Marine Pollution Bulletin 142 (2019) 183–188

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Marine Pollution Bulletin

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul

Baseline

Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in the northern coastal T

waters of Surabaya, Indonesia
⁎
Muhammad Reza Cordovaa, Anna Ida Sunaryo Purwiyantob, , Yulianto Sutejac
a
Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih I, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
b
Programme Study in Marine Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia
c
Marine Science Department, Marine and Fisheries Faculty, Udayana University, Jl. Raya Kampus Universitas Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Microplastic distribution in waters gained increasing attention because of the discovery of microplastics in edible
Microplastics marine organisms. Microplastic size is small, and hence, it tends to float in the water column, thereby making it
Pollution easy to enter and accumulate in the marine organism. Microplastic abundance is highly associated with the
Polystyrene population density. The North Coast of Surabaya is the main area for community activities in East Java;
Foam
therefore, it is highly vulnerable to receive microplastic input from the mainland. This study aimed to analyze
Surabaya
the abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in the northern coastal waters of Surabaya. The
Indonesia
study was conducted in March 2017. The results showed that the highest and lowest microplastic abundances
were found in Lamong Bay. The microplastic characteristics in all stations showed that foam was the dominant
form and polystyrene was the dominant type, with sizes of 500–1000 μm and 300–500 μm.

Microplastic is a fragment of plastic waste with a size of 300 μm to Microplastics are found in deep-sea sediments (Cordova and Wahyudi,
5 mm. The presence of microplastics in water is due to the high use of 2016; Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2013), on coral reef ecosystems
plastics or materials containing plastics by humans. Boucher and Friot (Cordova et al., 2018), and even in Sumba waters, which has relatively
(2017) categorized microplastics into two types: primary and secondary low anthropogenic activity (Cordova and Hernawan, 2018). Murphy
microplastics. Primary microplastics are micron-sized plastics that et al. (2016) suggested that microplastic abundance is associated with
come from microbeads (< 1 mm) commonly used in cleaning agents population density. The more densely populated an area, the higher is
and cosmetics and are obtained as fragments by washing clothes (Wu the presence of microplastics from wastewater treatment plants as a
et al., 2016). Secondary microplastics are the ones originating from potential point source, and hence, the microplastic abundance becomes
fragmentation and plastic size reduction in marine environments higher. This suspicion also applies in the northern coastal waters of
(Boucher and Friot, 2017). Costa and Barletta (2015) also explained Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. PPGL (2016) states that northern
that microplastics were discovered in water in the 1970s, which in- coastal waters of Surabaya are one of the waters in East Java Province,
dicates their existence since several years. Therefore, the researchers Indonesia, which act as a center for marine transportation, marine
paid special attention to the presence of microplastic in waters because aquaculture, tourism, and fisherman residence. These waters have a low
microplastic is rapidly consumed by organisms such as zooplankton topography and land elevation that is almost the same as the mean sea
(Cole et al., 2013), which is then transferred to the higher trophic level level (MSL). Coastal areas also have quite dense population activities.
(Setälä et al., 2014). Microplastic distribution is scattered and has been This dense activity has caused the northern coastal waters to be po-
found in both waters and sediments, with diverse types and abun- tentially large enough to experience erosion and receive anthropogenic
dances. Cincinelli et al. (2017) found microplastics ranging from 0.0032 waste including microplastics. This study aimed to analyze the abun-
to 1.18 particles·m−3 in seawater of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The study dance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in the northern
found 18,405–38,790 particles in one kg dry weight sediment in Ja- coastal waters of Surabaya, East Java Province, Indonesia.
karta Bay, Indonesia, with predominantly fragment type and a size The study was conducted on the North Coast of Surabaya, East Java,
range of 100–500 μm (Manalu et al., 2017), and 0–3146 particles in Indonesia, in March 2017. The study area was divided into three sta-
1 kg of dry weight sediment in Northeast Atlantic (Maes et al., 2017). tions: Lamong Bay, Kenjeran Beach, and Wonorejo coastal area (Fig. 1).

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: muhammad.reza.cordova@lipi.go.id (M.R. Cordova), anna_is_purwiyanto@unsri.ac.id (A.I.S. Purwiyanto),
yuliantosuteja@unud.ac.id (Y. Suteja).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.040
Received 19 October 2018; Received in revised form 14 March 2019; Accepted 20 March 2019
0025-326X/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M.R. Cordova, et al. Marine Pollution Bulletin 142 (2019) 183–188

Fig. 1. Research location, abundance (N/L), and distribution of microplastics.

