Ar8803 Urban Housing

ACADEMIC NOTES | AR8803 – URBAN HOUSING
CONTENTS
SYLLABUS .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING AND HOUSING ISSUES IN INDIA .............................................................................. 3
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
HOUSING STANDARDS ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN ............................................................................................................................. 3
UNIT–I |INTRODUCTIONTO HOUSING ANDHOUSINGISSUES -INDIAN CONTEXT........................................................................... 4
HOUSING & ITS IMPORTANCE IN ARCHITECTURE:....................................................................................................... 4
HOUSING - NEIGHBORHOOD AND CITY PLANNING ...................................................................................................... 4
NEED FOR HOUSING .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
HOUSING SHORTAGE: ................................................................................................................................................................. 5
HOUSING DEMAND & SUPPLY: PRESENT CONTEXT ..................................................................................................... 6
Affordable Housing - 'Housing for All by 2022’ ................................................................................................................ 7
NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Salient features of NHP ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
HOUSING AGENCIES & THEIR ROLE IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................ 9
State Level Organization for Housing ................................................................................................................................ 12
2. Tamilnadu Slum Clearance Board .................................................................................................................................. 12
HOUSING POLICIES & SCHEMES IN INDIA ...................................................................................................................... 15
IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE:............................................................................................................................ 19
RURAL HOUSING, PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING ....................................................................................... 22
Housing conditions .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING .................................................................................................................................................. 26
UNIT–II | SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ....................................................................................................................................... 27
SOCIAL FACTORS: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 27
SLUMS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
SQUATTING .................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
SLUM CLEARANCE..................................................................................................................................................................... 32
SLUM UPGRADATION............................................................................................................................................................... 33
EQUITY IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT - SITES & SERVICES SCHEME:................................................................. 34
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ............................................................................................................................................. 37
RAJIV AWAS YOJANA CRIME PREVENTION.................................................................................................................... 39
HEALTH PRINCIPLES IN HOUSING..................................................................................................................................... 42
UNIT – III | HOUSING STANDARDS .............................................................................................................................................. 44
UDPFI – Urban Development Plan Formulation & Implementation Guidelines. ............................................. 44
SECOND MASTER PLAN FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA, 2026 .............................................................. 62
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR HOUSING................................................................................................................. 81
www.rvschennai.edu.in Page 1
METHODOLOGY FOR ARRIVING STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL AREAS........................................................ 83
UNIT – IV | SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 85
SITE PLANNING / DESIGN PROCESS .................................................................................................................................. 85
FORMulaTION OF HOUSING PROJECT ............................................................................................................................... 86
SITE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 86
ELEMENTS OF SITE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................. 86
LAYOUTS ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 87
HOUSING PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................................................... 90
CONTENTS AND STANDARDS FOR HOUSING PROGRAM ......................................................................................... 91
SITE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 92
SITES AND SERVICES ................................................................................................................................................................ 92
NEIGHBORHOODS / NEIGHBORHOODS PLANNING ................................................................................................... 92
OPEN DEVELOPMENT PLOTS ............................................................................................................................................... 93
CO-OPERATIVE HOUSING ....................................................................................................................................................... 93
Objectives of Slum Clearance ................................................................................................................................................. 94
GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN HOUSING ........................................................................................................... 94
Potential contribution of housing to sustainability ...................................................................................................... 95
GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES ..................................................................................................................................... 98
PREFABRICATION IN HOUSING ........................................................................................................................................ 110
UNIT – V | HOUSING PROCESS ..................................................................................................................................................... 118
VARIOUS STAGES AND TASKS IN PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................... 118
COMMUNITYPARTICIPATION AND HOUSING MANAGEMENT ........................................................................... 119
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN LOW INCOME HOUSING PROJECTS: ........................................................... 120
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DISASTERS .............................................................. 123
Management of environmental and socio-economic impacts associated to natural disasters ............... 125
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................... 127
References ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 158
SYLLABUS
L T P/S C
AR8803 URBAN HOUSING
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES
1. To introduce housing in the Indian context and the various agencies involved in the production of
housing.
2. To outline factors, aspects and standards related to housing.
3. To inform about the various housing design typologies and the processes involves in housing project
development.
4. To inform about current issues and aspects in housing.
UNIT – I INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING AND HOUSING ISSUES IN INDIA 9
Housing and its importance in architecture, its relationship with neighborhood and city planning. Housing demand and
supply. National Housing Policy. Housing agencies and their role in housing development. Impact of life style. Rural
Housing. Public and private sector housing.
UNIT – II SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS 9
Economics of housing. Social economic factors influencing housing affordability. Formal and informal sector. Equity in
housing development. Sites and services. Slum housing, upgradation and redevelopment. Low Cost Housing. Health
principles in housing. Legislation for housing development. Cost-effective materials and technologies for housing. Case
studies in India and developing countries.
UNIT – III HOUSING STANDARDS 8
UDPFI guide lines, standard and regulations.DCR. Performance standards for housing.
UNIT – IV SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN 11
Site Planning for housing. Selection of site for housing, consideration of physical characteristics of site, location factors,
orientation, climate, topography, landscaping. Integration of services and parking. Housing design relating to Indian
situations – traditional housing, row housing, cluster housing, apartments, high-rise housing. Case studies in India of
the various types.
UNIT – V CURRENT ASPECTS AND ISSUES IN HOUSING 8
Green building and sustainable practices. Disaster resistance and mitigation. Prefabrication – Community participation.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME
1. Knowledge of various issues concerning housing & housing development in Indian & global context covering a
cross section of income groups.
2. Ability to appreciate socio-economic aspects in housing.
3. An understanding of housing standards, site planning principles, housing concepts and types.
4. An understanding of key issues in housing today.
TEXTBOOKS
1. Christopher Alexander, 'A Pattern Language', Oxford University press, New York 1977.
2. Leuris S, 'Front to back: A Design Agenda for Urban Housing', Architectural Press, 2006.
3. S.K.Sharma, 'Mane A New Initiative in Public Housing', Housing & Urban Development Corporation, 1991.
REFERENCES
1. Richard Kintermann and Robert Small, 'Site Planning for Cluster Housing', Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,
London/New York, 1977.
2. Joseph de Chiara et al, 'Time Saver Standards for Housing and Residential Development', McGraw Hill Co, New
York, 1995.
3. Forbes Davidson and Geoff Payne, 'Urban Projects Manual', Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 1983.
4. HUDCO Publications, 'Housing for Low Income, Sector Model'.
5. 'Sustainable Building Design Manual: Vol 1 and 2',The Energy Research Institute, 2004.
6. A.K.Lal, 'Handbook of Low Cost Housing', New Age International Private Limited, 1995.
UNIT–I |INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING AND HOUSING ISSUES - INDIAN CONTEXT
HOUSING - Definition
"Housing essentially is the process of providing houses to the houseless and is related to many other processes
necessary for improving the quality of life of the people. It is a dynamic process with changes in social and
physical pattern and a system of various functions and component. Market commodity is an important factor
& the ideal goal should be need based housing to every household".
Housing refers to houses or buildings collectively; accommodation of people; planning or provision of
accommodation by an authority; and related meanings. ... Many governments have one or more housing
authorities, sometimes also called a housing ministry, or housing department.
In India, we have 'The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs' - An agency of the Government of India
responsible for urban poverty, housing, and employment programs.
HOUSING & ITS IMPORTANCE IN ARCHITECTURE:

Housing is an essential factor in determining the quality of lives, the stability of communities and the
health of national economics. Housing is one of the basic human needs along with food, clothing and
education. Mankind has been evolving different kinds of shelter with the changing civilizations and time.
Its importance to society is understood by the fact that in the United States(US), housing accounts for
roughly one-fourth of personal consumption expenditures and about the same proportion of gross private
domestic investment. The status of the housing sector is a leading indicator of economic activity especially
in the US where the health of the housing industry is extremely sensitive to monetary and fiscal conditions
and policies.
*FISCAL -relating to government revenue, especially taxes
Issues involving housing, span numerous areas including architecture, economics, health, law, finance and
city planning. In all these fields, the fundamental housing issue remains as it has been over the past 50
years the provision of adequate shelter at affordable prices in suitable locations for all sectors of the
population. The term urban area is often used to describe places where only a small percentage of the
people are engaged in rural occupations like farming or forestry.
HOUSING - NEIGHBORHOOD AND CITY PLANNING

Housing development grounded in market-building strategies has turned out to be one of the most
powerful tools available to urban centers to spur reinvestment and revitalization in their downtowns and
older residential neighborhoods. Cities have reinvented their downtowns by drawing upon home buyers
and young professionals to buy and rehabilitate the city's neighborhoods.
Identity, liveabilty and accommodated projected growth are related to urban form and neighborhood
design.
Garden City By Ebenezer Howard was a most potent planning model in Western urban planning. It was
created in 1898 to resolve the urban and rural problems. Designed for all income groups.
Patrick Geddes - Rural development, Urban Planning and City Design are not the same and adopting a
common planning process is disastrous. 'Concept of Conurbation' - waves of population inflow to large
cities and then the wave of backflow resulting in amorphous sprawl, waste and unnecessary obsolescence.
Eg: Delhi-NCR.
Clarance Stein's neighborhood unit - with units of urban planning, street system, infrastructure,
Facilities, Population, sector, size and density,etc.
Radburn's concept of separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic, Superblock, cul de sac, park areas,
walkways , etc adopted in Chandigarh- India, Brazilia- Brazil, etc.
Ekistics(Nature, Man, Society, Shell and Network) by C.A.Doxiadis was an intellectual approach to balance
the convergence of past, present and future for creatively coping with the growth of population, rapid
change and the pressures of large-scale, high-density Housing....Micro, Meso and Macro settlements.
Satellite towns or satellite city is a concept of urban planning that refers essentially to miniature
metropolitan areas on the fringe of larger ones.
NEED FOR HOUSING

Housing is one of the basic needs of every individual as besides providing shelter and security, it also
enables easy access to the credit market by working as collateral comfort / security.
The urban population of India has been growing at a rapid pace. As per the Census 2011, 31.16 per cent of
the total population is in the urban areas. The shortage of housing units for the urban areas for 2012 is
estimated at 18.78 million units.
With time, there has been expansion and improvement in the housing finance market by way of various
financial reforms, however the housing loans as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have
remained at around 7 per cent, significantly lower than the levels achieved in most of the developed
countries.
The major policy concern with respect to housing as well as housing finance market is the
mismatch between the demand and supply of housing units and the financial solutions available for
the same.
On the demand side factors like growing middle class, income levels of the people, cyclical condition and
urbanization, and on the supply side factors like the lack of availability of land, finance at reasonable rate,
infrastructure, legal and regulatory framework and the limitations of the private and other stakeholders to
provide low income housing play a major role.
Also “Affordable Housing” has serious implications for the country's housing sector as the wide gap
between the demand and availability of housing units can be narrowed down only by way of affordable
housing. The same requires appropriate funding models within a regulatory framework and pro active
participation of all stake holders so as to improve the availability as well as the quality of housing in India.
HOUSING NEED
Defined as the extent to which housing conditions fall below the levels of standards considered
necessary for the health, privacy & development of a normal family's living standards.
Main aim is to shelter the houseless & to replace make shift dwellings and dilapidated structures,
which are fit for demolition, with decent houses of acceptable standards.
If a slum dweller cannot afford to pay for a decent house of minimum standards - a case for housing
need.
Broad determinants of housing need are:
present number of households
natural growth in the same household
migration
Rise in the standard of living.
HOUSING SHORTAGE:
The Ministry for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has been responsible for estimating housing
shortage for different Five Year Plans. Happily, it has adopted a vision and perspective wherein a norm
based approach has been designed in determining the shortage.
This methodology is very different from that based on effective demand and paying capacity of the
households, followed by several agencies, including a few Committees of the Planning Commission.
This norm based methodology considers four components of urban housing shortage: (a) houseless
population; (b) households living in katcha non serviceable units; (c) those living in dangerous and physically
dilapidated units; and (d) those living in ‘congestion’ - socially unacceptable conditions (such as married
couple sharing a room with an adult).
The methodology is similar to determining food shortage or poverty in the country, which is not by the
paying capacity of the households but based on biologically and socially determined norms. It actually
estimates housing poverty in urban India.
Understandably, the estimated housing shortage of 18.78 million is not the number of new houses to be
constructed since this includes the households that need extra rooms as well as those in the fourth
category.
HOUSING DEMAND
It is related to the will, ability and affordability of the households.
Demand for houses: Desire to own a house becomes "effective demand" when supported by
purchasing power. This is purely economic concept of demand for houses.
The need for housing is directly proportional to the ever growing population.
Inadequately serviced and overcrowded urban housing have been recognized as the undesirable
aspect of urban cities.
One third of the world's population, according to a study, doesn't have access to adequate housing.
The type of demand varies according to the different classes in society.
HOUSING SUPPLY:
It is the available housing stock, periodical addition, extensions, improvements, upgradation, etc.
Dilapidation & destruction on account of the natural calamities will reduce the availability of the
housing stock.
HOUSING DEMAND & SUPPLY: PRESENT CONTEXT

Shelter is a basic need of human; it is one of the basic human needs just next to food and clothing. The
importance of shelter was internationally accepted from the dawn of history. The requirement of housing
is growing in the context of the development of knowledge, changes in the civilization, people becoming
more aware about the privacy, sanitation, consciousness of health, environment, infrastructural facilities
etc.
Urban population of India is already increased from 1.2 billion in 2010 to 1.34 billion in 2017, 1.38 billion
in 2020 and 1.70 billion in 2050 as per the projection based on the historical growth pattern of our
population. Housing, besides being a very basic requirement for the urban people, also holds the key to
accelerate the speed of the development of the nation.
Investment in housing industry like any other industry has a multiplier effect on income and employment,
which in turn leads to the overall development of the economy. Housing provides employment to a cross
section of people, which importantly includes the weaker sections of the society. Housing also provides
opportunities for home based economic activities. At the same time, adequate housing also decides the
health status of the occupants.
Therefore, on account of health, income and employment considerations, housing is a very important tool
for removing poverty, generation of employment and improving the health status of people.
Magnitude of housing requirements is linked to pattern of growth, settlement status and overall shelter
quality. Cities and towns, which are growing at faster rate, need to develop and deliver a faster and greater
supply of housing. Growth of slums in India has been at least three times higher than the growth of urban
population, leading to sizeable number of urban population living in the slums. Therefore housing
activities are to be planned according to the growth pattern of different settlement/ cities.
The main role of the government at all levels is not to seek to built houses itself but to act as a catalyst and
make appropriate investments and create conditions where the poor people may gain and secure good
housing and remove the existing difficulties in the housing system. In order to remove these problems
National Housing Policy was framed and it has certain well-defined aims.
Housing demand across top 8 cities during 2016-2020 estimated at 4.2 million units
The total demand for urban housing is estimated at 4.2 million units during the period 2016-2020 across
the top eight cities, as per report released by Cushman & Wakefield and GRI mentioned.
City-wise Demand-Supply (2016-2020)
In terms of demand in Chennai , LIG and MIG will account for nearly 80% during 2016-2020. However,
MIG and HIG is expected to constitute more than 90% of the upcoming supply.
AFFORDABLE HOUSING - 'HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022’

The government is now collaborating with private builders and developers under a public-private
partnership (PPP) model to make ‘Housing for All by 2022’ a reality. It is no secret that affordable housing
promises a lot of growth for all concerned — the problem lay in the fact that the profit margins in this
segment are quite small, and the government had not provided developers with a good incentive rationale
to take the plunge. Today, they have this incentive. The government has provided 39 per cent higher
allocations for affordable housing development vis-à-vis FY17 under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(PMAY). It has also extended the Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme to loans of value up to Rs 12 lakh. And,
while the government has also made a number of other moves to meet the demand with supply and
address the affordability issues for the middle- and lower-income groups, the most important stimulus by
far has been the fact that affordable housing has now been granted infrastructure status.
Affordable housing supply in the right cities: The trend of nuclear families driven by young professionals
is increasing in the country, especially the metropolitan cities where IT and other major corporate sectors
hold sway. In cities like Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Navi Mumbai,
Gurugram, Noida and New Delhi, young professionals are eager to own homes and settle down with their
new families, so affordable housing is a major hit in such cities. Indeed, it has never been a better time for
affordable housing in India.
NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY

The National Housing Policy and Habitat Policy (1988) emphasized in its preamble that housing is not only
a commodity but also a productive investment. It promotes economic activities as well as creates the base
for attaining several national policy goals.
Some of the objectives of the policy are as follows:
 To encourage investment in housing and thereby achieve a sustain growth of the nation's overall
housing stock.
 To provide housing as a part of strategy for augmenting employment and upgrading skills.
 To motivate and assist the houseless households, to secure for itself, affordable shelter is the shortest
possible time span.
 To reorient and strengthen public housing agencies, so that they could concentrate on provision on
development land with water supply, sanitation, roads, lighting, and other infrastructure facilities and
leaving construction of houses to the people.
 To divert the attention of the housing agencies towards increasing the housing conditions of the
absolutely houseless, the displaced and dishoused persons, women in disadvantageous circumstances,
SC & ST, the EWS and other groups in dire need of assistance.
 To endeavor to bring about an equitable distribution of land for housing through legal and fiscal
measures and secure access to the poor households to land.
 To attract more public investment in the house sector by monetary and legal measures.
 To utilize science and technology to the needs of the shelter sector, both for customizing the use of
new, conventional building resources and for achieving cost reduction to levels affordable to various
income groups.
 To promote repair, renovation and upgradation of the existing housing stock.
 To enhance housing stock by encouraging co-operative and group housing, by reviewing and modifying
related laws and reegulation which at present function as discentives for housing development, etc.
 To motivate and help all people and in particular the houseless and the inadequately housed, to secure
for themselves affordable shelter through access to land, materials, technology and finance.
 To improve the environment of human settlements with a view to raise the quality of life through the
provision of drinking water, sanitation and other basic services.
 The policy envisages priority for promoting access to shelter for the houseless and disadvantaged
groups such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and freed bonded labourers, rural landless
labourers and economically weaker sections.
The policy seeks to achieve the above objectives using a variety of strategies. Making available developed
land at reasonable rates for housing, providing security of tenure to households both in rural and urban
areas and developing a viable and accessible institutional system for the provision of housing finance are
some of these strategies.
The policy laid special emphasis on rural housing and recognised the complexities and intricacies of the
situation. Accordingly, the policy put forth the following as the action plans.
 Provision of house sites to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labouers and landless
labour, including artisans
 Provision of financial assistance for house construction to them on suitable loan-cum-subsidy bases.
Later, after about four years, the National Housing Policy was formulated in 1992 and was approved by the
Parliament in August 1994. The National Housing Policy recognised that rural housing is qualitatively
different from urban housing.
National Housing Policy (1994) has the following features:
 Providing the necessary back up to support the construction of new and additional units and
upgradation of the existing ones:
 Ensuring availability of land and conferring homestead rights;
 Minimising displacement of rural households by developmental projects;
 Undertaking adequate rehabilitation measures for those affected by natural calamities;
 Promoting the use of locally available materials and construction practices;
 Providing basic infrastructure services including water, sanitation and roads;
 Offering protective discrimination to the weaker sections of society.
SALIENT FEATURES OF NHP

