) ; 64 (16 x 4) ; 685. c) 12; nguyén tir ; 22; nguyen tir; 11 ; nguyén ti; 12 mol nguyén tr; 144 ; 22 mol nguyen tit ; 22 ; 11 mol nguyén tir; 176. 23.2. Tim cong thiic hod hoc cia nhiing hop chit : — Hop chat A : Cho biét : 0,2 mol phan té A c6 4,6 g Na va 7,1 g Cl. 4,6%1 Vay : 1 mol phan tit A cé = 23 (g) Nava ut = 35,5 (g) Cl. Hoic : | mol phan tir A cé chia 1 mol nguyén tir Na va | mol nguyén tir Cl. Suy ra 1 phan ti A co 1 nguyén tit Na két hop véi 1 nguyen tir Cl. Cong thtic hod hoc cita A 1A NaCl (musi an). — Hop chat B: Cho biét : 0,03 mol phan tir B c6 0,36 g C va 0,96 g O.96x Vay : 1 mol phan tir Bc 7 = 12(@) Cva SER = 32(g)0. 0,36 03 1 mol phan tir B c6 chifa 1 mol nguyen tit C va 2. 2 (mol) nguyen tir Cong thie hod hoc cua B 1a CO). - Hop chat C : Cach giai tuong tw nhu 2 cau trén, ta sé cé cong thitc hod hgc cia hgp chat 1a PbO. — Hop chat D : Céch gidi tuong tu nhu trén, ta sé c6 cong thife hod hoc cia hgp chat D 1a Fe,03. = Hop chat E Huéng dén : Hay tim trong 1 mol phan tir © 6 bao nhiéu mol nguyén tir Na, mol nguyén tit C, mol nguyen tir O. Ti dé suy ra sé nguyen tir Na, s6 nguyén ti C va s6 nguyén tir O cé trong | phan tir E. Ta sé tim thay cong thitc hod hoc cba E 1a Na,CO,. 23.3. Ta cé nhimg cau hoan chinh nhu sau : + Kh6i lugng cita CaO cé trong chén sau khi nung [a : 35,6 ~ 30 = 5,6 (g). + S6 mol cia CaO 1a : —— = 0,1] (mol). 56 oy + Kh6i lugng khi CO, thot ra sau phan img 18 ; 40 — 35,6 = 4,4 (g). + S6 mol cita CO, 1a: + Phan tit canxi cacbonat bi phan huy thinh CaO va CO), cé ti 1é s6 phan tit CaO/s6 phan tir CO, 1a 1/1. 23.4, a) Thanh phdn phan trim theo khdi lugng : 4 x 100% “4416 Thanh phan phén tram theo thé tich MCo, = = 20% ; %mMo, = 100% - 20% = 80%. -— SO mol cdc khi la: NCO, -2 = 0,09 (mol) ; ny 0,5 (mol). 9596 — Ti lé vé s6 mol céc khi cing 1a ti 1€ vé thé tich cdc khi = Veo, = 20210 15.25% 2 0,090.5 % No, = 100% ~ 15,25% = 84,75%. b) Thanh phan phan tram theo kh6i lugng : — Kh6i lugng cita ce mol khi : meo, = 44 x 3=132(g); mp, = 32 x 5= 160 (g). — Thanh phén phan tram theo khdi lugng : _ 132 x 100% 132+160 mo, = 100% ~ 45,20% = 54,8%. mo, = 45,20%. ‘Thanh phin phan trim theo thé tich : 3x 100% eo, = Faye 375%. %®No, = 100% — 37,5% = 62,5%. c) Thanh phan phan tram theo khéi long : ~ $6 mol cc khi : 0,3 x 10° n =- = 0,05 (mol). ee at 23 0,9 x 10 ng, = 5, = 0,15 (mol). 2 6x 103 — Khéi lugng céc khi : mco, = 44 x 0,05 = 2,2 (g). mo, = 32 x 0,15=4.8 (g). — Thanh phin phn tram theo khéi lugng : 2,2x100% 2,244.8 mo, = 100% — 31,43% = 68.57%. Meo, = = 31,43%.~ Thanh phan phén tram theo thé tich : 0,05 x 100% 0,05+0,15 %NVo, = 100% — 25% = 15 %. %Neo, = = 25%. 