Lamong Bay is a small bay in the north of Surabaya that faces directly to nitrate Whatman filter paper Ø47 mm, pore size 0.45 μm), and the
the Madura Strait. This bay is the estuary of 6 rivers: Lamong, Sememi, morphology was observed using a Leica M205C stereo microscope by
Brembung, Manukan, Krembangan, and Mas Rivers. In Lamong Bay, adapting procedures and criteria given in Cole et al. (2013), Hidalgo-
there is also reclamation activity due to loading and unloading cargo Ruz et al. (2012), and Mohamed Nor and Obbard (2014). The particles
and containers, multiuse terminals, and depot containers, as well as were observed to have the following features: particle size of < 5 mm,
waterfront city (Pujiraharjo et al., 2013). Kenjeran Beach is a muddy homogeneous color, no cellular network, and unsegmented and un-
beach that also faces directly to the Madura Strait, and on land, it is branched. Microplastic particles were categorized on the basis of forms
dominated by tourism activities, fisherman residence, and mangrove as fiber, granule, fragment, and foam and on the basis of size as <
ecosystems. Kenjeran Beach waters are also widely used for fishing, 300 μm, 300–500 μm, 500–1000 μm, and > 1000 μm. Microplastic
marine tourism activities, and military training (Kurnia, 2017). The polymer types were identified using a Nicolet™ iS5 FT-IR spectrometer
coastal area of Wonorejo is one of the marine protected areas in East equipped with attenuated total reflection (ATR) diamond crystal ma-
Java with the highest level of damage. Pradana (2014) in Rachmatullah terial. FT-IR was used for polymer analysis because of the ability to
and Idajati (2016) stated that during 2003–2013, mangrove forests on analyze samples directly (Käppler et al., 2015). FT-IR was operated
the coast of Wonorejo decreased by 0.44 ha·year−1. From 2004 to 2009, using the experimental setup described in Käppler et al. (2015), Löder
the mangrove forests were converted into ponds (3.85%), whereas from et al. (2015), and Löder and Gerdts (2015), on single reflection mode
2009 to 2014, this conversion showed a decrease of up to 12.55% and a with 8 cm resolution, in the range of 600 and 3800 cm−1 and 16 scans
change of function of 0.01% due to the presence of residential areas per analysis. Microplastic particles were tested by FT-IR after cleaning
(Rachmatullah and Idajati, 2016). the surface using sterile ethanol (96%). The process of identifying
This study used adaptation procedures reported in previous studies polymer types from microplastic with ATR FT-IR was carried out by
(Masura et al., 2015; Suaria et al., 2017; Thompson et al., 2004; Zhang analyzing the presence of a prominent peak, based on a study from
et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2014). Water samples (20 L) were collected Käppler et al. (2015) and Löder et al. (2015). Scheme identification of
(triplicate) using a sterile HDPE (Nalgene™) bottle at each station. microplastic was performed by band regions 2780–2980 cm−1
These samples were filtered using a 3-inch diameter stainless steel filter (stretching vibrations of CH/CH2/CH3 groups), 1740–1800 cm−1 (C]O
with a mesh (of sizes 5 mm and 200 μm). The filtered water samples stretching vibration), 1670–1760 cm−1 (C]O stretching vibration),
were then transferred to a sterile petri dish, closed using a ParaFilm® 1400–1480 cm−1 (CH2 bending vibration), and 1174–1087 cm−1 (CF2
sealing film, and then stored at 4 ± 2 °C. To control the potential re- stretching vibration) (Käppler et al., 2015; Löder et al., 2015). To avoid
lease of microplastics due to the use of the plastic bottle and sealing contamination, we adopted methods from Nuelle et al. (2014) by
film, we rinsed the container and the film thrice with double-distilled sterilized all the instruments for field and laboratory analysis and ap-
deionized water (DDDW). Under sterile conditions, the sample was plied a procedural blank. DDDW water was used throughout the study
transferred to a test tube and dried at 80–90 °C for 24 h in an oven. procedures.
H2O2 (30%, 3–5 mL; Merck Millipore, Emprove® Essential Medical) was The microplastic abundance in the northern coastal waters of
added to the test tube then heated in a water bath (Shibata waterbath Surabaya ranged from 0.38 to 0.61 N/L, with an average of 0.49 N/L.
WB-6C) at 80 °C for 24–48 h. The purpose of this treatment was to The highest (0.61 N/L) and the lowest (0.38 N/L) microplastic abun-
degrade the organic material and retain the microplastic. The micro- dances were obtained in Lamong Bay waters (Fig. 1). The highest
plastic analysis was categorized on the basis of shape, size, and type of abundance was obtained in LB01, which means that it is closest to the
polymer. The sample was transferred to a filter paper (sterile cellulose land and, in turn, close to the microplastic pollutant point source. The

