Mid-semester Examination AE 240/713/240M Thursday February 27, 2020

Weightage: 20% Time: 1100 – 1300 Hrs. Venue: LC301/LC302

Examination is closed Notes/Books. Only Calculator is permitted.
Model Solutions

Q.1 (a) Derive the expressions for V, (m/m0), ‘t’ and ‘x’ in respect of constant specific thrust (T = n0g)
gravity turn manoeuvre for the degenerate case of n0 = 1, using the following equations of motion. (Assume
constant sea-level gravity and zero drag. g0 = 9.81 m/s2). (4)

& 0 I sp
mg g sin θ dx
V& = − − g 0 cos θ ; θ& = 0 ; = V sin θ
m V dt

V& dV g0V (1 − cos θ ) dV cos θ 1

V& = g 0 (1 − cos θ ) → & = = → = − dθ +  dθ
θ dθ g 0 sin θ V sin θ sin θ

dV d (sin θ ) 1 sec
2 θ tan(θ 2)
 V = −  sin θ +  2 tan θ 2 dθ → ln V = ln cosecθ + ln tan(θ 2) + C ; V = k sin θ
2

V = k ' 1 + tan 2 θ  = k 'sec 2 θ ; k ' = V0 cos 2  0  ;

θ Vdθ 1 k 'sec
2 θ
( )
 ( )2  ( ) 2  2
2
 dt =  g0 sin θ + C = g0  sin θ dθ + C
k '  sec ( 2 )
 θ
2  θb
2ln ( tan (θ ) ) + sec (θ ) 
k' 
t=  + sec ( ) tan ( ) dθ + C → ∆t =
θ 2 θ 2
   2 
2g 0
 tan ( 2)
θ 2 2

2 g 2
0 θ0

 1 
dm 1 1  m0   1  m − ∆t
 I sp  dx
 m I sp 
= − dt → ln m = −
I sp
t + C ; ln   = 

 m   I sp 


∆ t ;
m0
= e  
;
dt
= V sin θ

1 k '2 k '2
 dx =
g0 
V 2
d θ =
g0 
sec 4 θ
2 ( )
d θ ; ∆ x =
g0 
( )
sec 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ  dθ
2  ( )2 
k '2  2 θ 2
 = k '  2 tan θ + 2 tan 3 θ 
θb
∆x =
g0  
sec
2
d ( )
θ + tan 2 θ
2
sec 2 θ
2( ) ( )
d θ
θ0 g0  2 3 ( )
2  ( )
(b) A sounding rocket is launched at an angle of 60o from the local horizon with an initial velocity of 100m/s
and n0 = 1, and travels till it becomes parallel to local horizon of launch point. Determine the time taken and
the velocity achieved at this point. Also, how much fraction of propellant (mp/m0) having Isp = 250s will be
needed to complete the manoeuvre? (Use relations derived in (a) above as applicable.) (3)

V0 = 100m / s; θ 0 = 30o ; θb = 90o ; I sp = 300s; k ' = V0 cos2  0  = 100 × 0.93 = 93

θ

 2 
k' 93
( )
V = k 'sec 2 45o = 186m / s; ∆t =
2 g0
[2(0 + 0.549) + (2 − 1.333)] =
2 × 9.81
×1.765 = 8.36s

 1 
m0  ×8.36 mp
= e 250  = 1.034; = 0.033
mb m0

Q.2 A two-stage rocket is required to achieve a V* of 10000 m/s. Both stages use ε of 0.15. However, ‘Isp’
of stages I and II are 200s and 400s respectively.

(a) Determine πi’s of each stage, using the approximate constrained optimization method for maximizing π*
and also obtain its value. (Hint: Use following relations as needed. Use constraint to express π1 in terms of
π2. Also search for solution of π2 in the range of 0.025 and 0.030). (4)

ln π * = ln π1 + ln π 2 ; V* = − g 0  I sp1 ln (ε1 + {1 − ε1} π1 ) + I sp 2 ln (ε 2 + {1 − ε 2 } π 2 ) ; g 0 = 9.81m / s 2

 10000
V* = 10000m / s; ε = 0.15; I sp1 = 200 s; I sp 2 = 400 s; ln [ 0.15 + 0.85π 1 ] = − − 2 × ln [ 0.15 + 0.85π 2 ]
200 × 9.81
0.00719
ln ( 0.15 + 0.85π 2 ) ( 0.15 + 0.85π 1 )  = −5.0968; π 1 =
2
− 0.1765
  ( 0.15 + 0.85π )
2
2

 0.00719  ∂π * 0.00719 0.0122

π* =  2
− 0.1765 × π 2 ; = 2
− 0.1765 − π 2 × 3
=0
 ( 0.15 + 0.85π 2 )  ∂π 2 ( 0.15 + 0.85π 2 ) ( 0.15 + 0.85π 2 )
3
0.00719 ( 0.15 + 0.85π 2 ) − 0.1765 ( 0.15 + 0.85π 2 ) − 0.0122π 2 = 0
15.08π 23 + 7.979π 22 + 2.246π 2 − 0.067 = 0 → π 2 = 0.0271; π1 = 0.0636; π * = 0.0017

