Report Writing Skills

Assignment # 03

Department of Electrical Engineering

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Abbottabad
 Title of the Report:

The Digital Divide between Lahore and DG Khan

Student Detail

Prepared by: Registration Number:

1. Farman Ullah FA17-EPE-119
2. Gul Zada FA17-EPE-120
3. Muhammad Musa FA17-EPE-130
4. Shahzeb Khan Mahsud FA16-EPE-023
5. Ahmad yar FA17-EPE-060

Class: 7Th Semester

Section: 7C

Date of submission: 26-11-2020

Prepared For: Sir Muhammad Mudassir Feroz

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 Table of Content

Table of Content................................................................................................................................
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................4
a. Background Information.......................................................................................................4
b. Statement of the Problem/Purpose.........................................................................................5
c. Significance of the Study ......................................................................................................5
d. Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................5
e. Limitations of the Study .......................................................................................................6
2. Review of Related Literature.......................................................................................................6
3. Methods of the Study...................................................................................................................7
4. Results andDiscussion.................................................................................................................8
4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................8

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 4.2 Findings................................................................................................................................8
4.2.1 Infrastructure..............................................................................................................8
4.2.2 Access......................................................................................................................10
4.2.3 Technology............................................................................................................122
5. Conclusion........................................................................................................................122
6. Recommendations.............................................................................................................132
7. References.........................................................................................................................133
8. Appendix A.......................................................................................................................144

The Digital Divide between Lahore and DG Khan

Executive Summary:

The purpose of writing this report was to highlight the digital divide between

Lahore and Dera Ghazi Khan on the basis of two indicators Infrastructure, Access and

technology. In infrastructure we discussed about the public utility, communication etc.

infrastructure while in access indicator we use education and age factor for the evaluation. We

found that DG Khan is deprived in every aspect than Lahore. And reason of this depreciation is

the unequal distribution of rights.

Introduction to the Study

1. Introduction

Scientists has been working for new technology for centuries, in order to facilitate

humanity. But during past few decades, technology grow very fast in few cities/countries,

leaving other cities/countries behind. Same thing happen in Pakistan, some cities become
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advance in science and technology lagging behind other cities, technology may in the form of

internet, mobiles, computers etc. These small things make deprived cities feel inferior to

developed cities. So, we have to end this digital divide which may cause the separation of

deprived areas from entire state which is very sensitive issue to talk on.

a. Background Information

Here are few things that need to be explained first i.e. Access, Infrastructure, Technology.

In access there are few sub-heading

1) Age Factor 2) Education

Digital depends upon the age factor and population, because lager the population in a particular

city is due to the provided facilities and vice versa. Education factor is also important for the

digital divide, because larger the literacy rate more will be probability of not being digitally

deprived city and vice versa.

In infrastructure, we count the public institutes, communication and mass transit.

More the developed infrastructure the city will be more digitally developed city and vice versa.

In the end, mainly the use of technology also contribute to the city of being digitally developed.

If there is more the usage of technology more the city will digitally developed.

b. Statement Problem

The purpose of this study is to highlight the digital divide between Lahore and DG Khan and

solution to this problem.

c. Significance of the study

It is very difficult to analyse that which part of country need more attention and which parts need

less. The benefit of this study is, if the digital difference is highlighted then it will be easy to

determine which areas or country / state need more attention. And this also prevent the civil war

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for resources between provinces / cities and hence we can prevent country from major internal

loss as done in 1971 (we lost part of Pakistan as Bangladesh).

d. Scope of Study

This report is limited to only two cities of Pakistan i.e.

 Lahore (A comparatively developed city)

 Dera Ghazi Khan (A comparatively deprived city)

Moreover it also limited in another perspective i.e. on the basis of three indicators of Digital

Divide

 Access

 Infrastructure

 Technology

Facts and figures are taken from very authentic sources and are of 2014 and 1996, there

references are given in the end.

e. Limitations of Study

This study has few limitations. It means that this report is based only on the few

indicators of Digital Divide i.e.