184
M.R. Cordova, et al. Marine Pollution Bulletin 142 (2019) 183–188

lowest abundance was found in the middle of Lamong Bay waters. This

> 1000 μm

5.861
0.30
0.75
0.60
0.67
0.76
0.44
0.81
0.39
0.42
0.40
0.72
6.26
location is the farthest station from the mainland. Pawar et al. (2016)
and Pedrotti et al. (2016) explained that land and beaches could be a
source of plastic debris. Hardesty and Wilcox (2011) also emphasized
that rivers and highly populated residences are the primary sources of

6.02
3.26
4.53
4.12
3.19
4.81
5.88
4.29
4.81
6.17
4.76
500–1000 μm

48.539
51.84
marine debris.
Microplastic abundance in Kenjeran Beach (0.46–0.55 N/L) and
Wonorejo Beach (0.44–0.53 N/L) was of lower range than that in
Lamong Bay (Fig. 1). This is thought to be related to land activities at

300–500 μm

48.57
5.84
4.57
2.47
5.57
6.04
3.95
4.29
4.52
3.97
4.03
3.32

45.478
each research station. Lamong Bay is surrounded by harbor activities
and settlements. Additionally, the number of rivers that flow into these
waters makes Lamong Bay highly susceptible to pollutants including
microplastics. High population activities on the upstream river and high
shipping activities lead to the entry of microplastics into the waters.

< 300 μm

0.04
0.02
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.122
Boucher and Friot (2017) explained that 98% of microplastics in waters
are a result of onshore activities. The lowest microplastic abundance

Size
was found in Wonorejo Beach, which was allegedly caused by low
community activity. Rachmatullah and Idajati (2016) explained that

Polyester

0.31
0.12
0.51
0.44
0.25
0.13
0.24
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
2.56
2.397
the development of settlements in Wonorejo Beach was started during
2009–2014 with a deviation in the slow category (0.01%). Microplastic
abundance in Kenjeran Beach was suspected because the activity on this

0.150
Polybutadiene

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.16
beach was dominated by the population activities related to plastic use.
Many people in Kenjeran Beach dispose their household waste directly
into the sea because of no temporary landfill (Mega, 2017). Browne
et al. (2011) also explained that pollution levels through septic tanks
and wastewater drainages increase along with increasing urbanization.

PE terephthalate

1.133
0.03
0.00
0.07
0.10
0.02
0.00
0.22
0.32
0.14
0.03
0.28
1.21
The average microplastic abundance in the northern coastal waters
of Surabaya (0.485 N/L) was lower than that found in Pelabuhan Ratu
Beach, West Java (average 0.525 N/L), Indonesia (Hapitasari, 2016).
However, this abundance was higher than that in Ancol Beach, Jakarta
(average 0.406 N/L), and Labuan Beach, Banten (average 0.207 N/L)
Frequency abundance of microplastic in percentage (N/L) according to form types, size range, and polymer types.

0.665
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.56
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.71
Polyurethane

(Hapitasari, 2016). Microplastic abundance in the northern coastal

waters of Surabaya was also lower than that in the Yellow Sea, China
(average 130 N/L) (Sun et al., 2018), Têt Waters, Mediterranean Sea
(average 180 N/L), and the Rhône Waters, Mediterranean Sea (average
190 N/L) (Constant et al., 2018). Microplastic characteristics were

20.08
1.77
0.80
1.02
1.58
2.46
1.57
3.61
1.11
1.36
3.45
1.35
Polypropylene

18.801
evaluated according to forms of microplastic, types of polymer, and size
ranges of microplastic. The results of identification showed that mi-
croplastics in the northern coastal waters of Surabaya have four forms,
four size ranges, and seven polymer types (Table 1). The microplastic
forms are fibers (3.324%), fragments (34.513%), granules (3.727%),
4.12
2.18
1.55
2.47
2.41
1.77
1.50
0.73
0.99
0.56
1.39
Polyethylene

18.418
19.67
and foams (58.436%). Size ranges obtained were < 300 μm (0.122%),
300–500 μm (45.478%), 500–1000 μm (48.539%), and > 1000 μm
(5.861%). The types of polymers obtained were polystyrene (58.436%),
polyethylene (18.418%), polypropylene (18.801%), polyurethane
Polymer type

