FLUIDS AND HYDRAU 4

HOOP TENSION
DAMS
Hoop Tension in cylindrical gas tanks: Hoop Tension in spherical gas tanks:
t
Gas tank t(Dt)
t D
L L D p
p
t
tts tts F=p(/4)D2
F=pDs
t [Fv = 0] [Fh = 0]
p pD
t 2(t ts) = pDs p(/4)D2 = t (Dt)
t =
s
4t
pD
t =
Note that for cylindrical gas tanks, the
D 2t
strength longitudinally is twice that
t t circumferentially. Thus, if this tank is
t is called tensile stress, hoop stress, inflated to failure, the tank fails by
circumferential stress, bursting stress, bursting.
and tangential stress. For any shaped gas tanks, sectioning
[Fh = 0] must be done so that the area is
p(/4)D = L (Dt) maximum.
2
L (Dt)
p D
pD
L L =
4t
F=p(/4)D2
StilHOT
 Hoop Tension in vertical cylindrical Imaginary liquid surface
tanks with liquids:
TT Head, H =p/
Steel hoops
TT pipe

s s s s s s
h F =pDs
TB F t Ah
[ Fv = 0]
t Ah
s
2tAh = pDs
TB
p =h
D 2 t Ah
D
s=
pD pD
Near the bottom, t =
2t Where:
s = spacing of hoops
For wood-stave pipes and horizontal
t = allowable tensile stress of hoops
pipes supported by hoops that are Ah = cross-sectional area of hoops
spaced equally apart, the stress is p = pressure at the center of pipe = H
carried only by the hoops and not by D = diameter of pipe
the material where the pipe is made up.
F =(h/2)Dh
F =Dh2/2
F =pcgA
StilHOT
 Dams are hydraulic structures used in 4. Butress Type dams are designed
impounding water for various with buttresses separated equally
purposes such as power generation, apart which serve as the supporting
water supply, irrigation, and structure for the weight of the dam.
recreation. 5. OgeeType dams are designed with
Dams are classified according to shape, curved crest.
size and purpose.
1. Gravity Type dams are designed just Dams are analyzed as if they are just
to hold water by means of their weight. standing and rely on their weights in
2. Earth Type dams are made of earth supporting water pressure.
compacted enough in order to hold
water. This type of dam is obviously The safety of dams is guaranteed when
the cheapest of all types and is the the following factors are satisfied:
basis of analysis.
3. Arc Type dams are designed to have 1. Factor of Safety against sliding
very little cross section yet tall enough greater than 1.
to hold water. The ends are supported 2. Factor of Safety against overturning
by the natural mass of rocks that is is greater than 1.
why it is best suited when constructed 3. The actual maximum soil pressure is
across narrow canyons. less than the bearing capacity of the
foundation.
StilHOT
 headwater W3 1. Horizontal Forces (1-m strip)
Rx = FH - FT
W1
2. Vertical Forces (1-m strip)
hcg Ry= W1+W2+…+…+Wn
W2 Ry= volume of soil pressure diagram
W6
This case assumes no hydrostatic uplift.
H x
FH Considering Hydrostatic Uplift, U.
W7 W4 tailwater
W5 Ry Ry= W1+W2+…+…+Wn - U
H2/2
H2 3. Factors of Safety
heel Rx Rx FT
3.1 Against Sliding (F.S.)s
1m 1m
ph toe R R.M.
R pt
(F.S.)s = y (F.S.)o= O.M.
Ry Rx
B 3.2 Against Overturning (F.S.)o
1m 3.3 Soil Pressure Intensity
base of dam
[Mtoe=0] Ryx = R.M. – O.M.
k2H2 R.M. – O.M.
k1H1 x=
centroid of uplift Ry
U pressure diagram
StilHOT
 Cases of the Position of Ry from the CASE 3: x < B/3 Very Risky; very
toe of the dam. economical
CASE 1: x = B/2 Very Safe; uneconomical 3x

