Physical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice

Third Edition
PHYSICAL
METALLURGY
Principles and Practice
Nanocrystalline
Stress
Coarse grained
Strain
V. Raghavan
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
PHYSICAL
METALLURGY
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
[Third Edition]
V. RAGHAVAN
Formerly Professor
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Delhi-110092
2016
PHYSICAL METALLURGY: Principles and Practice, Third Edition
V. Raghavan
© 2016 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this
book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN-978-81-203-5170-7
The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Twenty-fifth Printing (Third Edition) " " " October, 2015
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House,

111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mohan Makhijani
at Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi-110020.
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Preface to the First Edition xi
Physical Constants xiii
Conversion Factors xv
1. STRUCTURE OF METALS AND ALLOYS 1–28

1.1 Nature of Metallic Bonding 1
1.2 Crystal Structures of Metals 2
1.3 Structure of Alloys 10
1.4 Imperfections in Crystals 14
1.5 Experimental Study of Structure 22
Suggested Readings 27
Questions 27
2. PHASE DIAGRAMS 29–64

2.1 The Phase Rule 29
2.2 Binary Phase Diagrams 30
2.3 Free Energy Composition Curves for Binary Systems 37
2.4 Microstructural Changes during Cooling 40
2.5 The Iron Carbon Equilibrium Diagram 42
2.6 Effect of Alloying Elements on the Fe-C Diagram 46
2.7 The Copper-Zinc Phase Diagram 51
2.8 Ternary Phase Diagrams 52
2.9 Quaternary Phase Diagrams 57
2.10 Experimental Determination of Phase Diagrams 58
Questions 64
3. PHASE CHANGES 65–99

3.1 Types of Phase Changes 65
3.2 Diffusion in Solids 66
3.3 Nucleation and Growth Kinetics 67
3.4 Solidification 71
3.5 Pearlitic Transformations 79
v
vi Contents
3.6 Bainitic Transformations 83

3.7 Martensitic Transformations 84
3.8 Precipitation and Age Hardening 92
3.9 Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth 96
Questions 99
4. HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS 100–126

4.1 The T-T-T Diagrams 100
4.2 The C-C-T Diagrams 104
4.3 Function of Alloying Elements 106
4.4 Formation of Austenite 107
4.5 Typical Heat Treatment Processes 109
4.6 Hardenability 112
4.7 Quench Cracks 119
4.8 Case Hardening 122
Questions 126
5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 127–160

5.1 The Tensile Test 127
5.2 Plastic Deformation Mechanisms 134
5.3 Methods of Strengthening Metals against Yield 137
5.4 Creep Resistance 143
5.5 Fracture 147
5.6 Fatigue Failures 153
Questions 159
6. CORROSION AND ITS PREVENTION 161–184

6.1 The Galvanic Cell 161
6.2 The Electrode Potentials 164
6.3 Polarization 167
6.4 Passivation 169
6.5 General Methods of Corrosion Prevention 172
6.6 Cathodic Protection 173
6.7 Coatings 175
6.8 Corrosion Prevention by Alloying 177
6.9 Stress Corrosion Cracking 179
Questions 183
Contents vii
7. ENGINEERING ALLOYS 185–225

7.1 Steel Specifications 185
7.2 Low Carbon Steels 188
7.3 Mild Steels 191
7.4 Medium Carbon Steels 195
7.5 High Strength Structural Steels 197
7.6 Tool Materials 199
7.7 Stainless Steels 203
7.8 High Temperature Alloys 205
7.9 Cast Irons 207
7.10 The Light Alloys 213
7.11 Copper and Its Alloys 218
7.12 Bearing Alloys 223
Questions 225
8. NANOMATERIALS 226–238
8.1 Characteristics of the Nanorange 226
8.2 Processing of Nanomaterials 228
8.3 Phase Diagrams for Nanosized Alloy Particles 229
8.4 Mechanical Properties of Nanomaterials 231
8.5 Other Properties and Applications 235
Questions 238
INDEX 239–244
PREFACE
In the Third Edition, as an important update, a new chapter on ‘Nanomaterials’

(Chapter 8) has been added. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials cover many
disciplines such as physical metallurgy, materials science, physics, chemistry,
biology, mechanical and electrical engineering and medicine. This chapter of
limited scope and length, discusses how and why the properties of conventional
materials outlined in earlier chapters get modified in the nanorange. As may be
needed, the teacher is free to include a brief account of the nanostate, when
discussing individual properties of conventional materials from earlier chapters.
The author wishes to thank the editorial and production team of PHI Learning
for their assistance and support in bringing out this edition.
V. RAGHAVAN
ix
Physical Metallurgy: Principles And
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Third Edition

Twenty-fifth Printing (Third Edition) " " " October, 2015

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House,

1. STRUCTURE OF METALS AND ALLOYS 1–28

2. PHASE DIAGRAMS 29–64

3. PHASE CHANGES 65–99

3.6 Bainitic Transformations 83

4. HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS 100–126

5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 127–160

6. CORROSION AND ITS PREVENTION 161–184

7. ENGINEERING ALLOYS 185–225

In the Third Edition, as an important update, a new chapter on ‘Nanomaterials’

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120351707 Author : RAGHAVAN, V.

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/7735

Get this eBook

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