5.96
5.50
4.45
5.81
4.86
5.17
5.38
6.73
6.52
6.40
5.63

58.436
Polystyrene

62.41

(0.665%), PE terephthalate (1.133%), polybutadiene (0.150%), and

polyester (2.397%).
Among the form types, foams were the dominant form in all sta-
tions, followed by fragments, then granules, and then fibers (Table 1).
5.96
5.50
4.45
5.81
4.86
5.17
5.38
6.73
6.52
6.40
5.63

58.436
62.41

Foams were the result of fragments or pieces of Styrofoam (Tanaka and

Foam

Takada, 2016) or sponge and foam floats (Zhou et al., 2018). Fragments
are pieces of plastic products with strong plastic polymers, such as
0.57
0.35
0.26
0.70
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.02
3.98
Granule

3.727
Microplastic abundance (N/L)

beverage bottles and plastic gallons (Tanaka and Takada, 2016). Fibers
were derived from broken fishing lines, plastic ropes, and synthetic
fabrics (textile materials) (Kingfisher, 2011; Zhou et al., 2018). Gran-
Fragment

36.86
4.78
2.35
2.36
3.45
4.29
3.40
4.87
2.13
2.36
3.86
3.01

34.513

ules were formed as an air-blasting ingredient, facial and hand

cleansers, and cosmetic scrubbers (Cole et al., 2011; Derraik, 2002;
Fendall and Sewell, 2009).
The domination of foams and fragments in the northern coastal
3.324
0.89
0.40
0.53
0.44
0.35
0.13
0.25
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
3.55
Form

Fiber

waters of Surabaya indicated that the microplastics in waters are the

result of a waste of the population activities. A contrasting result was
found in the Rhône and Têt Water in the Mediterranean Sea, which was
Station

WC01
WC02
WC03
KB01
KB02
KB03
LB01
LB02
LB03
LB04
LB05

dominated by fibers (60–70%) and a small number of foams and films

Total (N/L)

(3–5%) (Constant et al., 2018). However, a similar result of micro-

Table 1

10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

plastic type was found in the Northern Ionian Sea, Mediterranean Sea,
No.

which was dominated by fragments (99.7–100%) in the form of pellets,

185
M.R. Cordova, et al. Marine Pollution Bulletin 142 (2019) 183–188

697,04
0,12

0,11

0,10

0,09

0,08

1492,07
Ab s or ba nc e
0,07

0,06

1451,74

754,43
0,05

0,04

1027,81
2919,91

858,43
0,03

3025,11
0,02

0,01

0,00
400 0 350 0 300 0 250 0 200 0 150 0 100 0 500
W av enu mber s ( c m- 1)

0,01 6

875,07
0,01 4

716,00
1165,85

840,57
0,01 2
2915,92

997,80
0,01 0
2950,01

641,39
808,03
1098,63
Ab s or ba nc e

972,21
0,00 8
2837,52

0,00 6

0,00 4

0,00 2

0,00 0

- 0,002

400 0 350 0 300 0 250 0 200 0 150 0 100 0 500

W av enu mber s ( c m- 1)
1466,94

0,04 0

0,03 5

0,03 0
2914,90

876,07

715,89

0,02 5
Ab s or ba nc e

858,36
2847,73

1036,63

0,02 0

0,01 5

0,01 0

0,00 5

0,00 0

- 0,005
400 0 350 0 300 0 250 0 200 0 150 0 100 0 500
W av enu mber s ( c m- 1)

Fig. 2. FTIR spectra show the presence of a prominent peak of microplastics collected from the northern coastal waters of Surabaya.