23.5, a) Kh6i lugng cba dn hgp khi : ~ Khoi long cia 1,5 N phan ti oxi JA kh6i lugng cita 1,5 mol phan tir > : mo, = 32 x 1,5 = 48 (g). Tuong ty nhur vay ta c6 : my, = 2 x 2,5 = 5 (g); my, = 28 x 0,02 = 0,56 (g). — Khéi hrong cia hin hop khi: 48 +S + 0,56 = 53,56 (g). Thé tich cada hdn hop khi 6 dkte : 22,4 x (1,5 + 2.5 + 0,02) = 90,048 (lit). b) Khoi luong cita hén hop khf : My = 32 x 1,5 444 x 1,2 +28 x 3 = 184.8 (g). Thé tich cua hén hgp khé (dktc) : Vpn = 22.4 x (1,5 + 1,2 +3) = 127,68 (lit). c) Khoi luong cia hén hop khi : Myp = 6 + 2,2 + 1,6 = 9,8 (g). Thé tich cia hén hgp khi : — $6 mol céc khf : my, -$ =3 (mol) ; aco, = 22 = 0,05 (mol) ; ng, = 6 = 0,05 (mol) —Thé tich cita hén hop Khf : Vin = 22.4 x (3 + 0,05 + 6,05) = 69,44 (Ii). 23.6*. Phuong trizth hod hoc dang téng quat : 2xFe + yO, "+ 2Fe,0y x.1l2g 2(56x + 16y) g 2.24 g 328 Theo phuong trinh hod hoc trén, ta c6 : 2,24 x 2. (S6x + 16y) = 3,2 x 112x 7 -BTHOAHOC B.-A 97Gidi rata 66 : 3x=2y > 2-2 es Do 46 c6ng thifc phan tir cha oxit sit 14 Fe 203. 23.7. Goi x ¥8 kh6i Iugng Cu thu duge sau phan ting thi kh6i lugng sat th duge lax +4. Theo dé bai, tac: x +xX+4+4= 29,6 > x =128 Ny = us = 0,2 (mol) mp, =X +4= 12,844 = 168 (2) > nye = = 0,3 (mol) Phuong trinh hod hoc eta phan tng : Fe,0, + 4CO > 3Fe + 4C0, 4mol 3 mol 0.4 mol < 0,3 mol cu +CO 4 Cu+ C0, 1 mol 1 mol 0,2. mol © 0,2 mol Veo = (0,4 + 0,2) x 22,4 = 13,44 (lit) 23.8%, Goi cong thite oxit sit IB Fe,O,. Phuong trinh hod hoc cia phn ting : Fe,0, + 2yHCl > xFeCly, + yH,O (56x + I6y) g¢ (56x + Ty) g 20g 40,625 g Theo phuong trinh hod hoc trén, ta c6 : 40,625 x (56x + L6y) = 20 x (56x + 7ly) x_ 385 2 y 57,75 3 Cong thitc phan tir ciia oxit sat 1a Fe,O3. 98 7 -BTHOAHOC & .. -BChuong 4 Oxi Khong khi BAI 24 : TINH CHAT CUA OXI 24,1, Phuong dn D 24,2, Phuong trinh hod hoc clia phan img gitta 0, v6i : 24.3, a) 3 kim loai : b) 3 phi kim: c) 3 hop chat : 4Na+O, —"> 2Na,0 2Mg+O, ——» 2MgO 4A}+30, +> 21,0, c+0, —'> co, S+0) —“> So, 4P+50, 5 2P,05 2C,Hyp+ 130, —"-> 8c0,+10H,0 4NH,+30, —"> 2N,+6H,0 2H,8+30, ——+ 280, +2H,0 Oxi trong khong Khi 1& don chat. C4 s6ng duge trong nuéc vi trong nude c6 hoa tan khi oxi. Nhing Tinh vuc hoat dong cla con ngudi can thiét phai ding binh nén oxi dé ho hap 1a : thg lan, phi cong Idi méy bay, phi cong vi tru, bénh nhan khé thd, cong nhan lam viéc 6 cdc ham mo sau... 24.4. © binh (1) cuc than chdy lau hon 6 binh (2). Binh (2) cuc than chay lau hom & binh (3) vi lugng oxi 6 3 binh nhu nhau. 24,5. Ngudi va dong vat trong qué trinh ho hp lay O,, thai ra kh CO). Nhién ligu trong qué trinh dét chdy cing cn O, va thai ra CO, nhumg lugng O> khong 99mit din do suv quang hgp cita cay xanh 44 hp thu khi CO, va tao ra lugng khi oxi rat lén. Do dé ti lé oxi trong khong khi (tinh theo thé tich) lu6n loon xp xi bing 20%. 