Base of Dam heel Base of Dam toe

heel toe
ph = 0
ph pt pt
Ry Ry
x= B/2 x
Ry = pt (3x1)/2
Ry = volume of soil pressure diagram
Ry = pt (B1) Ry = ph (B1) pt = 2Ry /(3x )

pt = ph = Ry /B CASE 4: B/3< x < B/2 Recommended

for design
CASE2: x = B/3 Risky; economical B/3 B/3 B/3

Base of Dam heel Base of Dam toe

heel toe
ph = 0 ph
pt pt
Ry = pt (B1)/2 Extremeties
Ry of middle Ry
pt = 2Ry /B x = B/3 x
thirds e
StilHOT
 From Case 1, e =0 ;
Ry
Ry
Base of Dam ph = pt =
ph M=Ry e B
Ry pt From Case 2, e =B/2 – B/3 = B/6 ;
e Ry   B
 6  
From Combined Stress Formula:
=
Ry 
1  6   Ry
= (1  1)
R (R e)(B/2) B  B  B
 = ± P ± Mc  =± y ± y 3  
A I B1 1B /12  
Since compression is treated positive 2 Ry
in FM, pt = ph = 0
B
Ry 6Rye Ry
=
B
± = 1 ± 6e From Case 4, e = x – B/3
B2 B B
Ry  6e 
ph = 1 − 
Ry  6e  B B
 = 1  
B B Ry  6e 
pt = 1 + 
B B
StilHOT
Problems for Solution: Problem 2: CE BD Nov. 2003
Problem 1: A wooden storage vat full of oil of sp.
Determine the thickness of steel pipe gr. 0.80 is in the form of a frustum of
wall with an allowable stress of 120 a cone, 2 m in diameter at the top
MPa necessary to resist internal gas and 4 m in diameter at the bottom
pressure of 2.4 MPa for the following and 3 m high. It is provided with two
cases: steel hoops, one at the top and one at
(1) a spherical tank 3 m in diameter is the bottom.
used. (1) Compute the hydrostatic force on
(2) a right circular cylinder is used 1.2 the side of the container.
m in diameter and 3 m high. (2) How high is the said force above
(3) Determine the spacing of steel the bottom?
hoops measuring 30 mm by 12 mm (3) Compute the force in the bottom
around wood staves 400 mm in hoop.
diameter supporting the same Ans. 117.7 kN; 0.90 m; 41.20 kN
pressure.
Ans. 15 mm; 12 mm; 90 mm
Problem 3: 3m
A. Neglecting hydrostatic uplift for the masonry
dam shown below, compute the factors of safety
against sliding and overturning. Also compute the
soil pressure at the bottom. B. Considering uplift 15 m
which varies linearly from full static head at the 12 m
heel to zero at the toe, compute the
requirements mentioned in part A. Use s=0.70
and specific weight of masonry of 21.60 kN/m3 7.5 m
for both cases. Ans. 1.686; 2.839; 100.3 kPa, 353.3 kPa;
C. Is the design good? 1.248; 1.593; 0; 354.1 kPa
4m
Problem 4:
The section of a concrete dam is shown in the 4m 3m
3
figure. Concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m and water
2
weighs 9.79 kN/m3. The coefficient of friction is 3
0.55. Determine the following: (1) factor of safety 14 m
against sliding and overturning; (2) the soil 3m
pressure at the heel and toe. 3m 3m
Assume hydrostatic uplift which varies uniformly
from full hydrostatic head at the heel to zero at the
toe. Ans. 2.196, 1.657; qh=85.27 kPa, qt=300.2
kPa
Problem 5:
A masonry dam of a trapezoidal section with one face vertical is 0.6 m thick at
the top and 3.0 m at the bottom. It is 6.6 m high and has a horizontal base. On
the inclined face water stands 4.5 m deep. Assume sg= 2.4 for the dam and
hydrostatic uplift varies from 60% at the heel to zero at the toe. Use sg = 2.4 for
concrete.
a. Find the vertical component of the foundation reaction.
b. How far from the toe will that force intersect the base?
c. What is the factor of safety against overturning?
d. What is the factor of safety against sliding assuming μ= 0.51
e. What is the intensity of the pressure at the toe?
f. Calculate the total force of water on the upstream face.
g. Calculate the total force acting on the dam.
Problem 6:
A trapezoidal concrete dam is 20m high. The upstream face is vertical and the
water is flush with the top, which is 3m wide. The coefficient of friction between
the base of the dam and the foundation is 0.60. If it is required to have a factor of
safety of 3 for overturning and knowing that specific gravity of concrete is 2.40.
a. Find the required width of the base.
b. Find the factor of safety against sliding.
c. Find the pressure at the heel.
d. Find the pressure at the toe.
Problem 7:
A dam having a triangular section has a vertical face 24 m high and base 12 m
wide. Use sg = 2.4
a. Determine the height of water that could rise on the vertical side of the dam so
that the maximum intensity of pressure at the toe is twice the average pressure
at the base. Neglect hydrostatic uplift.
b. What is the shearing stress at the base?
Ans. 20.24 m; 167.4 KPa