186
M.R. Cordova, et al. Marine Pollution Bulletin 142 (2019) 183–188

pieces of Styrofoam, and films (Digka et al., 2018). The high abundance stations (Table 1) Polystyrene was dominant compared to other
of microplastics in the northern coastal waters of Surabaya needs more polymer types presumably because the microplastics in the study area
attention because of the high risk of aquatic or terrestrial organisms are the result of the degradation of the community's large waste ac-
consuming these microplastics. A study by Güven et al. (2017) proved tivities (secondary microplastics). This condition describes the dom-
that the intestine and stomach of some Mediterranean Sea fish contain inance of foams compared to granules (primary microplastics). More-
microplastics. Boerger et al. (2010) also found that fish in North Pacific over, polystyrene is a type of polymer plastic that is most widely used in
Central Gyre consume microplastics of an average size of 1–2.79 mm. everyday products (Garrigós et al., 2004; Halland, 2017). The density of
This microplastic size increases as the fish's size increases. Eerkes- polystyrene, which is higher than water density, also resulted in the
Medrano et al. (2015) and Rochman et al. (2013) found that Oryzias presence of more polystyrene in waters (Halland, 2017; Oladejo, 2017).
latipes (Japanese medaka fish) eats small (< 0.5 mm) polyethylene We established that microplastics are present in the northern coastal
fragments. Similarly, Avio et al. (2017) also observed microplastics of waters of Surabaya. The abundance of microplastics in the northern
size 100–1000 μm in fish in Giglio Island. In Indonesia, Cordova and coastal waters of Surabaya was0.38 to 0.61 N/L, with an average of
Riani (n.d.) stated that 75% lead-head fish (Aplocheilus sp.) from the 0.49 N/L. The highest and the lowest abundances of microplastics were
Ciliwung River had consumed microplastics mostly of the size found in Lamong Bay waters. In general, analysis of the microplastic
300–500 μm. characteristics showed that foams (58.44%) were the dominant form
The domination of microplastics in this size range indicates the with size ranges of 500–1000 μm (48.54%) and 300–500 μm (45.48%),
condition of microplastic particles that have not been degraded for a and polystyrene was the dominant type of polymer in all stations
long time. Microplastics of size ranges 500–1000 μm (48.54%) and (58.44%). This result could be used to reduce the amount of micro-
300–500 μm (45.48%) were found dominant in all stations (Table 1). plastics present in the seafood and human intake. We suggest con-
This result is confirmed by Troyer (2015) who also found differences in ducting further comprehensive assessments as effect studies.
microplastic size distributions, which indicate that large-sized micro-
plastics have not deteriorated enough. The difference in microplastic Acknowledgment
size distribution is because of the influence of the hydrodynamic con-
ditions (Troyer, 2015), wind speed (Kukulka et al., 2012), and the The research is part of the study “Response of biota (bioindicators)
presence of bio-fouling (Pedrotti et al., 2016). as a health proxy of marine ecosystems to anthropogenic activities”
The microplastic size range found in this study is greater than that financed by DIPA–Indonesian Institute of Sciences in 2017 (B-303/
along the Belgian Scheldt River (15–320 μm) (Troyer, 2015), but it is IPK.2/KP.06/I/2018) and research on “Marine Debris Studies and its
almost similar to that found in the Ligurian Sea, North West Medi- Impacts on Marine Ecosystems” financed by Coral Reef Rehabilitation
terranean Sea, which is 300–2000 μm (Pedrotti et al., 2016). Pedrotti and Management Project (COREMAP) 2018 (B-254/IPK.2/SK/I/2017).
et al. (2016) also showed that the abundance of small-sized microplastic The author thanks Triyoni Purbonegoro, M.Sc, as the Bioindicators
was higher closer to the mainland. This result was suspected because 2017 research coordinator and Eston Matondang (deceased) who
large microplastics can be preferably exported onto beaches through helped the process in the laboratory. We want to thank the anonymous
collision (Digka et al., 2018). The gap between microplastic sizes reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments that sig-
(< 300 μm and > 300 μm) was studied by Cózar et al. (2015) and nificantly contributed to the manuscript. We thank editor (Bruce J.
Pedrotti et al. (2016). This gap occurs because changes in the micro- Richardson, Ph.D.) for providing helpful comments on earlier drafts of
plastic size are the result of an accumulation of gradual plastic losses, the manuscript and professionally edited the quality of the English
which progressively transferred by fragmentation toward the small- before publication. MRC designed the study and analyzed the data with
sized category (Cózar et al., 2015). help from AISP and YS. MRC, AISP, and YS contributed to the writing of
Fig. 2 shows three examples of the FTIR spectra from the dominant the manuscript. All authors discussed the results, provided critical
polymer (polystyrene/PS, polypropylene/PP, and polyethylene/PE) of feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and commented on
microplastics found in the northern coastal waters of Surabaya. PS the manuscript.
sample showed a prominent peak at wavenumber 3025 cm−1 corre-
sponding to aromatic CeH stretching vibrations (Syakti et al., 2017); at Appendix A. Supplementary data
wavenumber 2919 cm−1 indicating CeH stretching, symmetrical vi-
brations, and asymmetrical stretching (Fotopoulou and Karapanagioti, Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the
2015; Käppler et al., 2015; Löder et al., 2015); and at wavenumbers online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.
1451 and 1492 cm−1 indicating aromatic CeH bond stretching vibra- 040. These data include the Google map of the most important areas
tions (Fotopoulou and Karapanagioti, 2015; Syakti et al., 2017). In the described in this article.
PP sample, significant peak appeared at wavenumbers 2837, 2867,
2915, and 2950 cm−1, indicating stretching vibrations of CH2 and References
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