24.6.a)4Na+O, —' > 2Na,0 b)2Mg+O, —+ 2MgO 0)4P+50, —*-» 2P,05 4)4A1+30, —/> 2A1,0, e)3Fe+20, —t +> Fe,0, 24,7. a) O nhiét do 100 °C thi nude soi. b) Trong thai gian nudc s6i, nhiét do khong thay déi. c) V6 cac-tong khong chdy trén bép lita khi trong hop céc-tong e6 day nuéc, khi trong hép cac-tong hét nudc, v6 céc-tong sé chdy 6 nhiét dé trén 100°C. d) Néu trong h6p céc-tong khong c6 nude thi vd hop sé chdy khi dun hop tren bép lira. 24.8. Phat biéu ciia em hoc sinh chi diing cau dau : Cay nén chdy vi c6 phan ung chéy cia nén véi khi oxi, cdn béng dén sng len khong phai 1a phan ing chay (vi khong c6 khf oxi) ma [i day t6c béng dén néng len thi phat sing nh nguén dign. 24.9. a) C + 0,—+ C0, S mol > 5 mol Kh6i lugng oxi dé d6t chy 5 mol cacbon la : 5 x 32 = 160 (g). S + 0,—>S0, 5 mol — 5 mol Khéi long oxi dé dot ch4y 5 mol hw huynh 1a : 5 x 32 = 160 (g). b) S6 mol luu huynh : 32 = 0,1 (mol) 32 $6 mot oxi : 2? = 0,05 (mol) 22,4 S + 0,—>+S0, 1 mol 1 mol 0.05 mo! < 0,05 mol‘Theo phuong trinh trén ta nhan thay hna huynh con du: 0,1 - 0,05 = 0,05 (mol) 24.10. a) Phuong trinh hod hoc cia phan img aét chdy cacbon : C + 0,—+C0, 1 mol > 1 mol Thé tich oxi (dktc) can disng dé d6t chdy 1 mol C1: 1 x 22,4 = 22,4 (lit). “Thé tich khong khf (dktc) edn ding dé dét chay 1 mol Ca: 224 100 = 112 Git). 20 ) Phuong trinh hod hoc cita phin ting dét chay photpho : 4P + 50, 2P,0; 4mol 5 mol 1,5mol x mol x= ao = 1,875 (mol) Thé tich oxi (dktc) cn ding dé dét chdy 1,5 mol P 1a: 1,875 x 22,4 = 42 (lft). Thé tich khong khi (dktc) can ding dé dét chdy 1,5 mol P 1a: #2 100 =210 dit). 20 24,11, Khdi luong cia N nguyén tir oxi bang 16 g. Suy ra : kh6i lung cita N/2 nguyen tir oxi bang 8 g. Kh6i lvong ciia N phan ti oxi bing 32 g. Suy ra: khéi lvong cia N/4 phan tir oxi bang 8 g. Hai khdi lvgng nay giéng nhau. 100095 24.12. Khéi lugng than nguyén chit : = 950 (g). $6 mol than nguyen chat : a mol Cc + 0,—+ ©, 1 mol {mol 1 mol 950 950 950 — mol + —— mol +——mol 12 12 12 101a) Thé tich oxi (dktc) can ding dé d6t chéy 1 kg than 1a: 950 Ay * 224 = 1773.3 (id. b) Thé tich khi CO) (dktc) sinh ra bang thé tich khi oxi tham gia 1 1773.3 lit. 24.13. Phuong trinh hod hoc : 2C;H, + 50, > 4C0,+ 2H,0 1 mol > 2,5 mol ‘Thé tich oxi (dktc) ding dé dot ch4y 1 mol CyH; [&: 2,5 x 22,4 = 56 (it), oo, h5.10%4 24.14. a) $6 mol phan tr oxi: "= 2,5 (mol). 6.10" 6) Khoi lgng cia 1,5.10°* phan tir oxi : 2,5 x 32 = 80 (g). c) Thé tich (dktc) cia 1,5.10% phan tit oxi : 2,5 x 22,4 = 56 (lit). 