 The housing development should be based on the exact requirement and the environment.
 The housing design should be based on important points.
 NHP gives the technical things and advises towards construction materials.
 For the individual investors various financial relaxations are given for the construction of their homes.
 The tax benefits or expectations or freedom are given for the people constructing of their homes.
 More house loans are released and people are encouraged to construct the houses.
 NHP implemented various schemes for helping the people to fulfill the housing requirements.
 NHP formed a National Housing bank for making various housing schemes.
 This helps to get financial support. The housing schemes are constructed and developed based on the
building bye-laws.
 The NHP motivates the government to provide the water facility and drainage facility for various
schemes.
HOUSING AGENCIES & THEIR ROLE IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

Central Level Organization for Housing
Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and National Housing Bank (NHB) have
been identified as Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs)
1. H OUSING U RBAN D EVELOPMENT C ORPORATION (HUDCO)
This was started in the year 1970. In the middle of 1971 it was functioning. The primary aim of HUDCO is
Housing, development, improvement and urban development. It acts as an apex body [forum] to decide the
fund, investment required for satisfying the primary aim. HUDCO introduced new schemes for
development of the investment. They are as follows
 Document shares
 Compound interest income scheme
 Money doubling scheme in 60 months
 Monthly income scheme
The funds generated by above methods are used for various HUDCO schemes. Housing agencies,
municipalities, public concerns, private agencies which are not coming under the direct control of
government utilizes the HUDCO funds. HUDCO scheme benefits many towns and villages as per 1995 and
1996 census. Under urban housing, HUDCO has so far extended assistance for supporting 56.77 lakh
residential units.
HUDCO has emerged as a major contributor in the housing sector during the last nearly four decades of its
existence. Housing Planning & Management HUDCO spent rupees 9043 crores for 10556 schemes of
workers. They charged 6-13.55% interest for its loan based on the method for distributing the loan on the
agency.
Another primary aim of HUDCO is financing for an agency supplying the construction materials. HUDCO
gives technical guidance and advices for different agencies. It also implement low cost housing schemes,
shopping complex, township and urban development schemes, construction of road, water supply and
drainage are also given primary importance by hudco.
Some of the schemes introduced by HUDCO are as follows:
 House
 Rural housing Land requisition
 Construction of community welfare centre Technical improvement
 Improvement of environment conditions of slums or slum areas Basic health or hygienic
conditions
 Staff housing development
 Improvement of affected people
 Housing for poor people in particular people in hills / tribes
HUDCO divides the people into four categories
 Economically Weaker Section [EWS]
 Low Income Group [LIG]
 Middle Income Group [MIG]
 High Income Group [HIG]
HUDCO allocate the funds as EWS – 30% LIG – 25% MIG – 25% HIG – 20%
The various projects being funded by HUDCO under Housing include the following:-
 Land Acquisition and Development
 Urban/Rural Housing for EWS/ LIG/MIG/ HIG and Other Categories
 Staff Rental Housing
 Slum rehabilitation/ in-situ development
 Repairs and Renewal
 Public sector /Private sector Housing Projects
 Co-operative Housing Societies both Apex and Primary
2. N ATIONAL H OUSING B ANK (NHB)
National Housing Bank (NHB), a wholly owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was set up on 9
July 1988 under the National Housing Bank Act, 1987. NHB is an apex financial institution for housing.
NHB has been established with an objective to operate as a principal agency to promote housing finance
institutions both at local and regional levels and to provide financial and other support incidental to such
institutions and for matters connected therewith.
NHB registers, regulates and supervises Housing Finance Company (HFCs), keeps surveillance through On-
site & Off-site Mechanisms and co-ordinates with other Regulators.
Vision: "Promoting inclusive expansion with stability in housing finance market"
Mission: "To harness and promote the market potentials to serve the housing needs of all segments of the
population with the focus on low and moderate income housing "
Objectives:
NHB has been established to achieve, inter-Alia, the following objectives –
 To promote a sound, healthy, viable and cost effective housing finance system to cater to all segments
of the population and to integrate the housing finance system with the overall financial system.
 To promote a network of dedicated housing finance institutions to adequately serve various regions
and different income groups.
 To augment resources for the sector and channelise them for housing.
 To make housing credit more affordable.
 To regulate the activities of housing finance companies based on regulatory and supervisory authority
derived under the Act.
 To encourage augmentation of supply of buildable land and also building materials for housing and to
upgrade the housing stock in the country.
 To encourage public agencies to emerge as facilitators and suppliers of serviced land, for housing.
3. H OUSING D EVELOPMENT F INANCE C ORPORATION [HDFC]
This was started in the year 1976 and run by financial assists of the government. HDFC develops housing
schemes from the fund collected through the public. It generates the fund by equity shares, insurance
premium, and bank loan as per the approval of reserve bank.
It grants the loans for purchasing an immovable property [land and building] and selling it. For shopping
complex and commercial centers also bank loans are granted. It formulates easy installment and
repayment schemes to collect more money for house loans. It suggests guidance and advice for selecting a
site and purchasing a flat. HDFC also introduced new housing schemes for their employees. It has several
banks and collection centre.
4. L IFE I NSURANCE C ORPORATION [LIC]
LIC provides financial assistance for housing. LIC started a housing finance in the name “LIC House Finance
Limited” in the year 1989. These functions with 67 branches and 35% of market share.
It has spent 5500 crores for 30 lakh houses. It simplifies the method of getting a house. It grants loans for
the LIC policy holders to construct a new house, for extension of a house, for repairing a house and from
purchasing a flat or built – up house or apartment.
5. N ATIONAL H OUSING AND H ABITAT P OLICY [NHHP]
In the year 1998, on the eve of the 12th Lok Sabha elections, the BJP and its Alliance partners brought out a
‘National Agenda for Governance’ for ushering in a dynamic economic growth to bring in quality life for
mases. This agenda included issues like Governance, Eradication of Unemployment, Housing for All etc.
Aim of NHHP is to provide “Housing for All”, especially benefiting the deprived and the poor.
6. N ATIONAL B UILDING O RGANISATION (NBO)
The National Buildings Organisation (NBO) was established in 1954 as an attached office under the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (the then Ministry of Works and Housing) for technology transfer,
experimentation, development and dissemination of housing statistics. In the context of formulation of
Housing Policy and Programmes, study of socio-economic aspects of housing issues and the increased need
for housing statistics, NBO was restructured in 1992. NBO was further restructured in March, 2006 with
the revised mandate keeping in view the current requirements under the National Housing Policy, and
various socio-economic and statistical functions connected with housing and building activities.
The mandate of the NBO in its restructured form is as follows: -
 To collect, collate, validate, analyse, disseminate and publish the housing and building construction
statistics.
 To organize training programmes for the officers and staff of the State Government engaged in
collection and dissemination of housing and building construction statistics.
 To create and manage a documentation centre relating to housing, poverty, slums and infrastructure
related statistics.
 To coordinate with all the State Governments/Research Institutions etc. as being a nodal agency in the
field to cater to the statistical needs of the planners, policy makers and research organization in the
field of housing and related infrastructural facilities.
 To conduct regular short term sample surveys in various pockets of the country to study the impact of
the plan schemes.
 To undertake special socio-economic studies evaluating the impact of the plans, policies and
programmes in the field of housing and infrastructure, as and when required, by the Ministry for which
the additional funds will be provided by the Ministry.
National Buildings Organisation collects data on
 Collection and compilation of data on Building permits issued for all residential buildings,
 Collection and compilation of information on Total number of building permits issued and total
number of completion certificates issued
 Compilation of data for developing the Building Construction Cost Index (BCCI) for LIG houses
constructed by PWD from various centers spread all over the country on quarterly basis per the
methodology provided by NBO
 Collection and compilation of Buildings Material Prices
 Collection and compilation of Wages of building construction labour and
 Circle Rate (per sq. ft) of Residential Housing Property. The data so collected is tabulated and released
through its various publications.
Role of NBO in various major activities of MoHUPA:
Organizing and conducting Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC), Central Sanctioning
Committee (CSC) and review meetings of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM),
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) under Housing for All (Urban).
The NBO work closely with organizations like National Housing Bank (NHB), National Information Centre
(NIC) and other agencies.
STATE LEVEL ORGANIZATION FOR HOUSING

The following are the organization acting at state level for housing program
1. Tamilnadu Housing Board [TNHB]
2. Tamilnadu Slim Clearance Board [TNSCB]
3. Tamilnadu Police Housing Corporation [TNPHC]
4. Co-opearive hosuing societies
5. Land development bank
6. Adidravidar housing development scheme [TAHDCO]
7. Building Centre [Located atcollectorate of each districts]
8. Private housing finance
1. T AMILNADU H OUSING B OARD [TNHB]

TNHB was formed in 1961 to cope up with the increasing demand in housing sector all over the state of
Tamilnadu. Extensive urban growth lead to migration to urban areas in search of employment
opportunities. It is also the principal town planning and city and Suburb development arm of the
Tamilnadu Government. It comes under the Department of Housing and Urban Development (Tamilnadu)
2. TAMILNADU SLUM CLEARANCE BOARD

Objectives
To clear all the slums in Chemical and to proviode self contained hygienic tenements.
To prevent the groeth of slams and encroachments
To prevent the eviction of slum dwellers by private oweners and to provide the slum families with
security of tenure.
To provide basic amenities like water supply, street lights, storm water drains, sewer line, etc to
the slum areas.
Policies / Strategy
The Three strategy for developing/clearing slums followed by Tamilnadu Slum Clearance Board are:
i) In – Situ plotted development and infrastructure improvement
Wherever In-situ plotted development is feasible, such slums are identified and taken up for in-situ
improvement for provision of basic facilities to make the areas habitable and for provision of tenurial
rights to the occupiers after getting the land transferred to the Tamilnadu slum clearance Board.
ii) In-situ tenemental schemes
The slums located in unobjectionable poramboke areas, wherein equitable distribution of space to all is
not feasible, are cleared and tenemental (public housing) schemes put up.
iii) Rehabilitation and Resettlement scheme
Wherever neither tenemental nor insitu development is feasible, (as in the case of objectionable
porambokes like water ways etc.,) Rehabilitation and Resettlement in tenements in nearby locations with
necessary infrastructure is taken up. The cleared site is then restored to its original use.
Other Programmes
Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board has provided support to individual housing schemes under different
programmes like VAMBAY, Rajiv Gandhi Rehabilitation Package etc.,
To ensure holistic development and economic upliftment of the poor, the Board has spearheaded
community development activities in the slums, under which it imparts vocational training and livelihood
support, specially for the youth and women.
3. T AMIL N ADU P OLICE H OUSING C ORPORATION (TNPHC)
Government of Tamilnadu with a view to raising the level of satisfaction in housing for police personal
decided to construct houses for the Policemen and Police Officers. Accordingly this Company was
registered under the Companies Act 1956, as a wholly owned Company of Tamil Nadu Government and
came into being with effect from 13.4.1981. While the Company was gradually increasing its construction
activities each year, the then Government based on the recommendations of Ramanathan Committee
constituted to study the viability and usefulness of Public Sector Enterprises and other autonomous bodies.
The activities of this Corporation were then transferred to the Tamil Nadu Housing Board.
4. T AMIL N ADU C OOPERATIVE H OUSING F EDERATION (TNCHF) I NTRODUCTION
Cooperative Housing Department has at its command a vast network Housing Cooperatives both in Rural
and Urban centres for providing housing finance for improving housing sock in Tamil Nadu. As many as
196 Taluk Cooperative Housing Societies are catering to the demands of rural people, while a network of
574 Urban Cooperative Housing Societies are meeting the housing needs in urban areas, with all such
societies affiliated to the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Housing Federation Limited.
5. T AMIL N ADU A DIDRAVIDAR H OUSING AND D EVELOPMENT C ORPORATION L IMITED (TAHDCO)
Housing Planning & Management Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing and Development Corporation Limited
(TAHDCO) were incorporated in 1974 under the Companies Act, 1956 with a objective to improve socio
economic status in Tamilnadu. TAHDCO has facilitated Self Help Groups through financial assistance for
employment ventures and to empower themselves by taking up a wide variety of economic activities such
as National Schemes.
TAHDCO acts as a State Channelising Agency in implementing the National Schemes of the Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment, Govt. of India
The Schemes are:
National Scheduled Caste Finance and Development Corporation Scheme
National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation Scheme
National Safai Karamacharis Finance and Development Corporation Scheme
National Scheme for Liberation and rehabilitation of Scavengers and Dependents
National Scheduled Caste Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC)
Project assistance up to Rs.5 Lacs per beneficiary is given. 30% of the Project cost subject to a maximum of
Rs.25,000/- is given as subsidy. Balance up to 90% is given as term loan from NSFDC.
Assistance is given for any viable income generating activity to scheduled Caste and beneficiaries. Margin
Money assistance – 20% of the Project Cost (or) Max. Rs.1.25 Lacs
National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSTFDC)
National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation provide financial assistance for
schemes/projects for the economic development of scheduled Tribes. Project assistance up to Rs.5 Lacs
per beneficiary is given. 30% of the Project cost subject to a maximum of Rs.25,000/- is given as subsidy.
Balance is given as term loan from NSTFDC.
Assistance is given for any viable income generating activity to Scheduled Tribe beneficiary.
National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC)
Project assistance up to Rs.5.00 Lacs per beneficiary is given. 30% of the project cost subject to a maximum
of Rs.25,000/- is given as subsidy. Balance is given as term loan from NSKFDC/Banks.
Assistance is given for any viable income generating activity to sanitary workers and their dependents.
National Scheme for Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavengers (NSLRS)
Project assistance up to Rs.50,000/- per beneficiary is provided. 30% of the project cost subject to a
maximum of Rs.10,000/- is given as subsidy. Balance amount is arranged as loan from NSKFDC/Banks.
Assistance is given to scavengers and their dependents for any viable incoming generating activity as
alternate source of livelihood.
6. L AND D EVELOPMENT B ANKS (LDB)
The special banks providing Long Term Loans are called Land Development Banks (LDA). The history of
LDB’s is quite old. The first LDB was started at Jhang in Punjab in 1920. But the real impetus to these banks
was received after passing the Land Mortgage Banks Act in 1930’s (LDB’s were originally called Land
Mortgage Banks). After passing this Act LDB’s were started in different states of India.
Objective:
The main objective of the land development bank is to promote the development of agriculture and
increase the agricultural production. The CLDBs provide long-term finance to PLDBs affiliated to them or
finance directly through their branches.
Structure:
These Banks have two-tier structure
1. Primary Land Development Bank at district level with branches at taluka level.
2. State Land Development Bank.
All primary Land Development Banks are federated into Central Land Development Bank at the State
Level. In some States, there is “Unitary Structure” wherein, there is only one State Land Development Bank
at the state level operating through its branches and subbranches at district and below levels.
Primary Land Development Banks (PLDB)
These banks were originally organized to cover one or a few taluks in the district. At present they are
eligible to cover one development block. All land owners are eligible to become members and borrow
funds by mortgaging their land. The principal borrower is enrolled as ‘A’ class member and others who
have interest in the mortgaged property are admitted as ‘B’ class members.
Central Land Development Bank (CLDB)
These members of the CLDBs are the PLDBs and a few individual promoters. It grants long-term loans to
agriculturists through the PLDBs and branches of CLDBs. It raises funds through floating debentures,
which are guaranteed by the State Government. When PLDB obtains loan from the CLDB, it assigns the
mortgage deeds obtained from the borrowers to the CLDB. The CLDB floats debentures and raises funds
against the security of these properties. The NABARD and LIC subscribe for the debentures in large
amounts and the former also extends refinance assistance to LDBs.
HOUSING POLICIES & SCHEMES IN INDIA