(b) If the payload mass, m* is 2 Tons, determine the lift-off mass, m0, total mass of each of the two stages as
well as respective structural and propellant masses. (Hint: Use standard definitions of π and ε.) (3)

m*
π 2 = 0.028; π 1 = 0.061; π * = 0.0017; m0 = = 1161Tons
π*
mp 2 m p1 m*
+1 = + 1 = 6.667; 0.028 = → ms 2 + m p 2 = 69.4 → ms 2 = 10.4T ; m p 2 = 59.0T
ms 2 ms1 ms 2 + m p 2 + m*
71.4
0.061 = → ms1 + m p1 = 1099T → ms1 = 164.8T ; m p1 = 934.1T
71.4 + ms1 + m p1

Q.3 (a) Derive the expression for the propellant trade-off ratios, (δm*/δmpi) for both the stages of a two-stage
rocket. (3)
Hint: Use the following relations as applicable.
N N N m 
m0i = m* + m pi + msi +  (m sj + m pj ); m fi = m* + msi +  (m sj + m pj ); V* = g 0  I spi ln  0 i
 m fi 
j = i +1 j =i +1 i =1  

m01 m
V* = g 0 I sp1 ln + g 0 I sp 2 ln 02 ; m01 = m* + ms1 + m p1 + ms 2 + m p 2
mf 1 mf 2
m f 1 = m* + ms1 + ms 2 + m p 2 ; m02 = m* + ms 2 + m p 2 ; m f 2 = m* + ms 2
 ∂V* 
δ m*  ∂m pi   1 
=−
∂V*
; = g 0 I sp1  − 0
δ m pi  ∂V*  ∂m p1  m01 
 ∂m* 

∂V*  1 1   1 
= g 0 I sp1  −  + g 0 I sp 2  − 0
∂m p 2  m01 m f 1 
   m02 
 ∂V*   1 
  I sp1  
δ m* ∂m p1   m01 
|dV =0 − =−
δ m p1 *
 ∂V*   1 1   1 1 
 ∂m  I  −  + I  − 
 * sp1  m01 m f 1  sp 2  m02 m f 2
   

 ∂V*   1 1   1 
I sp1  −  + I sp 2  
 ∂m p 2   m01 m f 1 
δ m*     m02 
| =− =−
δ m p 2 dV* =0  ∂V*   1 1   1 1 
 ∂m  I  −  + I  − 
 * sp 1  m01 m f 1  sp 2
   m02 m f 2 
(b) Consider a two-stage rocket with the following configuration.

m p1 mp 2
= = 0.92; ms1 = 4450 kg ; I sp1 = 253s; ms 2 = 451kg ; I sp 2 = 280 s; m* = 2065kg
m p1 + ms1 m p 2 + ms 2

If the second stage fuel Isp is changed to 300s, how much additional payload can be carried, assuming ideal
burnout velocity to be constant? (Hint: all mass values remain same. Use the relations developed in (a)
above, as applicable). (3)

m p1 mp 2
= = 0.92; ms1 = 4450 kg ; I sp1 = 253s; ms 2 = 451kg ; I sp 2 = 280 s; m* = 2065kg
m p1 + ms1 m p 2 + ms 2
 1 1   1 
 ∂V*  I sp1  −  + I sp 2 
   
δ m* ∂m p 2   m01 m f 1   m02 
|dV* =0 = −  =− ; m p1 = 51175kg ; m p 2 = 5186.5kg
δ mp 2  ∂V*   1 1   1 1 
 ∂m*  I sp1  −  + I sp 2  − 
 m
 01 m f 1   m02 m f 2 
m01 = 63327.5kg ; m02 = 7702.5kg ; m f 1 = 12150.5kg ; m f 2 = 2516kg
δ m* 253 ( 0.000016 − 0.000082 ) + 280 ( 0.00013 ) 0.0197
|dV =0 I sp 2 = 280
=− = = 0.216
δ mp 2 *
253 ( 0.000016 − 0.000082 ) + 280 ( 0.00013 − 0.000397 ) 0.0912
δ m* 253 ( 0.000016 − 0.000082 ) + 300 ( 0.00013 ) 0.0223
|dV =0 I sp 2 = 300
=− = = 0.236
δ mp 2 *
253 ( 0.000016 − 0.000082 ) + 300 ( 0.00013 − 0.000397 ) 0.0945
δ m* = (0.236 − 0.216) × 5186.5 = 103.6kg

Note: Solutions, based on Isp related derivative or other consistent methodology, in the context of question,
are also admissible, as long as solutions are close to the above value.

PAPER ENDS