 Access

 Infrastructure

 Technology

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This might be possible that the city which is declared as deprived digitally will better than

digitally developed city in other areas of study. So it is advised to study this case only in

mentioned areas of study.

2. Review of Related Literature

Kathyrn Zickuhr (2012), a Pew Internet Research specialist says, “While increase in internet

usage and mobile connectivity has decreased the technology gap, but there are still some areas

which are digitally deprived”. He conducted a survey of 2000 Americans in order to find the

difference between those who use internet and those who don’t via cell phone or by any other

medium. According to him:

 One in five American adults don’t use internet.

 88% of American adults have cell phones, 57% have Laptops, 19% have tablet

 The reason why American don’t go online is they don’t think internet is relevant to them

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 Fig 1. Internet Adoption 1995-2011

3. Method of Study

o Explanation and use of data source e (both primary and secondary)

Data for this study is collected from online reported / conducted surveys by FAFEN, Survey of

Pakistan (govt. institute of Pakistan for conducting surveys). Collected data is used to deduce the

report results. References to these sites are given in the references section of report. From

FAFEN data related to infrastructure is taken, while from Survey of Pakistan data related to

Education, Population, Geography, Incomes, Age Factor are taken. Moreover, a survey was

conducted in DG Khan and Lahore cities. We distributed 100 questionnaire to people of Lahore

and DG Khan (50 each) and there results are used in this report. Questionnaire is attached in

Appendix.

o Sample Selection

In this report, latest data available about a particular field is taken. For example

data about education is of 2014 on the other hand, data related to mass transit and

communication is of 1996.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Introduction

This study was designed to determine the digital divide between Lahore and DG

Khan (Two cities of Punjab, Pakistan). Facts and Figures are taken from FAFEN and Survey of

Pakistan. This section includes Findings and Conclusion.

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4.2. Findings

The findings will be discussed in three parts:

4.2.1. Infrastructure

As discussed earlier infrastructure means the public institutes available and their

condition, Mass transit, Mass communication etc. Now let’s discuss on the basis of airports

available in both cities.

Sr No. Airport Province Status Commencement

1 Karachi Sindh International 1947
2 Islamabad Federal International 1947
3 Lahore Punjab International 1947
4 DG Khan Punjab Domestic 1995
Table1. Airport in Pakistan with their status and commencement

We can see that, International airport was built in Lahore in 1947, while in DG

Khan Airport was built in 1995 which was not International. We can clearly observe the digital

divide due to airport between Lahore and Dg Khan.

Now we will discuss on the basis of the Telephone lines present in both cities,

Sr No. Telecom Region Exchanges No. Installed Capacity Working Connections

1 Karachi I & II 91 828794 643092

2 Lahore I & II 46 497564 403968
3 Islamabad 30 210839 178961
4 Central 133 143067 89125
Table 2. Telephone lines and their capacity in regions of Pakistan

Only in Lahore district there were 46 exchanges in 1996 with capacity of 497564 on the other

hand in the Central Pakistan which comprises of several districts including DG Khan at that time

only have 133 telephone exchanges with capacity of only 143067. Here also we can clearly see

the digital divide between assumed cities.

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 Coming towards the public utility infrastructure development, they may include

public libraries, school, colleges and other public institutes. There is a huge difference between

Lahore and DG Khan as shown in the Fig 2.

Public Uti lity

100 2011 2014
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Lahore Karachi Islamabad DG Khan

Fig 2. Comparison of Public Utility Infrastructure Sub-Index (PUI)

4.2.2. Access

4.2.2.1. Age Factor

Let’s discuss the Access on the basis of Age Factor. Because larger the number of

youth, there will more chances of that city to be developed. Because youth is the backbone of

any state or country, so importance of age factor in digital divide between two cities cannot

be denied. Let’s see the age factors of Lahore and DG Khan.