2A.AS. a) Trong 16 g khi oxi c6 1 mol nguyen tir oxi va 0,5 mol phan tr oxi 16 8 _o5 i). (§ mo M, b) Ti Khoi cia oxi véi nita : do, ry, yoo 2 e114. Ny Ti khoi cita oxi véi khong kt: 4 = Moy 32 2410 Bh: do, /KK =o) = 3g ~ 110. 24.16. Goi R 1a ki hiéu va-nguyén ti khéi cia kim loai hoé tri II. _ 336 2,4 Phuong trinh hod hoc ciia phan ting : No, =0,15 (mol) 4R+30, > 2R,0; 3mol (4R+6x 16) g 0,15 mol 10,2g 102Theo phuong trinh hod hoe trén, ta c6 : 0,15 x (AR +6 x 16) = 10.2 x 3 O,6R + 14,4 = 30.6 R=27(AN. 24.17. Theo dé bai, ta c6 phuong trinh hod hoc : X + 6,503 + 4CO, + 5H,O Theo dinh !uat bdo ton khOi lugng thi 1 mol cht X phai cé 4 mol C, 10 mol H va khong chifa oxi (vi & vé phdi va trai sé mol nguyen tit oxi bang nhau). Vay cong thiic phan tir cia X 1a CyHjg 6,2 8,96 Fy =O (mad, no, = 557 = OH (mol) Phuong trinh hod hoc cita phan ting : 24.18. n, 4P + 50) > 2P,05 So sinh ti te : 2 aa <2 — lugng oxi du, vay phai tinh kh6i Ivong P,O; theo photpho 0,2%2 12,0, = 0,1 (mol) Kh6i lugng P,Os thuc té thu dugc : 0,1 x 142 x 80% = 11,36 (g). 24.19. 04g = os = 0,02 (mol) ; ng, = we = 0,03 (mol) Phuong trinh hod hoc cia phan img : 2Mg + 0, > 2MgO 2mol 1 mol 0,02 mol 0,01 mol No, con lai téc dung vai Fe : 0,03 — 0,01 = 0,02 (mol) 3Fe + 20, > Fe,0, 3mol 2mol 0,03 mo! — 0,02 mol re = 0,03 x 56 = 1,68 (g) 103BAI 25.1, 25.2. 25.3. 25.4. 25.5. 104 25 : SY OXI HOA - PHAN UNG HOA HOP - UNG DUNG CUA OXI Cong thiic cita oxit 1a : $0, CO), P:0s, Fea, Al,03, Cée phan tmg hod hop 1a céc phan img :a;d5e;f. a) Cai, than chéy dugc trong khong khi phdi cé méi cia ngon lita dé nang Ieén nhi¢t do chay con than chi xép trong héc bép xung quanh cé khong khi nhung khong chéy vi & nhiét 49 thap hon nhiet do chdy. b) Mu6n dap tét cili, than dang chéy thi phai dé ching khong tip xtic véi oxi cia khéng khi, do 46 ta vay nude hay phii cét len bé mat vat bi chay dé vat chdy khong tiép.xtic véi oxi cla knong khi va ha nhiét 46 xudng duéi nhiét dd chay Cac oxit : CO,, S02, P05, Al,Oy, Fes0s. a) Chiing duge tao thanh ti céc don chait : CO, : duge tgo thanh ti 2 don chat : cacbon va oxi. $0) : duge tao than tiy 2 don chat ; Iu huynh va oxi. POs : dugc tao thanh tir 2 don chat : photpho va oxi. Fe 04 : duge tao thanh tir 2 don chit: sit va oxi. 1,03 : dugc tao thanh tir 2 don chat : nhom va oxi. b) Phuong trinh hod hoc cia phan ting diéu ché céc oxit trén : c+0, "> co, s+0, —> s0, 4P 450, —"> 27,0, 4A1+30; —> 2A1,0, 3Fe +20; + Fe,0, Phuyomg trinh hod hoc cita phan tng dt chéy CH, : CoH + 2,5 0) > 2. CO, +H,0+Q Amol 2,5 mol Voi ti Ig thé tich + Vo, : Voyyty = 2,521 thi phan ing chay e6 nhiet 49 cao nhat. Ung dung cia phan tng nay ding trong dén xi oxi ~ axetilen dé han va cat kim loai.
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