1. P RADHAN M ANTRI A WAS Y OJANA - H OUSING FOR A LL ( URBAN )
At the slum decadal growth rate of 34%, the slum households are projected to go upto 18 million. 2 million
non-slum urban poor households are proposed to be covered under the Mission. Hence, total housing
shortage envisaged to be addressed through the new mission is 20 million.
The Mission is being implemented during 2015-2022 and provides central assistance to Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs) and other implementing agencies through States/UTs for:
1. In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private participation
2. Credit Linked Subsidy
3. Affordable Housing in Partnership
4. Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.
Credit linked subsidy component is being implemented as a Central Sector Scheme while other
three components as Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS).
The Mission, in order to expand institutional credit flow to the housing needs of urban poor will implement
credit linked subsidy component as a demand side intervention. Interest subsidy will be credited upfront
to the loan account of beneficiaries through Primary Lending Institutions resulting in reduced effective
housing loan and Equated Monthly Instalment (EMI). The Net Present Value (NPV) of the interest subsidy
will be calculated at a discount rate of 9 %.
Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme for EWS/LIG .
Beneficiaries of Economically Weaker section (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) seeking housing loans
from Banks, Housing Finance Companies and other such institutions would be eligible for an interest
subsidy at the rate of 6.5% for a tenure of 20* years or during tenure of loan whichever is lower. The credit
linked subsidy will be available only for loan amounts upto Rs 6 lakhs and additional loans beyond Rs. 6
lakhs, if any, will be at nonsubsidized rate. Credit linked subsidy would be available for housing loans
availed for new construction and addition of rooms, kitchen, toilet etc. to existing dwellings as incremental
housing. The carpet area of houses being constructed under this component of the mission should be upto
30 square metres and 60 square metres for EWS and LIG, respectively in order to avail of this credit linked
subsidy. The beneficiary, at his/her discretion, can build a house of larger area but interest subvention
would be limited to first Rs. 6 lakh only.
Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme for MIG*
The newly launched CLSS for MIG covers two income segments in the MIG viz. Rs.6,00,001 to Rs.12,00,000
(MIG-I) and Rs.12,00,001 to Rs.18,00,000 (MIG-II) per annum. In the MIG-I, an interest subsidy of 4% has
been provided for loan amounts up to Rs.9 lakh while in MIG-II, an interest subsidy of 3% has been
provided for loan amount of Rs.12 lakh. The interest subsidy will be calculated at 9% NPV over a maximum
loan tenure of 20 years or the actual tenure, whichever is lesser. Housing loans above Rs. 9 lakh and Rs. 12
lakh will be at non-subsidized rates. CLSS for MIG will support acquisition/ construction of house
(including re-purchase) of 90 square meters and 110 square meters carpet area as per income eligibility
Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and National Housing Bank (NHB) have
been identified as Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs) to channelize this subsidy to the lending institutions and
for monitoring the progress of this component. Ministry may notify other institutions as CNA in future.
Under the Mission, beneficiaries can take advantage under one component only. All statutory towns as per
Census 2011 and towns notified subsequently would be eligible for coverage under the Mission. In the
spirit of cooperative federalism, mission provides flexibility to the States for choosing the best options
amongst four verticals of mission to meet the demand of housing in their states.
Process of project formulation and approval in accordance with the mission Guidelines has been left to the
States so that projects can be formulated, approved and implemented faster A Technology Sub-Mission
under the Mission has been set up to facilitate adoption of modern, innovative and green technologies and
building material for faster and quality construction of houses. Technology Sub-Mission also facilitates
preparation and adoption of layout designs and building plans suitable for various geo-climatic zones. It
will also assist States/Cities in deploying disaster resistant and environment friendly technologies.
2. N ATIONAL U RBAN L IVELIHOODS M ISSION
National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation (MHUPA), Government of India in 23rd September, 2013 by replacing the existing Swarna
Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY).The NULM will focus on organizing urban poor in their strong
grassroots level institutions, creating opportunities for skill development leading to market-based
employment and helping them to set up self-employment venture by ensuring easy access to credit. The
Mission is aimed at providing shelter equipped with essential services to the urban homeless in a phased
manner. In addition, the Mission would also address livelihood concerns of the urban street vendors.
The Main Features of NULM are:
Coverage: In the 12th Five Year Plan, NULM will be implemented in all districts headquarter
towns(irrespective of population) and all other towns with population of 1 lakh or more as per
Census 2011. At present 790 cities are under NULM. However, other towns may be allowed in
exceptional cases on request of the States.
Target Population: The primary target of NULM is the urban poor, including the urban homeless.
Sharing of funding: Funding will be shared between the Centre and the States in the ratio of
75:25. For North Eastern and Special Category States (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand), this ratio will be 90:10.
Guiding Principles:
The core belief of National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) is that the poor are entrepreneurial and
have innate desire to come out of poverty. The challenge is to unleash their capabilities to generate
meaningful and sustainable livelihoods. The first step in this process is motivating the urban poor to form
their own institutions. They and their institutions need to be provided sufficient capacity so that they can
manage the external environment, access finance, expand their skills, enterprises and assets. This requires
continuous and carefully designed hand holding support. An external, dedicated and sensitive support
structure, from the national level to the city and community levels, is required to induce social
mobilisation, institution building and livelihood promotion.
Values: The mission will espouse the following values:
Ownership and productive involvement of the urban poor and their institutions in all processes;
Transparency in programme design and implementation, including institution building and
capacity strengthening;
Accountability of government functionaries and the community;
Partnerships with industry and other stakeholders; and
Community self-reliance, self-dependence, self-help and mutual-help.
3. C REDIT R ISK G UARANTEE F UND (CRGF)
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, has established a Credit Risk
Guarantee Fund Trust for providing guarantees in respect of low-income Housing Loans.
Under the Scheme, the Trust will provide credit risk guarantee to the lending institutions against their
housing loans up to Rs 5.00 lakh granted to the borrowers in the Economically Weaker Section (EWS)/
Lower Income Group(LIG) categories in urban area without requiring any collateral security and/or third
party guarantee.
The extent of Guarantee Cover to be provided under the Scheme is 90% of the amount in default in respect
of loan amount up to Rs 2.00 lakh and 85% of the amount in default for housing loan above Rs 2.00 lakh
and up to Rs 5.00 lakh.
New individual borrowers in EWS/LIG category of the population who are seeking individual housing loan
not exceeding a sum of Rs 5.00 Lakh or such amount as may be decided by the Trust from time to time and
a housing unit size upto 430 sqft (40 sqm) carpet area and to which housing loan has been provided
without any collateral security and/or third party guarantee. Eligible borrowers, as defined above, forming
a group or housing society of at least 20 members, shall also be eligible under the scheme.
The eligible borrower shall be required to submit an undertaking to the lending institution to the effect
that she/he has not availed any other housing loan covered under this scheme nor any additional risk
cover has been granted to the housing loan availed by her/him by Government or by any general insurer
or any institution or any other person or association of persons carrying on the business of insurance,
guarantee or indemnity.
Eligible Activity
Activities that are eligible for Guarantee Cover are home improvement, construction, acquisition and
purchase of new or second hand dwelling units involving a Housing Loan amount not exceeding `5 lakh per
person. Loans given fully/partly for renovation/repairs are not eligible for the Guarantee Cover under the
Scheme
4. R AJIV R INN Y OJANA
Rajiv Rinn Yojana (RRY) is an instrument to address the housing needs of the EWS/LIG segments in urban
areas, through enhanced credit flow. It is also formulated to channelize institutional credit to the poorer
segments of the society and increasing home ownership in the country along with addressing housing
shortage. RRY has been formulated by modifying the Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor
(ISHUP) piloted in the 11th Plan period with enhanced scope and coverage. RRY is a Central Sector Scheme
applicable in all the urban areas of the Country. RRY provides for interest subsidy of 5% (500 basis points)
on loans granted to EWS and LIG categories to construct their houses or extend the existing ones. Loan
upper limit Rs 5 lakh for EWS and 8 lakh for LIG; interest subsidy would, however, be limited to the first Rs
5 lakh of the loan amount, in case the loan exceeds this amount. Rajiv Rinn Yojana is a target driven
scheme. The overall target for the 12th Plan period is 1 million (or 10 lakh) dwellings across country
including slum and non-slum dwellers. The Targets for the States for the current Financial Year (2013-14)
are periodically fixed and conveyed to the concerned department(s). Housing and Urban Development
Corporation (HUDCO) and National Housing Bank (NHB) have been designated as the Central Nodal
Agencies for the Scheme.
5. S OCIO -E CONOMIC AND C ASTE C ENSUS
The Central Government has conducted a Socio Economic and Caste Census of the national population,
which commenced in June 2011. The Socio Economic and Caste Census has been carried out by the
respective State Government with the financial and technical support of the Government of India. The
Rural and the Urban Socio-economic and Caste Census have followed common enumeration approach and
have been taken up across the entire State concurrently, with only the questionnaire in the rural and urban
being different. Data capture in the field has been done using electronic Hand held device.
6. N ATIONAL U RBAN H OUSING AND H ABITAT P OLICY [NHHP] 2007

The policy seeks to set in motion a process for providing Affordable housing for all, particularly for the
EWS and LIG. Key features of the policy include:
i A focus on affordable housing for all, with an emphasis on inclusive urban planning, increasing the
supply of land and addressing the housing shortages.
ii Provision of a decent shelter to the urban poor.
iii Reservation of 10-15% of land in every new public/ private housing project or 20-25% of FAR for
EWS, LIG.
iv Emphasis on private sector participation through the use of tools like Transferable Development
Rights (TDR), additional FAR, and mechanisms to facilitate land assembly by the private sector.
v Recognition of the need for subsidy coupled with suitable financial instruments to establish a flow of
institutional funds for the poor for housing, without harassment.
7. N ATIONAL P OLICY ON U RBAN S TREET V ENDORS , 2009
The policy gives due recognition to urban street vendors for their contribution to society. It seeks to
provide them with a descent working environment to pursue their activities. Constitution of Town Vending
Committees to regulate street vending and assist the street vendors. Photo-census and registration of
street vendors, demarcation of vending zones including GIS mapping of such zones and issuing identity
cards to the street vendors.
Provision of space in Master, Zonal and Local Plans for 'Restriction-free Vending', 'Restricted Vending' and
'No Vending' zones and Vendor markets. Formulation of schemes for the benefit of street vendors
including provision of credit, housing, health insurance, and other facilities. Mechanisms for dispute
resolution arising between street vendors and public and private parties.
8. J AWAHARLAL N EHRU N ATIONAL U RBAN R ENEWAL M ISSION (J N NURM):
JNNURM launched in Dec 2005, is a flagship programme of the government of India aimed at creating
economically productive, efficient, equitable, responsive and inclusive cities. The Mission focuses on:
i Improving and augmenting the economic and social infrastructure in cities.
ii Ensuring basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices.
iii Initiating wide range of urban sector reforms to eliminate legal, institutional and financial
constraints that impede investment in urban infrastructure and services.
iv Strengthening municipal governments and decentralised civic service delivery in accordance with
the provisions of the constitution Act, 1992.
The mission has four components:
1. Urban Infrastructure & Governance(UIG),
2. Basic Services to the urban poor(BSUP),
3. Urban Infrastructure development scheme for small and medium towns(UIDSSMT) and
4. Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program(IHSDP).
JNNURM contemplates that cities develop planned urban perspective frameworks for a period of 20-25
years indicating policies, programmes and strategies of meeting fund requirements. In this context, a city
development plan (CDP) needs to be prepared before a city can access Mission funds. Cities will be
required to prepare Detailed project report (DPR) for undertaking projects in identified areas.
9. R AJIV A WAS Y OJANA (RAY)
 Encouraged by the popularity of JNNURM, Rajiv Awas Yojana was launched in 2009 with the vision of a
'slum free India' that aims at encouraging States/Union Territories to progress and tackle the problem
of slums holistically.
 Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail of the same level of basic
amenities as the rest of the town.
 Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums.
 Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban poor and
force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood and
employment.
 The ministry will provide support to State Governments/ Urban local bodies for slum survey, GIS
mapping of slums, and for capacity creation at city and state levels, etc.
10. A FFORDABLE H OUSING IN P ARTNERSHIP
The Government has also launched a new scheme in 2009 to encourage land assembly and the creation of
Affordable housing stock for construction of 1 million houses for EWS/LIG/MIG segments of which atleast
25% must be earmarked for the EWS category.
The scheme aims to encourage partnerships between various agencies in this tasks. i.e., Central and State
Governments/ Parastatals like Housing Boards and Development Authorities/ Urban local bodies/
Developers.
The scheme provides subsidy towards infrastructure on average @ Rs.50,000 per dwelling unit for
affordable housing units(with carpet area of less than 80sq.m).
Other old Schemes:
 Interest subsidy scheme for Housing the urban poor(IHSUP)
 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana(SJSRY)
 Integrated Low cost Sanitation Scheme(ILCS)
 Urban Statistics for HR and Assessments(USHA)
 Housing start-up Index(HSUI)
IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE:

Introduction:
The traditional patterns of housing in India is extremely varied. The housing design depends on the
purpose, the space serves. The spaces has to be designed for the following three kinds:
i Domestic: Building for living and spaces for various activities
ii Agriculture: Poultry, farm, farming, cattle.
iii Industrial: Industrial activities, commercial areas, etc.
The traditional patterns of housing also depended on the behavioural pattern of the people.
Examples of Traditional patterns of Housing:
C ASE -1: GUJARAT
Gujarat can be divided into Saurashtra, North Gujarat, South Gujarat.
North Gujarat
The above plan reveals a typical urban house in North

Gujarat.
 The house was linear and the successive place had a
unique function.
 The Otta(entrance verandah) and khadkee(place for
visitors)
 Chowk is a courtyard
 Raveshi is a simple passage
 Parsal is a place where dining takes place
 Ordo is the place for women , ie., Kitchen and private area.
South Gujarat
 The above plan reveals the typology in South Gujarat.

 Here the kitchen is pushed outside.
 There is a back room
 A new room in the front has been included and this room is equivalent t khadkee. Beyond this space is the
staircase which leads to the first floor.
 Behind the backroom, there is a kitchen, it is pushed out.
Saurashtra
 Due to the pattern of path, each unit resembles a separate entity, so ensures privacy.
 Settlement depends on the occupation ie., sociological aspects.
 Entrance to the houses through a single gateway called Delotype.
 All the dwelling units are composed in a enclosure so that the interaction is less.
 Concept of row housing is used.
CASE-2: KERALA
Houses are planned according to Vasthu Vidya which is closely interlinked with astrology. Traditional
Kerala housing is known for the courtyard planning.
Court yard Planning:
 Depending on the size of the house, the courtyard size and number of courtyards are decided.
 Courtyard is called as 'Nadumuttam'. It is a gathering place.
 Internal courtyard has a verandah around it. Four blocks surround the courtyard.
 The four sides of Nadumuttam are:
1. Eastern wing - kizhakkini for worship
2. Western wing - padnijatini for Granary
3. Northern wing - Vadakkini for Family
4. Southern wing - Thekkini for Guests
 Corner rooms for sleeping and studying.
Eg: Nambuthiri House
It consists of:
1. Padipura - Entrance gate
2. Pumukham - roofed verandah with painted columns
3. Attukala - Kitchen
4. Agarsala- Nest to attukala for feeding the guests
5. Vatukkini- Dining area
6. Nadumuttam- Central courtyard.
7. Srikovilagam- Space for God within the house.
8. Kolam- Pond or tank for bathing purpose.
9. Ara – room
RURAL HOUSING, PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING

RURAL HOUSING
Context:
There are divergent views on what constitutes “rural areas”, where rural “ends” and urban “begins”. There
is no universally accepted definition and it may be useful to adopt the approach of UN Habitat in viewing
urban and rural as a continuum of settlements and emphasize the linkages between urban areas and rural
areas. Such linkages often take the form of flows of capital, labor and goods between urban and rural areas.
E.g. urban areas are dependent on the import of food from rural areas which are in turn dependent on the
urban manufacturing base for goods and high order services.
“R URAL A REAS ” - C HARACTERISTICS :
1. Rural areas are often referred to as those areas outside of the city or urban boundary or periphery
where populations are spatially dispersed.
2. Agriculture is the main economic activity that provides job opportunities. In these areas opportunities
for socio-economic development are often perceived as limited, leading to the migration of able bodied
individuals to the “bright city lights” and leaving a residual of generally vulnerable, under educated,
aged and very young population.
3. These households are often largely dependent on social grants and remittances from family members
working in the cities. Their income is constrained as the rural economy is not sufficiently vibrant to
provide them with jobs or self – employment opportunities.
4. Women form the majority of the rural population and female- headed households are particularly
disadvantaged.
5. Their cost of living is high because they spend relatively more on basic social services such as food and
water, shelter, energy, health and education, and transport and communications services.
6. The poorest households also have low levels of literacy and education.
“R URAL – U RBAN ” - C ONNECTIONS :
Rural housing has been marginalized both in wider policy discussions as well as within the debate on rural
issues because rural housing needs are generally subordinated to urban housing needs in policy priority.
The important difference between rural and urban contexts is the level of income needed to avoid poverty
is the key difference.
In urban areas there is a very high proportion of income going toward non-food items such as rent, public
transport, and payment to water vendors and for pay-as-you use public toilets, keeping children at school,
health care/medicines, and informal payments to stop homes being demolished or to be allowed to sell
goods on the street.
D EMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND HOUSING NEEDS :

Estimated population in India in 2001 was 1029 million, a growth of 18.1 per cent from 1991.
Nearly 72 per cent of thee Indian population lives in rural areas. The total number of households in rural
India is 143 million (Census, 2001).
Two trends, which will have significant impact on the rural population are (i) declining fertility and (ii)
increasing urbanization.
H OUSING SUPPLY AND ACCESS :
A measure of housing construction activity, in rural India, is the number of new housing completions.
During 1991– 2001, 34.56 million new houses were added to the stock. During this period 25.61 million
new households were formed.
Translating these figures into number of houses completed per thousand people indicates that while in
1971–81,
81, 3.66 houses were completed per 1000 persons and the figure for 1991–2001 is 4.65.
The number of new house construction, at 4.65 houses per 1000
000 persons, is still quite low compared to
urban areas where new completions are around 7 housing unit per 1000 persons.
Tenure
Home ownership is the dominant form of tenure in rural India with more than 95 per cent households
owning their homes. The percentage
ercentage of rental tenure is 4.6 per cent. These are mainly the houses rented to
farm workers by landlords.
HOUSING CONDITIONS
Mismatch between housing stock and the number of households represents only one aspect of housing
inadequacy. The other aspect of housing inadequacy is reflected in the mismatch between desired and
actual housing quality.
In rural India, mismatch between required and available housing stock is not as stark as urban areas but
the quality of house leaves much to be desired.
The first measure of Housing quality is by type of structure.
The second measure is the number of rooms per house.
H OUSING CONDITIONS - T YPE OF STRUCTURE :
Based on building materials used for construction of structure,houses have been classified as pucca
(building materials used for construction are brick andmortar and other permanent materials), semi-pucca
(building materials used for part of theconstruction of either the roof or the walls are mud or thatch)
kutcha (materials used for construction are mud and thatch).
H OUSING C ONDITIONS - N UMBER O F R OOMS P ER H OUSE
In 2001, 39.8 per cent of rural households lived in one-roomhouses, 68.5 per cent of households were
living in houses withone or two rooms. Though there has been progress, the average size of ruralhomes is
disproportionately small compared to the average sizeof households. For an average household size of 5.2,
the sizes of homes are small. Overcrowding in existing homes is the main cause of newhousehold
formation and this is driving the demand for newhouses in the rural areas.
H OUSING C ONDITIONS - S TRUCTURAL C ONDITION

According to Census (2001), only 45 per cent (58.10 million) of residential and 42.2 per cent (2.52million)
of non-residential houses are in good condition. 48.7 per cent (62.81 million) of residential and 53.3 per
cent (3.2million) of non-residential houses have been classified as livable. 6.3 per cent (8.14 million) of
residential and 4.5 per cent (0.27 million)of non-residential houses are in dilapidated condition.
Replacement needs for dilapidated and a part of livable houseswould add to the demand for housing in
rural areas in the future.
H OUSING C ONDITIONS - P RESENCE O F E XCLUSIVE A MENITIES S UCH A S D RINKING W ATER , T OILET AND
E LECTRICITY .
According to Census (2001), nearly 80.5 per cent of households had access to safe drinking water in 2001.
There has been steady progress in access to safe drinking water over the two decades preceding 2001. In
1981, only 26.3 per cent of households had access to safe drinking water. The situation of access to
exclusive toilet is shabby and in 2001, only 21.9 percent of households had access to toilet facilities. As for
electricity connection, only 43 per cent of houses had electricity connection in 2001, though this
proportion has increased from 14 per cent in 1981.
H OUSEHOLD A SSET A ND L IABILITY - S TRUCTURE N EED
Understanding of asset holding and liability structure of households is important for understanding their
wealth status and debt leveraging potential. A popular criticism is that formal institutions perceive the
credit worthiness of the borrowers in ruralareas as significant risk. Among rural households, a cultivator
household, on an average, owned assets of 3.73 lakh, which was three and half time that owned by a non-
cultivator household (1.07 lakh).
H OUSE C ONSTRUCTION A CTIVITY I N R URAL A REAS
During the five year period 1997–2002 reports that about 25 per cent rural households had initiated some
form of construction activity. Among the initiated constructions, 82 per cent were completed during the
five years.
PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING

Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO) The Housing and Urban Development
Corporation Ltd.(HUDCO) was set up in 1970 as a fully owned Government company to finance and
undertake.
 Housing and Urban Development programme in India with special emphasis on low cost housing.
 Development of new townships and their infrastructural needs.
 Development of buildings material technology and industries.
 Consultancy services with India and abroad.
Resource Base Starting with an equity base of Rs.2 Crores, the present paid up capital of HUDCO is
Rs.2001.90 crores.
S OCIAL HOUSING :
The following social housing schemes are being implemented in the State sector with State Plan
provision and loan assistance from HUDCO and other financial institutions: Housing Scheme for
Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) with household income of Rs. 2100 per month or less. Housing
Scheme for Low Income Group (LIG) with household income of not more than Rs.4500/- per month.
HUDCO has evolved ceiling cost and loaning limits for various income groups linked with affordability and
prevailing cost of construction for various geoclimatical contexts.The differential interest rate policy
operates for various categories of households with over riding emphasis on concessional rate of loaning
for EWS and LIG families. The lower the household income, the lower is the rate of interest. This provides
incentives for executing agencies to promote housing for the less privileged and help reduce the loan
repayment burden on the families.
C O - OPERATIVE H OUSING :
Cooperative housing is one aspect of the housing sector which has claimed a fair share of HUDCO
assistance & support. The cooperative sector is expected to play a lead role particularly in land acquisition,
allotment of land and housing sites to encourage group housing and development of amenities. The
National Co-operative Housing Federation of India (NCHF) has been promoting, guiding and coordinating
the activities of housing co-operatives at the national level since its inception in 1969.
Under such schemes, HUDCO's financial assistance is available to Registered Primary House Building Co-
operative Societies and to the State Level Apex Co-operative Housing Federations provided the schemes of
Primary Co-operative Building Societies are applied through State Level Apex Cooperative Housing
Federations . Loan is extended for composite schemes including land, land development and construction
components. Loan is not extended purely for land acquisition.
S TAFF H OUSING
Staff housing schemes is provided to corporate employers, both in the public & statutory bodies for the
construction of houses for sale or on a hire-purchase basis for their employees. Besides these, employees
covered by the Central Govt. Insurance Schemes, Local agencies, Employees Co-operative Societies etc. are
also eligible for HUDCO loans.
S LUM U PGRADATION :
Such schemes are given to the housing boards, slum clearance board, development authorities,
improvement trusts, local bodies etc. To help the urban poor for upgradation /improvement of slum as
well as housing in inner city areas which are predominantly inhabited by low income groups.
PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING

The government provides fiscal concessions (tax rebates, exemptions, tax holidays etc.) for builders and
developers for constructing low cost houses in notified urban areas with clear specifications regarding the
minimum quality, size etc. as well as the maximum cost of constructions. Apart from fiscal concessions as
above, easier clearance of necessary permissions and sanctions (like, transfer of title, building permits etc.)
may also be offered to them so that it is practically possible to construct such houses.
Besides, NGOs, community organizations, Self Help Groups (SHGs) and such other organizations having
adequate track record in social service that come forward to set up micro finance institutions (MFIs) for
housing purpose be supported by the government both (i) through financial assistance, and (ii) by
providing guarantee for the housing loans that members such MFIs take from financial intermediaries.
Further, financing agencies (like, banks and HFCs) be given refinance at concessional rates for financing
such projects.
Also, financial intermediaries be provided refinance atconcessional rates for onward lending (as housing
loans) to poor people belonging to some government-recognized MFI. Thus, the builders are getting
incentives from both the government and financing agencies so that they will find it feasible to undertake
such projects.
Secondly, the financing agencies are getting finance at concessional rates for lending both (i) to individuals
(belonging to recognized MFIs), and (ii) to projects taken up by builders and developers that is recognized
by the government or satisfy the requisite norms stipulated by the government.
Thirdly, the poor people who belong to MFIs with adequate track record and recognized by the
government are getting affordable housing through easier finance, and also guarantee support from the
government through the respective MFI. The government may encourage financing income generating
activities of MFIs also, so that repayment of loans become easier for the members.
Eg: TATA Housing
HUDCO will receive and consider the loan application from corporate borrowers for the purpose of:
1. Land Acquisition(*) cum development, land acquisition(*) cum development & construction of
housing, commercial & other related projects, development of housing, commercial real estate projects
for sale, rental, to general public or for their own use.
2. In addition, purchase of ready built houses, institutional or commercial & other related project
properties would also be eligible for funding from HUDCO for their own use.
3. The land Acquisition alone will not be considered for HUDCO funding.
Only financially viable and technically acceptable projects from corporate Bodies with sound track record
will be considered. However, the condition of track record can be dispensed with where the borrowing
agency is a new agency or special purpose vehicle (SPV), formed for the purpose of housing and
infrastructure activities. In such cases, back ground/ track record of the promoters should be verified and
recorded.
Minimum amount of loan criteria for projects from Private Sector Borrowers shall depend upon the
Type of city (including surrounding areas) as notified by the Govt. of India/State Govt. and shall be as given
below
(Loan amount - Rs. in crore)
City classification Metro Class A cities Class B cities Class C cities
Loan Size 50 40 30 25
Projects with loan amount of above Rs. 100 crore for Housing and all Commercial Real Estate Projects,
shall be considered on Consortium/multiple bank basis. However in case of all Commercial Real Estate
Projects, the debt is to be within a maximum of 40% of total debt.
In respect of Housing and Commercial & Real Estate Projects, the extent of HUDCO Loan to be limited to
51% to 66% of the Project Cost depending upon the category/model. However, actual loan to be restricted
based on Debt Equity Ratio, Means of Finance as per the Detailed Project Report, extent of security
requirement or Maximum Extent of Finance, whichever is lower. Since March 2013 , HUDCO does not
extend further sanctions for Real Estate loans in the Private Sector till an overall decision is taken by
HUDCO Board in respect of funding to the Private Real Estate Sector.
(*)subject to the parameters given in detailed guidelines
UNIT–II | SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
SOCIAL FACTORS:
 Various systems followed in a community like joint family system, caste system, religious customs, etc.
 Factors related to agricultural industry, trade, commerce, etc changes radically the face of housing in a
community.
Ex: A community with agricultural background has a different type of housing need compared to an
industrial or business family.
J OINT FAMILY
 It is a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth, mwho
hold property in common and who participate in common worship and are related to each other.
 In the ancient roman society, the supreme authority rested is the eldest male member of the family
who had the responsinbility of administering the family affairs. The people began to live a settled life
by tilling the soi, constructing the house which gave rise to joint family system.
 Joint family system became a complex organization catering to the spiritual and economic needs of the
large family groups.
Characteristics of Joint family system:
• Large size
• Joint property
• Common residence
• Cooperative organization
• Common religion
• Productive unit
• Mutual rights & obligations
Merits & demerits of Joint Family System
S.NO MERITS DEMERITS
1. Ensures economic progress Home or idlers
2. Secures advantages of division of labour Hindrance in the development of personality
3. Secures economy of expenditure Encourages litigation
4. Oppurtunity for leisure Leads to quarrel
5. Social insurance Privacy denied
6. Avoids fragmentation of holdings Unfavorable to accumulation of capital
7. Socialism Uncontrolled procreation
Other factors to be considered:

 Type of building, standard, technology, dependency of imports, etc affect the quantity & unit price of
materials and components.
 Wages & productivity of building labor are affected by the technology used, degree of mechanization,
skill, social, overheads, etc.
 The contractor overheads and profits that are generally affected by their efficiency by the market
conditions or in the case of centrally planned economics by national or local norms.
 Taxation and finance are conditioned by government policies market conditions.
Social Aspects:
Human Values don't change as rapidly as technology, many values remain unchanged.
 The desire to live with dignity.
 The need for privacy, safety, accessibility and convenience.
 The need to maintain individual identity and define personal territory.
 The need to live with sunlight, plants, fresh air and water.
The socio economic analysis of the housing can be organised into sequential parts essentially starts with
the analysis of determinants of housing quality and suitability.
The basic quality and suitability of the housing for a given site must emerge from an expression of the
socio-cultural background of the users, the potential and limitations of the site and the material and the
technological resources of the region.
Basic human needs cannot be compromised. The house must establish an equilibrium between function
and amenity without being wasteful.
1. 'HUMAN NEEDS' AS DETERMINANTS OF HOUSING QUALITY AND SUITABILITY
The following are the human needs identified based on contemporary behavioural studies on the subject.
a. Territory
b. Orientation
c. Privacy
d. Identity
e. Convenience
f. Accessibility
g. Safety
a. Territory: We predict our territory and judge whether it is being violated through our senses of sight,
hearing, smell, etc.
Definition - Territory is primarily a private outdoor space, clearly belonging to the family. Eg: Can be a
garden, balcony, terrace, etc.
Identification - Usually territory is defined by fencing a plant screen, change of level , partly compound wall
or the house forms themselves. It is very difficult to control noise violation of territory like noise from
aircrafts, parking trucks and trains, etc.
b. Orientation:
Shading Devices - Due to the monsoon type of climate in which the summer months are hot and dry, we
orient the building with the longer side facing North-South i.e., away from the sun, because of the excessive
thermal built up inside the building,we use shade tress, screens, roof overhangs, sunshades, etc.
Daylighting - Daylighting is another basic human need. Adequate amount of daylight should be brought
into interiors of the building.
Wind Direction - In hot humid climates air movement in the form of wind or breeze bring relief and ensure
comfort. Hence the building could be oriented towards the prevailing wind direction in the summer
months.
View - The amenity of view can also be almost important in determining the orientation. The view is both
qualitative and scalar. The view into ones private garden is intimate, while the view of the horizon is
distant and shared by others.
c. Privacy: In housing, privacy is created by shared barriers such as walls, floors, ceiling, fences, shrubbery,
etc. Internal planning is accomplished by constructing room having doors and windows that cannot be
easily looked into. The external privacy is the privacy on entering and leaving ones house, privacy in ones
garden, terrace or balcony - it is difficult to achieve.
d. Identity: Our choice of housing and the way we maintain it, is an important means of expressing our
identity. We tend to maintain the identity through selection of house style. Also we plan the house to
accommodate our lifestyle and reflect our status in the society.
e. Convenience: Convenience is the degree of physical ease or lack of difficulty encountered in conducting
daily household activities. Convenience is in the eye of the beholder. One woman may prefer a compact
kitchen and the other may find it necessary to have a large open kitchen.
f. Accessibility: Accessibility to all parts of the housing environment by all the members of the family may
be considered as a basic human need, but there are many conditions whereas we want to restrict
accessibility - shelves to children, study room to children and terrace accessibility.
g. Safety: Safety is a sense of security in ones house, garden, day and night, year after year. This means
protection from many things that threatens human safety and cause property damage.
h: Natural calamities: People experience security problems through vandalism, assault, theft, etc which
are manmade or by natural force like earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, forest fires, etc. The
way the houses are cited, its configuration and access the enclosed open spaces can produce a design in
security feeling.
i. Open spaces: Include all land not occupied for building roads, walks, parks, garden, private garden.
Open space accommodate the visual amenities like trees, grass, shrubs, etc.
Open spaces can be discussed based on the following aspects:
• Size - large to small spaces
• Hierarchy - a system of spaces
• Ownership - a responsibility of use & maintenance.
Based on ownership spaces are classified as: Public, semi-public and private.
Public spaces - owned by everyone, maintained by public expert & usable by all parks, playgrounds, roads
& sidewalks.
Semi-public spaces - owned by residents & set aside for communal use. Non-resident use is limited to
guests with general. Public base - cluster courts, play areas, garden, etc.
Private space - All dwelling units should have some private outdoor space, whether a yard, balcony or
terrace with adequate community recreation space for active play, private with equipments and general
outdoor enjoyments.
2. 'SITE POTENTIALS & LIMITATIONS' AS DETERMINANTS OF HOUSING QUALITY & SUITABILITY
What characteristics of the site directly influence the quality and suitability of the house?
How can the house be designed to enhance the natural amenities of the site?
The organisation of interior spaces and exterior spaces such as decks, gardens and terraces depends on the
basic characteristics listed below.
Natural factors:
• Water
• Physiography
• Orientation
• Vegetation
• View
• Climate
Manmade factors:
• Location
• Cultural attraction
• Utilities
• Services
• Buildings
• Roads, etc.
3. 'MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY' AS DETERMINANTS OF HOUSE QUALITY AND SUITABILITY
Construction Method:
a. Insitu - Construction takes more time but yields greater design flexibility and adaptability to site
configuration. Onsite assembly of pre-fabricated components is moderately flexible and fairly rapid and
efficient.
b. The on-site installation - The onsite installation of factory built dwelling units is extremely rapid, not
very flexible and potentially disruptive in that heavy equipment's are needed to place the units in position.
c. Choice of building materials - The building materials must be visually compatible with natural onsite
materials. Indigenous building materials fit well with the surroundings and durable material may be
chosen to reinforce the house form with the landform. A house cluster once wooded, site may be more
compatible if sided with woods.
Construction cost:
Cost is the most important determinant of house quality, the choice of the material, the configuration of the
house form and the degree of craftsmanship as related.
House hold type:
The description of each type of family is based on the following determinants:
 Members who constitute the household. Young couple, couples with children, couple with teenage
children, couple with grown up, elderly couple , elderly single.
 Socio cultural and economic background of the members.
 Physical conditions of the members.
But generally in the early town planning phase, the identification of the household type is by Family size &
income level.
SLUMS
Definitions:
A. A building, a group of buildings or an area characterized by overcrowding, deterioration, unsanitary
conditions or absent of facilities or amenities, because of these conditions or all of them endanger the
health, safety or morale of its inhabitants of its community - JN report on urban land policy.
B. A street, alleyed court, etc, situated in a crowded district of a town or city & inhabited by streets 7
courts forming a thickly populated neighborhood of a squalid & wretched character - Oxford
Dictionary.
C. Those parts of the city considered unfit for human habitation either bacuse of the structures there(old,
dilapidated, grossly congested & out of repairs) or because it is impossible to preserve sanitation,
drainage, water supply, etc because of the sites by themselves are unhealthy - Bharat sevak samaj.
Characteristics of a slum:
1. Overcrowding & congestion.
• Overcrowded with buildings or buildings over crowded with people or both.
• Leads to loss of privacy that affects impersonal relations.
2. Poor neighborhood facilities

• Poor housing & community facilities
• Chaotically occupied, unsystematically developed, neglected, structures insufficiently equipped
with proper communications & physical comforts.
• Inadequate services & welfare agencies to deal with social & social consequences of physical &
social environment.
3. Culture of slum
• Low income group people, but not all low income group people are slum dwellers.
• It is a symbol of the cultuer of the lower class
• Possess own culture passed from generation to generation.
4. Apathy & social condition
• Lack effective communication with outside world.
• In any respect unfit for human habitation.
5. Housing condition
• Poorly arranged structures
• Inadequate light & circulation
• Poor design
• Lack of sanitary facilities
• Overcrowding
• Inadequate maintenance
SQUATTING
An unauthorized power attached to a place.
Reasons for squatting:
• No financial background
• Cost of building material & rent is high
• No one to support him when he migrates
• Technology of construction where he arrives is different.
• Street sleeping is the initial form.
Types of Squatting:
• Squatter owner - Own the land not by law but by force
• Squatter landlord - Owns illegaly large parts of land & rents
• Squatter tenant - Squats after paying rent to squatter owner
• Squatter holder - Forcibly takes the squatter owner
• Squatter spectator - squatters in land for future benefit
• Semi squatter - he squats permanently & found in groups
• Store squatter - squats mainly for business purpose
HISTORY OF SLUM CLEARANCE:
• Official programme to slum clearance in the form of City Improvement Trust was stared in Mumbai as
early as 1896.
• In 1958, with the help of Ford Foundation Aid & also under Urban Community developmennt
Programme, Delhi pilot project was launched.
• Designed to stimulate citizen participation, self help activities, preventing further deterioration &
develop a sense of civic consciousness.
SLUM CLEARANCE
First Five Year Plan
• Improving by providing basic infrastructure facilities
• Main principle: minimum dislocation of slum dwellers & rehousing them as far as possible at same
place, providing minimum standards of hygiene.
• Madras Corporation built 2000 tenements between 1908 & 1950 under various schemes.
• There were about 200 slums which reached 306 by 1954.
• City improvement trust came in being for the purpose of improving the city by relaying roads,
removing the congestion, provision of parks & playgrounds, open spaces.
Second Five Year Plan
• Problems: High cost of acquisition of slums, unwillingness of slum dwellers to move away, new housing
activities incurred heavy finance.
• With regard to expenditure, central government proposed to meet 25% of cost as subsidy & 50% by
way of loan repayable in 30 years & state government was asked to raise 25% from their revenue.
Third Five Year Plan
• Provided 29 crores for slum clearance & improvement
• Provided skeletal housing & open developed plots for those whop could not afford to pay rents.
• Slum dwellers were at liberty to build their own huts on a self help basis.
• Hindrances in acquiring slum areas, non availabilty & high cost of alternative sites near existing places
of work, inability of people to pay even subsidized rent & their rent & reluctances to move to areas
selected for clearance were some of the bottlenecks.
Fourth Five Year Plan
• Provision of new houses on a large scale.
• An intensive programme of slum improvement was undertaken in slum areas.
• A target of 26 lakhs & 42 lakhs houses in urban & rural areas respectively.
Fifth Five Year Plan
• Minimum needs programme was continued
• extended to towns with a population of 3 lakhs & above and town with lesser population.
• 13 crores was earmarked to this purpose.
Sixth Five Year Pan
• Rs. 72.5 crores have been included in the project plan for the period 1974-1984
• Approximately 95,000 houses were to be constructed.
Other Schemes:
i Buckingham Canal Scheme - Proposed to clear all the slums by rehabilitating slum dwellers in pucca
tenements.
ii HUDCO scheme - 16 schemes on construction of tenements for slum dwellers
iii Relocation Programme - For families living in Cooum & Adyar river beds.
iv Remunerative Enterprises scheme - To reduce heavy financial strain of Slum Clearance Board.
v World Bank Scheme - World bank aid to slum clearance board.
vi Environmental improvement schemes for slums - To enhance environment in 293 slums in Chennai
city.
vii Accelerated slum improvement scheme - Bestowed basic amenities like 1 toilet for 10 families, 1
water tap for 20 families, a light for 150 to 200 families.
SLUM UPGRADATION
A. Reasons for growth of slums:
• unwanted products of industrialization
• rapid urbanization
• lack of planning
B. Formation of slums:
• large scale growth of population in cities due to migration
• breakdown in amenities especially housing
• encroachment on unused developed land owned by government or local body
• Occupied by casual workers, labourers, scavengers, etc.
C. Conditions in a slum:
• house lack proper lighting & ventilation
• unsanitary & filthy environment affects the health of inhabitants
• water facilities & other infrastructure are not available
• Results in disappoinment, dissatisfaction & malpractices within the society & impact on the stability of
the city.
D. Preventive measures:
• Growth of unauthorized settlements should be prevented through enforcement of rules & regulations.
• Laborers camp at construction site - taken care by the respective agencies of construction
• High congestion & high densities - common problems in slums(not desirable to shift slums to far away
places, improve the quality of life by providing infrastructure, creating open spaces, etc)
• Education & training slum dwellers (social organization, political parties)
• Program for health education (wean away unsanitary habits, lead a clean & health habits)
• Avoid addition of big industries or large government offices in already congested town dispersal.
• Creation of new housing neighborhoods & satellite towns.
• Future growth of the town based on the master plan.
• More number of families nust be satisfied with available resources - minimum housing standards are
to be framed.
E. Solving the problems in a slum:
Slums are large areas of blight which have very poor hygiene condition, infrastructure are hazardous and
detrimental to others. Solving the problem of slums requires the co operation at all levels from grass roots
to the highest political level.
F. Solutions:
• Decentralizing industry(will reduce migration to the city)
• Control of migration
• Slum clearance - the development authorities must be given enough power to clear slums as soon as
they crop up before they settle down.
• Lack of political pressure(political protection for slums to be reduced so that slum clearance is easier)
• Redevelopmet programme
• Provide finance for slum clearance & rehabilitation must be made a priority.
• Use of low cost techniques.
• Housing should reach the target people
• Rent to be controlled
• Give more land, finances & power to slum clearance & redevelopment boards.
G. Low cost Construction:
• Material - use of indigenous material & inexpensive material - hollow concrete blocks, fly ash bricks,
reinforced mud construction - brick lintels & slabs, use of lime mortar, use of country wood & wood
substitutes for doors, windows, etc.
• Construction techniques - use of arches & corbels instead of lintels, use of filler slabs, use of rat trap
bond.
• Labour techniques - by using locally available labour. The target group can also be used for
construction purpose to save the cost.
• By planning techniques - avoiding wastages spaces & making maximum utilization of space. Providing
for maximum spaces without affecting circulation. Reducing cost by built up area.
• Mass construction - of houses & use of prefabricated elements.
• Maintenance - should be low.
H. Low cost techniques:
• Foundation level - bamboo reinforced foundation
• Walls- bricks, mud bricks, locally available material, gly ash, hollow concrete blocks, rat trap bond
construction.
• Exposed brick work cheaper than plastering, use of lime mortar.
• Lintel level - corbels & arches, brick lintel
• Roof level - mangalore tiles, filler slabs, curved roofs with chicken mesh reinforcement, precast slabs,
etc.
EQUITY IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT - SITES & SERVICES SCHEME:

Site and services is an approach to bringing shelter within the economic reach of the poor. "Sites-and-
Services" schemes are the provision of plots of land, either on ownership or land lease tenure, along with a
bare minimum of essential infrastructure needed for habitation.
Overview:
It is becoming more and more difficult to provide satisfactory housing to the poor especially the urban
poor. Because they are poor, it is envitable to provide them the cheapest dwelling with a satisfactory
environment. A standard type dwelling will continue to be beyond the reach of the poor for many years to
come.
Slums & squatter settlements are mainly created problem to be tackled by migrants flocking from the
country side to the cities. Overcrowding & environmental depresion are the real problems in these areas.
Site & services scheme allows people to buy a plot with sewer, electricity & water connections at a minimal
cost.
A. Introduction:
Rapid growth of urban areas in most developing countries in the last few decades has led to shortfall in
many sectors, primarily housing. The proliferation of slums and squatter settlements has been a result of
this scenario. The intention of improving the environmental quality of squatter settlements and provide it
with the basic necessary infrastructure, one such innovative schemes which has received wide
acknowledgement and following has been "sites-and-services" schemes.
The realization that providing a "complete" serviced house by government agencies is not possible or
simply cannot be afforded by most low-income families prompted a shift in focus from supplying a fully
serviced house to that of providing only serviced land.
The key characteristic of the approach the use of the beneficiaries' "sweat equity" and other internal
resources (community, financial and so on) in the actual construction and development of the houses.
Sites-and-services schemes became the byword for solving the problem of squatter settlements. Squatter
settlements were and has always been considered illegal and in order to relocate and rehabilitate the
squatters (as a function of "slum clearance"), plots of land (or sites) with infrastructure on it (or services)
were provided, and the beneficiaries had to, in most of the projects, build their own houses on such land.
There are a wide variety of sites-and-services schemes, ranging from the subdivided plot only to a serviced
plot of land with a "core" house built on it.
B. Historical Development Of The Concept
The genesis behind Sites-and-services schemes is not new: low-income people have always been housing
themselves, albeit "illegally", in most urban areas of the developing world. The key departure from earlier
housing schemes, like low-cost housing or subsidized high-rise housing units, is that it recognized the
ability of the low-income households to build their own house, provided an opportunity was given.
Particularly in face of the failure of the conventional housing approaches, coupled with a number of studies
that pointed out the ingenuity and perseverance of squatters to house themselves, providing sites and
services only was touted as a answer to the problems of housing the poor in developing cities. Many
countries in South America, Asia and Africa took up this concept, and with the World Bank strongly
advocating this approach and providing key finance for a number of projects, the idea received widespread
approval.
Sites-and-services schemes have also faced considerable opposition and failure in a number of projects,
primarily due to a series of assumptions and misconceptions on the way in which low-income families
house themselves.
C. Sites-And-Services: The Basic Principles
The key components of a housing scheme are the plot of land, infrastructure (like roads, water supply,
drainage, electricity or a sanitary network), and the house itself. Various inputs that go into them include
finance, building materials/technology, and labour. Thus, the sites-and-services approach advocated the
role of government agencies only in the preparation of land parcels or plots with certain basic
infrastructure, which was to be sold or leased to the intended beneficiaries. The next step of actual house
building was left to the beneficiaries themselves to use their own resources, such as informal finance or
family labour and various other types of community participation modes to build their house. The
beneficiaries could also build the house at their own phase, depending on the availability of financial and
other resources. This adopted the basic principle of the development of a squatter settlement but without
the "squatting" aspect.
D. Typologies In Sites-And-Services Schemes
Depending on the investment made, resources available, the implementing agency or degree of
organization of the beneficiaries, sites-and-services schemes were activated in a number of differing ways.
This variation was a result of the attempt to strike a balance between minimum "acceptable" housing
conditions and affordability of the beneficiaries. While following the basic rule of a plot of land (sites) and
essential infrastructure (services), the degree of participation and inputs of the implementing agency on
one hand, and the beneficiaries on the other, varied greatly. They ranged from an empty plot of land and
some services (like water, electricity and sanitation connections) to the provision of a "core" house
(consisting of a toilet and kitchen only) on the plot of land with attached services.
Some of the variations attempted in sites-and-services projects include:
• Utility wall: A "utility" wall is built on the plot which contains the connections for water, drainage,
sewerage and electricity. The beneficiaries had to build the house around this wall, and utilize the
connections from it. Some projects provided this utility wall in the form of a sanitary core consisting of
a bathroom/toilet, and/or a kitchen.
• Latrine: Due to its critical waste disposal problem, many project provide a basic latrine (bathroom
and/or toilet) in each plot.
• Roof frame/ shell house, core house: The roof is the costliest component of a house and requires
skilled labour to build. Therefore, some projects provide the roof structure on posts, and the
beneficiaries have to build the walls according to their requirements. Conversely, a plinth is sometimes
built by the implementing agency, which forms a base over which the beneficiaries can build their
house. Other variations to this are the shell house (which is an incomplete house consisting of a roof
and two side walls, but without front or rear walls) and a core house (consisting of one complete
room).
E. Actors And Actions In Sites-And-Services Schemes
The two key actors in a sites-and-services project are the intended beneficiaries and the implementing
agency. In most cases, the intended beneficiaries of the project belong to the lower income group of an
urban area - for example, squatters who have been relocated from their original
illegal settlement. They are characterized by low incomes, informal sector jobs or irregular employment
and lack the necessary assets to enable them to afford a "formal" sector house. With basic skills in
construction, many are in a position to build their own house (there are however exceptions to these
features - which have resulted in the failure of many sites-and-services schemes).
The other principle actor in the sites-and-services schemes is the implementing agency. In most cases, this
is a government department or similar body, like the Housing Boards. Operating from goals and objectives
on a city-wide scale and for all income groups, such agencies initiate sites-and-services schemes both for
the provision of housing of low-income families as well as removing "eyesores" that squatter settlements
depict.
The basic division of the stages of implementation between these two principle actors determines the type
of scheme being proposed. Several other actors play essentially supportive roles, including various
government agencies responsible for provision of infrastructure, non-governmental or voluntary
organizations and so on.
F. Shortcomings Of The Sites-And Services Approach
With several assumptions and misconceptions regarding low-income families, sites-and-services projects
have been subject to many shortcomings in its conception, identification of beneficiaries, implementation
and cost recovery. Thus sites-and-services schemes have often been rendered unaffordable or inaccessible
for the lowest-income groups by bureaucratic procedures, institutional requirements and political
problems. Some of the constraints have been:
Location: With high land costs in urban areas, most sites-and-services schemes are location on the fringe
where such costs are not very high. This however causes two problems: one, the large distance between
the site and existing delivery networks, off-site and on-site provision of infrastructure is high and
construction can be delayed. Two, the extra distances that the beneficiaries have to travel (and the
consequent extra costs) to the employment centres would discourage many beneficiaries to take
advantage of such schemes.
Bureaucratic Procedures: Selection procedures, designed to ascertain that applicants meet eligibility
criteria, tend to be cumbersome, time-consuming and full of bureaucratic pitfalls, and provide
opportunities for corruption. Besides, for many low-income families, the eligibility criteria are impossible
to meet due to informal sector jobs or low/irregular incomes.
Delay in provision of Services: Due to a lack of coordination between the various implementation
agencies and a "spread" of responsibility of providing the infrastructure and services, there is considerable
delay in the final provision the services, even after the land has been allocated to the beneficiaries.
Standards: High standards of construction and building quality is set by the implementing agencies
making such schemes unaffordable to the target beneficiaries. Some sites-and-services schemes, for
example, prohibit income generating activities on residential plots, including rental of rooms: they,
thereby, limit the opportunities of residents to earn an (additional) income to pay for their plot and their
house.
Cost Recovery: Most sites-and-services schemes are plagued by poor cost recovery. One reason is the high
costs that beneficiaries have to bear shortly after moving into the scheme. They have to pay for the plot as
well as construction of the house, while they might be facing loss of income due to the move to the new
scheme. Transport, water and electricity costs add to the burden which they might not have had before.
But some of the main reasons for poor recovery has been delay in provision of services, inadequate
collection methods, lack of sanctions for non-payment and absence of political will to enforce payment.
G. Phases Of Sites & Services Scheme:
Phase 1: Formulating eligibility criteria
Phase 2: Recruitment of beneficiaries
Phase 3: Planning the settlement
Phase 4: Project budgeting
Phase 5: Site development
Phase 6: Plot allocation
Phase 7: Planning the dwelling
Phase 8: Financial plot development
Phase 9: Construction of the dwelling
Phase 10: Repayment of loans and payment of service charges.
H. Case study: Arumbakkam, Chennai
History - The approach first appeared on a large scale in Madras (now Chennai) in 1972 when the World
Bank engaged Christopher Charles Benninger to advise the Madras Metropolitan Development Authority
(MMDA) on their housing sector investments. The approach links the user group's ability to pay with land
prices and the costs of rudimentary and upgradable infrastructure. The fundamental idea is to market
plots with essential infrastructure at market prices, to avoid the resale of subsidized housing, directed at
low-income groups. The first major scheme planned by Benninger, at Arumbakkam in Chennai,
created about 7,000 shelter units, within the paying capacity of the urban poor. Within five years the
MMDA created more than 20,000 units and the approach became a major strategy of the World Bank to
tackle a variety of shelter problems globally.
In Arumbakkam - Chennai:
• 2400 sites was developed & allotted to encroachers of river banks & road sites & other slum dwellers
within the city.
• About 55% of the sites are allotted to households below the poverty line.
• Pricing of plots for the weaker sections was highly subsidized to bring them within the affordable
limits of the target groups.
• The range for plot subdivision, i.e., ratio between width & depth followed in the layout is 1:2 to 1:5.
• Pricing of MIG, HIG & non residential plots excluding those for community facilities were fixed t market
price facilitating cross subsidization.
• Water supply was arranged from the Corporation mains.
• Sewers were newly constructed & connected to the Koyambedu Sewage Treatment Plant.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Community participation represents a voluntary action carried out by community members who
participate with each other in different kinds of work to achieve desired goals. Participation includes
people's involvement in decision-making, in implementing programs, sharing in the benefits of
development programs and their involvement in efforts to evaluate such programs. (Cohen and Uphoff,
1977).
In rural areas people are accustomed to plan and build their houses and neighborhoods in conformity with
their tradition, culture and their living environment, and it is affected by religious beliefs, ethnic and
cultural backgrounds as well as laws, political environment and economic situation. While in urban areas
peoples' participation depends on different factors such as cultural backgrounds, economic situation,
social relations, history and age of the neighborhood.
Participation of beneficiaries:
Main priority of the people moving into project area is to construct houses or complete the skeletal houses.
The allottees should have clear information to enable them to take cost effective solutions. The ideas of self
help community action, core housing development stages, etc are parts of this new strategy. This strategy
has marked a major breakthrough in the supply of low income & EWS urban houses. However, this
strategy is inaccessible to the bottom 25% to 30% of the urban population.
Example: Aranya Township
Place: Indore, Madhya Pradesh
Architect: B.V.Doshi
Aranya - means "forest" is an innovative exercise undertaken by Indore Development Authority. Planned
for 40,000 people.
Objective:
• To create an integrated human habitat suited to the lifestyle & cultural background of the people.
• Qualitative improvement of the built environment in a manner which takes into account the
corresponding physical, functional, technological & financial constraints.
• Retains unique & distinct identity of its own within various social & economic activities can flourish.
• Non-residential activities at the township level are grouped together to create a focus.
The built form of the town centre is raised above that of the other structures to accentuate its visual impact
as a node. The linear town centre consisting of 4 clusters of shopping, residential & office complexes, is
located such that it is within a 10 minute walking distance from the remotest part of the site. The road is
staggered at two places to break the continuity & discourage fast & through traffic. The road network & the
system of open spaces is organized so as to converge at the centre & highlight the concept of spatial
planning. All the facilities are evenly distributed throughout the settlement, but organized in such a
manner so as to maintain a strong link with the town centre.
The open spaces at the township level consist of a formal playground & public spaces along the bazaar. At
the sector level the open areas are organized in the middle of each neighbourhood as a continuous space.
To avoid strict segregation of various income groups, plots are arranged in concentric rings of diminishing
sizes. Building bylaws & standards used for the organization of spaces, materials & construction
techniques are a hangover of the conventional concept of housing as a product rather than a process. Huge
pockets of site & services projects reserved for EWS families can create undesirable residential segregation
in a city.
RAJIV AWAS YOJANA CRIME PREVENTION

Overview:
Encouraged by the popularity of JnNURM, Rajiv Awas Yojana was launched in 2009 with the vision of a
'slum free India' that aims at encouraging States/Union Territories to progress and tackle the problem of
slums holistically. The ministry will provide support to State Governments/ Urban local bodies for slum
survey, GIS mapping of slums, and for capacity creation at city and state levels, etc.
1.Vision:
Rajiv Awas Yojana envisages a ‘Slum-free India’ with inclusive and equitable cities in which every citizen
has access to basic civic and social services and decent shelter. It aims to achieve this vision by
encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner, by a multi-
pronged approach focusing on:
1. bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified within the formal system and enabling them to avail
of the same level of basic amenities as the rest of the town;
2. redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums; and
3. tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban poor and
force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood and employment.
2. Duration of RAY:
The duration of Rajiv Awas Yojana will be in two phases: Phase-I, for a period of two years from the date of
approval of the scheme and Phase-II which will cover the remaining period of the Twelfth Five Year Plan
2013-17 RAY will be run in a Mission Mode.
3. Scope:
RAY will provide the support to enable states to redevelop all existing slums in a holistic and integrated
way and to create new affordable housing stock. The existing schemes of Affordable Housing in
Partnership, and Interest Subsidy for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP), would be dovetailed into this
scheme. However, projects sanctioned under the two schemes will continue to receive Central assistance
as per the sanctions and the existing provision of the schemes.
4. RAY: Coverage
The choice of cities would be made by the States, according to their aspirations and financial and resource
arrangements in consultation with the Centre that will oversight as to adherence to the spirit and
guidelines of the scheme. About 250 cities, mainly Class I, are expected to be covered by the end of the
Twelfth Five Year Plan.
Among the cities selected, States would be required to include all the mission cities of JNNURM, so as to
complete the process begun; preferably cities with more than 3 lakh population as per 2001 Census; and
other smaller cities. However, priority should be accorded by all States to towns with larger number of
people living in slums so that the goal of RAY to achieve the status of Slum-free State/Country is attained in
the shortest time span.
5. RAY: Implementation Approach and Strategy
The strategy for implementation of RAY proposes an open architecture with sufficient flexibility to the
States and ULBs to decide their pace of implementation and models for arranging land, resources, housing,
and partnerships, with the incentive of central support attached to the condition that they proceed
systematically, with careful preparation, and commit to creating the conditions for inclusive urban growth.
The strategy has the following main elements:
1. RAY will be driven by and implemented at the pace set by the States/UTs. Centre will incentivize timely
and effective implementation by states/cities.
2. A ‘whole city’, ‘all slums’ approach will be adopted, rather than a piecemeal, isolated approach, to
ensure that all slums within a city, whether notified or non-notified, in small clusters or large, whether
on lands belonging to State/Central Government, Urban Local Bodies, public undertakings of
State/Central Government, any other public agency and private land, are covered; a holistic assessment
is made of the size and scope involved; and available land is put to the best use by designing slum
specific solutions and negotiating the best possible utilisation of the land.
3. The definition of slum would be as per the definition of the Dr. Pronab Sen Committee Report on Slum
Statistics/Census i.e. “A slum is a compact settlement of at least 20 households with a collection of
poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate
sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions” for all States except the North Eastern
and Special Category States. In these States compact settlements of 10-15 households having the same
characteristics as above would be considered as slums.
4. In each slum, an integrated approach will be taken, with provision of infrastructure, basic civic and
social amenities and decent housing, with attention to planning the layout (after reconfiguration of
plots, if possible), total sanitation (with provision of individual toilets and water supply to each
household) and provision of adequate green spaces as per (modified, if necessary) town planning
norms.
5. Community will be involved at every stage, from planning through implementation to post-project
sustenance stages. The attempt to design for people would be done with the people.
6. Flexibility will be given to states and cities in deciding solutions specific to the requirements of each
slum, whether upgrading, redevelopment, or in unavoidable cases, relocation.
7. In-situ development will be encouraged as the programme of choice, to ensure that development does
not lead to a loss of job linkage or additional hours and income lost on commuting to work; where
relocated, there will be emphasis on active intervention to provide mobility or recreating livelihood
linkages.
8. Private sector participation will be emphasised under RAY, for slum redevelopment, wherever feasible,
as well as for creation of new affordable housing stock, both for rental and ownership, through
imaginative use of land use and other concessions.
9. The benefits of health, education, social security, workers’ welfare, livelihood and public transport
linkages for holistic slum redevelopment will be provided through conscious effort for convergence of
schemes and dovetailing of budgetary provisions available under the programmes in the respective
sectors.
6. RAY: Operational Strategy
RAY would be implemented in two stages, the Preparatory Stage, and the Implementation Stage.
Preparatory Stage
The Guidelines of Slum Free City Planning Scheme include:
1. Preparation of legislation for the assignment of property rights to slum dwellers;
2. Slum Surveys, MIS, GIS Mapping of Slums, MIS-GIS integration and development of ‘Slum-free City Plan’
for each selected/identified city so that every slum cluster therein is identified and mapped by its size,
composition, demographic and socioeconomic profile, location, land ownership, etc., to enable a
comprehensive planning and modelling for land, resources, and finances for upgradation of all existing
slums;
3. Creating mechanisms and structures for community mobilisation as well as private sector participation,
4. Developing the vision and strategy for an inclusive city that has adequate availability of formal spaces
for its future growth,
5. Developing institutional and human resource capacity, and
6. Undertaking pilot projects
Commitments Precedent to Release of Funds under RAY
The State POA(Plan of Action) will need to describe the legislative amendments and policy changes
proposed to redress the land and affordable housing scarcities which are the genesis of slums as a part of
their POA and state vision.
Implementation Stage
The State/City PoA will need to be submitted to the Ministry of Housing and Poverty Alleviation with due
approval of the State Level Sanctioning &Monitoring Committee) along with the Act or the executive
instruction/ policy/scheme for assignment of property rights and in event of the latter the commitment of
the Government to enact the legislation within one year. The Implementation Stage will begin as soon as
the State/City POA is accepted and cleared by the Centre..
The Slum-free City Plan will have to be for a city as a whole, but within a city the implementation of slum
upgradation may require to be phased out and paced as per the financial and resource capacity of the state
and the city, giving precedence to untenable slums and those with larger populations of the deprived, i.e.,
the SC/ST and minorities.
7. RAY: Central Support, State share and Credit enablement measures
Central Government support under RAY would have the following components:
Provision of Integrated Slum redevelopment with Basic Civic and Social Infrastructural Amenities and
Shelter
Affordable Housing in Partnership
Credit Enablement : Interest Subsidy
Credit Enablement : Mortgage /Risk Guarantee Fund
Support for Capacity building, Preparatory Activities, IEC & Community mobilisation, Planning,
Administrative and Other expenses (PA&OE)
8. RAY: Administration and Implementation Structure
National Level - RAY Mission Directorate, State RAY Mission Director
ULB Level - Mayor/Chairman of the Municipal Council
Community Level - Slum Dwellers’ Federation at the city level, and Slum Dwellers Association at each slum
level
9. RAY:Monitoring & Evaluation
RAY will be monitored at three levels: City, State and Government of India. In particular,
I. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation will periodically monitor the scheme.
II. State Nodal Agency would send Quarterly Progress Report(on-line) to the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Poverty Alleviation.
III. Upon completion of a project, the State Nodal Agency, through the State Government, would submit
completion report to the Central Government.
IV. Central Sanctioning-cum-Monitoring Committee will meet as often as required to sanction and
review/monitor the progress of projects sanctioned under the Mission.
V. Monitoring of quality of projects executed by the implementing agencies in the States/Cities will be
facilitated through independent quality control/ assurance/ third party teams at various levels that
may be outsourced to specialized/technical agencies.
VI. Monitoring of projects by States/Urban Local Bodies by conducting Social Audit in conformity with
guidelines to be prescribed, right from the stage of project preparation.
VII. The processes of implementation will be monitored by undertaking concurrent evaluation through
reputed independent institutions to ensure that corrections to distortions, oversights or shortcomings
can be made in time.
Evaluation of experience under RAY will be carried out before the programme enters into its second phase.
HEALTH PRINCIPLES IN HOUSING