Age Factor Males(18-49) Males (Other) Females (18-49) Female (Other)

Population 3360439 1986921 3430266 2348659
Table 3. Population of Lahore (Age wise)

Age Factor Males(18-49) Males (Other) Females (18-49) Female (Other)

Population 798698 570451 798698 623325
Table 4. Population of DG Khan (Age wise)

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 Here is the graphical view of these ages:
DG
Lahore
Khan
In population factor we can

Under
Under 1818
Males
Males clearly see that Lahore is more developed
28% 20%
18%
31% Under
Under 1818
Females
Females
Adult
AdultMales
Males than DG Khan. If there is more population in
21%
22% Adult
AdultFemales
Females
31%
30% a particular area then it means there will be

more facilities and that is why it is attracted

by the people.

4.2.2.2. Education

Let’s discuss the Access on the basis of Education. Because larger the number of

educated people, there will more chances of that city to be developed. Because educated people

prefer to use advance technology and meet the requirements of modern era, so importance of

education in digital divide between two cities cannot be denied. The given statistics shows that

DG Khan is deprived in education than Lahore so this access point is week for DG Khan and

here DG Khan is digitally deprived city than Lahore.

City Literacy rate Literacy rate Total Literacy RATE

Males (%) FEMALES (%) (%)
Rawalpindi 92.4 87.9 90.1
Lahore 82.4 80 81.2
DG Khan 69 52.2 60.9
Table 5. Literacy rates of some of cities of Punjab, Pakistan

4.2.3. Technology

Technology is the main factor in order to declare a city deprived or developed. So

we find the results by conducting a survey in Lahore and DG Khan (50 each). The age of people

under observation is 18-30 Years. Here are the results of conducted survey:

Access to Access to Access to 3G 4G Smart city

Phone Internet Laptop Technology Technology

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Lahore Yes (98%) Yes (83%) Yes (70%) Yes (98%) Yes (81%) Yes (100%)

DG Khan Yes (76%) Yes (62%) Yes (38%) Yes (78%) Yes (53%) No (100%)

Table 6. Access to Technology to people (18-30 years) in Lahore and DG Khan

So here too, DG Khan is digitally deprived city. As people has less access to technology compare

to citizens of Lahore.

5. Conclusion

So the conclusion according to the findings of study, is that DG Khan is digitally

very deprived city than Lahore. The reason is the facilities that are provided in Lahore and not

available in DG Khan, which is happening for previous few decades. Infrastructure and

Technology are two main elements in which it is digitally deprived than Lahore. Not only DG

Khan there are many other cities which are digitally deprived than Lahore. And this is due to

only the interest of our stake holders in Lahore than in any other city.

6. Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion the following recommendations are made:

i. All cities should be given equal rights.

ii. Additional research must be done before investing in a particular city.

iii. Such actions must not be done from which a city can feel its inferiority.

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7. References

Kathryn Zickuhr, Aaron Smith. “Digital Differences. ” Pew Research Center’s Internet,

November 2011, 3-10.

Statistics, Pakistan Bauru, “Transport and Communication.” 50 Years Statistics, August 1997,

2-28.

Govt. of Punjab, “Literacy and Education.” Govt, of Punjab, January 2014, 5-14.

UMT Journals, “Infrastructure Development in Punjab, Pakistan: From

Assessment to Spatiotemporal Analysis at District Level” UMT Journals, March

2013.

8. Appendices

Survey for Access to Technology

(Conducted by Students of COMSATS)

Name: _______________________ Age: ___________________

City: Lahore / DG Khan

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Instruction: It is informed that the inputs will used to make a valid report. This might be helpful

for the development in your city. So make sure you entered correct inputs. Only tick mark the

appropriate answer. Thanks in anticipation.

QUESTION YES NO

DID YOU HAVE MOBILE

PHONE?

DO YOU HAVE LAPTOP /

PC?
DO YOU HAVE ACCES TO
INTERNET?
DID YOUR AREA SUPPORT
3G TECHNOLOGY?
DID YOUR AREA SUPPORT
4G TECHNOLOGY?
DID YOUR CITY HAVE
SMART CITY PROJECT
Thanks for participating, we value your input!!!

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