20-mm hoop
PROBLEM 8: The cylindrical tank
shown( 3.6 m) is closed at the 1.5 m air
top and the air space is under a
pressure of 30 kPa. If only the
hoops indicated in the figure resist
the pressure, determine the Oil (s=0.8)
following: 4.5 m
(a) the force in the upper hoop;
(b) Is the lower hoop safe if the
allowable tensile stress in the
hoops is 120 MPa? 28-mm hoop
PROBLEM 9: Determine the PROBLEM 11: The gate is vertical.
minimum safe value of B for the Determine the force on one side of the
rectangular dam shown below. The gate due to water pressure and distance
hydrostatic uplift varies from full of this force from point A both
static head at the heel to zero at the horizontally and vertically.
toe. The coefficient of static friction
w.s.
between the base of the dam and the
foundation is 0.70.
w.s B
3.0 m

3.6 m
A B
18 m

PROBLEM 10: Near the bottom of a

vertical cylindrical tank 3.6 m in diameter C
containing a certain liquid, 20 mm- steel
hoops are spaced 60 mm apart on centers.
Determine the maximum pressure that the
tank can carry. The allowable tensile stress
in the hoops is 90 MPa.
PROBLEM 12: The cross-section of a
9m
dam is shown in the figure. A good design
is one where the resultant force crosses
the base within the center and the 24 m
extremity of the middle thirds near the h
toe. The specific weights of water and
masonry are 9.80 kN/m3 and 23.5
kN/m3, respectively. The coefficient of
static friction is 0.68. Determine the 8m 5m 2m
range of values of the depth of water h PROBLEM 13:
satisfying the conditions of good design. A cylindrical tank 1.6 m in diameter
Also calculate the factors of safety and 2.4 m high is bound by steel
against sliding and overturning as well as hoops, one 0.30 m from the top and
the maximum soil pressure for the the other at 0.30 m from the
maximum value of h. Consider two cases: bottom. If it is filled with water
(a) neglecting hydrostatic uplift. (brimful), (1) calculate bursting
(b) Considering hydrostatic uplift which force on the sides of the tank;
varies from 80% static head at the heel to (2) the force on the bottom hoop;
zero at the extremity of the middle thirds (3) the stress in the upper hoop if
near the toe because of a drain at that that hoop is 12 mm in diameter.
point. Ans. 45.20 kN; 16.32 kN ; 55.51
MPa
Problem 14: Problem 16:
A wood-stave pipe is bound by steel A wooden storage vat, 20 ft outside
rods which take the entire bursting diameter is filled with 24 ft of brine (sp.
stress. Find the proper spacing for 8- gr. =1.06). The wooden staves are
mm-diameter steel rods for a 1.80-m bound by flat steel bands 2 in. wide by
diameter wood stave pipe if the working ¼ in. thick, whose allowable stress is
stress is 60 MPa for a head of water of 16,000 psi.
20 m. (1.) What is the maximum bursting
Ans. 17.08 mm pressure on the bottom?
Problem 15: (2) What is the maximum tensile force
on the steel bands that can be
A steel pipe having a diameter of 900
tolerated?
mm carries water under the head of
(3) What is the spacing of the bands