A. Healthy housing - interpretation
Housing should provide a safe and heal thy environment for its inhabitants. Many technical, social,
planning and policy factors relating to housing may affect physical ~and mental health and social
wellbeing. These factors can be expressed in terms of basic human requirements that can accordingly be
incorporated into housing standards, policies and goals of attainment relevant to an individual country's
needs, resources and priorities. Adoption of healthy housing principles will help governments,
communities and families to safeguard against such risks.
B. Housing and health
Throughout recorded history, people have been concerned with having adequate shelter against the
elements and developing a safe and comfortable physical environment in which to live. The degree of
success in achieving these goals is largely determined by prevailing socioeconomic conditions and the
influence of environmental changes arising from, for instance, industrialization or technology. As a result,
many parts of the developing world face a serious housing problem as expressed by homelessness, slums
and other poor-quality housing, which contribute to hazards to health and wellbeing. For instance, disease,
accidents and fires are more prevalent in slum areas, and psychological and social disturbances also are
partly attributed to substandard housing.
Improvement of these conditions through slum clearance, rehousing or rehabilitation is .generally thought
to be justifiable on humanitarian grounds because they improve the physical, mental and social wellbeing
of the community for the common good. Implicit to this concept is the belief in a linear dose-response
relationship between housing conditions and state of health, which can be crudely expressed as:
BETTER HOUSING = BETTER HEALTH
POORER HOUSING = POORER HEALTH
C. Parameters of health
WHO defines health as "not merely the absence of disease and infirmity, but a state of complete physical,
mental and social wellbeing". In terms of housing, information about epidemiology and identification of
causal factors rarely includes biomedical, psychosomatic and social pathologies. As a result, little is known
about the contribution made by housing in causing stressrelated diseases such as hypertension, migraine,
depression, neurosis, alcoholism and social diseases manifested by pathologically derived antisocial
behaviour (e.g. crime, violence, street mugging, vandalism, child abuse, and mental or sexual ailments).
D. General healthy housing needs
We spend an estimated two third~ of our life within the home and its immediate surroundings. The health
of each occupant is potentially at risk from an insanitary or otherwise unhealthy housing environment.
However, the groups who spend most time in the home are children, mothers with young children, the
elderly, disabled persons, the chronically sick and the unemployed. These groups can be expected to be
disproportionately affected by poor housing conditions and also usually have special health and housing
needs. Thus, housing suitable for general needs may not be suitable for these groups.
Thus, poor housing may affect physical health in at least three ways:
a. it may facilitate the transmission of communicable diseases;
b. it may interfere with physiological needs;
c. its design or construction may cause injury to health.
E. Principles related to health needs
The relationships between housing conditions and human health are set forth in six major principles some
of which include a numbero f subdivisions. The subjects of the major principles are:
1. Protection against communicable diseases.
2. Protection against injuries, poisonings and chronic diseases.
3. Reducing psychological and social stresses to a minimum.
4. improving the housing environment.
5. Making informed use of housing.
6. Protecting populations at special risk
I. Protection against communicable diseases.
Adequate housing provides protection against exposure to agents and vectors of communicable diseases
through:
Safe water supply - An adequate supply of safe and potable water assists in preventing the spread of
gastrointestinal diseases, supports domestic and personal hygiene and provides an improved standard of
living.
Sanitary excreta disposal - Sanitary disposal of excreta reduces the faecal-oral transmission of disease
and the breeding ol insect vectors.
Disposal of solid wastes - Adequate and safe disposal of solid domestic wastes reduces health risks and
helps to provide a more pleasant living environment; appropriate methods of storage and disposal
discourage insect and rodent vectors of disease and protect people against poisonous substances and
objects likely to cause accidental injury.
Drainage of surface water - Efficient drainage of surface waters helps to control communicable diseases,
safety hazards, and damage to homes and property.
Personal and domestic hygiene - Adequate housing includes facilities for personal and domestic hygiene,
and people should be educated in hygienic practices.
Safe food preparation - Healthy dwellings provide facilities for the sate preparation and storage of food,
so that householders can employ sanitary foodhandling practices.
Structural safeguards against disease transmission - Adequate housing provides structural safeguards
against the transmission of disease, including enough space to avoid overcrowding.
II. Protection against injuries, poisonings and chronic diseases
Adequate housing provides protection against injuries, poisonings and thermal and other exposures that
may contribute to chronic disease and malignancies; special attention should be paid to
Structural features and furnishings - The proper siting, structure and furnishing of dwellings protects
health, promotes safety and reduces hazards.
Indoor air pollution - Adequately designed, constructed and ventilated dwellings, free of toxic and
irritating substances, reduce the risks of chronic respiratory diseases and malignancies.
Chemical safety - Sensible precautions in the household reduce exposure to hazardous chemicals.
The use of the home as a workplace - Where a dwelling is also used as a workplace, those who live in it
should be protected against hazards and contamination.
III. Reducing psychological and social stresses to a minimum.

Adequate housing helps people's social and psychological development and reduce to a minimum the
psychological and social stresses connected with the housing environment.
To reduce unhealthy psychosocial stresses to a minimum, dwelling environments should:
• provide adequate living space, properly ventilated and lit, decently equipped and furnished, with a
reasonable degree of privacy and comfort;
• provide a sense of personal and family security, reinforced by the community structure;
• provide space for children's play, sports and recreation, with minimum risks of injury and infection;
• be so sited as to reduce exposure to noise, provide contact with greenery and enable people to have
access to community amenities; and
• be easy to keep clean and in good order.
IV. improving the housing environment.
Suitable housing environments provide access to places of work, essential services and amenities that
promote good health.
• Security and emergency services
• Health and social services
• Access to cultural and other amenities
V. Making informed use of housing.
Only if residents make proper use of their housing can its health potential be realized to the full.
VI. Protecting populations at special risk
Housing should reduce to a minimum hazards to the health of groups at special risk from the conditions
they live in including,
• women and children,
• those who live in substandard housing,
• displaced and mobile populations and
• the aged, the chronically ill and the disabled
UNIT – III | HOUSING STANDARDS

UDPFI – URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN FORMULATION & IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES.
The UDPFI guidelines provide standardised guidelines to urban planners and city managements for the
provision of infrastructure services to urban areas of varied population sizes in India. These guidelines are
referred to compute the gaps in existing and desired levels of infrastructure for the population segments
under study.
SECOND MASTER PLAN FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA, 2026

DCR- DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR HOUSING

 Housing codes should aim at establishing guiding principles and the standards of performance
required for a dwelling to be healthy safe and pleasing environment.
 Performance standards are flexible and therefore much more desirable in practice, but require a degree
of sophistication which may not exist. Eg: Materials that would resist fire for 2 hours – implies
existence of slab to test and certify the materials.
 It is possible to use performance standards for “Levels of services”
 Eg: “All dwellings should be accessible from footpaths which are unusable without danger or discomfort at
all times of the year” implies standard of construction or law is above flood water etc without specifying
particular materials and methods.
Aesthetic and Social Qualities
 Some qualities of standards are not measurable at all or measurable only with great difficulty.
 Eg: Analyse views in terms of qualities of pleasant and unpleasant elements. Much of the character of
housing environment is the result of interaction between factor, growth and time produce, nature
trees, intricate community relationships and accidents of building, rebuilding and changing uses and
not merely fight concerned standards.
Narrowness of Standards
 Important quantifiable aspects of some factors are without standards.
 Eg: Sunlight standards are measure of sunlight coming into the buildings and not of sunlight visible
outside in the sunlit view.
 Standards suppress creative design.
 Standards block initiative and innovation in environmental design.
 Standards are instruments of co-operation. To establish standards is an important part of the
movement to improve conditions of health and safety and to remedy the desperately bad conditions
resulting from uncontrolled growth.
 The term standard is associated with Quality control, guaranteeing the uniformity of products and
services.
 Standards are Authoritative
 Standards are Essentials as Controls
 Needs of standards as authoritative and as instruments of good combine in the idea of their being
necessary tools of control. The need for such new tools are very essential in the case of big
programmes of housing new town building.
 In short a system of standards is felt by some to be necessary as codification of experience and to meet
problems gaining new prominence. (Eg: Noise, Air pollution)
GENERAL ISSUES OF COMPARATIVE STANDARDS
Various agencies have evolved space standards are to be adopted in different areas. These standards
confine either to the income level or on to the household planning commission have aimed for health and
privacy.
A. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (according to subsided housing programmes)
1. Single storeyed tenements in smaller towns are with Carpet area – 220 sq.ft, Enclosed area – 250 sq.ft
2. Multi storeyed tenements in large cities are with Carpet area – 240 sq.ft.
3. A single dwelling unit with total of 230 sq.ft.
A Room – 120 ft2 (11 m2)
A Verandah/Kitchen – 72 ft2 (6.7 m2)
A Bathroom – 10 ft2 (1.5 m2)
A Water closet – 12 ft2 (1.1m2)
B. MADRAS PROVINCIAL HOUSING COMMITTEE
 Habitable room- preferably – minimum floor area – 120 ft2
 Height – 10ft for flat roof
 9 ft for sloped roof and plinth 10 inches.
C. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
 Height of rooms should not be less than 2.75m for row housing schemes.
 Generally height of rooms should not be less than 2.9m.
 Area of habitable room should not be less than 7.5m2
 Minimum width of habitable room – 2.4m
 Area of kitchen – 5m2, minimum width- 1.8m.
 Size of bath – 1.5mx1.2m or 1.8m2.
 Height – 2.2m
Comparative statement of density norms and space standards are prescribed by committee of plan
projects, Bureau of public enterprises, Ministry of finance. Several norms have been put forward by the
planning authorities’ w.r.t land use and desirable densities of population.
HOUSING
Minimum plinth area per dwelling : 32.5 sq.m
Minimum floor area per dwelling : 23.25 sq.m
Minimum size of dwelling : 2 living rooms, kitchen and bath.
Desirable persons per room: 2
Density of dwellings Density of Dwelling units per hectare
dwellings
Low density area 25
Minimum density area 50
High density area 75
Average density of dwellings 40-50
Average size of family 5 persons
Layouts for flats and cluster

uster housing and EWS housing shall be approved subject to such conditions as may
be imposed by the authority provided that within standards are adhered to:
1. Passage meant as pedestrian ways shall not be less than 3.6m.
2. Vehicular access ways shall not be less than 7.2m.
3. When buildings are arranged in blocks, the minimum distance between two blocks shall be 6
metres both in front and rear of the blocks and 3 metres on the sides.
4. Reservation of land for communal and recreational purpose shall not be less than 10% of the area
excluding roads and passages.
METHODOLOGY FOR ARRIVING STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL

ESIDENTIAL AREAS
UNIT – IV | SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN

SITE PLANNING / DESIGN PROCESS
Planning and design occur as a process, by which we mean that they follow a logical sequence of actionsor
events that must be carried out to arrive at a viable solution. It is a multi-disciplinary problem –solving
operation often involving architects, landscape architects and engineers, and frequently may require input
from physical scientist as well to address environment issues. It require a logical objectives for some steps,
but also allows room for subjective design interpretation at others.
There are several notable models from which we can draw to understand the basic components of the site
planning and design process. Kevin Lynch outlines an eight-stage site planning cycle (see Fig. 1) that
includes:
1. Defining the problem
2. Programming and analysis of site and user
3. Schematic design and the preliminary cost estimate
4. Developed design and detailed costing
5. Contract documents
6. Bidding and contracting
7. Construction
8. Occupation and management (Lynch 11)
John Simonds outlines a six-phase planning-design process that applies to architecture, landscape
architecture, and engineering, This process (see Fig.2), is organized as follows:
1. Commission
2. Research
3. Analysis
4. Synthesis
5. Construction
6. Operation
There are many variation on these models. They differ essentially in the breakdown of componentphases
and some, such as Simonds, extend the process to include preliminary contractual agreementand post-
construction operations.
1. Research and Analysis Phases:
In this process, the designer can use this general goal statement plus the identification of the site tobegin
collecting information relevant to the site and thesurroundings area and compiling it in a form in which it
can be mapped. This data is thenanalyzed in terms of its implications for development of the site for stated
purpose.
2. Program Development:
The development of the program is the bridging step between the analysis andthe synthesis or design
phases.
3. Design Phase
a. Conceptual Design
Conceptual design begins with functional diagram in which we explore the relationships of
programelements and activities. This is first done as “ideal” or non-site
Related diagrams to establish the best abstract relationships among the various components of theproject
program. This is essentially a diagrammatic exploration in which the designer may move througha series
of alternative arrangements until he/she achieves a solution which maximizes the positiverelationships
and minimizes the number of conflicts.
c. Site Plan / Master Plan
Presuming that the project is to go forward, the designer refines the development of the preliminaryplan,
giving precise form, dimension and indication of materials to the proposed elements. In otherwords,
he/she precisely locates buildings and paved surfaces, delineates ground forms and plantedareas, and
indicates necessary utilities.
FORMULATION OF HOUSING PROJECT

The housing projects are formulated undo the following five categories
1. Detached / individual house
2. Semidetached houses (Twin houses)
3. Row / Line houses
4. Flats / Apartments
5. Sky scrapers / High rise building
SITE ANALYSIS
Site analysis is an element in site planning and design is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to
site planning, a form of urban planning which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It primarily deals
with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture,
landscape architecture, engineering, real estate development, economics, and urban planning.
Site analysis is defined as the analysis of the site with respect to many factors involved in construction. It is
the analysis of various features or advantage available for a site.
ELEMENTS OF SITE ANALYSIS

Numerous elements go into a given site analysis. These elements include location, neighbourhood context,
site and zoning, legal elements, natural physical features, man-made features, circulation, utilities, sensory,
human and cultural, and climate components. The following elements typically are considered in most
sites:
Location: The site should be related to 1major streets or landmarkspreviously existing. Aerial
photographs help in this assessment stage.There should be documentation ofdistances and time from
major places. This should be completed by either driving or walking thedistance first-hand.
Neighbourhood context: Zoning of the neighbourhood is important and information of this type
cantypically be found at the municipal planning department of the site. Numerous issues at this
stagerequire direct observation. Features of this sort include architectural patterns, street
immediatesurroundings of the site. The reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site and people
movingaround should be analysed. Other important components of the neighbourhood context include
ananalysis of existing paths (pedestrian, cyclist, and vehicle), landmark and nodes. Landmarks
aredistinctive sites that provide way-finding for people in the area, and which define the character of
aneighbourhood. Nodes are key public gathering places that encourage people to linger and socialize.
Size and zoning: Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the dimensions physically or
contacting the country tax assessor’s office. Zoning classifications, set-backs, height restrictions, allowable
site coverage, uses, and parking requirements are obtained zoning classifications from a zoning map,
which can be located from the city planning department.
Infrastructure, social, and political boundaries.
Legal : Typical legal information can be obtained from the dead to the property, The deed is held by the
owner of the title insurance such as the property description, present ownership, and the governmental
jurisdiction the site is located in, and the city or county.
Natural physical features: Most of this information will be derived from the topographic features on the
site. A contour map of this magnitude can be located from the survey engineer. Drainage problems as well
as existing natural features of trees, ground texture, and soil conditions on the site should be directly
observed.
Man made features: Features located on the site such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stop
shelters should be noted. The site and location of such features should be directly measured,
Documentation of existing historical districts should be made, some of which may already have reports
completed. Locating this information can be done through the municipal planning department for the site.
Circulation: the uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important in this inventory step. It
is not necessarily an analysis of these circulation gateways.
Utilities: Information for utilities concerning the site can be found through the utility departments and
companies in the local area. Generally this company has a print of the drawing of this information needed.
Information in this print includes the location of all utilities and their locations around or on the site itself.
Sensory: Much of the sensory information collected will be done through first-hand experience. This type
of information is obtained from sketching and photographs (sometimes aerial photographs). Direct
observation of other sensory elements of noise, odors, smoke, and pollutant areas must also be completed.
LAYOUTS
Enumerate various components of layouts design. (Apr./May 2006) What is layoutdesign?
(Nov./Dec 2012)
The layout is defined as an arrangement of housing sites or blocks in an open land with all facilities like
roads street, drains, water supply playground, park, recreation space, power supply. In a state the director
of town and country planning is the compliant authority to approve the proposal layouts in villages,
panchayats and municipalities. In Chennai metropolitan development authority (CDMA) and industrial
development corporation Hyderabad are the regulatory bodies. In Hyderabad urban development
authority is approving the lands.
N ATIONAL B UILDING C ODE (NBC) R ECOMMENDATION OF L AYOUT
The layout should be drawn for the scale of not less than 1: 1000 (Representative factor 1cm – 10 m all
plots or sites in the layout should have a public or private means of access (road). The layout should be
accessible by a public street of width not less than 6m. In residential and commercial zones the layouts of
land measuring 0.3 hectares or more.
In following minimum provision for community open space should be made.
15% of the area of layout for open pace.
0.3-0.4 hectare for 1000 persons.
In big layouts the following facilities should also be provided
HOUSING PROGRAMS
Modern building / planning
Modern buildings are planned for specific purpose by giving consideration for site, climate, character and
style. The Planning of housing schemes shall follow the existing laws and principles applicable to a wide
variety of buildings. Based on creativity of an architect or an engineer those laws and principles within the
framework can be developed. The major factors considered for the planning concept of housing schemes
or such as aspect, roominess, flexibility, grouping, privacy, elegance.
Aspect
The natural sunshine, wind should be utilized for comfort, hygiene and cheerfulness tothe uses of buildings
or housing schemes. The room which receives air and light from a particular direction then it is said to
have aspect of that direction. For eg. A kitchen should have an eastern side aspect so that the morning sun
would refresh, purify the air and remains cool in the later part of the day. The living room may have
southern or south eastern aspect while the bedrooms have west or southwest aspect.
Roominess
Roominess is defined as the method of getting maximum benefit that is derived from minimum possible
dimension of the room. For example square room of size 3.6 x 3.6m, a table of size 1.2 x 1.2m is kept for a
purpose. Here only a little space is available around the table. In a rectangular room of size 4 x 3.2m the
same 1.2 x 1.2m is kept. In this case in the same area of room we have more space for additional use or
utilization such as shelves or keeping other things, etc. It is advisable to have a length to breadth of rooms
proportionate in the ratio 1:5:1 to2:1.
Flexibility
Flexibility means use of space for any required purpose conveniently or with alignment. For Ex.
1. Separating the living room and dining hall with removable partition like aluminum panels, wooden
panels, and prefabricated wall panels.
2. Constructing the house in front of the site and leaving sufficient space in the backside for future
extension of house.
Grouping
Grouping is defined as maintaining the relationship between the spaces of rooms atthe planning stage
itself. For eg planning during room near to the kitchen. So the cooked item can be easy access towards
sanitaryunits. Location ofstore room near kitchen leads to easy access. Similarly administrative section and
officeare grouped together. Similarly production the quality control, storage and dispatchsection is
grouped near to each other.
Privacy
Privacy means the nature of free feeling of usage of space. These are of two types. Privacy is ensured by
carefully planning the entrance, passage, pathways, etc. in case of housing scheme, the privacy should be
ensured by providing all the facilities separately to all the house sites.
(a) Internal privacy:
It means the internal parts of the building have the required privacy from the other part/other rooms.
(b) External privacy:
It means the provision of the portico, garden, open space, public streets, roads and neighboring buildings.
Elegance
It is the effect produce by the elevation of the buildings and the general layout of the housing scheme.
Symmetry gives elegance always. The elegance depends on the character and purpose of the buildings. The
elegance incase of housing schemes is brought out by the wider roads and streets, the required
proportionate size (length and breadth) of site/plot.
CONTENTS AND STANDARDS FOR HOUSING PROGRAM

The contents and Standards for housing program contain the following:
1. Cost of the land
2. Availability of public utility services such as water centricity and sewage disposal.
3. Access to parks and playground
4. Agricultural potentiality of the land
5. Contour of land
6. Distance from place of work
7. Ease or way of drainage
8. Location with respect to schools and colleges and public buildings
9. Nature of use of adjacent areas
10. Transport facilities
11. Wind velocity and direction
12. Annual rainfall
13. Height – The height of the building in the schemes should be in proportion with width of the street or
road.
14. Location
The location of the residential building in housing scheme should be free from nuisances like dust, smoke
and smell, moist. The location of the building should be nearer to the means of transport for schools,
hospitals, markets.
15. Orientation
Define Orientation. (May/June 2010)
The building in the housing scheme should be suitable orientation with respect to rain, sun, wind.
16. Parks
The building should be located nearer to parks and a placed with easy accessibility with trees and plants
should be available for the children without crossing main roads.
17. Privacy
The housing system should provide maximum privacy to the users.
18. Security
The buildings in the housing scheme should have safety and security against theft and fire. For this
purpose a strong room may be provided for the storage of valuable items.
19. Space
Floor area as well as cubical contents (length X Breadth X Height) of the buildings should be proportioned
with number of persons likely to use the buildings. As per the standard floor area per members. The
standard floor area is 4.65m2 per member and cubical content is 8.5m3 per member.
20. Utility Services
The building should be provided utility service like electricity, water, drainage and transport facilities at
reasonable cost.
21. Ventilation
A roof of the building should be fully ventilated and each room should get enough air and light.
SITE ANALYSIS
Explaining the context, objectives and contents of Sits and Services. (May/June 2006, May/June 2007)
Make a comparative study of neighborhood and site and services programmes with reference to their
contents and standards. (Apr./May 2007)
It is defined as the analysis of the site in all respects before the construction is started. Normally trial pits
are taken at various places of the site to know the different kinds of soil and its characteristics.
Based on the soil available, a particular type of foundation is adopted. The hard stratum of soil on which
the foundation is laid is checked for its bearing capacity. The bearing capacity of soil is tested at the side by
conducting a plate load test. Similarly the site on which the construction is developed is checked for the
facilities like water supply, drainage, transport and communication facilities.
The site should not be a place where, the waste materials are dumped. The site should not be water logged
area, i.e., during the rainy season the water should not be stained on its surface. Similarly the rain water
nearby areas should not enter to the site or flow the site to the nearby places. The site selected for
construction should be free from air pollution, sound and water pollution. The site should have the
accessibility to all nearby places for all its development. The site should not be located nearer to quarries
(rock quarries) and industries.
SITES AND SERVICES

Define the concept of site and Services.(Apr/May 2005)
These are the facilities provided to a site before a particular construction is made. The services to be
provided for sites are called sites and services. These services are also called public utility services. The
services included the following.
 Educational institutions (nearby availability)
 Water supply and Power supply (electricity)
 Fire stations
 Gas
 Hospitals and health centre’s
 Local industrial units
 Markets and shopping centers
 Parks
 Play ground
 Public buildings
 Public transport facilities
 Roads and street services
 Proper roads
 Refuse or waste disposal
 Sewage disposal
 Drainage arrangement
 Storm water drainage
 Provisions of shops/ stores
 Street lightning
 Communications/telephone lines and facilities
NEIGHBORHOODS / NEIGHBORHOODS PLANNING
1. Define the concept of Neighborhoods. (Apr/May2005).
2. Explain the context, objectives and contents of Neighborhood. (May/June2006, May/June 2007)
3. Explain Neighborhood planning and its importance. (May/June 2010)
The concept of neighborhood planning is fundamentally American concept/ idea. The principal of
neighborhood is one is planning for the society and not for an aggregate or group of houses generally the
nature of human beings is to be friendly with neighbors and to share their interest. Neighborhood planning
is defined as the planning of expansion of the existing housing or layout near by the / neighbor to the
existing layout or housing scheme.
In big towns the neighborhood planning is difficult due to the following reasons. The neighbors are not
dependent on one another, company and help because city life gives a wide variety of facilities and
entertainment. The neighbors may not have common modes or ideas and habits of living. Neighborhood
planning is to form various physical units of residential areas in which people live with a rank of a life style
live.
OPEN DEVELOPMENT PLOTS

What do you understands by the term Open Development Plots?> (Apr/May 2005)
The available open land is suitable subdivided into various plots/ sites in a housing scheme and allotted to
various persons by making development in the plots.
This is called as open development plot/open plot scheme. The developments are made in the plots
include
 Site clearance
 Site leveling
 Protection of plots by providing fence
 Security arrangements
 Garden maintenance
 Plot/site maintenance
Mainly the open development of plots is allotted to slum people or slum dwellers. Theprecautions to be
adopted in the open development plots are
The area of the plot should not exceed 20-25m2 . The possible alternative designs for the construction of
small houses may be provided. The plots may be given long term lease with necessary condition for
cancellation and re-entry in case of terms of lease documents. The self-help combined with use of locally
available materials and methods of construction should be encouraged
CO-OPERATIVE HOUSING
Explain the merits and demerits of co-operative housing. (Nov/Dec 2012)
The history of co-operating housing movement in India is traced in the year1912. This was seen that the
co-operative act was formed.
Bombay took the first initiative in this movement and the first co-operative housing society known as
‘saraswat co-operative’. This was registered based on the co-partnership system in Mumbai in 1915.
Later the other states adopted the idea of housing society. Number of housing society is largest in
Maharashtra about 5031, in Gujarat about 3661. This two states account for more than half of total number
of societies about 13879 in the country.
Co-operative Housing Society
A group of house seeking persons combined and form legal body is known as a co-operative housing
society. The society is registered on the co-operative act and works within the rules and regulations
imposed and framed by its member. Its working is examined and supervised by government department.
The houses constructed through housing society are generally good, decent within the financial limit. The
services and facilities provided are better and lead to indirect benefits such asimproved hygiene, health
and education, etc. mainly the low income people are benefited mostly bytheir societies.
OBJECTIVES OF SLUM CLEARANCE

Express any tow basic concepts on which slum housing programs are formulated. (May/June 2007)
 To bring down the disparity difference in the living standards of the people of various places
 To prevent the occurrence of epidemics in the town/city
 To provide the obsolute basic minimum standard of essential amenities for healthy living
 To remove the ugly spots/slums from the may of town/city
*Please read through the case studies of the following….
CASE STUDIES IN INDIA
1. Sites and Services scheme/ Low-cost housing
Case Example to study: Aranya housing @ Indore by Ar.B.V.Doshi.
2. Group Housing / Incremental/ Low cost housing
Case Example to study: Belapur Housing by Ar.Charles Correa
3. High-rise housing
Case Example to study: Kanchanjunga apartments @ Bombay by Ar.Charles Correa
4. Row housing / Traditional housing
Case Example to study: Traditional houses of south India like Agraharam, Temple towns of Madurai &
Srirangam
5. Cluster Housing
Case Example to study: Belapur housing is an example of cluster housing. 7 units are grouped around an
intimate courtyard of 8x8 meters, where 3 clusters are joined to form a single module of 21 houses
surrounding an open space of 12x12 meters.
6. Traditional Housing
Case Example to study: Chettinad Housing, Kerala Housing, etc.
GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN HOUSING

Sustainable housing
The sustainability can be defined as meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of future
generations. Sustainable housing has the potential to produce good quality housing at a price that is
affordable both in the short and long term. Thus, sustainable housing must aim at economic, social and
environmental sustainability from planning to implementation phase and at the same time result in
housing that is affordable, accessible and environmentally less damaging. The National Urban Housing and
Habitat Policy-2007 intends to promote sustainable development of habitat in India with a view to
ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all sections of society [21].
Notwithstanding numerous attempts, sustainable housing has remained difficult to define, yet it should be
coherent to certain characteristics of sustainable development.
1. Help for the very poor because they are left with no option other than to destroy their environment,
2. The idea of self-reliant development, within natural resource constraints,
3. The idea of cost-effective development, meaning thereby that development should not degrade
environmental quality, nor should it reduce productivity in the long run,
4. The issues of disease control, appropriate technologies, food security, clean water and shelter for all,
5. The notion that people-centred participatory initiatives are needed; human beings in other words, are
the resources in the concept.
From this perspective the sustainable housing policy should incorporate three objectives [22]: The first of
these is that future policies must provide the basis for household improvement. The second objective of
the policies which could result in sustainable housing improvement is concerned with the empowerment
of poor people. The third objective of such policies must be to psychologically give the lower segment of
the urban society a feeling of self-worth. Thus, in order to be sustainable, housing initiatives must be
economically viable, socially acceptable and affordable, technically feasible and environmentally-friendly.
POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF HOUSING TO SUSTAINABILITY

It is pertinent to note that housing sector can significantly contribute to sustainability because of its close
association with environmental aspects:
1. Buildings consume large amounts of natural and man-made resource in construction, maintenance and
continued use by society.
2. Buildings are a fixed asset with a long operational lifespan.
3. Buildings are among the fundamental necessity for a good quality of life, and thus have implications
beyond housing affecting transport, health, employment and community.
4. Buildings are amenable to numerous ways in which recycled materials can be reused for construction.
5. Large number of innovations are available for efficiently operating the buildings including use of
recycled material for construction, wastewater treatment and use, energy efficiency, solar heating,
passive solar heating, creating urban green spaces in proximity to compact housing.
Rightly then, the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy-2007 takes note of several aspects related to
environmental sustainability. A paragraph is particularly instructive [21]:
“Development of sustainable habitat is closely related to the adoption of ‘the Regional Planning approach’
while preparing Master Plans of towns/ cities, District Plans and Regional/Sub-Regional Plans. It involves
maintenance of the ecological balance in terms of a symbiotic perspective on rural and urban development
while developing urban extensions of existing towns as well as new integrated townships. Promotion of
sustainable habitat is closely linked with reserving a significant proportion of the total Master Plan area as
‘green lungs of the city’ (e.g. Master Plan for Delhi 2021 provides 20% of green areas), protecting water
bodies with special emphasis on the flood plains of our rivers and developing green belts around our cities. It
will be desirable to pursue a goal of 20-25% recreational land use area (excluding water bodies) which has
been prescribed for Metro-cities by the Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines
(UDPFI) in order to enhance the sustainability of human settlements. Recreational land use refers to parks,
playfields and other open space such as specified park, amusement park, maidan, a multipurpose open space,
botanical garden, zoological parks, traffic parks, etc. It is also necessary to estimate the Gross Geographic
Product (GGP) of a given sub-region and endeavour to enhance it while developing new urban settlements.
The new Habitat Policy recognizes the sustainability limits of existing urban settlements. It also seeks to
emphasize the mutual interdependence between towns and villages”.
GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
A green or sustainable building is a building that can maintain or improve:
1. The quality of life and harmonize within the local climate, tradition, culture,
2. The environment in the region,
3. Conserve energy, resources and recycling materials,
4. Reduce the amount hazardous substances to which human and other organisms are (or may be)
exposed and
5. The local and global ecosystem throughout the entire building life-cycle.
Sustainable buildings are structures that are built in an environmentally responsible manner by
maximizing use of materials, minimizing use of resources and ensuring the health and well-being of
occupants and the surrounding built environment both today and for generations to come. With respect to
the LEED guidelines (and this is consistent with almost all other “green” building guidelines), there are
seven topics that should be addressed in the designing and building of new environmentally friendly
buildings.
1) Sustainable sites: Sites should be selected by determining which site would pose the least
environmental threat if construction were to take place. Pollution prevention including controlling soil
erosion, waterway sedimentation and airborne dust generation are important factors to be considered.
Sites should also be chosen that are closer to urban development where supporting infrastructure is
available; this will preserve green spaces and wildlife areas. The redevelopment of brownfields would be
preferential as no new land is needed. Alternative transportation is another important factor to consider.
The availability of public transport, bicycle parking and shower facilities can minimize the GHG emissions
associated with travel to a building. Other factors that promote sustainability would be, for example,
preferential parking for low-emission vehicles and/or hybrids. Biodiversity can be promoted by designing
large amounts of open space in the new building complexes. Another factor are the water management
systems that take into account the natural environment design for storm-water systems to ensure proper
management of water. Reduction of the heat island effects from roofs and parking lots as well as the
reduction of light pollution is another factor that should be taken into account to promote sustainability.
2) Water efficiency: The main goal is to increase water efficiency use within the building, thereby
reducing the amount of water needed for operations. Some methods which can be designed in a building
include water efficient landscaping to reduce irrigation requirements and the use of innovative
wastewater management technologies.
3) Energy and atmosphere: Energy systems should be properly installed and calibrated to perform to
their intended efficiency levels. This should reduce the overall energy use and lower operating costs. A
minimum level of acceptable energy performance for the facility should be determined and monitored. A
refrigerant management system is used to reduce refrigerant losses and resulting potential ozone
depletion. Various methods for on-site renewable energy production can reduce the overall footprint of
the building and other means of using green power. Methods to monitor, verify and continually improve on
energy consumption are key to ensuring that energy performance is maintained. In the UK, it is estimated
that construction is responsible for 50% of the emissions of greenhouse gases and 60% of that emission is
attributable to space heating of buildings. Buildings also use energy in the heating of water, lighting,
mechanical ventilation and machinery such as lifts
4) Materials and resources: The construction process is highly energy dependent, particularly through
the manufacture and transport of materials. (Morton R., 2009). The amount of landfill waste created
during construction and operation can be reduced by efficient use of materials and designing for recycling.
Specifying used construction materials can reduce the need for virgin materials. Specifying materials that
are locally sourced, that come from certified sustainable sources (e.g. Forest 6 Sustainable buildings
Stewardship Council (FSC) forest products), that contain recycled materials or are rapidly renewable
enhances overall environmental sustainability and lowers the embedded carbon footprint of a building.
5) Indoor environmental quality: To enhance the well-being of occupants, design should use low
emitting materials in construction including sealants, adhesives, paints, coatings, flooring, wood and
agrifibre. Ventilation systems that promote outdoor air ventilation are preferable and should not allow for
outside pollution to enter the building, if possible. Buildings should be designed to maximize the use of
natural light for all occupants. Lighting and heating systems should be designed to manually or
automatically turn off to reduced energy consumption.
6) Innovation in design: Design decisions should be made early in the process as good design can greatly
reduce the energy consumption of a building; for example, the orientation and location of a building can
compromise shading and ventilation decisions. This part of the assessment encourages and rewards design
and construction methods that are particularly innovative. Since there are no real criteria, this allows for
architects and contractors to experiment and innovate and receive credit in the scoring system.
GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES





SUSTAINABLE DESIGN





PREFABRICATION IN HOUSING
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing
site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure
is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction
practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out. The
term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than structures at a fixed site. It is
frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or any movable structure is shifted from the
main manufacturing site to another location, and the section is supplied assembled and ready to fit. It is
not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as
pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the
body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the
body of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components. The
term prefabrication can apply to any construction method where a significant part of the construction
takes place off-site in a factory that produces relatively large, complex pieces that are then assembled at
the site into the finished building. Since prefab is such a loosely defined term, it helps to show where
prefab as we define it fits into the spectrum of construction methods ranging from completely offsite to
completely on-site.
Prefabrication is one of the key means of increasing buildability. As the industry strategies itself to build
with less labour and shorter construction time, prefabrication of concrete structures has become a viable
alternative to the traditional way of construction.
Prefabrication in India began with the emergence of the Hindustan Housing Factory. The company was
developed by the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, as a solution to the housing crisis
that resulted from the influx of refugees from West Pakistan in the 1950s. The Hindustan Housing Factory
pioneered the production of pre-stressed concrete railway sleepers to replace dilapidated wooden
sleepers on Indian Railways. The company changed its name shortly thereafter to reflect the diversity of its
operations. It is now known as the Hindustan Prefab Limited or HPL. Located in Delhi, today the
government run company prefabricates primarily precast concrete for architectural and civil projects
throughout greater India. When HPL began it was intended to produce low-income housing solutions for
the deficit in India. Precast wall panels and frame members such as beams and columns provided a much
needed set of tools to erect quick structures for mass housing.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PREFABRICATION
 Light weight
 Thermal insulation property
 Easy workability
 Durability in all weather conditions
 Non combustibility
 Economy in cost
 Easy availability
 Sound insulation
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
 High capacity - enabling the realization of important projects
 Factory made products
 Shorter construction time - less than half of conventional cast in site construction
 Independent of adverse weather conditions during construction Continuing erection in winter time
until -20 °C
 Quality surveillance system
 Opportunities for good architecture
 Healthy buildings
 Reduced energy consumption
 Environmentally friendly way of building with optimum use of materials,
 Recycling of waste products, less noise and dust, etc. Cost effective solutions

 Safety in construction
 Increase in the quality of construction
 Reduction of construction waste
LIMITATION OF PREFABRICATION
 Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty duty cranes and precision measurement and handling to
place in position.
 Larger groups of buildings from the same type of prefabricated elements tend to look drab and
monotonous.
 Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and glass panels is
required.
 Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion- resistance of the joining of prefabricated
sections to avoid failure at the joint.
 Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
 Transportation
nsportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated section than the materials of which
they are made, which can often be packed more compactly.
VARIOUS PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
OPEN PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
1. Partial prefab open system
2. Full prefab open system
LARGE PANEL PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
1) Wall System
2) Precast floors
3) Staircase systems
4) Box type construction


The advantages of using prefabrication techniques in term of availability of materials, labour and technical
skills are as follows:
• Off site manufacture of components with more efficient use of skilled labour, materials and specialised
plant and equipment under controlled conditions offering components that are of a high standard.
• Accelerated erection on site.
• Market for new components resulting from envelope upgrades or spatial reconfiguration.
• Market in second hand components resulting from changes to dwellings or disposal of dwellings.
• Potential for relocation of dwellings rather than demolition.
• Minimal use of in-situ materials minimises waste on site and at the end of the building’s useful life. This
reduces the manufacturer’s liability for disposal.
• Self-supporting, shuttering and scaffolding is eliminated with a saving in shuttering cost, as the
components are made ready.
• Mass production of building components results in increased productivity and savings per unit cost.
• Building components are factory-made, which avoid any adverse effects due to poor weather conditions.
• Possibility of implementing renewable energy devices in building façades as well as use of low cost
sustainable materials.
Concepts of prefabrication
Prefabrication is the production of housing or housing components using factory mechanisation. The
factory setting enhances affordability through a combination of bulk purchase of materials, mass
production assembly techniques and the use of less skilled labour. Prefabrication can take one of three
forms: prefabricated components, modular housing, and manufactured housing .
The prefabrication of housing components, such as windows, doors, and cabinets, has long been a mainstay
of the construction industry, keeping costs down by reducing on-site, high- cost labour. Continuing
development in this facet of prefabrication provides a growing range of construction products that may
further reduce construction costs.
Modular housing involves the prefabrication of sections of housing that are then assembled on-site thereby
reducing on-site labour costs. Modular housing is based on prefabricated, factory-produced, easy-to-
transport modular units, which minimize the cost of production. Final structures are designed from the
inside out using a series of standard “modules of use” and dwellings composed of these modules have the
potential to be configured in a variety of ways, according to the specific requirement of the site or client.