230 m. Compute the following:
near the bottom of the vat assuming
(1) internal pressure in the pipe;
stresses are resisted only by the bands
(2) the thickness of steel wall required
and neglecting any initial stress?
if the allowable steel stress is 110
Ans. 1587 psf; 8000 lb; 6.05 in.
MPa;
(3) the tangential force in the steel
pipe in N /mm.
Ans. 2.256 MPa; 9.229 mm; 1015
N/mm
Problem 17: w.s
Investigate the stability of the dam
shown below by computing the factors
of safety against (1) sliding ; (2)
overturning. (3) Also compute the soil 9m
pressure and compare the maximum
pressure against the allowable bearing
capacity of soil of 300 kPa. Is this a
good design? Explain. The coefficient
1.5 m 1.5 m 4.5 m
of static friction between the base of
1.5 m
the dam and the foundation is s=0.60
and the specific gravity of the dam 0.80 m
(masonry) is 2.40. 1.5 m
Ans. FSs = 1.540; FSo=3.855 ; 6m 3m
qh=90.96 kPa ; qt= 181.0 kPa ;
good design
Problem 18: Ans. 124.04 kN ; 310.73 kN; 1.17 4.5 m
A concrete dam with the cross section shown is founded on the rock with a
coefficient of friction between the two materials of 0.80. The uplift pressure will
vary from 65% at the heel to 80% at the toe. Concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m 3.
Compute the: (1) uplift force acting on the base of the dam; (2) total vertical
reaction at the bottom of the dam. (3) Compute the factor of safety against sliding.
Problem 19: Problem 20:
A masonry dam has given cross section A wood stave pipe 60 cm in diameter
shown. The intensity of the hydrostatic carries water under a head of 70 m.
uplift varies uniformly from 20% of the The allowable tensile stress in the 28 –
full hydrostatic uplift pressure at the mm- diameter hoops is 80 MPa.
heel to zero at the toe. Concrete weighs Determine the center to center spacing
23.54 kN/m3. Find the: of the hoops.
(1) total vertical reaction at the bottom Problem 21:
of the dam. Determine the safe width of a
(2) factor of safety against sliding if the rectangular dam 18 m high if the
coefficient of friction at the base is specific weight of masonry is 2.4 and
0.60; the water level must be controlled not
(3) factor of safety against overturning. to reach above the top of the dam.
Ans. 1471 kN; 1.250; 2.024 Consider two cases: (1) Neglecting
4m hydrostatic uplift and (2) considering
hydrostatic uplift which varies from full
static head at the heel to zero at the
toe. The coefficient of friction between
12 m
the base and the foundation of the
dam is 0.70.

7.0 m
Problem 22:
A masonry dam has given cross section
shown. The intensity of the hydrostatic 9m
uplift varies uniformly from 100% of
the full hydrostatic uplift pressure at
the heel to zero at the toe. Concrete h=18 m 24 m
weighs 23.6 kN/m3. Find the:
(1) total vertical reaction at the bottom
of the dam.
(2) factor of safety against sliding if the
8m 6m 3m
coefficient of friction at the base is
0.70;
(3) factor of safety against overturning.
(4) The soil pressure at the heel and at
the toe.
Ans. 4987 KN; 2.197; 1.889 ; qh=0 ;
qt=703.8 KPa