CASE STUDIES IN INDIA

The Auroville Earth Institute in 1999 built a prototype-prefabricated house in New Delhi that showed
advances in structural capacity during earthquakes. Initially envisioned as a disaster resistant and cost
effective prototype, it was intended that the house would be precast anywhere and shipped by truck to a
disaster location. Precast in Auroville, and transported over 2,900 km to New Delhi in a single lorry of 22.5
tons, the prototype was assembled in 66 hours by an 18 man team. The transportation cost alone was
equal to the cost of manufacturing the prototype. The model was economically unviable for India. The
solution to low cost prefabricated housing must overcome the obstacle of shipping costs. Prefabricating
regionally might better serve developing countries.
Aum House
Aum House built in 66 hours at New Delhi in 1999

The initial idea was to create a disaster resistant and cost effective house, which could be precast
anywhere and transported by lorry to the place where the disaster occurred. The technical concept
satisfied this requirement. The house was cost effective, even with the provision for disaster resistance,
but the transportation cost was more than the house cost. Therefore, such a project was not economically
viable. The prototype of this 23m2 AUM House has been built during the India International Trade Fair 99
at New Delhi. The house was prefabricated at Auroville and transported in a single lorry. The house
weighed around 22. 5 tons and the lorry took 5 days to cover 2,900 Km between Auroville, Tamil Nadu,
and New Delhi.
The packing of the house was done in such a way that only 8 blocks arrived broken out of 2,280 blocks.
Ferrocement pieces had only little hair cracks. The superstructure of the prototype house has been
assembled in 66 hours by the 18-man team of the former AVBC/Earth Unit. This AUM House prototype
was sponsored by HUDCO. The India Trade Promotion Organisation awarded this house a Gold Medal for
the excellence of its special demonstration.
Various Aum houses were built in the successive years in various places of India after disasters: • 2000 at
Narangarh, Orissa, at the occasion of a six-week training course, with a grant from HUDCO, for the
rehabilitation of the zones affected by the cyclone of October 1999. • 2001 at Khavda, Gujarat, in 62 hours
by a 20-men team. It was the starting point of rehabilitation programmes for the zones affected by the
earthquake of January 2001. • 2002 at Mundra, Gujarat, at the occasion of a six-week training course,
sponsored by HUDCO, for the rehabilitation of the zones affected by the earthquake of January 2001.
Development with a corner wall instead of the column


UNIT – V | CURRENT ASPECTS & ISSUES IN HOUSING

VARIOUS STAGES AND TASKS IN PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
Project development is the process that takes a transportation improvement from concept through
construction.
There are fundamental similarities in the housing finance and development process that cut across all
types of housing whether that housing is market rate, affordable housing for the general population or
permanent supportive housing.
The development process falls into four basic phases: it begins with conceptualizing the housing
development and moves through to building occupancy. Like any planning process, the steps may not be
carried out in the exact sequence provided below, but all of the steps are necessary for the successful
development of the housing. For example: for a mission driven non-profit organization, the starting point
is often the identification of a housing crisis faced by a particular population group and the passion to
ameliorate that crisis. For a for-profit developer it would be the identification of a profitable market. In
each case, the end product is occupied housing units.
The following are the four basic phases in the residential rental estate development process(sales housing
would be similar, except instead of renting the units they would be sold and there would be limited or no
ongoing management responsibility.
There are several goals for this process:
 CONCEPT
 PREDEVELOPMENT
 CONSTRUCTION
 OPERATION
CONCEPT
In this stage the housing developer determines the basic parameters of the proposed housing
development. The details of the concept will change over time as the details and realities of the project
come together. The key activities during this phase are:
 Defining the project, including the purpose of the housing, the type of housing (single family, apartments,
high rise, etc), potential locations, approximate scale of the project and target population (families, elderly,
special needs)
 Selecting the members of the development team, which typically includes: architect, lawyer, engineer,
development consultant, builder, construction manager and service provider if the project is serving a
special needs population.
 Selecting and evaluating the site.
 Developing an understanding of the housing market and the community.
 Identifying and procuring predevelopment funds.
PREDEVELOPMENT:
During this stage, the developer undertakes the specific tasks necessary to be ready to begin the actual
housing construction including:
 Conducting a market study or analysis of the housing needs in the community of choice.
 Obtaining site control (in the form of an "option to buy" or "Agreement of sale") in order to secure the site
while appropriateness and feasibility are being evaluated.
 Conducting environmental studies on the site.
 Identifying financing sources
 Preparing preliminary architectural designs/ cost analysis.
 Determining feasibility including environmental considerations, zoning and cost.

 Identifying and obtaining financing sources, whether they be grants, loans, philanthropic donations or
in-kind services or materials (which could include the site)
 Finalizing architectural plans and bid documents.
 Closing/settling on financing.
 Acquiring the site.
 Developing a management plan, including the identification of a management entity, making certain that
there will be adequate income to operate the project and assuring that it will maintain its value over time.
 Obtaining governmental approvals to proceed with construction of the project.
 Soliciting and reviewing construction bids.
CONSTRUCTION:
The housing is built and all financial and operational planning are completed during this phase. Specifics
include:
 Awarding construction contracts. Generally the housing developer will hire a general contractor who will
in turn hire sub contractors in each trade.
 Obtaining building and other permits to obtain permission to proceed with construction.
 Preparing the site and actually building the housing. Non-profit sponsors often have a special "ground-
breaking" ceremony to celebrate the completion of the planning stages and thank their funders.
 Managing the construction. Oversight of the contractor may be conducted by the architect, a separate
construction manager, or a member of the sponsoring agency who has this expertise.
 Initiating marketing and lease-up to assure that there will be occupants and a source of operating income as
soon as possible after the completion of construction.
 Identifying management and support staff so that they can begin work just prior to occupancy.
 Completing construction and obtaining a certificate of occupancy.
 Holding a "ribbon cutting" ceremony to celebrate the actualization of what had been a concept and a
dream.
OPERATIONS:
Once the housing is in place and the occupants have moved in, the sponsor begins the long-term
management and operations of their housing. If it is targeted to a special needs population, the
coordination or provision of supportive services also begins. Specific steps include:
 Closing on permanent financing. If the construction costs were covered in full or part through short-term
financing, the long-term mortgage needs to be put in place.
 Occupying the units.
 Maintaining and managing the housing, including making repairs, providing seasonal maintenance like
snow removal and lawn care, janitorial services, rent collection, and enforcing lease compliance.
 Providing services as appropriate to the population.
COMMUNITYPARTICIPATION AND HOUSING MANAGEMENT

CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
" Voluntary involvement of people in making and implementing all decisions directly affecting their life".
Their activities undertaken by the low income households, with or without outside assistance to improve
their living conditions viewed as an instrument to bring about change, particularly in low income
settlements.
COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING - CONCEPT OF PARTICIPATION
 Required to stress the primary importance of having the community. Identify its own development
prioirities for which the public sector can then provide support.

 It is a bottom up approach that moves away from the service delivery or dependency mode and looks to the
community to help shape public sector programmes in order to make them more supportive to the
development needs of the poor.
 Government is moving towards the recognition that community participation not only can improve the
project success, but it is a human right - an end in itself - the right and responsibility of people to take
charge on their own lives and participate in the planning implementatio and management of projects
which affect them.
 Community participation in human settlements can also stimulate people to seek participation in other
spheres of life, which could accelerate the overall development of the country.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN LOW INCOME HOUSING PROJECTS:

Introduction:
Whenever low-income housing projects fail to produce the desired result, the failure is attributed to a lack
of community participation. When governments do not have the funds to launch a low-income housing
programme, community participation is supposed to compensate for this lack of resources. There exists a
considerable confusion about the exact meaning of the term "community participation". All sorts of
activities ranging from house construction to discussions about loan repayment schedules by groups of
people as well as by individual persons are classed under the term.
Defining Community participation:
Sociologically, "community" is defined as a group of people with face to face contact, a sense of belonging
together and common interests and values.
In the context of urban low income housing, people who are living in a delimited area, identify with that
area and share an interest in its development form a community. So, in squatter settlements, communities
do already exist, while in sites and services schemes they have to be developed.
Participation assumes an activity, usually a government or a non-governmental organization (NGO).
"Community participation" refers to involvement by communities as a whole as well by individual
members. In the latter case "popular participation" or "people's participation" seem more accurate term,
but do not have the positive connotation of "community".
The UN defined community development as "the processes by which the efforts of the people themselves
are united with those of governmental authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions
of communities, to integrate these communities into the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute
fully to national progress."
Community development has two essential elements:
i The participation by the people in efforts to improve their level of living with as much self-reliance as
possible on their own initiatives.
ii The provision of technical and other services in ways which encourage initiative, self-help and mutual
help and makes these more effective.
Definition - Participation:
Participation in the development context, is a process through which all members of a community or
organization are involved in and have influence on decisions related to development activities that will
affect them.
Scopes for Participation:
i Types and levels of infrastructure and services to be provided.
ii The repayment schedules, the re-blocking and regularization plans.
iii Community inputs in the form of labour, etc.

What is the scope for participation?
 The authorities can only establish contact with community organizations and leadership after the project
has been approved and project funds have been allocated, otherwise such contacts may rise undue
expectations.
 How much scope for participation in decision-making can be given to the community?
 A community will list its priorities like income, water supply, jobs, buses, etc. Local leaders may shun away
the responsibility for participation in decision-making.
It is important to stress that in accordance to the ISO 14001 norm: (i) environmental aspect is the element
of an organization's activities, products and services which may interact with the environment; while (ii)
environmental impact is any change to the environment, adverse or beneficial, which is a result, fully or
partly, of environmental aspects of the organization.
In this context, the environmental aspect is related to the cause of the problem or to an environmental
improvement, while the environmental impact is related to the effect of the problem or to an
environmental improvement. Therefore, environmental aspects should be identified based on the
following (i) social inclusion; (ii) economic development; (iii) use of resources; (iv) transport; (v)
environmental and ecological protection.
Natural Disasters
Origin and occurrence
Natural disasters are generally classified as having hydrological, meteorological, climatic, geophysical or
biological causes/origins. Disasters can be classified as natural disasters, technological disasters, or complex
emergencies.
Disaster Terminology
The following definitions are adapted from those proposed by the Secretariat of the International Strategy
for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), a United Nations (UN) body established to sustain the efforts of the
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR 2004) and the WHO World Health Report
2002 (WHO 2002):
 Hazards are potentially damaging physical events, which may cause loss of life, injury, or property
damage. Each hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency, and probability.
 Vulnerability is a set of conditions resulting from physical, social, economic, and environmental factors
that increase the susceptibility of a community to the effects of hazards. A strong coping capacity—that
is, the combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community—will reduce its
vulnerability.

 Risk is the probability of harmful consequences (health burden) or economic
omic losses resulting from the
interactions between natural or human-induced
induced hazards and vulnerable or capable conditions. In a
simplified manner, risk is expressed by the following function:
A public health approach to disaster risk management will aim to decrease the vulnerability by adopting
prevention and mitigation measures to reduce the physical impact and to increase the coping capacity and
preparedness of the health sector and community, in addition to providing traditional emergency care
(response) once the disaster has occurred.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DISASTERS

E NVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
The environmental aspect (strict o sensu) of natural disasters has been widely addressed to highlight the
strong relationship of interdependence which exists between protection and conservation of bio-physical
factors (e.g. land, water, atmosphere, fauna and flora) and socio-economic development.
The table 3 highlights a number of conspicuous examples of environmental aspects (causes of impacts)
connected to engineering mega-projects which are likely to cause large-scale population movements,
among many other significant negative environmental impacts with a wide variety of consequences. These
projects are usually supported by viability studies which point to the generation of multiple positive socio-
economic externalities for the regions where they are implemented, such as economic growth resulting
from the revitalization of existing activities, the creation of new investment opportunities and, above all,
employment for the local population.

S OCIO - ECONOMIC ASPECT

The growth in socio-economic aspects of disasters has shown an increase (vide Figure 3) due to the direct
impacts on vulnerable communities. These often conceal environmental impacts and therefore are
deserving of special attention on the part of agents, politicians and researchers who are responsible for
finding solutions to mitigate their effects.
Natural disasters cause significant economic and physical damage whose effects can spread beyond the
immediate locality. They also observed that the impact of disasters on economic growth is not always
negative and that developing countries are more vulnerable to these disasters as more sectors are affected.
This is intrinsically related to the heightened degree of vulnerability and the low resistance of these
countries. The WORLD BANK & UNITED NATIONS (2010) draws attention to the fact that in
underdeveloped regions economic growth rarely occurs after natural disasters as the intensity of the
negative effects depends on the structure of the economy. Moreover, it is known that regions with low
social capital also have weak economic structures and experience difficulties in securing adequate
resources to address the problems caused by disasters.

MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ASSOCIATED TO

NATURAL DISASTERS
P REVENTIVE MANAGEMENT
Though it is not humanly possible to adopt measures to eliminate the extreme phenomena which cause
natural disasters, preventive planning is vital in mitigating impacts on socio-economic and environmental
systems, particularly those which are the most vulnerable, as a way of increasing the degree of resilience of
local communities.
"The central argument to be made is that vulnerability is, or should be, the key concept for disaster
scholarship and reduction". This concern reflects the final recommendation of the World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD) which emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to include
vulnerability, risk evaluation and disaster management by focusing on the prevention and mitigation of
impacts (UNISDR, 2003; WORLD BANK & UNITED NATIONS, 2010).

Identifying environmental aspects and impacts is fundamental in managing risks, and this should be the
first step in a risk management study. This first stage is called establishment of context as Pojasek's
flowchart shows (2008, p.97) in Figure 4.
Summary and recommendations

The following aspects which play a key role in the mitigation of natural disasters
sasters should be emphasized:
• Natural disasters should be approached from a trans-disciplinary
disciplinary perspective as their prevention and
mitigation requires technical-scientific
scientific cooperation between different areas of science, engineering,
economics, health, social
ocial studies and law. In addition, stakeholder participation (e.g. local community) is a
sine-qua-non in reducing their socio-economic and environmental impacts.
• Vulnerability must be dealt with by increasing the social capital of communities which are located in
regions of heightened risk of disasters. This can be achieved through education/training and by fostering
citizenship which advocates participation in collective actions; reducing isolation by creating networks
which encourage contact and exchange nge of experiences between different communities with concerns in
common in terms of the risk management of disasters; among other actions aiming at building social
capital.
• Natural disasters in developing countries cause impacts, particularly in terms of the degradation of
health (DATAR et al.,., 2013), due to diseases related to a worsening of environmental sanitation conditions,
as Takahashi, et al. (2012) has emphasized;
• Globally, greater attention and more proactive intervention is necessary (in terms of prevention
planning) on the part of governments and NGOs, as set out by the World Bank & United Nations (2010);
• There needs to be investment and natural disaster prevention subsidies as well as authorities and
organizations who are directly responsible
nsible for preventing disasters, as this can significantly reduce the
number of victims and extent of material damage;
• Lessons must be learnt from disasters and the post-disaster
disaster period should be an opportunity to
implement good practices in terms of land
nd use and integrating flexible measures instead of rushing to
rebuild on a huge scale which, in some cases, may increase the vulnerability of local communities to future
events.
Among aspects which help to mitigate disasters, social capital is fundamental in creating the conditions to
reduce vulnerability, and consequently, the dependency of communities (or nations) on external
initiatives.
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE












There are four distinct categories of earthquake resistant buildings – Category A, B C & D. Category A and
category B buildings stay operational even after a major earthquake whereas Category C and Category D
buildings need to be abandoned/vacated and structurally repaired before being ing reoccupied. The building
code in India requires a minimum compliance to category D standard, which is ‘collapse prevention’.



















REFERENCES
https://www.slideshare.net/PaulaPennanenRebeiro/habitat-hiroba-01022014nepal-green-
homes?qid=72a33e97-47c4-48a7-936f-e35b3b1a499b&v=&b=&from_search=5
https://www.slideshare.net/ganaka/green-affordable-sustainable-housing?qid=72a33e97-47c4-48a7-
936f-e35b3b1a499b&v=&b=&from_search=6
https://www.slideshare.net/dhirajsalhotra/sustainable-housing-guidelines?next_slideshow=1
https://www.slideshare.net/rajatrmr/sustainable-housing-87241309?qid=0acbddaf-17dd-4244-92da-
65418bcf449e&v=&b=&from_search=1
https://www.slideshare.net/arkalpana/bamboo-5800715
https://www.slideshare.net/DeepankerRas/bamboo-species-good-for-construction-in-india-nd-
as-a-material

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ACADEMIC NOTES | AR8803 – URBAN HOUSING

UNIT – III HOUSING STANDARDS 8

UNIT – IV SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN 11

UNIT–I |INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING AND HOUSING ISSUES - INDIAN CONTEXT

HOUSING & ITS IMPORTANCE IN ARCHITECTURE:

HOUSING - NEIGHBORHOOD AND CITY PLANNING

NEED FOR HOUSING

HOUSING DEMAND & SUPPLY: PRESENT CONTEXT

AFFORDABLE HOUSING - 'HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022’

NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY

SALIENT FEATURES OF NHP

HOUSING AGENCIES & THEIR ROLE IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

STATE LEVEL ORGANIZATION FOR HOUSING

1. T AMILNADU H OUSING B OARD [TNHB]

2. TAMILNADU SLUM CLEARANCE BOARD

HOUSING POLICIES & SCHEMES IN INDIA

6. N ATIONAL U RBAN H OUSING AND H ABITAT P OLICY [NHHP] 2007

IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE:

The above plan reveals a typical urban house in North

 The above plan reveals the typology in South Gujarat.

RURAL HOUSING, PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING

D EMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND HOUSING NEEDS :

H OUSING C ONDITIONS - S TRUCTURAL C ONDITION

PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING

PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING

UNIT–II | SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Other factors to be considered:

2. Poor neighborhood facilities

EQUITY IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT - SITES & SERVICES SCHEME:

RAJIV AWAS YOJANA CRIME PREVENTION

HEALTH PRINCIPLES IN HOUSING

III. Reducing psychological and social stresses to a minimum.

UNIT – III | HOUSING STANDARDS

SECOND MASTER PLAN FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA, 2026

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR HOUSING

Layouts for flats and cluster

METHODOLOGY FOR ARRIVING STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL

UNIT – IV | SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN

FORMULATION OF HOUSING PROJECT

ELEMENTS OF SITE ANALYSIS

CONTENTS AND STANDARDS FOR HOUSING PROGRAM

SITES AND SERVICES

NEIGHBORHOODS / NEIGHBORHOODS PLANNING

OPEN DEVELOPMENT PLOTS

OBJECTIVES OF SLUM CLEARANCE

GREEN SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN HOUSING

POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF HOUSING TO SUSTAINABILITY

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